VAN HOA KINH TE - C H U Y E N D 6 I VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VlTNG
LiroTig Thi Thu HSng Tom Tdt: Trong xu the chuyen doi todn dien cua the gidi kien nay, cdc to chuc vd quoc gia trd nen thdnh cong han neu vdn hoa Idnh te cua ho thdn thien v&i su doi mdi. Gid tri cua cdc cd nhdn, vdn hoa cua cdc nhom, dao due cua cdc cdng dong vd cdc chudn muc dnh hudng kit qud phii thuoc ldn nhau. Thay doi vdn hod kinh te se trd nen cdn thiet de tim ra mot huong chuyen doi tich cue mai todn dien vd bin viing Su ddi m&i vdn hoa kinh te chinh id su thay doi cua phuang thicc tiep can, thi che vd to chuc trong hoat dong kinh ti
Tie nhihig lo nggi vi viec tdng rui ro vd di bi ton thucmg trong boi cdnh todn cdu hoa vd tu do hoa hien nay, cdc quoc gia dd chu y han din phdt triin xd hpi, vdn hod kinh ti vd thuc day cdc mo hinh phdt triin todn diin vd bin virng. Nin tdng cua su chuyin doi cho phdt triin todn dien id su ket hop cua nhimg thay doi trong vdn hod Idnh ti, trong chien luac vd ke hogch hdnh dong md cdc quoc gia dua ra di khdng dinh su cdn thiet phdi co mot cdch dip can chu dong han nhdm gidm ngheo, gidm bdt binh ddng vd bdo vi moi tru&ng. Bdi viit ndy trao doi ve mot huang dip can vdn hod lanh te m&i trong boi cdnh todn cdu hod vdphdt trien ben vdng hien nay.
Tir khoa: Vdn hoa kinh ti; ehuyin doi; phdt trien ben viing; todn edu hoa.
1. Tiep can van hoa Idnh te
Gia tri cua cac ca nhan, van hoa ciaa cac nhom, dao due ciia cgng dong va cac tieu chuan, chuan muc la cac yeu to phu thupc lan nhau, tac dpng qua lai va anh huang den ket qua hoat dpng cua ca nhan hoac cua nhom.
Cach tiep can van hoa kinh te la each tiep can CO xu huong anh huong tich cue va mang tinh doi moi doi vai su phat trien va ung dung kien thuc, ky nangva cac tai nguyen khac Dac biet trong dieu kien thieu hut tai nguyen, bien doi khi hau va toan cau hoa thi chuyen doi va phat trien ben virng tir each tiep can van hoa kinh te la mpt lira chpn phii hpfp trong boi canh moi.
Do do, thay doi tir each tiep can van hoa kinh tl se tro nen can thiet de tim ra huang chuyen d6i tich cii'c cho phat trien ben viing (Vojko Potocan va Zlatko Nedelko, 2014).
Npi ham cua van hoa kinh te dupe hieu la SIT phan anh cam xuc duoc chap nhan cua nen kinh te, cac qua trinh trong xa hpi theo cam xiac ciia con nguoi thinh hanh, nhu nhimg nguai dua ra y kien va nhiing nguai tiep nhan, chap thuan theo, su phan anh do bao gom:
Gid tri la nhimg niem tin cam tinh, lien quan tai muc tieu mong muon cua ca nhan va dinh huang cho viec lua chpn hoac danh gia hanh dpng, chinh sach, con nguai va su kien.
Gia tri la cac tieu chuan ma con nguoi sir dung de danh gia hanh vi, phan ung vai nguai khac, va dua ra phan xet ve cac su kien, chung giiip giai thich hang loat cac hanh vi ca nhan va xa hpi, nhu lua chpn ITnh viic lam viec, mua sam ciia nguai tieu dimg, ung xir vai moi tnrcmg, tuan thu giao luat (Ham, 2007). Khi ban ve gia tri chung ta nghT ve nhimg gi quan trpng trong cupc song. Moi ca nhan co nhieu gia tri khac nhau, voi muc dp quan trpng cua timg gia tri
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khac nhau. Mot gia tri c6 thi quan trpng vai nguai nay, nhiing lai kem quan trpng vai nguai khac.
Vdn hoa nhom la he thong cac gia tri, cac quan niem, tap tijc dupe hinh thanh trong nhom. Van hoa nhom dupe hinh thanh tir khi cac moi quan he trong nhom dupe thik lap va cimg voi thoi gian cac quy ch6 dupe hinh thanh, cac thong tin dupe trao doi va cac thanh vien ciing trai qua cac sir kien. Tat ca cac nhom nho deu co van hoa cua minh, nhung dong thoi cung la mpt phan cua nen van hoa toan xa hpi. Nhu vay, van hoa nhom cho thay trong nen van hoa chung con co the co nhiing net rieng biet ciia cac tap doan, cac to chuc xa hpi khac nhau (Ham, 2007). Cung co nhiing y kien cho rang, van hoa nhom diing de chi nen van hoa rieng nho han tieu van hoa (Wikipedia,2019).
Dao dire: Theo mpt nghTa chung, dao due la quy tac ciia cac nguyen tac va gia tri dao due chi phoi hanh vi cua mpt nguai hoac nhom d6i vai nhirng gi diing hay sai (Bardi, 2006).
Cdc chudn mitc: Chudn mirc (norms) la cac tieu chuin hoac quy dinh diing de thong bao cho cac thanh vien ciia nhom hoac xa hpi hp nen cuxu thi ndo. Trong pham vi nhat dinh nhu nhom hay nSn van hoa, chuan mirc dat ra cac giai han co thS chip nhan duoc ciia hanh vi, va duac duy tri biing cac hinh thiic thuong phat. Chuin muc thuong lien quan den mot tinh hudng cu tha ehir khong mang tinh trim tugng va rong nhu gia tri; va gia trj anh huong toi viec lieu chung ta co chip nhan hay khong mpt chuin muc (Vojko va Zlatko, 2014).
Tir cac nghien cuu theo each tiep can van hoa kinh xk, mot khai niem vdn hod kinh te mai se tra nen cin thiSt nham tim ra mpt huong tich cue trong b6i canh d6i moi cong nghe, phat triin bin virng cua cac quoc gia va
nhan loai. Co the noi su chuyen doi tiep can van hoa kinh te la van de cot loi ciia chuyin doi trong mpt to chiic co lien quan den sir thay doi cua phuang thuc va qua trinh chuyen doi ben viing hien nay.
Tuang dong voi each tiep can van hoa kinh te, each tiep can nhan hpc kinh te la mpt ITnh virc CO gang giai thich hanh vi kinh te cua con nguoi trong pham vi lich su, dia ly va van hoa.
Cac nha nhan hpc Bronislaw Malinowski va Marcel Mauss (Morgan va Qin, 2001) nghien cuu ve ban chat ciia su doi img nhu la mpt thay the cho trao doi thi trucmg. Phan Ion, cac nghien cuu ve nhan hpc kinh te tap trung vao trao doi. Khi toan cau hoa tra thanh hien thuc va sir phan chia giiia cac nen kinh te thi truong va phi thi truong tro nen khong the do luong duac, cac nha nhan hpc bat dau xem xet moi quan he giira nhieu loai hinh trao doi trong xa hpi thi truong.
Nhan hpc kinh te c6 each tiep can dac thii (particularism) va hien thuc (realism) vai cupc song xa hpi ciia con nguoi de xem xet kinh nghiem cua con nguoi voi cai nhin toan dien.
Khai niem ve van hoa la trpng tam eua phuang phap tiep can ma phan rat Ion cac nha kinh te chua thuc su quan tam hoac vien dan van hoa ma khong thuc sir ket hpp no vao cac phan tich cua hp. Doi voi eac nha kinh te, van hoa dai dien cho cai gi do co dp nhieu, khong duy ly, va Ion xpn. Cung da co mpt so nha kinh te trong nhirng thap nien qua luu y den tam quan trpng cua yiu to van hoa kinh te (Harrison, 1985; North, 1990; Sowell, 1994; Harrison va Huntington, 2000).
Billig (2000) da lam ro hon quan diem nay, bing each ki thua quan diem dac tnmg ciia nhan hpc kinh ti tan Weber, dua mo hinh van hoa vao phan tich kinh te. Billig eho ring hiu hit cac nha kinh te hpc se xem phuong phap tiip can mo hinh van hoa nay la chang lien quan gi den mo hinh kinh te hpc da co. Khi
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xem chi tiet, nhan hpc kinh t i tan Weber gan giong voi kinh t i hpc thi chi.
Nhiing nguai theo chii nghia tan thuc chimg nhiing each thuc ma cai gpi la trao doi thi trucmg thuan tuy trong xa hpi thi trucmg khong phii hop voi he tu tuong thi truong. Cac nha nhan hpc kinh te hien nay nghien cim hoat dpng ciia cac tap doan, ngan hang va he thong tai chinh toan cau tir each tiep can nhan hpc.
Cac cupc tranh luan Ion trong nhan hpc kinh te, hoae theo each tiep can van hoa kinh te thuang tap tmng vao: i) kha nang ung dung, chuyen giao cac loai hinh kinh te; ii) cac cau hoi ve gia tri; iii) trpng luong cua van hoa (y nghTa) trong cac qua trinh kinh te (Morgan, 2001; Qin va Gilbert, 2001).
N h u vay tir cae phan tieh khai niem va eac each tiep can tren c6 the thay, tiep can van hoa kinh te dua den mpt xu huang cua qua trinh chuyen doi va phat trien ben virng gom: cdc hinh thiic chuyen doi cu the tu nhimg chudn muc gid tri cot loi, hdnh vi, dgo due vd su lao dong sdng tgo thong qua eong nghe. Sir ehuyen doi nay duac do bang cam xiic, hanh vi, quan diem va dao diic cua ca nhan hoac nhom nguoi de xuat chuyen doi va su tiep nhan cua ca nhan/nhora nguoi tiep nhan chuyen doi nham thich ling vai toan cau hoa va phat trien ben virng.
2. Chuyen doi toan dien tir tiep can van hoa Idnh te
Trong boi canh toan cau hoa va phat triin ben virng hien nay, xem xet kha nang img dung, ehuyen giao cac loai hinh kinh te chinh la xem xet van de trpng luong ciia van hoa (y nghia), xem xet cac yeu to gia tri, hanh vi nhu mpt sir phan anh cam xiic ciia con nguoi trong qua trinh kinh te theo thai gian, khong gian va chieu sau.
Mpt so hpc gia da chi ra cac truong hpp My hoa trong cac giai doan truoc va sau thai
ky giiia ehiin tranh (1990). My hoa duac dinh nghia la sir chuyen giao cac gia tri, hanh vi, the che, cong nghe, mo hinh to chuc, bieu tupng va chuan muc tir Hoa Ky sang dai song kinh te ciia cac quoc gia khac. Tat ca cac su chuyen giao van hoa, trong do Americanization la mpt vi du, dien ra cham chap, co chpn Ipc, khong bao gio bao gom tat ca cae khia canh cua cupc song. Khong bao gio tat ca cac nganh kinh te a cimg mpt miic dp va dong thai co the dao ngupc mpt phan.
My hoa de dua tren cac gia tri cot loi nhat dinh, CO pham vi rong a Hoa Ky, cae gia tri anh huang true tiep den cac v i n d i kinh te gom: i) Mpt vai tro cue ky manh me va tich cue dupe phan bo cho nen kinh te trong xa hpi ciing nhu trong cupc song eua mpt nguoi; ii) Mpt niem tin (doi khi ngay tho) vao kha nang eanh tranh, rang nhimg lai the cho nhiing nguai dpc than se tang them nhiing dieu tot nhat cho tat ca cac thanh vien trong xa hpi; iii) Mpt cam giac manh me cho chu nghia ca nhan; iv) Xu huong thuong mai hoa quan he ciia con nguoi (Harm, 2007). Nhu vay, trong trucmg hop My hoa, su ehuyen giao eu the va ket qua dat dupe ro net nhat la su thay doi trong each tiep can canh tranh, la su giam thieu hoac cham dut sir dpc quyen (cartel) trong kinh doanh.
Mpt nghien ciru khac ciia tac gia Susan (2016), til each tiep can van hoa kinh te trong nghien ciru van de hau qua sau mpt con bao lan tan pha bo bien phia nam ciia Mexico vao nam 2001. Du hch ben virng cua Hoi giao la giai phap cua chinh phii Mexico trong viec thiic day tai phat trien kinh te. Ke tir do, cac cpng dong ciia Ban dao Placencia, da tham gia phat trien du lich nhanh chong nhu mpt chien lupc kinh te de dam bao sinh ke dia phuang, dinh cao la sir xuat hien cua du lich tau b i i n vao nam 2016.
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Trong mpt khu vuc, not cac tai nguyen va dich vu moi truong 14 xuong s6ng cua nganh du lich, nhung xung dpt da n6 ra xung quanh van de tac dpng cua du lich d6i voi m6i truong. Cac vin d6 nhu quan ly nuoc thai, xa nuoc thai chua dupe xu ly vao he thdng song ngoi dia phuong gay ra he qua tieu cue d6i voi siic khoe nguoi dan, cpng d6ng va moi trucmg.
Tranh cai giua ngucri dan dia phuong va cac nha ky tri chinh phu vi each giai quygt vSn dS cho thay vipc lap ke hoach co so ha ting, trong do phan tich lpi ich cua chi phi theo hinh thuc danh gia vong doi chi phi phat tri6n co so ha tang quan ly nuoc thai va tac dpng moi huong, dupe trinh bay dS quan Iy hieu qua, bin vimg nuoc thai a Placencia, Mexico (Susan, 2016).
Trong thoi gian qua, Hpi d6ng hen chinh phu vj bidn ddi khi hau (IPCC) ciia Lien hpp quoc da canh bao rang sir nong len toan cau se gay thiet hai hang nghin ty cho nen kinh te toan cau ve tu vong lien quan den nhiet, nuoc bien dang va thiet hai co so ha ting. Nhimg thay d6i trong he sinh thai toan cau de dpa sue khoe con ngudi, lam suy ydu xuit khau va pha vd chuoi cung ung toan cau. Cac nha nhan hoc kinh i6 nghien cim anh hucmg ciia nhiing mdi quan h? tuong tac giira mdi trudng - con ngudi - sinh kd va dd xuit eac quan didm va giai phap dva tren du lifu vd mdi quan he dd.
Murphy (2014) trong nghien ciiu viing nong thdn Mdng Cd duong dai da ung hd vice quay trd lai Iy thuydt tidp can bit binh dang va nii ro ddi voi sinh kd nong thdn. Tuong tu nhu vay Isenhour (2016) da lap luan rang lieu ddi moi cdng nghp cd thuc sv dam bao phiic lpi cho con ngudi hay la c k xem xet lai md, quan he trao ddi va cac nil ro, ganh nang mdi truong ddi vdi nhdm ngudi dd bj tdn thuong tai cac viing nong thdn.
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Peterson (2015) nhan manh hon nua vao viec tiep can khdng can bjng vdi cae tai nguyen thien nhien cin thidt, nhin manh su can thiet phai cam kdt vd tinh bdn virng tidn bp, cd nghia 14 mdt each tidp can tich hpp xem xet cac tim nhin va gia tri da dang. Tinh bdn viing khdng chi la vin dd mdi trudng, ma cdn la van dd sinh kd. Larsen (2017) phat hien ra rang eac nganh cdng nghiep khai thac diu khi tai Amazon, Pern dang cd ging khjng dinh quyen kidm scat ddi vdi cac lanh thd, quan he xa hpi va quan tri dia phuong. Trao ddi vd tac dpng cita dau tu ddi vdi cac gia tri dua tren khu vuc dia Iy tac gia Anderson (2017) cho rang cac mdi quan he xa hdi dinh dang each thirc hang hda va su hop tac quydn luc trong van de tiep can, dinh gia dit dai Mexico. Cac quan diem nay ndu bat su ket ndi giira con ngudi va dia Iy, su thdng tri cua mpt sd chu the qudc gia va qudc te trong vide dinh hinh cac van de mdi trucmg. Trong dd, hang hda dat anh hudng den quan niem lau dai ve gia tri tai cac cdng ddng dia phuong.
Trong nghien cim ve he sinh thai va sir dung tai nguyen ben vimg cua cpng ddng cu dan tai mdt sd vung d tai Columbus, Bzazil, tac gia Bucciferro (2016) nhan thay rang nhimg tidn bd cdng nghe da md rdng mpt each gia tao cac gidi han ciia mdi trudng tu nhien.
Ddng thdi, cac giai phap cdng nghe hudng vao eac he thdng cu the tuy cd nhimg didm dot pha dd tang trudng nhung khdng the duy tri nhu ciu gia tang ciia eon ngudi. Tac gia Zhang (2017) xem xet ky ludng cac hoat dpng ciia chuong trinh giao dich carbon cua REDD + va thd chd hda thi trudng carbon cua REDD +, dac biet lien quan ddn su qua ehenh lech trong giao dich carbon. Kdt qua nay la he qua khdng thd tranh khdi cua su chenh lech quyen luc va tinh khdng hoan hao trong thi trudng. Cac tac
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gia Du Bray, Stotts, Beresford, Wutich va Brewis (2019) khi xem xet cac gioi han he thong cua he sinh thai qua nghien ciiu dinh gia phirc tap cua tai nguyen nuac, xuyen van hoa.
Cac hpe gia thay rang cac con song dang duoc xem xet co gia tri ro rang duoc quy dinh tai dia phuong, b i t chip cac thuan lpi trong tang truong kinh te, va do vay nhiing y nghia van hoa phai dupe xem xet can trpng khi dinh gia tai nguyen thien nhien ciia cpng ddng cu dan dia phuang.
Mpt ket qua khae cua tiip can van hoa kinh te la van de sinh ke va lira chpn tieu dung eua cu dan thanh thi. Tai nhieu do thi tren thi giai, cac chinh phii thuang han ehe cac doanh nghiep bat hpp phap va do vay, sinh k i duang pho duoc tu nhan hoa dan den ehuyen doi sinh ke cua nguoi dan thanh thi va cac lira chpn tieu diing truyen thong eua hp. Vi du tai mien bac Philippines, cac nha cung cap thuc an duang pho a Baguio, thanh lap eac doanh nghiep cung cap thyc pham thay the hang dong bat hop phap va kha thi. Cae nha eung cap sir dung each tich hop hoat dpng chinh tri, xa hpi va kinh te dan xen trong mo hinh tieu thu thi truong duong pho moi de mang lai huong vi dac biet ciia dia diem, cung co tinh ben viing sinh ke.
3. Chuyin doi van hoa kinh te - muc tieu va giai phap cho qua trinh chuyen doi va b i n vung toan can hien nay
Van hoa kinh te tao dieu kien cho su phat triin ciia mpt mo hinh kinh te xa hpi mai ciia quan he thi tnrong, trong do nhan manh tam quan trpng ciia nguon nhan lire trong cac phuang thuc chuyen doi hieu qua. Ly thuyet phat triin van hoa kinh te hinh thanh va gop p h i n dinh ra mot each tiep can toan dien huong d i n phat trien ben viing quoc gia, viing va toan cau.
Hpc gia nguoi Nga, Ryzhykov, da phan tich dinh nghTa Van hoa kinh te eua nguoi Hoi giao, lien quan denva bao gom cac yeu to hoat dpng, hien tupng, mo thiic cua kien thirc kinh te nhu la mpt qua trinh chuyen doi mang tinh each mang ciia cac quan he kinh te vT mo sang cau true kinh te toan cau. Bat ke vi tri dia ly 6 dau, van de lam ehu thong tin, ky nang va thoi quen luon duac ket noi voi kien thiic va sire manh eua chung phu thupc vao su phu thupc vao kien thiic ly thuyet (Ryzhykov, 2015). Do la ly do trong qua trinh chuyen doi viee tieh hop eac ky nang, thoi quen, so luong/chat lupng kien thiic trong boi canh khong gian thong tin ngay nay, doi hoi each tiep can sang tao de giai quyet van de toan cau hoa va ben viing.
Tir each tiep can van hoa kinh te, c6 the thay mue tieu cua qua trinh chuyen doi va ben viing toan cau hien nay la thuc day sir ehuyen doi nhiing chuan myc gia tri cot 15i, hanh vi, dao diie va su Iao dpng sang tao ciia con nguoi thong qua cong nghe de huang den hinh thai phat trien kinh te ~ xa hpi toan dien, da dang.
Tai Viet Nam (2017), cae quan diem phat trien ciia dat nuac rat ro rang: i) Van hoa viia la muc tieu, vira la dpng lyc thiic day sy phat trien kinh te - xa hpi va sy nghiep day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuoc; ii) Yeu cau bao dam su gan ket giira nhiem vu phat trien kinh te, van hoa la nen tang tao nen sy phat trien dong bp, toan dien va ben virng cua dat nuac.
Dao dire va chuan myc hinh thai cua y thirc - xa hpi, tong hpp nhiing nguyen tac, quy tac, ehuan myc huang dan con nguoi tu giac dieu chinh hanh vi img xir cua minh trong quan he giiia nguai voi nguoi, giiia con nguai vai xa hpi, voi ty nhien. Dao diic nay sinh do nhu cau eua dai song tren nen tang cita hoat dpng san
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xuat kinh te, va xa hpi, C. Mac va Ph.
Angghen da viet: ''Chinh con nguoi, khi phdt trien su sdn xudt vgt chdt vd sir giao tiep vgt chdt cua minh, dd lam bien doi, cimg v&i hien thuc do cua minh, cd tu duy ldn sdn phdm tu duy cua minh. Khong phdi y thirc quyet dinh dai song md ehinh dai song quyet dmh y third"
(Nha xuit ban Su that, 1980).
Nhu vay, dao diic, chuan myc la san pham ciia nhiing dieu kien lich sir - xa hpi, vi vay chuyen doi xa hpi bao gom sy bien doi cac gia tri dao diic, chuan myc thong qua su sang loc va ke thira. Ben eanh do, mac du la ket qua su phan anh ciia dai song xa hpi nhung dao dire, ehuan muc voi tinh dpc lap tucmg doi, den lugt no CO the tac dpng lai lam thiic day phat trien hoac kun ham su phat trien ciia xa hpi.Trong boi eanh toan cau hoa hien nay, cong nghe dang dan tro thanh nhan to thong tri, co nhieu y kien cho rang cong nghe cao va toan cau hoa la dieu tat yeu, nhung dieu dang lo ngai la no se keo theo sy ngheo nan eua nhan each, ban sac van hoa eua moi dan tpc bi hoa tan va vay mupfn. Tuy nhien, khong the phii nhan nhiing thanh qua cong nghe doi voi doi song xa hpi, nhat la a cac quoc gia co khai diem la mpt nen kinh te tang truong thap, dai song cu dan co ty le ngheo doi cao. Cong nghe la yeu to quan trpng thuc day sy tang truong nhanh, tao dieu kien thuc day eho nguoi lao dpng ehii dpng, hoa nhap va tiep nhan nep song van minh tien bp. Van de dupe dat ra la giai phap hieu qua han che sy mau thuan, xung dot giiia tien bp cong nghe vai cac gia tri dao diic, chuan myc eiia con nguai trong boi eanh moi hien nay.
Cach tiep can van hoa kinh te, se la mpt giai phap hiiu hieu cho qua trinh chuyen doi va phat trien ben virng ciia Viet Nam hien nay.
Cac gia tri dao due, chuan muc, van hoa nhom
(dac biet la van hoa doanh nghiep) tai Viet Nam dang co nhieu bien dpng. Dieu do duoc biiu hien qua viec chuyen sy chii y tir cac gia tri tinh than sang gia tri lpi ich vat ehat, tir gia tri, chuan muc cpng dong sang ca nhan. Cac thuoc do gia tri dao dire, ehuan muc duac bo sung bang cae chi so tien te va chi so thy hucmg tieu diing. Cac van de xoay quanh dao due, chuan mue dang chuyen doi phiic tap, biiu hien o su bat cap giira ly luan vai thuc ti xa hpi, mau thuin giiia truyen thong va hien dai, giiia Iy tri vai tinh cam, giiia ly tuong va hien thuc.
Trong qua trinh chuyen doi hien nay, ben canh nhung thanh tuu tien bp trong cupe each mang cong nghe, can thiet tao ra nhung bien doi sau sac trong quan niem, nhan each, dao diic, chuan mue, loi song o moi ea nh&n trong thai dai toan cau hoa. Nham thiic day tinh ben viing eiia qua trinh ehuyen doi, van hoa kinh te eo the dupe coi la mpt giai phap hihi hien, dieu chinh hai hoa cae yeu to kinh te, van hoa, moi tnrong trong mpt tong the phat trien chung.
Trong do, dac biet nham manh va tinh den cac van de uu tien, phu hop voi thuc tiln, trinh dp phat trien eua moi vung, moi quoc gia va moi dan toe.
Voi tinh hinh moi hien nay, de gop phan thiic day su phat trien ben vung toan eau, doi hoi qua trinh chuyen doi ciia cac quoc gia dat ra va sir dung each tiep can van hoa kinh te, tap trung vao cac van d i cu t h i la: Xac dinh cac gia tri cot loi, quy tac, ehuan myc dao diic, hanh vi trong moi tuong tac qua lai giiia cac ca nhan voi nhau, ca nhan vai nhom/cpng dong, ca nhan vai moi truong ty nhien va su sang tao khong ngimg eua con nguoi thong qua cong nghe va su phan anh cam xiic trong qua trinh ehuyen doi va thich nghi do toan ciu hoa.
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Liro-ng Thj Thu HSng Van hoa kinh te...
So- d o : KHUNG PHAN TICH CHO QUA TRINH CHUYEN DOI VA P H A T TRIEN BEN VCTNG TU" CACH TIEP CAN VAN HOA KINH TE
• H? gia tri
• Van hoa (Hanh vi
• Dao dire (quy tac, chuan
• Mo hinh tang trudng vi Cong ngh? m6i
• Gia tr] cot loi
• Van hoa (Hanh vi, cam xuc)
• Dao due (quy tac, chuan
• Sang Ipc, lua chpn va
thich img j
• Gia t n cot loi (Moi tmong. Van ho:
Kinh tg, X I h6i)
• Van hoa (Hanh vi, cam xuc)
• Dao diic (Quyen con nguoi (rong ir thg gioi toan ciu)
• Tang tmong va cong nghg (Binh dang va khong loai tm)
• LTU tign va thich ling
Ngudn: Tdc gid tong hap vd de xudt (2019).
4. M o t so van de dat r a trong c h u y i n doi va p h a t trien ben virng tu" tl£p can van hoa kinh te
Gid tri cot loi trong phdt trien ben vUng Trong thai boi eanh toan cau hoa, eac doanh nghiep ma rong thi truong, tham gia vao chuoi cung img toan cau thi tranh nhiem bao ve moi tnrong la mot yeu cau thiet yiu.
Tren the gioi hien nay, eac dieu khoan cam ket ve moi truong trong cac Hiep dinh thucmg mai song phuong va da phuang giira cac quoc gia da la mpt phan khong the thieu. Khi cac doanh nghien thyc hien trach nhiem xa hpi trong ITnh vuc moi truong dong nghTa voi viec cac san pham cua doanh nghiep do dat duac cae tieu chuin ehat lucmg quoc te.
Theo WBCSD (2014), trach nhiem xa hpi ciia doanh nghiep la cam ket dong gop cho sy phat triin ben viing, thong qua viec tuan thii cac chuan myc ve bao ve moi trucmg, binh
dang giai, an toan lao dpng bao gom trong do lpi cua doanh nghiep va lai ich xa hpi'.
Mpt so hpc gia Viet Nam (Via Ngoan Hpp va Nguyen Minh Phong, 2019), cho rang cac gia tri nhu truyen thong, cam ket hpi nhap va ban sac rieng can dupe hpi ty de tro thanh mpt gia tri pho quat trong phat trien kinh te o Viet Nam. Chang han, mpt trong nhiing diem yeu eua doanh nghiep Viet Nam la tinh chu dpng, tuan thu va tu giac ty than. Mpt nen van hoa quan ly lanh manh se dan den mpt he thong van hoa doanh nghiep lanh manh va ben viing.
Viec de cao chuan mue van hoa quan ly Nha nuac, xoa bo Ipi ich nhom va tao moi truong thuan Ipi eho van hoa doanh nghiep chinh la
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) is a CEO-led organization of over 200 international companies. The Council is also connected to 60 national and regional business councils and partner organizations (1992).
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cac diem thiet yeu cua chyen doi ve gia tri trong van hoa tinh t i (Khic Kien, 2019).
Tir each tiep can van hoa kinh te, gia tri cot loi a day bao ham viee hoan thien va thyc thi chinh sach van hoa ling xii, tuan thii phap luat ve moi truong, nhan lyc lao dpng va trach nhiem xa hpi, trach nhiem cpng dong doi voi doanh nghiep tai cac vimg/mien va moi quoc gia.
Niem tin vd chuyen doi hdnh vi Tren the giai hien nay, voi 70% dan so gan dai song cua hp vai niem tin ton giao, co y kien eho rang ton giao va niem tin la nhan to ehinh tao nen gia tri cot loi ciia nguai tieu diing, dong gop vao quyet dinh tieu diing, dong thuan hay khong dong thuan voi eac thong diep ung hp xa hpi va chinh sach cong va hanh vi quyen gop (Elizabeth va Lynn, 2014).
Van de ehuyen doi hanh vi, dan den cam xiic, niem tin va nhan thiic khac nhau anh huong den cac quyet dinh kinh te, bao gom viec ra quyet dinh ciia nguoi tieu dung trong kinh doanh va chinh sach cong. Dieu do cho thay su ket noi eiia niem tin ton giao va anh huang den eae quyet dinh kinh te va tang tnrong. De tang tnrong ben vung va hieu qua, cac quyet sach ve kinh te can phai tinh den hoac bao ham trong do he thong chi so ve niem tin va ton giao.
Mpt so quan diem gan day cho rang due tin ton giao va giai tinheua hai nhom nhan lyc quan ly nam, nii cho thay mpt he thong niem tinia giai phap quan trpng tao nen tinh hieu qua eiia quan ly kinh te. Ton giao va sy da dang gioi tinh ciia cap quan ly dem den su ben viin hon cho tang tnrong. Tir phan tich quy trinh to chiic cho thay phu nii co dinh huang xa hpi cu the hon nam giai, quan tam den cac ben lien quan hon, tu nhien hon va quan tam d i n ban chit, d l tao thien chi va huang sy chii
y vao cac van de mem va co nhieu kha nang tap trung vao cac van de ma khong nhat thiet phai su dung den cac bien phap hanh ehinh. Sy hai long eua nhan vien va khach hang, su da dang va trach nhiem xa hpi cua to chiie, doanh nghiep ciing nhu cac gia tri tang truong ma phu nii quan ly cap eao mang Iai c6 hieu qua cao va CO tmh ben viing (Elizabeth va Lynn, 2014).
Vdn hod nhom (Cdm xuc, quy tdc vd chudn mirc)
Van hoa cua mpt to chuc bao gom eae quy tac va chuan myc, quyet dinh each thiic phat trien kinh doanh ben viing. Cac van de van hoa la goe re eua nhieu bien doi kinh te, de dam bao tiiih hieu qua, eac nha lanh dao/quan ly kinh te phai thyc hien mpt each tiep can van hoa tren nen tang chuyen doi kinh doanh. Theo Susan Moore (2016), hau het eae mo hmh quan ly truyen thong chuyen doi tap trung vao boi canh kinh doanh, qua trinh, thay doi vai tro, va chuyen doi nhan vien thong qua dao tao va chi so do luang moi. Tuy nhien each tiep can nay co the tot eho viec giai quyet bp may to chifc, nhung no khong giai quyet thoa dang cae khia eanh cua con nguoi.
Chuyen doi va phat trien ben vung neu chi nham den cac hanh vi va chi s i do luang moi ma khong giai quyet van de van hoa nhom thong qua cae dieu chinh ve quy tac, chuan myc thi ehua du. Chuyen d i i hieu qua hoat dpng cua to chuc la dieu ma cac thanh vien cua to churc phai lam cung nhau, va no bit dau bang van hoa. Thyc t i cho thiy miic dp phat triin ben viing cua t i chiic kinh t i phu thupc vao dao diie kinh doanh, sy tang truong gin lien voi viec thue hanh dao diic kinh doanh.
Nhu tren da phan tich, van hoa dupe dieu khien boi con nguoi, trong do he t h i n g niem tin cua con nguoi thuang gin liin vai cac ciu tnic cam xiic tiem an. Cac nha cai each kinh te
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khong the don thuan keu gpi cpng dong dia phuong thay doi van hoa eua hp, ma can phai thuyet phuc hp rang thay doi van hoa la can thiet cho mot xa hpi tang truong ben viing.
Nha eai each phai giiip cac ca nhan va cpng dong hinh thanh va npi tam hoa mpt he thing niem tin mai thay the dieu khien mpt tap hop cac hanh vi truyen thong.
Nhom nghien ciiu Gartner (2016) da chi ra bin thupc tinh van hoa nhom lien quan chat che ciia van h6a kinh doanh co tac dpng manh me din tiin dp, su hap tae, dinh huong va gia tri kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep: i) Cach dua ra quyit dinh; ii) Cac phuong thurc cpng tac nhom ben trong va ben ngoai; iii) Chi so do luong hieu suit ciia ti chiie; iv) Phong each lam viec eua mpt nhom.
Hinh: THUOC TINH VAN HOA NHOM
Nguon: Gartner (2019).
Chuyen doi van hoa nhom la su thiet lap cae quy tac moi cho thanh vien nhom va cac ben lien quan. Sii dung khai niem thuong hieu ca nhan di giiip mpi nguoi trong nhom phat trien va the hien mpt ban sac moi. The hien sy lanh dao, su tham gia va earn ket ca nhan, cung cip cho thanh vien nhom khong gian de dinh hinh va thyc hanh cac hanh vi moi ciia hp. Ddi voi sy chuyen doi lau dai, dieu quan trpng la nhom nguai tiep nhan thay doi cam thiy ring hp chu the cua qua trinh chuyen doi do.
Dgo due la mpt bp phan cau thanh quan trpng cua van hoa kinh te, la yeu to nen tang tao nen su tin cay cua ca nhan va cpng dong.
Dao due trong kinh te la co sa de gay dung tin ben trong va ben ngoai. Cac chuan muc dao diic, hinh anh, uy tin tao nen su ton vong va thanh cong ben viing to ehue.
Tai nhieu nuac tren the gioi co che kinh te thi truong va he thong luat phap da dupe hoan thien a miic cao, dao diic kinh doanh da tra thanh chuan myc va truyen thong trong xa hpi.
Ben canh do, tai mpt so nuoc dang phat triin (nhu Viet Nam) xuat phat tir mpt nin kinh ti
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tap trung, hien dang trong giai doan chuyen doi thi dao dire kinh doanh chua tra thanh chuan muc, ma con qua chu trpng den lpi nhuan, khong thyc hien hoac thyc hien khong day du eae luat dinh doi voi Ipi ich nguai tieu dung, moi truong va trach nhiem xa hpi. Tinh trang vi pham dao diic kinh doanh da tra thanh mpt van de nhiic nhoi, kim ham sy phat trien ben viing toan cau.
Ket luan
Trong khoang thoi gian gan 20 nam tra lai day, khu vue tang trudng cong nghiep nhanh ch6ng trd thanh mpt trong nhirng thi trucmg Ion nhat tren the giai, dupe xay dung dya tren mo hinh san xuat va tieu diing khong ben viing, gia tang bat binh dang, suy thoai moi trudng va de bi ton thuang do bien ddi khi hau. Tuy nhiing eai tien trong tang trudng va edng nghe da tao ra mdt tac dpng tieh cue dang ke den cac chudi gia tri thuong mai toan cau, song tdc dp cong nghiep hda va dd thi hda trong khu vyc nay lai din den thiet hai khong the phu nhan ve mdi trudng, kinh te va xa hpi.
Theo mpt canh bao ciia Lien hgp quoc, khdng mpt qude gia chau A va Thai Binh Duong nao trong khu vyc dang tren dudng dat dupe Muc tieu phat trien ben viing (SDGs) nao vao nam 2030 (UNDP, 2019). Mac dii tiin bd da dat dupe tren mdt sd ITnh vyc (cham dirt ngheo ddi (SDGl), tiep can vai giao due chat
lupng va hpc tap sudt ddi (SDG 4) va nang lupng sach (SDG7) va trong han mpt niia muc tieu SDGs, tien do thuc hien da bi dmh tre.
Bao cao nay cho thay rang tinh hinh thyc sy dang xau di vi ba trong sd cac muc tieu gom:
1) nudc sach va ve sinh (SDG 6), 2) tang trudng kinh te va edng viec tdt (SDG 8) va 3) tieu dung va san xuat ed trach nhiem (SDG 12) dang ed nhieu dau hieu chiing lai va thieu ben viing.
Ddng Nam A, bao gdm Brunei, Campuchia, Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thai Lan, Dong Timor va Viet Nam da cd nhieu cai tien nhat trong viec cung cap giao due chat lupng, dam bao tiep can vdi nang lupng sach va cong nghiep xay dung, ddi mdi va co sd ha tang (SDG 4, 7 va 9). Tuy nhien, tinh hinh ve cdng viec va tang trudng kinh te tdt (SDG 8), eae hanh ddng ve bien doi khi hau (SDG 13) va van de hda binh, cong ly va the che (SDG 16) dang suy giam (Joanne, 2019).
Trong bdi canh toan eau nhu hien nay, tiep can van hoa kinh te se gdp phan thiic day cac md hinh phat trien toan dien va ben viing khu vue Chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Trong do can dae biet chii trpng den cac thudc tinh ciia van hoa kinh te, chii trpng den cam xiie va niem tin cua ca ben de xuat cai each va ben tiep nhan ehuyen ddi thupc khu vuc nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
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Econometric Theory 17, pp. 424—50
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Thong tin tac gia:
Lu-ong Thi Thu HSng, TS Ngay nhan bai: 5/4/2019 - Don vi cong tac: Vien Nghien ciiu Phat trien bin Ngay nhan ban sira: 26/4/2019 virng Vung, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam j^g^y ^j^y^^ ^^^^. 12/5/2019 - Dja chi email; [email protected]
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