NGHIEN Cl/U
Nang cao gia tri ca phe Viet Nam trong chudi gia tri toan cau
06ThiHii6ng
Khoa Quan tri Kinh doanh. Tmong Dai hoc Kinh te Ky thu^t G6ng nghifip
Theo T6 chiic Ca phe Qudc te (ICO) Viet Nam ndm hong top 5 nude xudt khdu cd phe rang xay Ion nhdt the gidi bdn c^nh Mexico, Colombia, Brazil va Cdng hoa Dominicana. Tuy nhidn, nganh ca phd Vidt Nam dang dOng hudc nhidu thdch thiic Idn do bien ddng gid ed vd edn cdn cung - eau. Hidn gid cd phe da gidm sdu tdi 40% so vdi thdi didm nam 2010, khidn ndng ddn trong cd phe gap khd khan va cd xu hudng giam didn tich hdng, gidm dau tu cho cdy cd phd ddn ddn nang sudt, chdt lugng cd phd bi dnh hudng. Bdn canh dd, ca phe Viet Nam dang tham gia vdo chudi gid tri toan cdu d khdu t^o ra gid tri gia tang thdp nhat, xudt khau ca phe dang thd eua Vi^t Nam ehidm tdi 90%, trong khi ty Id cd phd che bidn sau, gid hi gia tang cao chi mdi chidm 10% trong tdng sdn luang ca phe nhdn, chua tao ra nhieu gia trj gia tang cho san phdm, chua lao ra chudi sdn xudt sdu. Chinh vi vdy, ndng eao gid tri ca phd V^et Nam trong chudi gid tri todn cdu dang trd thdnh mdi quan tdm hdng ddu cua edc doanh nghiep cd phd.
1. Kliai niem chudi gia tri toan can
Chudi gid tri Id mOt loat boat ddng ma doanh nghiep da thuc hidn nhdm tao ra mdt san phdm tii khi y tudng san phdm dugc thai nghdn cho den khi sdn phdm di vdo sii dung. Qud trinh ndy bao gdm cdc khdu nhu thiet ke, sdn xudt. marketing, phan phdi va h6 trg tdi ngudi tidu dung cudi cdng. Cac hoat d6ng nam trong mot chu6i gid tri cd thd dugc thgc hien bdi mdt docinh nghidp ridng le, nhung cung ed the dien ra su phan chia lao ddng giila cac doanh nghidp vdi nhau. cae doanh nghiep trong chudi gid Iri md tao ra sdn phdm hoae dich vu, cd the didn ra trong mdt khu vuc dja ly duy nhdt hoae trdi dai tai nhidu khu vuc dia ly khdc nhau
Chudi gid trj toan cdu ra ddi chinh la ket qud ciia xu the todn cdu hda khi ma hang loat rao can ddi vdi edc ddng chay thdng tin, y tudng, cdc ydu td sdn xudt (dac bidt la vdn va lao ddng), cdng nghd va hang hda dugc dd bd trdn pham vi loan cdu. Todn eau hda tdc d6ng den mdi mat cua cudc sdng nhu kinh te', chi'nh tri, van hda, xa hdi nhung cd le tdc dSng ve mat kinh te la ro ndt nhdt. Trong ddng chay cila hoi nhap va toan cau hda, cac nude, cdc doanh nghiep khong ehi tdp tmng phdt tridn sdn xudt trong nude md cdn khOng ngung tim kid'm cdc co hdi kinh doanh, ddu tu trdn pham vi todn cau.
Trong hd thdng sdn xudt hdng hda qudc td ed the tham gia vao chudi bdng cdc phuong thiic khdc nhau phu hgp vdi ndng luc sdn xudt hodc chien luge tidp can ciia doanh nghidp dd Id
- Assembly (gia cdng Idp rap thudn tiiy): Ddy la logi hinh sdn xudt hang hda dudi dang cdc hgp ddng phu trong dd cdc nha may san xudt hdng dien tii nhdp khdu toan b6 linh kien dd Mp rap thanh san phdm hoan chinh. Hinh thiic tham gia nay dem lai gia tri gia tang thap ndn chu ydu duge thuc hidn bdi edc qudc gia cd trinh dd phdt tridn thdp.
- OEM (Original equipment manufacturing - sdn xudt bang thidt bi cua nude ngodi): Day cung la mdt loai hinh san xudt dudi dang cdc hgp ddng phu. Theo hinh thiic nay mgt cdng ty se nhdn cde hgp dong eua cdc cdng ty khdc dd san xuat san phdm cCia minh, hode nhdn phdn phdi sdn phdm ciia cdng ty khac dudi thuong hieu cua minh.
- ODM (Original design manufacturing — sdn xudt theo thiet kd ridng): Ld hinh thiic cdng ty nhan san xudt nhung sdn pham dd phan phdi theo thuong hidu eua cdng ty khdc. Cdng ty cung cap thuong hidu khdng bdt budc phdi tham gia vdo qud trinh san xudt.
Do cdng ty ODM chju trdeh nhiem thidt ke ndn mang lai nhidu gid trj gia tdng cho sdn phdm hon so vdi OEM.
Ddi vdi hinh thijc ODM, quyen sd hiiu tri tud ve sdn phdm thiet ke thudc ve nhd san xuat ODM cho tdi khi ngudi mua chgn mua todn b6 quydn sii dung nhOng thidt kd ndy, eho tdi khi ngudi mua ndm todn quydn sii dung thi nha sdn xudt ODM khdng tu sdn xudt cdc bO thiet kd tuong tu ndu khdng dugc bdn mua ijy quydn.
- OBM (Original brandname manufacturing — san xudt theo thuong hieu rieng): Day Id loai hinh sdn xudt duoc cdi tien dua trdn hinh thiic OEM ma d dd cac
hang sdn xudt se h; thidt kd, ky cdc hgp ddng sdn xudt vdi nha cung cdp nude ngodi vd tu tidn hdnh phdn phdi sdn phdm. Ld hinh thiie tham gia chudi gia hi todn eau a miic do cao nhdt.
2. Thirc trang xuat khau ca phe tai Vie! Ham Mdi nam, Vidt Nam san xudt tren 1,5 tridu tdn ed phd nhung, lugng ca phd xudt khau chu yeu la cd phd nhan, chiem khodng 90%, do dd, Igi nhuan thu vd chua tuong xiing vdi lugng hdng xudt di. Cd phd Vidt Nam hien dugc xudt khau sang trdn 80 qudc gia vd vung lanh thd tren thd gidi vdi kim ngach xudt khdu hen 3 ty USD, chidm 14% thj phdn vd 10,4% gia tri cd phe nhan xudt khau toan cdu, diing thii 2 sau Breizil.
10 thi truong dung ddu Id Diie, My, Italy, Tay Ban Nha, Nhat Ban, Bi, Nga, Angeria, Philippines va Tmng Qudc da chiem den 80% tdng kim ngach xudt khdu cd phd cOa cd nude.
Hien ed nude ed 150 doanh nghidp xudt khdu cCing hon 3.000 dai ly tham gia thu mua ed phd; trong dd, cd 13 doanh nghidp FDI. Trong sd trdn chi cd 1/3 sd doanh nghidp cd nha mdy che bien cd phd nhdn xudt khdu; 90% edc doanh nghiep trong nude vd 100% cdc doanh nghidp FDI mua ca phd nhan thdng qua thuong lai va dai ly thu mua dd xuat khdu
Theo Cue Che bien va Phat tridn Thi trudng Ndng san Viet Nam, xuat khau ea phe thang 8/2019 udc dat 109 nghin tan vdi gid tri dat 184 hidu USD. Theo dd, dua khdi lugng xudt khdu ca phd 8 thdng dau nam 2019 dat 1,17 tridu tan tuong duong gan 2 tyUSD, giam 11,8% ve khdi lugng va giam 21,4% ve gid hi so vdi cung ky nam 2018. Trong 7 thdng ddu nam 2019, Diic va My tidp tuc la hai thi trudng tidu thu ea phe Idn nhat cua Viet Nam vdi thi phdn lan lugt la 13,7% va 9%. Ngoai hir hai thi trudng Philippines vd Malaysia cd gid tri xuat khdu cd phe tang (tang 22,1% va 3,7%), hau het thi trudng chinh deu gidm so vdi eung ky nam 2018. Gid cd phd xuat khau binh qudn 7 thdng ddu nam 2019 dat 1.708 USD/tan, giam 11,2% so vdi cung ky nam 2018.
Uoc tinh ciia Tdng cue Thdng ke cho biet nam 2019 ea nude xudt khdu dat chung 1,61 trieu tdn (tuong duong 26,8 trieu bao), tri gid 2,785 ti USD, gidm 13,9%
vd lugng va gidm 21,2% ve gid tri sovdi 2018. Nhu vay, ndm 2019, xudt khau ea phe Viet Nam hi tu6t mdc 3 ti USD so vdi vai nam trd lai ddy. Theo ngudn ndy, gia cd phd nguydn lidu tai cdc vung san xuat vi the cung gidm, ed liic chi cdn quanh 30 trieu ddng/tdn so vdi dau nam chung 34 - 35 trieu ddng/tdn va thdi didm cudi nam 33 tridu ddng/tdn.
3. Vi the ca phe Viet Nam bung chudi gia hi toan can Hien nay, cd phd Vidt Nam dang tham gia vdo chudi gid hi todn cdu 6 khau tao ra gid tri gia tang thdp
nhdt. Cd mdt sd nguydn nhdn chii ydu sau:
i) Quy md sdn xuat nhd ddn den ehi phi hen mdt don vi sdn pham cao, chat lugng cd phe khong ddng deu. Trdn 80% didn tich cd phe cd nude do cdc hO ndng ddn hire tid'p qudn ly didn tich nhd, Id tmng binh tii 0,5-lha vd mang tinh tuong doi ddc Idp, ky thuat trong trot vd thu hdi chua tdt, tinh trang thu hdi ddng loat ca qud xanh, qud non cdn khd pho bidn; co sd vdt chat phue vu so chd bdo qudn cd phe cdn thidu thdn;
CO chd gid thu mua ea phe tuoi chua khuydn khich ngudi sdn xudt quan tam den chdt luong, nhat la khau thu hoach, phai say, phdn loai.
ii) Khdng ed su lidn kdt chat chd gitia ngudi hdng trot ( san xudt), thu mua, chd bidn vd xudt khau. Hien nay ed rdt nhidu dai ly thu mua ea phd nhung lai khdng thdng nhat vdi nhau vd phuong thiic tieu thu va gia ea dan den Unh trang hanh mua tranh ban ngay tren san nha. Ngudi dan thuong ban ca phd ngay sau khi thu hoach dd cd vdn tdi ddu tu, nhieu trudng hgp khi gid ed phd tang eao thi ngudi dan khdng cdn ca phd de ban.
iii) Van dd ve thuong hidu ca phd Vidt. Ldu nay trdn thd gidi ehi bidt ddn viet nam Id nude ed sdn lugng xuat khau ea phd Idn nhung chung ta phan Idn chi xudt th6, nen gia tri thu vd con thdp. Xu hudng ngudi tidu dung trdn thd gidi ludn sii dung cde sdn phdm cd thucmg hieu vd edc chi ddn dja ly nhu thuong hieu cd phd Budn Ma Thudt. Trong khi dua vdo ddnh gid mdi ddy eiia Bd Cdng Thuong thi mac du la thj trudng eung cap ca phd Idn nhdt cho Han Qudc, nhung rat it ngudi dan nude ndy bidt ddn thuong hieu ed phe Viet Nam, hoae mdt sd it ngudi tieu diing bidt rdt it ddn mdt vai thuong hidu cd phd Viet Nam.
iv) Vdn de vd td chiie kenh phdn phdi. Hidn nay, xudt khdu cd phd Viet Nam hdu het ddu phai qua 26 ddu mdi vd doanh nghiep nude ngoai ehii chua tidp can duge true tidp vdi cdc nha rang xay cd phe thd gidi. Trong khi dd, d trong nude cd den 126 doanh nghidp xudt khau eung hon 3.000 dai ly thu mua. Day la mdt nghich ly khidn cdc doanh nghidp xuat khau ca phe VN ludn bi ddng. Thuc td, phdn Idn doanh thu (80 ti USD/nam) ciia nganh ca phe toan cdu deu roi vao tay cae nhd che bien, rang xay the gidi. Trong khi cde nude sdn xudt cd phe (trong dd cd Viet Nam) chi dugc hudng mdt phdn rat nhd, chung 11-13 ti USD.
v) Cdeh thiie to chiie qudng ba sdn pham vd keu goi hgp tdc chien luge chua thuc su dem lai hidu qua.
Vide hgp tdc chien luge vdi edc nhd ddu tu trong vd ngodi nude sd thdo go cho ngdnh ca phe vidt nam ve ky thuat trong, gidng, phdn bdn, tien vdn hoae cdeh thiic hgp tdc dd phan phdi, tao dung thuong hidu...
4. Mdt SO giai phapjih^m nang cao gia tri ca phe Viet Nam trong chudi gia trj toan can
NGHIEN CUU
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Giai phap thii nhat: Cdn ed su hgp tdc chat che hdng mdi hen so sd nghien cihj ciia cde nha khoa hoc giua ngudi san xudt Inre tidp ( ngudi hdng trot), ngudi trong vd ngoai nude dudi su dOng vidn khuydn khich, thu mua ( doanh nghidp thu mua). Bdn doanh nghidp h6 trg eua Chinh phii.
thu mua va ngudi hdng phdi cd su hgp tdc va ddu tu ve gidng, phan bdn, ky thuat trong hgt, vdn... nhdm tao dieu kidn thuan Igi eho viec thu mua dugc loai hat diing ehdt lugng va nang sudt eao. Can trien khai nhiing bidn phdp ddng bd nhu thu hiit cae doanh nghidp chd bien cd phd ddu tu vdo edc viing trdng cay ca phe trgng diem, tang eudng cdng tdc khuydn ndng, khuydn khich ngudi dan ap dung cac ky thuat dam
Gidi phap thii nam : Van dyng ndi^ nghiep 4.0 vao hong nudi hong va phat tridn cay ca phe. Ndng nghidp 4.0 la vide sd hda cde hoat dong san xudt kinh doanh tu ndng hai ddn chd bien, marketing vd tieu diing.
Ndng nghidp 4.0 gidp tao ra cde nOng sdn chat lugng, nang sudt cao ngay cd hong cde didu kien khSng dugc thudn Igi. Dieu ndy. giup lam tang chat lugng sdn phdm ciia cd phe Vidt Nam. Vide dua ndng nghidp 4.0 bao cdc tidu chuan trong khau thu hoach, phoi sdy, vdo h^ong nudi trdng va phdt hien cdy ed phd cdn lya phan loai. Chinh phii cdn ddy manh thu hiit ddu tu tu
nude ngodi vd vdn, khoa hgc cdng nghe dd xdy dung ede nhd may chd bidn phue vu cho xudt khdu.
Gidi phdp thii hai: Ndng cao nang luc che bien ca phd. Ngdnh che bidn va rang xay cd phd Id mat xieh quan hong trong vide nang cao chat lugng vd gid tri hat cd phd. Dd nang cao nang luc nay cdn cd vdn.
c5ng nghe eao do dd cdn cd su hgp tdc vdi cdc td chiic kinh td trong vd ngoai nude.
Giai phdp thu ba: Tao dung thuong hieu eho cd phd Vidt Nam. cd phd sdn xudt ra tai Viet Nam dugc ehe bi^n so qua vd xudt khdu sang cdc nude tidn tidn de thuc hidn cdng doan chd bien sau. Chi cd met s6 doanh nghidp Idn tai Vidt Nam ed khd nang chuyen sdu cdng doan nay dd la ca phd Tmng Nguydn va Vinaeafe. De tao dung dugc thuong hidu cho ca phd Viet Nam cdn phai cd chien luge vd su hd hg ciia nhd nude vd tuyen tmydn, quang bd va tao dung hinh anh ciia c a phd Viet Nam ra thi trudng thd gidi. Chinh vi vdy cdn phdi Uch cue ddy manh xdy dung, qudng bd thuong hidu cd phe Viet Nam thdnh sdn pham qudc gia hdn todn cdu. Bd Khoa hgc va Cdng nghd ndn phdi hgp vdi Ba Ndng nghif p vd Phdt hidn ndng thon trinh Thu tudng Chinh phu phd duyet Du dn xay dung Ca phe Vidt Nam Id sdn phdm qudc gia va sau dd lua chgn doanh nghiep dd trien khai thuc hi^n; Khuyen
chgn cde cdng nghd phd hop, gdn vdi trinh do dan tri cung nhu nang luc kinh td - xa hdi eiia tiing dja phuong, tao ra nhCmg ehuoi gia tri cao cho san phdm./.
Tai lieu tham l(hao
Nguyen Thi Ldi, Dd Thi My Hidn (2019). Thdch thiic trong xudt khau cd phd tai Viet Nam hien nay. Tap ehi cdng thuong 7/2019.
Vi thd cua cd phe Viet hen thj trudng thd gidi — Nguon: Napoli.vn
Le Huy Khoi (2013). Gidi phap nang cao gia tri gia tang cho mat hang ca phe Vet Nam trong chudi gia tri ca phd todn cdu. Vidn Nghidn ciiu thuong mai
Vo Tdng Xuan (2011): Nghidn ciiu ling dung chudi gid tri san xudt va heu thu nong san. Tap chi Tia sdng dien tii, ngay 22-6.
Ho Thanh Thiiy (2017). Giai phdp tham gia vdo khich phdt trien cde thuong hieu tu nhan ve ea phe dd chudi gia tri todn cdu cho nong sdn Vidt Nam. Tap chi dua ra thi hudng thd gidi. Ly Iuan chinh tri sd 5-2017
Gidi phdp thii tu: Day manh tien dd tdi canh cay cd phd. Theo tinh todn cua WASl (2017) thi cd khoang 198.000 ha cd phd tren 20 nam tudi eua Vidt Nam chiem 30,8% tdng dien tich. Cd khoang 79.000 ha ca phd gia cdi da dugc tai canh hong khodng thdi gian tii nam 2010 - 2016. Nhu vdy hong nhtrng nam tdi, hon 120.000 ha dien tich ca phe gid cdi edn chuydn ddi hoae trdng thay the hodn todn. Ddy se la thdeh thiic Idn cho Vidt Nam ddi vol vide tiep tuc ddm bao san lugng vd giii viing vj thd xudt khdu nhung ciing Id co hdi de nude ta ndng cao ndng suat, cai tien chdt lugng, tang tinh canh hanh cua cac san phdm cd phe hen thj trudng thd gidi WASl (2017). Dd giai quydt van dd ndy can giup ndng ddn tidp can duge cae loai gidng cay
