D I ^ N O A N T U ' T U ' O N G - L Y L U A N
VE TINH CHAT CUOC KHANG CHIEN CHONG
THI/C DAN PHAP XAM Ll/OC CUA NHAN DAN VIET NAM
* t •
TS VO VAN THANG*
De ly gidi tgi sao ddn tdc Viet Nam lgi chien thdng hai de qudc to nhu Phdp vd My, cdc nhd qudn su tu sdn vdn loay hoay tim cdu trd ldi trong cdc vdn de chien luge, chien thuat, trong cdc vdn de sir dung qudn ddi, vii khi trang bi vd phuang tien chien tranh. Khdng the phii nhan vai trd cua cdc nhdn td dd trong chien tranh, "Nhimg neu dgt cdu hdi: vi sao ddn tdc Viet Nam da thdng, thi cdu trd ldi chinh xac han het vd day du hon la: bdi vi chien tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc ciia Viet Nam la mdt cuoc chien tranh nhdn nghia" .
T
rong lich sir cd hai loai chien tranh: chien tranh chinh nghia va chien tranh phi nghia. Chien tranh chinh nghia la cuge chien tranh ehdng ap birc.chdng xam luge, gianh va bao ve nen ddc lap, tu do cho dan tdc.
Chien tranh phi nghia la nhiing eugc chien tranh xam luge hoac
"binh dinh", tudc doat tu do.
hanh phiic ciia sd ddng ngudi.
Thuc te da chimg minh, nhan dan ta danh thuc dan Phap de bao ve thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam 1945. Cho nen cuge khang
chien ciia dan tdc ta la mdt eugc chien tranh each mang ciia nhan dan, ehien tranh tu ve ciia dan tdc, la chien tranh chinh nghia Trai lai, thuc dan Phap xam chiem nudc ta hdng ap dat trd lai ach ap birc, bdc lot nhan dan ta, cho nen, chien tranh
Trudng Dai hgc An Giang
Toan ddn ra trdn
xam luge ciia thuc dan Phap la mdt eugc chien tranh phi nghia, chien tranh phan ddng.
Trong cuge chien tranh ay, chien tranh ehinh nghia bao gid ciing dugc nhan dan, nhiing dan tdc tien bd nhiet liet iing hd. Chien tranh phi nghia bao gid ciing bi du luan tien bd va nhan dan yeu chugng hda binh the gidi kich
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liet len an. Nhu chimg ta biet, mau thuan giira nhan dan Viet Nam va thuc dan Phap la mau thuan ddi khang, khdng the dieu hda. Chinh vi vay, de giai quyet mau thuan nay, khdng cd con dudng nao khae la phai tien hanh khang chien. Thuc dan Phap da dimg rat nhieu thu doan de nham cudp nudc ta mdt lan niia. Nhan dan Viet Nam xae dinh nhat dinh phai dimg len dau tranh nham giai quyet mau thuan dan tdc, phai lam sao cho Phap va cae nude tren the gidi cdng nhan nude Viet Nam hoan toan ddc lap, dat nudc Viet Nam hoan toan thdng nhat.
Thuc te sudt cuoc khang ehien chdng thuc dan Phap, du luan the gidi da ca nggi, ed vii Viet Nam. Dd la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan lam cho tinh than binh si Phap bac nhugc, tinh than quan ddi ta kien quyet. Cach mang thang Tam tuy da gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan Viet Nam, nhung nen ddc lap, chinh quyen each mang non tre vira thanh lap da bj de dga bdi nhirng muu toan tham ddc cua thuc dan Phap va eae the lire phan ddng qudc te. Bdi vay, eugc khang chien trudng ky chdng thuc dan Phap xam luge vdi niem tin ldn lao "nhat dinh thang lgi" chinh la de hoan thanh nhiem vu giai phdng dan tdc. Ndi each khac, cuge khang chien se cho ra ddi mdt nude Viet Nam mdi: Nude Viet Nam ddc lap, thdng nhat, dan chu va giau manh.
Trong eugc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap, nhan dan Viet Nam khdng dau tranh cho rieng mmh ma vira dau tranh de tu ciiu minh, vira dau tranh cho hda binh the gidi.
Nhan dan Viet Nam phai danh thue dan phan ddng Phap, tire la danh nhiing lire lugng phatxit cdn xdt lai, danh bgn pha hoai hda binh the gidi, danh bgn da phan bdi Hiln ehuong Lien Hiep qude va Hien chuong Dai Tay Duong; nhan dan Viet Nam nhan thiie rd
ring, chi khi nao quet sach dugc bgn thuc dan phan dgng Phap ra khdi Viet Nam thi nhan dan hai nudc Viet-Phap vdn yeu chugng tu do, ddc lap mdi cd the hda binh, hgp tae trong
"dai gia dinh dan chii the gidi".
Cuge khang chien cua ta nhit dinh thing lgi.
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh phan tieh nhiing nguyen nhan thang lgi, bdi vi khang chien cua ta la chinh nghia, vi ddng bao ta dai doan ket, vi tudng si ta diing cam, vi chien luge ta diing, vi ta nhieu bau ban. Hd Chi Minh khai quat: "The dich nhu lira, thi ta nhu nudc. Nudc nhit dinh thang lira". Chii tich Hd Chi Minh cho rang, cuoc khang chien cua nhan dan ta la cuge khang chien todn ddn, loan
dien, trudng ky khdng chien, tu luc canh sinh, dua vdo sire minh Id chinh. Dd la nhung quan diem coban ve chien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam, ndi len lire lugng, siic manh, phuang cham va nghe thuat tien hanh chien tranh nhan dan de chdng lai ke thii. Hd Chi Minh nhan manh: "Trudc nan ngoai xam, toan the qudc dan da doan kit chat che thanh mpt khdi kien ed, thanh mdt lire lugng ihdng nhit ma khdng ddi quan xam lang nao danh tan dugc"^.
Cuoc khang chien toan dan, chien tranh nhan dan phan anh sau sac quyet tam sit da ciia toan dan tdc: Tha hy sinh tit ca chir nhit dinh khdng chiu mat nude, khdng chiu lam nd le. Day la sir ke thira, phat huy va nang len tim eao mdi truyen thdng toan dan danh giac, "giac den nha dan ba ciing danh" cua dng cha ta trong dieu kien lich sir mdi, dieu kien lich sir ma dan tgc ta phai ddi chpi vdi the lire de qudc phuang Tay himg manh nhit
Trong lich sir ciia dan tdc Viet Nam, hiu het eac nha lanh dao yeu nudc, lanh dao cac cuoc khang chien ehdng ngoai xam eiia dan tdc deu thay rd sire manh eiia nhan dan va deu cd nhirng chii truong giir nudc, chdng ngoai xam, dd la biet dua vao dan. Chii truong giir nudc dua vao dan da
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ddng vien va phat huy dugc sire manh vat chit, tinh than eiia mgi tang Idp nhan dan: ea ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo, tu quan lai din than dan...
phuc vu cho cdng eugc khang chien chdng ngoai xam. Hung Dao Vuong Tran Qudc Tuan, ngudi anh himg dan tdc ba lan danh thang de qudc Mdng - Nguyen d the ky XHI da timg de nghi vua Tran thuc hien "khoan ihu siic dan lay ke sau re bin gdc", thue hien "chiing chi thanh thanh", eoi dd la "thugng sach giir nudc". Tu tudng nay da trd thanh luan diem cd tinh chit kinh dien trong kho tang ly luan quan sir Viet Nam. Nguyen Trai, ngudi anh himg dan tdc, nha chinh tri quan sir kiet xuit trong eugc khang chien chdng quan Minh d the ky XV da nhan thirc sau sac vai trd ciia quan chung nhan dan ddi vdi cdng eugc giir nudc chdng ngoai xam. Nguyen Trai cho rang, chd thuyen ciing la dan, nhung lat thuyen ciing la dan.
Ong chi ra rang, trong chien tranh, phai doan ket mdt Idng, "hda nudc sdng chen rugu nggt ngao"
de tap hgp lire lugng "bdn phuong". Ngudi anh himg ao vai Nguyen Hue da timg neu rd muc dich ciia phong trao Tay Son la "keo cimg dan ra khdi chon lam than"... Vdi nhan thire tien bd ay, cac nha lanh dao cac eugc khang chien chdng xam luge trong lich sir nude nha da giuong eao nggn cd dan tdc, quy tu dugc Idng ngudi, thuc hien dugc chinh sach doan ket toan dan diing len chdng giac. Nhd vay, cac cuoc khang chien chdng ngoai xam ciia dan tdc ta trong lich sir da thu hiit dugc sir tham gia ciia quang dai quan chimg nhan dan. Chinh dieu dd da tao nen truyen thdng "ca nudc danh giac", "tram hg deu la binh" rit dac sac trong lich sir giii nudc ciia dan tdc ta
Mdt dac diem ldn trong lich sir ciia dan tdc Viet Nam la phai thudng xuyen ehdng ke thii cd tiem lire kinh te, quan sir ldn manh hon. Vl the, cuge khang chien mudn di den thang lgi phai huy
ddng dugc siic manh vl dai ciia quan chimg nhan dan. Va thue te da chimg minh, mac dii quan ddi ta edn non tre, khdng dugc trang bi vii khi hien dai, nhung vdi tinh than "quyet tir cho Td qudc quyet sinh", muu tri, sang tao; sir ddng gdn sire ngudi, sire eiia cua mgi ting Idp nhan dan vdi nhieu hinh thiic phong phiu da dang,... da lam cho cuge khang chien ehdng xam luge ciia dan tdc ta mang tinh nhan dan sau sac, phan anh sire manh vd dich ciia mdt dan tdc, ciia quan ddi nhan dan ma khdng mdt ddi quan xam luge nao ed the chien thang duge.
Sir tham gia ciia cac ting Idp nhan dan vao cuge khang chien khdng phai chi la sir ddng gdp sire ngudi, sire ciia cho chien tranh, ma dieu quan trgng la hg thuc sir nhu la ngudi linh, "mdi cdng dan la mdt ehien si, mdi lang la mdt chien hao", tao nen "biic thanh ddng" viing chac ciia chien tranh nhan dan.
De chdng lai chien tranh xam luge ciia ke thii cd tiem lire quan sir, kinh te hiing manh, nhan dan Viet Nam khdng the chi dua vao siic manh quan sir don thuan, cang khdng the chi dua vao quan ddi de ehdng lai quan ddi ddi phuang, ma phai dua tren sire manh tdng hgp, toan dien tren tat ea cac linh vuc, tien cdng ke thii tren tat ca cac mat tran kinh te, ehinh tri, quan sir, van hda,... Trong dd, tinh toan dan va toan dien quan he chat ehe va thdng nhat vdi nhau, khdng the tach rdi trong ban chat, dac diem eiia ehien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam.
Khang chien toan dan bao ham tinh toan dien ciia chien tranh va ngugc lai, tinh toan dien eua chien tranh nhan dan ciing da phan anh tinh toan dan. Mudn huy ddng dugc ddng dao quan chiing nhan dan tham gia khang chien thi phai thuc hien khang ehien toan dien.
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binh, ddc lap dan tdc, dan chu va chii nghia xa hdi. Trong nhung ngay thang lich sir nay, toan Dang, toan quan va nhan dan cac bd tdc Lao dang cd nhiing hanh ddng thiet thuc chao mimg Qudc khanh lan thir 34 cua dan tdc mmh. Nhan dan Viet Nam ciing vui mimg chao ddn ngay Qudc khanh ve vang va nhiing thanh qua to ldn trong sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve dat nudc Cdng hda dan chu nhan dan Lao trong sudt 34 nam qua. Trong the ky mdi, vdi nhieu van hdi mdi nhung ciing khdng it nhung khd khan, thach thiie, nhan dan hai nudc Viet- Lao nguyen mang het siie minh vim dap cho mdi quan he Viet- Lao mai mai xanh tuoi, ddi ddi ben virng.
1,2 3, 5. Ban Chi dao nghien cuu ly luan va thuc tien Trung uong Dang Nhan dan Cach mang Lao:
Lich sir Ddng Nhdn ddn Cdch mang Lao, CTQG, H, 2005, tr.204, 206, 228, 197
4. Tong cue Chinh trj Quan dgi nhan dan Lao: Lich sir Qudn doi nhdn ddn Lao, Vieng Chan, 1996, ban dich tieng Viet, tr.250, Luu Vien Ljch su quan sir Viet Nam
6. Nghi quyet Dgi hoi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thic 6 Ddng Nhdn ddn Cdch mgng Lao, in trong Lich sic Qudn doi nhdn ddn Ldo, do Tong cue Chinh trj Quan doi nhan dan Lao xuat ban nam 1996, ban djch tieng Viet, tr.326, Luu Vien Ljch sir quan sir Viet Nam
7. Ng3y 20-1 -1949, Quan dgi Lio Ibiala dugc thanh lap 8. 9. Bdn tin Thong tdn xd Viet Nam ngay 21 thang 5 nam 2005.
10. Trin Cao Thanh: Cong hda ddn chii nhdn ddn Ldo 20 nam xdy dung vd phdt trien, NXB KHXH, H, 1995, tr.140-141.
VE TEVH CHAT CUOC KHANG CHIEN...
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Chii tich Hd Chi Minh nhan manh, mudn thang quan dich, chi trdng cay vao siic ehien diu d tien phuong la chua du. Mudn khang chien lau dai de di den thing lgi cudi ciing, can phai huy ddng mgi lire lugng; phai tien hanh khang ehien ve mgi mat:
quan sir, kinh tl, ehinh tri, tu tudng (toan dien chien tranh). Luan diem "IGidng quan ddi nao, khi gjdi nao ed die danh nga dugc tinh thin hy sinh eua toan the mdt dan tdc" vira the hien y chi quyet tam sat da eiia toan the nhan dan Viet Nam, •vira ndi len siic manh tinh than to ldn ciia chien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam. Dd la tinh thin, y ehi cua ca dan tdc tha hy sinh tat ca chii nhit dinh khdng chiu mit nudc, khdng chiu lam nd le. Khdng hieu sau sac ban chit, sire manh eiia eon ngudi, khdng nhan thiic diing din vai trd quan ehiing nhan dan trong lich sir va khdng mdt Idng, mdt da hy sinh phan diu vi sir nghiep giai phdng con ngudi, dem lai cuge sdng tu do, hanh phue thuc sir cho hg thi khdng the cd quan diem diy du va khoa hgc ve sire manh ciia nhan td chinh tri va tinh thin trong chien tranh. Bdi vi, yeu td ehinh tri tinh thin eua chien tranh nhan dan Viet Nam khdng tu nhien ma ed, ma nd duge hinh thanh va phat trien tren co sd che do chinh tri, kinh tl ciia xa hdi mdi, he tu tudng chinh tri cua giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam la chii nghia Mac-Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, dudng ldi each mang, dudng ldi khang ehien dung din ciia Dang, dugc bat ngudn tir ting sau va bl day eua truyen thdng yeu nudc, bit khuit, kien eudng, cdi ngudn lich sir, van hda,... ciia dan tdc Viet Nam.
1. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.4, tr.78 2. Vo Nguyen Giap: Chien tranh nhdn ddn vd qudn doi nhdn dan, ST, H, 1959, tr. 101.
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