N g h i e n ciiu - Trao ddi T p p chi C d n g s d n
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VE PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP y CAC VUNG VEN BIEN
CHU TIEN QUANG
Vdng biin, ven biin cua nude ta cd nhiiu tiim ndng di phdt trien kinh ti, tuy nhiin tiim ndng ndy da duo'c khai thdc din ddu vd Idm gi di phdt huy nd cd hiiu qud nhdt trong thdi gian tdi Id diiu ddng quan tdm,
suy nghi. '"" ••:s,n: ^ J:^'N |f„-
1 - Danh gia tiem nang phat trien nong nghiep^^^ d cac vung ven bien VietNam
Ngudn lai thuy sdn Id tiim ndng to Idn cua
ndng nghiep ven biin • • Ngu6n Igi thuy san bien cua Viet Nam dugc
danh gia vao loai phong phu trong khu vuc.
Ngoai ca bien la nguon Igi cMnh, edn nhieu loai dac san khac cd gia tri kinh te cao nhu tdm, cua, miic, hai sam, rong bien... Day la dieu kien quan trpng de Viet Nam phat trien manh nganh kinh te thiiy san tren Men va ven bien, ddng thoi phat trien nganh e6ng nghiep che Men thiiy san da dang va tien tdi Men dai voi gia tii cao, dugc thi tradng ua ehupng.
Ngudn muoi biin Id lot thi riing cua ndng nghiip ven bien ^:r; -.-pnj. ..-i, ;• s; ^•
Ngudn Igi mu6i chiia trong nude bien binh quan dat 3.500g/m^, la ngudn nguyen lieu v6 tan dl phat trien nganh mu6i cong nghiep, mu6i d§n sinh va cd vai ttd rat to Idn ttong phat triln cac nganh cdng nghiep hda chat, tit do diing dl san xuit ra cac san pham cong nghiep khac.
Tuy nhien, dieu kien tu nhien ven bien kh6ng thuan Igi cho tr6ng ttpt, chan nu6i va lam nghiep. „.-_ , . . - , . , . „ .,_.
D6i vdi nghe ttdng trpt, do anh hudng ciia nude bien nen cac viing dat ven bien thudng la dat cat hoac pha cat, bi nhiem man, nhat la khi bi tac dpng manh ciia nude Men xam nhap vao nhiing thdi gian co bao. Ngu6n nude ngpt cho thiiy loi d cac viing nay ciing rat khd khan, vl vay nghe tr6ng trpt ven Men thudng kho phat trien, nang suat thap va hay gap phai riii ro ve bao M, nude bien tran lam hdng dat canh tac.
Nhiing loai cay khdng chiu dugc man hoac bao tap khdng the phat trien tot d cac vung nay.
Hoat dpng lam nghiep Men, ven bien ciing quan trpng, nhung vdi vai trd bao ve moi tradng sinh thai bien, ven bien, chdng bao, gid va chan cat bay hon vai tro kinh te, kinh doanh.
Ddi vdi nghe chan nudi, vi trdng trpt kho phat trien, dac Met la cac loai cay luong thuc nen nganh chan nudi nhiing loai vat sii dung cac ngudn thiic an tinh bpt se khdng du de phat trien.
Chan nudi cac loai vat tieu thu chii yeu thiie an thd, la cay, cd dai... cung khdng the phat trien vdi quy md Idn. Ngoai ra, tinh trang thieu nude ngpt va dat dai khd can cung la yeu td han che phat triln chan nudi d nhihig viing nay.
* Vien Nghien cuu quan ly kinh te Trung uxmg (1) Nong nghiep dugc hieu theo nghia rong gom: trong trpt, chan nuoi, lam nghiep, thiiy san va nghe muoi
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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T 9 P chf C ^ n g s d n
Ngudn nhdn luc ddi ddo Id dieu kiin vita thuan vita khdng thuan de phdt trien kinh ti viing ven biin
Tai cac vung ven bien c6 tten 20 tiieu ngudi dang sinh s6ng, vdi luc lugng lao dpng khoang 12,8 trieu ngudi, chiem 35,5% lao dpng ea nude la dieu kien quan ttpng ve nhan liic de Viet Nam khai thae cac ngudn tiem nang cho phat trien ndng ngMep. Tuy nhien, neU ngudn nhan liic dong dao ven biln khong dugc dao tao nhiing kien thiie ve trdng trpt, chan nudi, nuoi tha thiiy san va lam muoi tM ndng ngMep ven Men se khong nhung khdng phat triln dugc, ma cdn la ganh nang cho phat trien kinh te.
2 - Tinh hinh phat trien kinh te nong nghiep ven bien
Tii cac Ipi the va bat loi the tren day, kinh te ndng ngMep ven Men thudng hudng vao phat trien cac boat dpng khai thae, nudi trdng thiiy san bao gom: danh bat thuy san nude man tten bien; nuoi trdng cac loai thuy san nude man, nude Ig tren Men; nuoi ttong thiiy san tten dat lien bang each lay nude bien tao cac ao nudi thiiy san nhan tao; nuoi trong danh bat tren eae viing nude lo d cac vung ciia sdng do ra bien.
Cung vdi cac boat dpng nudi trong, danh bat thuy san Men, ven bien la cac boat dpng che bien cac loai thiiy san nude man va nude Ig va cac boat dpng dich vu cho hoat dpng nudi ttdng, danh bat, che bien thiiy san.
Nghe lam muoi dugc phat trien gan chat vdi sii dung va khai thae nguon nude bien d nhiing vung cd loi the ve dat phu hgp cho san xuat muoi va co dii anh nang mat trdi de lam khd nude bien. Cu the tinh hinh phat trien cac boat dpng kinh te nong, lam, thiiy san va diem ngMep ven Men, hai dao trong thdi gian qua nhu sau:
Vi ddnh bdt (khai thdc) thuy sdn trin bien Day la nghe trayen thdng tii lau ddi, tao ra ngudn Ipi thuc pham thiiy san cao cip cho tieu dung ttong nude va xuit khiu, tao cdng an viec lam, thu nhap, cai tMen ddi song ngu dan eae
Tit ndm 1993 din nay ngdnh ddnh bdt, nudi trdng thiiy sdn biin, ven biin duqc coi Id ngdnh kinh ti mdi nhgn trong hi thdng ngdnh hdng nghiip, trong dd nghe ddnh bdt thuy sdn da cd nhiing bude phdt triin ddng ki.
tinh ven Men, bao dam su hien dien, bao ve chii quyen qudc gia d cac vung Men, ven bien. Hoat dpng danh bit da tao viec lam cho hon 500.000 lao dpng true tiep va 1 trieu lao ddng dich vu.
Tuy nMen, sau vai thap men tang eudng danh bit khai thae, ngudn loi thuy san bien da giam siit dang kl ve mat dp, chung loai va kich thudc... dac biet d cac vung bien ven bd, noi tap trang tren 80% sd phuong tien danh bat (da tao ra 70% - 80% san lugng danh bit ciia ca nude).
Ba ngu tradng quan trpng nhat la Hai Phon'g - Quang Ninh; Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan va Ca Mau - Kien Giang, tap trang khoang tten 50% so phuong tien danh bat hang nam. Su thay ddi tten la nguyen nhan giam nang suat, san lugng khai thae eua nMeu nhdm nghe. Ngoai ra, da va dang xuat Men tinh trang du tiiua cue bd phuong tien danh bit thuy san, cdng suat huy dpng cua cac tau dang tham gia danh bit giam din, cd tau chi huy ddng khoang 50% cdng suat.
Vi nudi trdng thdy sdn ven biin
Ben canh danh bit, boat dpng nudi ttSng thuy san ven Men cd rat nMeu tiem nang va Ipi tiie.
Tren pham vi ca nude, dien tich cd kha nang nudi trdng thuy san ven bien khoang tren 400.000 ha. Trade tinh ttang ngudn loi hai san dang suy kiet, ngu dan da chuyen manh tii khai thae sang nudi trdng thiiy san ven Men vdi nMeu Mnh thiic da dang. Nha nude da ban hanh cac chinh sach khuyen khich va tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho cac td chiic, hp gia dinh, ca nhan thupe cac thanh phan kinh te trong va ngoai nude diu tu vao linh vuc nudi ttong thiiy san tren cac viing ven biln va hai dao. CMnh phii ciing phan cip cho uy ban nhan dan eae tinh, thanh phd true
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N g h i e n ciiu - Trao ddi T 9 P c h i C d n g s d n
thudc trang uong toan quyin quyet dinh giao, eho thue dat va mat nude ven Men eho td chiic, ca nhan, hp gia dinh cd nhu cau su dung vao nudi ttdng, phat triln kinh te thiiy san. Nha nude da dau tu eho quy hoach cac viing nuoi tha thiiy san ven Men, dat lien va hai dao; eho phep nhap khau mdt sd gidng, loai dac san sach benh cd gia tri kinh te cao, quy Mem va ky thuat san xuat gidng thiiy san bien nhan tao; to chuc dao tao dpi ngii can bd khoa hpc - ky thuat nudi trdng thiiy san Men; uu tien bd tri kinh phi cho edng tac khuyen ngu; ho trg tin dung cho cac du an xay dung ket cau ha tang tMet yeu d cac viing nudi ttdng thuy san ven bien. Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hpi Viet Nam va cac td chuc tin dung khac da dap iing nhu eau vay von eua cac to chiic, ca nhan, hd gia dinh vay vdn nudi trong thuy san ven bien va hai dao.
Song, ban che cua boat dpng nuoi trdng thuy san ven bien, hien nay la do nghe nudi ttdng thuy san ven bien va hai dao ddi hdi vdn dau tu Idn, nen thdi gian vua qua cM cac doanh nghiep tu nhan, lien doanh va mpt so hp nong dan cd vdn mdi cd kha nang dau tu phat trien; san xuat cdn mang nang tinh tu phat d hau het cac viing ven Men; tiing hp, tiing chii doanh ngMep tu lo san ngMep cua minh, ma chua cung nhau hgp tac de cung phat trien nuoi trSng tren dien tich rpng, quy mo san pham hang hda Idn; nhieu hd
Hoat ddng nudi trdng thiiy sdn da phdt triin khd nhanh dcdc tinh cd biin trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy. Tii do mora mot hudng phdt triin mdi cua ngdnh kinh ti thuy sdn vd ngdnh ndng nghiip theo nghia rdng, tao viic Idm vd thu
9 9
nhap cho nong ddn, thuc ddy chuyin dich CO cdu kinh te, gdp phdn diiu chinh gidm bdt hoat ddng khai thdc ven bd bang phuong tiin thu cong lam can kiet tdi nguyin thiiy sdn Min, bdo vi vd phdt triin duqc nguhn lot thiiy sdn.
dan cdn thilu kien thuc ve ky thuat nuoi trdng thiiy san biln nen hay gap rui ro. Ngoai ra, viec sit dung dien tich mat nude ven bien de nudi ttong thuy san biln chua dang ke; khung phap ly phuc vu cho thue, giao khoan mat nude ven bien vao nuoi trong thiiy san chua rd rang, cdn nMeu bat cap; chinh sach khuyen kMch dau tu, phat trien cong nghe va xay dung ket cau ha tang cho cac vung nuoi trdng tap trang chua nhieu, do vay ngudi nuoi trong gap nhilu khd khan trong td chiic san xuat, kiem soat dich benh va phong tranh tMen tai.
Ve cdng nghiip chi bien thdy sdn ven bien Den nay, ca nude da eo tdng sd hon 470 co sd - doanh nghiep chi biln thuy san. Trong dd, 248 CO sd - doanh ngMep (cMlm gan 53%) da dat tieu chuan cua thi trudng Lien minh chau Au (EU) - mpt thi tradng khd tinh nhit thi gidi; tten
"300 eo sd - doanh nghiep dugc Han Qudc cdng nhan tieu chuan chit lugng... Hien hang thiiy sap chi bien Viet Nam da eo mat tren 140 nude va vung lanh thd tten the gioi, co cho dung viing chac d cac thi tiirdng Idn nhu Nhat Ban, EU va Bac My. D I dat muc tieu cMin luge den nam 2020 Viet Nam trd thanh qudc gia manh ve kiiih te bien, lam giau tii bien, nganh che bien thiiy san noi chung va che bien thiiy san Men phaii phat huy day du vi tri, vai trd cua minh trotig viec tao dau ra tdt nhat cho eae boat dpng danh bit va nuoi tring thiiy san, gin nganh thuy san vdi thi tiirdng tieu thu trong va ngoai nude, tu do tao ddng luc thuc day toan nganh khai thae tdi da cac tiem nang ve ngudn luc san cd ma Men da tao ra.
Phdt triin nghi mudi (diim nghiep) ven bien Trong nhung nam qua ca nude ed 20 tinh, thanh ven biln phat tiiln hoat ddng san xuat mudi bien vdi tong dien tich hon 12 ngMn hec- ta va san lugng binh quan dat tii 800 nghin tan din 1,2 trieu tan mudi/nam, tao viec lam cho hon 90 nghin lao ddng. Hien nay, nganh mudi Viet Nam dang triln khai cac du an xay dung cac canh dong mudi cong nghiep, doi mdi cdng nghe san xuat mudi, nhat la edng nghe san xuat mudi
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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T ^ p chi C d n g s d n
sach, nham thuc Men dugc muc tieu den nam 2020 dat 2 trieu tan, ttong do cac ddng mudi cong ngMep bao dam tir 53% den 67% tdng san lugng muoi ca nude. Nganh mudi dang keu gpi cac doanh ngMep thuoc mpi thanh phan kinh te tham gia dau tu vao cac du an dau tu dong mudi cdng ngMep de san xuat, che bien, tieu thu muoi sach. Bp Nong ngMep va Phat trien nong thdn dang day manh co phan boa toan bp cac doanh ngMep nha nude trong nganh muoi; tich cue ngMen cuu xay dung cMnh sach nganh muoi de bao dam tai san xuat, thu nhap du song cho diem dan, tten co sd do khuyen khich hp gia tang san xuat muoi nham dap ung dii nhu cau muoi cua nhan dan va cac nganh khac cua nen kinh te, ban che tinh trang tMeu on dinh ve cung cau muoi an.
Phdt triin trdng trot, chdn nudi, lam nghiip vung ven biin
Co the ndi, san xuat nong ngMep tiiiyen thong khong phai la loi the va khong phai la hudng cMnh, lau dai ciia viing ven bien. Vay nen, Nha nude can c6 cMen luge giup nong dan cac vung nay chuyen san xuat nong ngMep trayen thdng sang cac linh vuc nganh nghe khac CO Meu qua hon va phii hgp vdi loi the, tiem nang. Cho den nay qua trinh chuyen doi dien ra con cham va tMeu quy hoach, chinh sach phii hpp nen ket qua chua that su cao.
Ve lam ngMep (rung ngap man) ven bien c6 y ngMa bao ve moi tradng, tao da dang sinh hpc ven bien, chong bao, gio va cat bay (sa mac hoa), chong x6i Id... Nhung, nhiing nam vua qua, do chay theo danh bat va nudi ttdng thiiy san ven bd qua miic ma ngudi dan sinh sdng d ven bien cac viing nay da chat pha va huy hoai cac khu rung ngap man ven biln. Do vay, cung vdi chuyen hudng phat triln ndng ngMep va thiiy san cac vung ven bien nhu da de cap d tren, can chii ttpng tai tao lai va phat tiiln them cac khu riing ngap man ven bien de giii viing mdi tradng tu nMen va da dang sinh hpc v6n c6, tu dd bao dam su phat tiiln ben viing.
3 - Mot so dinh huong \e giai phap phat trien nong nghiep ven bien
Trong bdi canh hdi nhap kinh tl qudc te Men nay, can phai xem xet, danh gia diing Ipi the cua viing kinh te bien, ven bien d cac tinh c6 biln, ddng thdi dat trong dinh hudng cMen luge kinh te - xa hpi ciia tung viing de lua chpn giai phap phu hgp va co Meu qua cao nhat. Cu the chung tdi xin de xuat mdt so gpi md sau:
Thii nhdt, phdt trien ndng nghiip ven bien nin hudng vdo ngdnh thiiy sdn nudi trdng vd ddnh bdt. Ddi vdi nhihig tinh co Ipi the tu nMen manh ve kinh te thuy san, tM tien hanh quy hoach phat tiien thuy san Men, bao gdm ca danh bat va nudi trdng, dau tu du manh vao xay dung ket eau ha tang ciing phuc vu cho boat dpng danh bat, nuoi trdng va che bien hai san, nhu:
- Hoan cMnh cac cang thuy san ven Men co dieu kien tap trang khdi lugng san pham danh bit Idn. ' • •' ' '^-'-•
- Xay dung mpt he thong chg thiiy san d cac viing trpng diem danh bat va nuoi trdng ket hgp vdi thiic day phat trien he thdng che bien san pham thuy san, Mnh thanh cac trang tam tieu thu Idn ciia cac viing nudi ttong tap trang (md hinh chg thiiy san dau mdi).
- Quy hoach va dau tu xay dung cac khu vuc tranh bao cho ngu dan, dac biet nhiing viing c6 gio bao Idn tu Nam Trang Bp ttd ra pMa Bac va nhiing tinh co mat dp tau thuyen danh ca cao.
- Xay dung cac cdng trinh tiiiiy loi cung cap nude sach, xu ly nude thai eiia viing nuoi ttong thuy san tap trang va hudng dan eho ngudi dan, doanh ngMep phat triln nudi trdng thuy san kieu eong ngMep.
- Xay dung cac cdng trinh cung cap dien ha the, he thong dudng giao thong tiep can vdi cac viing nudi tap trang (thudng khoang tu 50 ha ttd len).
- Quy hoach phat trien cac boat dpng dich vu cho danh bit va nudi trdng thuy san theo dinh hudng da xac dinh...
48 S6 818 tthang 12 nam 2010)
N g h i e n ciiu - Trao doi Tfip c h i C d n g s d n
Thii hai, phdt trien nghe mudi dap ung nhu cdu trong nude vd tiin tdi xudt khdu. Mudn vay, trong thdi gian tdi, can tap trang:
- Nghien eiiu bd sung cac ehinh sach ve diu tu, khoa hpc va cong nghe, dao tao nhan luc, xiic tien thuong mai va hd trg cho nganh muoi.
Cu the la tao dieu kien thuan loi eho diem dan tiep can cac nguon vdn tin dung, ap dung tien bd khoa hpc - ky thuat va tang ty le ho trg ciia Nha nude cho ngudi dan thong qua dau tu ket cau ha tang, dao tao, xiic tien thuong mai.
- Tien hanh ra soat, quy hoach lai cac ddng mudi va xay dung de an chuyen ddi nhiing ddng mudi khong Meu qua, kha nang canh ttanh thap sang phat trien nganh, nghe khac, tao co hpi cho ngudi dan d vung muoi chuyen nghe, tiep can viec lam c6 thu nhap tot hon.
- Thuc Men dau tu diit diem nhiing du an nang cap, cai tao cac vung san xuat mudi thupe nhom C da ed quyet dinh dau tu tii nam 2000, 2001, nhung cdn keo dai den nay tai viing ven bien pMa Bac va dong bang sdng Cuu Long.
- Nghien ciiu xay dung mpt so khu cong nghiep boa chat de sii dung nguon nguyen lieu mudi CO san lugng Idn va chat lugng cao d ven bien cac tinh tii Da Nang den S6e Trang nham muc dich dap iing nhu cau phat trien cong nghiep trong tuong lai.
Thii ba, chuyen ndng nghiep ven bien sang cdc ngdnh kinh ti khde. Ddi vdi nhiing tinh ma dieu kien tu nhien, sinh thai khdng tao ra nang luc canh tranh cao eho san xuat ndng nghiep va phat trien thiiy san ca nudi trong va danh bat, thi ehinh sach kinh te ndng nghiep ven bien nen hudng tdi hudng dan, thiic day ngudi dan, doanh ngMep ehuyen manh sang cac nganh khac, ttong dd uu tien dau tien la nganh du lich, dich vu, chang ban nhu ket hgp du lieh vdi nghi ngoi, chiia benh, mua sam. Muon the, tinh phai cd chinh sach thu hiit dau tu ben ngoai, dao tao nguon nhan luc tai chd, chinh sach chuyen doi nghe cho ndng dan va cac chinh sach hd trg khac nhu tin dung, thue, khoa hpc, cdng nghe co tinh thiie day dau tu vao cac viing ven bien theo dinh hudng quy hoach dn dinh da lua chpn eho dai han. •
iiitU,
Regarding agricultural development in the costal areas
CHU TIEN QUANG
Central institute for economic management
The aquaculture in Vietnam is still heavily spontaneous. The pohcies on investment promotion, technological development and infrastracture building in this field are still insufficient. The seafood-processing industry has rather well developed, but the salt - production industry still faces certain difficulties. For the sake of economic development, the author proposes aquaculMre should be developed in coastal provinces wMch have advantages (favorable conditions for cultivating and harvesting aquatic products); the salt-production industry must rapidly develop to satisfy domestic demand and for export; the provinces with no Mgh competitiveness in aquaculture must switch from agriculture to other industries, especially to tourism and services.
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