Mot $6 y kien ve phat trien ttiaong mqi theo hudng ben vCmg d nadc ta
NGUYEN DANH SOlN
*di viei niu bdt quan diim, ditdng Idi vd chinh sdch nhd't qudn cua Ddng vd Chinh phu Viet Nam vi theo dud'i muc tiiu phdt trien bin vCtng. Tuy nhiin, thitc trang phdt triin vita qua cho thcLy Viit Nam chita du cdc diiu kien de thitc hiin chung mdt cdch triit de.
Tham chi cd nhitng linh vi/c dang budc phai chd'p nhdn chita dat ditdc muc tiiu phdt trien bin viJtng, trong dd cd thiidng mai. Qua phdn tich thitc trang, tdc gid dd niu lin mdt sd' hdm y chinh sdch vi phdt triin thitdng mai bin viJtng.
1. v d y d u c a u p h a t trid'n b d n vijfng t r o n g C h i ^ n liioTc p h M t r i ^ n k i n h t ^ - x a h o i v a p h a t t r i e n thi^oTng m a i g i a i d o a n 2011 2020
Theo "Dinh hUdng chien lUdc p h a t trien b e n vutng d Viet Nam"^ thi p h a t trien ben viing la qua t r i n h p h a t tridn cd sU ket hdp chat che, hdp ly va h a i hda giiia 3 mat, gdm:
p h a t trien kinh te, p h a t t r i e n xa hdi v^ bao vd mdi t n l d n g n h a m dap ting ngay cang td't hdn, toan dien hdn cac n h u c i u cua con ngUdi t h e he hidn t a i va mai sau. Yeu c i u tdng q u i t ciia p h a t t r i e n bdn vutng la dap ting dUdc nhiing ydu c i u cua hidn tai, nhUng khdng gay trd ngai cho vide dap ting n h u c i u ciia cac t h e he mai sau.
Ve ly thuyet, sU kdt hdp nhU vliy c i n dUdc dam bao sdm n h i t vll dUqic t h e hifn ngay tuf khi hoach dinh chidn lUdc, quy hoach, kd^ hoach, dU a n p h a t trien. Tuy vky, trong thilc t e p h a t trien cua cac nUde ngheo, dang p h a t trien, thi vide dap ting n h u c i u p h a t trien hidn t ^ i v i p p h a i m a u t h u i n khd giai khi p h a i t i n h ddn ddng thdi ca 3 m a t ciia p h a t trien b e n vutng (kinh td^ xa hoi, mdi tnldng), chii chUa ndi deii yeu c i u dap ting n h u c i u tUdng lai cho cac t h e h | sau. Tinh c h i t khd giai n a y la d cho cac nUdc nghdo, dang p h a t t r i e n khdng du n g u d n lUc c i n thiet cho sU k e t hdp ddng thdi nhU vliy.
Ngudn lUc d day khdng chi l i vdn k i n h t e (tai chinh, nhlin lUc, cdng nghd,...) m i cdn ca
vdn xa hpi (nhlln thUc, Idng tin, mang ludi xa hpi,...). SU t i n h toan, can n h a c giai quyet m a u t h u i n i y trong thUc tien p h a t trien ciia nhieu nUdc dang p h a t trien thudng di theo hudng Uu tidn, hoac chii trong nhidu hdn tdi m a t nlio dd (thudng 111 k i n h te, xa hdi) cho den khi cd k h a n a n g hd trd, n a n g c i p phat trien cac m a t mil trUdc dliy chUa dUdc Uu tidn hoac chii trong nhieu. Vdi sU lUa chon each giai quyet nhU vlly, bdn c a n h khai nidm
"phat trien b e n vutng" da x u a t hidn khai nidm "phat t r i e n h a i hda'' hllm chtia ban c h i t tUdng t u p h a t t r i e n b e n viing, nhUng
"mem'' hdn ve ndi hllm. Cu the, Trung Qudc sii dung k h a i nidm xay dUng xa hdi "phat trien h^i hda" vdi hllm nghla ndi n^o dii ngudn lUc thi d a m bao k e t h ^ hlii hda cac mSt ciia p h a t trien, cdn ndi n i o chUa dii kha n&ng thi Uu t i e n ho^c chii trong nhieu hdn tdi tkng trUdng k i n h td^ vli a n sinh xa hdi, ddng thdi q u a n t a m giai quyet cac v i n de mdi trUdng n a y sinh. Trdn t h e gidi ciing da x u i t hidn k h a i nif m "ngUdng p h a t trien"^
theo dd khi t r i n h do p h a t t r i e n cdn d mot mtic dp n h i t dinh (dudi ngUdng) t h i v i n
Nguyen Danh Sofn, PGS. TS., Vifin Khoa hoc xa hdi Vifet Nam.
' Ban hknh theo Quy^t dinh cia Thi tudng Chinh phi stf 153/2004/QD-Trg ngky 1 8-2004.
2 Cu thi c6 thi tham khio tki Ufcu: B6 KH&DT- UNDP/b« An VIEOl/021, "NguSng phiit triin vsl quan dilm v6 phdt triin bin vQng ddi vdi Viet Nam", Bio do tai H6i thiio qudc x€, td chtic tai Hk N6i, thing 3 -2002.
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Mot so y kien ve phdt trien tiiuong mai...
p h a i c h i p nhlln (d mtic do nao dd) d nhiem mdi trUdng. Trong bao cao t h a m lulln t r i n h bay cua Du a n VIE 01/021 ciia Bd Ke hoach va d i u t u (KH&DT)-UNDP t a i Hdi thao
qud'c t e ve P h a t t r i e n b e n vutng, do Bo KH&DT td chtic t a i H a Ndi, t h i n g 3-2002, cd tidu de "NgUdng p h a t trien va q u a n diem ve p h a t trien b e n vutng dd'i vdi Viet Nam" da ndu k h a i nidm ve "ngUdng" 1^ "mot diem, mot mUc, mot gia tri, ma d trdn dd thi cd the xay ra mot hidn tUdng n h i t dinh, cdn d dUdi dd thi khdng xay ra" va de x u i t thila nhlln
"ngUdng p h a t trien" (sd bo t i n h toan dd'i vdi nude t a la d mflc GDP/ngUdi dat khoang
1000-2000 USD) vdi k h u y e n nghi c i n tich cUc kdo ngUdng xuo'ng t h i p hdn de t r a n h cac h a u qua p h a i t r a gia lau dai.
O nUdc t a trong nhiing n a m qua, ndu xdt theo ket qua p h a t trien va nhiing tac ddng^
t h i cd t h e t h i y r a n g mot each khdng chinh thtic (va cd thd ca vd thUc, khdng chu dich) cd mot "ngUdng p h a t trien" dUdc h i n h t h a n h . d h i u h e t cac linh vUc p h a t tridn c i p t r u n g Udng va c i p dia phUdng deu ghi n h a n sU Uu t i e n hoac chii trong nhieu h d n tdi t a n g t n l d n g kinh t e va mot sd' khia canh p h a t trien xa hoi (xda ddi giam ngheo, vide lam, a n sinh xa hoi,...), cdn bao vd mdi trUdng thi chii yeii la n h a m vao giai quyet cac v i n de mdi trUdng nay sinh (khac phuc, xut ly, phuc hdi d nhidm mdi trUdng,...), it mang tinh c h i t phong ngUa, n g a n ngila d nhidm. Cac d a n h gia, tdng k e t thUc hidn q u a n ly p h a t trien chinh thUc cua cac cd q u a n l a n h dao va q u a n ly cua D a n g va N h a nUdc cac c i p (trung Udng va dia phUdng) deu ghi nhlln thUc t r a n g n a y nhU la nguyen n h a n chinh lam cho sU p h a t tridn cua dat nUdc cdn thieu t i n h b e n vutng. Nghi quyet so' 27-NQ/TU*, ngay 6-8-2008, Hdi nghi l i n thU bay, B a n C h i p h a n h T r u n g Udng khda X da chi r a hidn tUdng trong l a n h dao, q u a n ly mdi chi chii trong den vd'n tien, vllt c h i t m a chUa coi trpng, chii trpng d i y du tdi cac mat, khia canh k h a c cua p h a t tridn. Trong bai viet g i n day cua T h u tUdng Chinh p h u cung lUu y r a n g "Trong q u a n ly, dieu h a n h cdn thidn v l
td'c do t a n g trUdng ma chUa coi trong diing mUc ddn c h i t lUdng t a n g trUdng v i tinh ben vutng cua sU p h a t tridn"^ D a n h gia giuta ky ciia Bd KH&DT ve thUc hi$n Kd hoach 5 n a m 2006 2010 da xac nhlln: "Trong td chUc thUc hidn, v i n thidii mot cai n h i n bao q u i t ve cac khia canh hdn q u a n vdi n h a u trong qua trinh p h a t trien d i t nUdc"^.
Trong linh vUc hoat ddng thUdng mai, bdn canh cac ket qua, t h ^ n h tUu to Idn vll quan trong m^ cac san p h i m hang hda cua Viet Nam dat dUdc trong nhiing n a m qua, thi n h i n tU giac do p h a t trien ben vutng cd mot nghich ly hidn nay 1^ cac ket qua, t h a n h tUu nay cang Idn thi cang nhieu nguy cd ddi vdi dam bao tinh ben vutng trong p h a t trien.
Ve tai nguyen va mdi trUdng, qua tdng ket danh gia qua t r i n h p h a t trien chung cua d i t nUdc ciing nhU cua cac bd nganh, dia phUdng thdi gian qua, da cd nhlln xdt 1^
nhin chung nhieu s a n p h i m h a n g ' h d a hidn nay cua chiing ta tidu hao nhieu hdn nguydn vat heu va nang lUdng tU mot l i n nidi cho den vai ba l i n va mUc t h a i ciing cao nhU vay tinh t r e n 1 ddn vi san p h i m ciing loai®.
Trong thUdng mai qud'c te, cd c i u san p h a m x u i t khilu cua d i t nUdc t h e hidn dllm ndt h a m lUdng cao ve tidu hao nguyen vllt heu va nang lUdng, hay ndi theo each ndi cua kinh t e hoc p h a t trien la s a n phllm t h a m dung nguydn vlit h e u va nang lUdng (material & energy intensive goods). Cac
^ Trong quka 1^ phit triin ngudi ta thu^mg phin biet ket qu^ (outputs) 1^ nhung gl thu dugrc, gat hii dUdC vdi tdc ddng (outcomes) la nhung he qua tit k^ qui.
* Bai vilt CO tieu dl "Phdt triin nhanh va bin vQng Ijl quan dilm xuyen su6^t trong chiln lucre phdt triin kinh t6 - xa h6i cia diit nudc ta", dang tren Cdng thdng tin dien t i Chinh phii (chinhphu.vn), ngay 16-7-2010.
' ^ Ngudn: B6 KH&DT-UNDP, Bdo cio nghien cthi danh gid giua k^ dua tren ket qua "Hnh hinh thuc hien Kl hoach phdt triin kinh t l - xa h6i 5 nam 2006 - 201()", H, thdng 5-2009,114.
* Theo sdf lieu cua To chic nang luomg the gidi, nam 2008 mic tieu hao nang lUOng cia Viet Nam la 0,82Kvi'h/USD-GDP, cao horn cdc nude dang phdt triin trong khu vuc. Hien tai, cuomg d6 tieu thu nang lutfng trong c6ng nghiep cia Viet Nam cao hen Thdi Lan va Malaixia khoang 1,5-1,7 Idn.
Nghiin cOu Kinh t§404 - thing 1/2012
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IVidt so y K\^n ^6 plidt tilen tliuong mai...
s a n p h i m x u i t k h i u dUng d td'p d i u trong cd c i u san p h i m x u i t k h i u ciia d i t nUdc, thlim chi h ^ n g d i u trdn t h d gidi trong nhidu n a m qua lai la cac h ^ n g hda cd mUc d$ chd bien t h i p , thlim chi chi 111 sd chd^ Tinh t r a n g nliy ciing cd nghia 111 cling x u i t khiiu nhieu thi c i n g t h a m dung tlii nguyen vli n a n g lUdng, cang t&ng stic dp tdi mdi trUdng.
Mot nghidn cUu g i n day (2010) ciia Tong cue Mdi trUdng, Bd Tlii nguyen va mdi trUdng phuc vu cho scan t h a o Ke hoach tdng the phong ngUa vli h a n che tac ddng x i u den mdi trUdng trong nUdc trong qua trinh hoi nhlip kinh te qud'c te cho t h i y rang, trong cd cau h a n g hda x u i t k h i u nUdc ta, cac m a t hling nhay cam vd mdi trUdng nhU ndng san, t h u y san, lam san, khoang san chiem tdi g i n 50% (2009). Day 111 nhdm h a n g cd ngudn gd'c da dang sinh hoc mil viec k h a i thac che bien cd nguy cd a n h hudng trUc tiep den mdi tnldng, a n h hudng den p h a t trien vli bao ton da dang sinh hoc, t a i nguydn khdng t a i tao.
Ve xa hoi, ciing do cac s a n phUm h a n g hda cua chiing t a cdn la t h a m dung nhieu nguydn vllt h e u va n a n g lUdng, mtic do che bien cdn t h i p , n e n gia tri s a n p h i m h a n g hda ciing t h i p . Tinh t r a n g nay lai dUdc khuyeich dai Idn bdi canh kdo gia ca trong thUdng mai qud'c te giuta m a t h a n g che bien thd vdi m a t hkng che bien sau ngay cang doang xa, ndn khdng chi doanh t h u ciia h a n g x u i t k h i u Viet N a m ndi chung 111 t h i p , ma t h u nhllp ciia ngUdi lao dgng d k h a u d i u tien trong chudi gia tri s a n p h i m (ca d trong nUdc vk ca t r d n p h a m vi tolin c i u ) lai cang t h i p hdn. NgUdi lao dong d k h a u d i u tidn cua chudi gia tri s a n phllm Viet Nam t h a m gia thi trUdng l i nhiing ngUdi vd'n di thuoc loai t h u nhllp t h i p , dac biet la ndng dan. SU t h u a t h i e t ve t h u n h i p n a y cang l i m t a n g mtic do b i t b i n h dang ve xa hoi dd'i vdi nhdm ngUdi c6 t h u n h i p t h i p trong xa hoi. Cac phUdng tidn thdng t i n dai chiing (truyen thdng) ciing nhU cac n h a khoa hoc, cac n h a q u a n ly ciing deu canh
b i o vd hidn t r ^ n g nliy, d^c biet lli ddi vdi ndng dan.
Vd kinh t e ciing lUu f thdm r a n g cac con sd' d i y i n tU(?ng vd t&ng trUdng kinh td, trong dd cd thUdng m a i ndi chung vk ve x u i t k h i u ndi ridng cho den n a y d nUdc ta cdn dang i n chtia mot sU lang qudn ve bii dap cac ton t h i t mdi trUdng v i tlii nguyen. Cu the 111 cac chi phi cho bao vd mdi trUdng. Thd gidi hidn dang hUdng tdi v i chuyen sang sU t&ng trUdng xanh vdi h&m f la sU tang trUdng cd t i n h tdi cac chi phi mdi tnldng.
Cac tinh t o a n sd bo cho t h i y con sd" hi lang qudn n&y d cac n e n kinh t e trdn the gidi la kha Idn, k h o a n g 2-3% GDP ciia mdi qudc gia. Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, mot sd'td chUc qudc te (WB, UNDP,...) v& cac nhli k i n h t ^ V i d t Nam ciing Udc lUdng chi phi ton t h i t mdi trUdng v& t&i nguydn c i n dUdc bii d&p cdn Idn hdn, khoang 3 4% G D P h a n g n&m, do tich liiy cac v i n de mdi t n l d n g trong thdi gian dai.
T&ng trUdng kim ngach x u i t k h i u ciia Viet N a m trong nhiing n a m qua d a t miic tang trUdng k h a cao, k h o a n g t r e n 20% (giai doan 2006-2008 mUc t&ng b m h q u a n 24,6 %/n&m) nhUng theo d a n h gia cua Bo Ke hoach va d i u t u thi mUc t&ng m a n h nhU v&y chu yeu la do "gia ciia mot so' m a t h&ng x u i t kh&u chii lUc n h u d i u thd, ndng san, mot so khoang s a n t&ng m a n h . N e u loai trU yeu to n a y thi td'c do t a n g trUdng x u i t k h i u chi khoang 10%/n&m"'. Cdn neii nhU tinh tdi bii
dap cac tdn t h i t t a i nguydn va mdi tnldng thi mUc t&ng n a y cd the se khdng cdn la nidm t u h&o qud'c gia ve t h a n h tich phat
^ Nam 2009, 5 mat hkag ndng san Viet Nam c6 tri gid xuA khiu dat hotol ty USD Ik: hang thiy san (4.251 trieu USD); gd vk ska phim gd (2.598 trieu USD); gao (2.664 trieu USD); ck phe (1.731 trieu USD); cao su (1.227 trieu USD) vk 5 sdn phim cdng nghiep xudt khiu cd gid tri tren 1 ty USD Ik: hkng det may (9.066 trieu USD); diu thd (6.195 trieu USD); giay dep (4.067 trieu USD); hkng dien t i (2.763 trieu USD); than dd (1.317 trieu USD).
* Ngudn: Bd KH&DT-UNDP, Bdo cdo nghien cthi ddnh gid gifia k;^ dua tren ket qud "Tinh hinh thuc hien Kl hoach phdt triin kinh t l - xa.hdi 5 nam 2006 - 2010", H. thdng 5 nam 2009.
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Nghi§n ctiu Kinh t§s6404 - Thing 1/2012IVidt so y Kien v@^pii^t Men tliuong mai...
tridn niia. Trong t i m n M n t r u n g h a n tidu diing trong nUdc se tidp tuc t a n g cao (do t h u nhllp ngUdi d a n dUde cai thidn n h a n h ) va kim ngach x u i t k h i u ciing se t&ng m a n h (vi hidn t a i kim ngach x u i t k h i u t i n h trdn d i u ngUdi cdn nhd: n&m 2006, x u i t k h i u binh q u a n dau ngUdi cua Vidt N a m mdi dat con so'473 USD trong k h i ciia Xingapo 1& 61.868 USD, Malaixia: 6.233 USD, T h a i Lan: 2.024 USD, Phihppin: 557 USD). Nhiing hd luy i n g i i u sau sU t&ng i y se lam t&ng thdm dang ke nguy cd dd'i vdi t i n h canh t r a n h cua cac h a n g hda v& dich vu cua Viet Nam.
Hidn tai, ve m a t canh t r a n h trdn "san chdi" qud'c t e va ndi dia, cac h&ng hda v&
dich vu cua Viet N a m ciing cdn d mUc do r i t khidm td'n, khdng chi do c h i t lUdng, m&u ma,... ma cdn ca do cac Idi t h e canh t r a n h hidn cd dang giam d i n (nhU gia cdng lao dong re, tidu c h u i n mdi trUdng thip,...), dac bidt la ngUdi tidu diing (trong nUdc, qud'c te) cd n h u c i u ngay cang cao va k h a t k h e hdn ve c h i t lUdng, trong dd cd v i n de a n toan vd sinh va mdi trUdng.
Vay la, n h i n tU giac do p h a t trien ben viing, thUdng m a i ciing dting trUdc khdng it cac t h a c h thUc trong p h a t trien theo hUdng b e n viing. Hoat ddng thUdng mai la mot k h a u ciia chu t r i n h k i n h te. Nen kinh t e nUdc n h a hidn dUdc d a n h gia la p h a t trien chUa b e n viing, thUdng mai mac dii cd ddng gdp to Idn va tich cUc dd'i vdi t&ng trUdng va p h a t trien k i n h te", nhUng ciing la chUa ben viing. Cac v a n de chu yeii trong p h a t tridn thUdng mai theo hUdng bdn viing da dUdc canh bao trong Dinh hUdng chi^n lUdc phat trien ben viing d Viet Nam (Vietnam Agenda 21) b a n h a n h n&m 2004 (kem theo Quyet dinh so' 153/2004/QD-TTg cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu) n h u la cac viGi de lam gia t&ng nguy cd pha v9 tinh ben viing cua sU p h a t trien den nay v i n cdn hidn hiiu, la:
Vidt N a m hidn x u i t k h i u chu yeii cac m a t h a n g thd va sd chd", mac dii da bUdc d i u cd nhiing chuyen bidii tich cUc hdn trong cd c i u m&t h a n g theo hUdng t&ng san p h i m
chd bidn. D i y m a n h x u i t k h i u ddng nghia vdi gia t&ng k h a i thac t&i nguydn. Neu khdng bao vd, t a i t£io, ddng thdi tilng bUdc chuydn sang chd bien sau hdn, tinh hdn cac ngudn nguydn v&t li^u, thi ngudn t&i nguydn thidn nhien se n h a n h chdng bi can ki^t, mdi trUdng hi qua tai v& suy thoai.
Vide nh&p k h i u h&ng hda chUa nhiing c h i t dpc hai, khd p h a n huy ciing l&m t&ng khd'i lUdng c h i t thai.
Vide nh&p k h i u v&t tU, thidt bi cu va lac h&u khdng nhiing 1& t i e n h a n gay ra d n h i i m mdi trUdng, m& cdn can trd vide nang cao n&ng s u i t lao dong va hidu qua san x u i t , kinh doanh, gay t i e h a i tdi sUc khoe cdng ddng.
Sau khi gia nh&p chinh thUc WTO, hoi nh&p ngay cang sau rong vao san chdi quoc td, quy md hoat ddng thUdng mai cua d i t nUdc ngay cang dUdc md rong, nhUng ddng thdi ciing tao r a v& l&m ndi rd hdn mot so"
v i n de hdn quan tdi p h a t trien ben viing, la:
a) Tieu diing chita ditdc dinh hitdng ro rdng vdo dap ling yiu cau bin vitng. ThUdng mai gan vdi tieu dUng. Tieu dung la cd sd cho hoat ddng thUdng mai. Tidu dilng bao gdm ca tidu diing san x u i t va tidu diing ca n h a n . CUng vdi san x u a t ben viing, tidu dung ben viing hidn dang 1& mot dinh hUdng quan trpng trong cac quyet dinh d moi c i p do p h a t tridn (qud'c gia, nganh, doanh nghidp, ca nhan). SU chUa ro r&ng trong dinh hudng tidu dUng vao ydu c i u ben viing thd hidn d nhutng diem sau:
Gia t&ng tidu diing s a n x u i t hidn n a y d nUdc t a it kem theo gia t&ng hidu qua sii dung. Tai nguydn khoang san cua d i t nUdc dUdc danh gia 1& phong phii, da dang nhiing trii lUdng khdng nhidu, cd t&i nguyen lai dang can kidt, cd nguy cd khdng du de dap ting n h u c i u s\i dung trong nUdc (than da, thiec, chi, kem, antimon, niken, ddng, mangan, ...). SU gia t&ng tidu dung nguydn v&t lieu, n&ng lUdng lai xay r a trong bd'i canh gia ca nguydn v&t heu, n&ng lUdng dUdc k h a i t h a c d trong nUde va nh&p k h i u
Nghi&n cOu Kinh ti404 - thing 1/2012
17
iVidt so y l(ien ve pii^t tiien tiiirong mai...
t u ben ngo&i cd xu hUdng ng&y c&ng gia t&ng va trien vpng cai thi^n t r i n h dp cdng ngh^
san x u i t it sang siia trong t i m n h i n t r u n g han, thi trong nhidu trUdng hdp gia t&ng tidu dilng lai l&m giam hi^u qua s a n x u i t khi nhin tU giac do p h a t trien bdn viing.
Tieu dilng ciia d a n cU dU^c danh gia khdng chi 1& khdng phU hdp vdi mUc sdng,
mUc t h u nh&p, m& cdn lang phi vd kinh td, gay d nhiem mdi trUdng. Dinh hUdng c h i i n lUdc phat trien ben viing d Vi^t N a m (Vietnam Agenda 21) da canh bao r i n g : "Md hinh tidu dilng ciia d a n cU dang dien bidn theo truyen thd'ng ciia cac qud'c gia p h a t tridn, tieu ton nhidu nguyen v&t lieu, n&ng lUdng v& t h a i ra nhieu c h i t t h a i doc hai" Su canh bao i y v i n dang hidn hiiu trong tidu diing d nUdc ta.
Gia t&ng tidu dilng (ca tidu dilng san x u i t v& tidu dUng ca nhan) dang l&m gia t&ng mUc do d nhidm mdi trUdng. Cac Bao cao hidn t r a n g mdi trUdng Viet N a m h&ng n&m ddu canh bao sU gia t&ng d nhiem mdi tnldng, dac biet la d cac dd thi, m& nguydn n h a n chii yeu la sU p h a t trien s a n x u i t , sU p h a t trien tidu diing trong s a n x u a t v& trong sinh hoat d cac dd thi kdm theo sU gia t&ng vdi td'c do cao hdn ciia cac loai c h i t t h a i khd p h a n hiiy, xii ly tdn kdm (r&n, long, khi, doc hai, ...).
Tieu diing s a n x u i t khdng b e n viing cd xu hudng trd t h a n h mot can trd Idn trong thUdng mai qud'c te ciia d i t nUdc. Thi trUdng qud'c te cd nhiing h a n g rao ky thullt m& moi qud'c gia khi t h a m gia p h a i t u a n thii. Trong sd' cac r&o can ky thullt i y , thi vide dap ting cac tieu c h u i n mdi trUdng dang 1& mpt khd kh&n khdng nhd ma cac doanh nghiep Vi^t Nam dang cd' gang vUdt qua^, Vide lam dung t&i nguydn thidn nhidn, sii dung cac hda c h i t doc h a i lam a n h hudng tdi mdi trUdng va stic khde ciia ngUdi tidu dilng dang gay khd kh&n tdn t h i t kinh t e khdng nhd cho cac s a n p h i m x u i t k h i u cua cac doanh nghidp Viet N a m .
b) Hoat ddng thitdng mai con it gan bd vdi bdo vi mdi tritdng.
Md'i lidn h^ thUdng m^i v& mdi t n l d n g da dU<?c k h i n g djnh v& da cd n h i e u quy dinh qud'c t d t h e hifn md'i lidn h^ n&y, trong dd cac quy djnh vd r&o can ky thu&t trong thUdng m^i qudc td ciia WTO 1& nhiing tUu t r u n g cu the n h i t , bdi k h d n g chi quy dinh, m& kdm theo dd 1& ca he t h d n g thidt chd cho vi^c giam s a t v& cUdng che t h i h i n h . Viet N a m dang trong q u i t r i n h hdi nh&p d i y dii vdi cac quy dinh thUdng mai qudc i€vk dang CO* g&ng dap Ung cac quy dinh i y theo 16 t r i n h da cam ket. Tuy v&y, ddi vdi cac quy dinh ve mdi trUdng thi cdn c6 nhieu b i t c&p.
Su it g&n bd vdi bao v^ mdi trUdng ciia ho^t ddng thUdng m a i nUdc ta mot p h i n thd hi$n trong tidu dilng nhU da ndi d tren, p h i n k h a c t h e hidn d chinh tac ddng ciia die h&ng hda, dich vu m& cac h o a t ddng thUdng mai hudng v&o k i n h doanh. NhU da de c&p h trdn, trong thUdng mai qudc te, cac mat h&ng x u i t k h i u chii yeii la thuoc loai tham dung t&i nguydn, mUc dp che bieh t h i p . Con trong thUdng m a i noi dia, cac m a t hang litu thdng (san x u i t trong nUdc v& nh&p kh&u) ciing la £t/khdng t h a n thidn vdi mdi trUdng t h e hidn d ca t h a m dung t&i nguyen, nang lUqing, c h i t lUdng t h i p , h&m lUdng c h i t doc h a i vUdt quy dinh v& d ca nhiing h&ng hda c i m lUu thdng nhUng khong q u a n ly dUdc (nh|ip l&u), n h u h&ng hda cd chUa cac chit doc hai, cay trdng, v|it nudi p h a hoai moi trUdng, ... ciing nhU d lUdng c h i t t h a i khd p h i n hiiy gia t&ng m a n h til hoat dong thUdng m^i (bao bi lam tU nilon v& cac nguydn v^t h^u khd p h a n hiiy khac). Mot nghien cUu g i n day (2010) ciia Tong cue Mdi trUdng, Bd T&i nguydn v& mdi trUdng phuc vu cho so^n t h a o Ke hoach tdng t h e phong ngila v& h a n che t i e ddng x i u den moi trUdng trong nUdc trong qua t r i n h hdi nh&p k i n h t e quo'c td^ da k h a i q u i t cac tac ddng (tich cUc, tidu cUc) ciia h o a t ddng x u i t nh&p k h i u d nUdc t a thdi gian qua, t r o n g dd cac t i e ddng tieu cUc dUdc lUu y 1& l a m c a n kidt ' Thdm chi cdn bi thidt hai kinh te Idn bdi cdc dp dat mttc thue' cao hoac cdin nhdp hSing (tdm, cd, giiy d6p, nhua,...) cia Viet Nam da xAy ra trong mdt vai nam gdn day.
18
Nghlin ci3u Kinh t§s6404 - Thing 1/2012- Mdtsd'yi(ienv6piidtti1entliuangmai...
t&i nguyen, m&'t c&n b a n g sinh t h a i va tiem
&n nguy cd cao vd d n h i i m mdi trUdng, suy thoai mdi trUdng. Nghidn ctiu n&y ciing canh bao rang, cac tac ddng tieu cUc tdi mdi trUdng trong thdi gian qua v&n cd xu hUdng se cdn dUdc tiep tuc dien r a trong thdi gian tdi do nhiing nguyen nh&n chu q u a n (cd che, chinh sach, n&ng lUc q u a n ly, nh&n thUc,...) va khach quan (ngudn lUc, m&'t can dd'i cung c i u ), th&m chi cdn canh bao r a n g cac hoat ddng x u a t nh&p k h i u cang dUdc md rdng, t&ng cUdng thi t i c ddng tidu cUc se c&ng Idn, ndu nhU khdng dUdc di kdm vdi sU cai thidn dang ke cdng tac q u a n 1^ nh& nUdc d t i t ca cac c i p , ciing nhU nh&n thUc v&
h&nh ddng cua cac b e n hdn quan trong xa hdi. Mdt luu y g i n d&y nh&'t cua Bd T&i nguyen va mdi trUdng ciing cho th&'y rang, d nUdc t a "tinh t r a n g nh&p k h i u c h i t t h a i dang didn r a k h a phUc t a p , t i n h t r a n g Idi dung ke hd p h a p lu&t cdn nhieu, h&ng nghin container chUa c h i t t h a i khdng cd ddn vi nh&n n a m t a i cac cang nhU: Hai Phdng, D&
Nang... gay d nhidm mdi t n l d n g r i t nghidm trpng"^°.
c) Thi che kinh te thi tritdng con chita ditdc ocdc Idp day du, lam mdo md mdi t n l d n g h o a t ddng thUdng mai v& a n h hudng tidu cUc tdi thUc hidn cdng b a n g xa hdi (phan phd'i Idi ich). Dieu n&y cd hdn quan trUdc h e t tdi gia ca. Chinh sach v& cd che q u a n ly dd'i vdi gia ca hidn n a y khdng chi l&m cho Idi ich qud'c gia bi tdn h a i ca trdn thi trUdng ndi dia v& trong thUdng m a i qud'c te ( t h i t thu), m& ca Idi ich cua ngUdi san x u i t , ngUdi tidu d ^ g ciing bi tdn hai, dac biet 1&
ngUdi ndng dan.
d) Vai trd cua cdng ding vd cdc tdchiic xd hdi, nghi nghiep con md nhat.
P h a t tridn bdn viing h d n q u a n tdi cac chu the, trong dd cd cac cdng ddng v& cac td chtic xa hdi, nghe nghidp. Trong hoat ddng thUdng mai, dd trUdc hdt 1& ngUdi san x u i t , ngUdi tidu dilng v& cac td chtic xa hoi, nghe nghidp cua ho nhU hidp hdi thdc gao, c& phd, ca cao, cao su, hoi tidu c h u i n va bao vd ngUdi tidu dilng,... Vd ly thuydt ciing nhU
trong thUc tien thi tinh bdn viing trong p h a t trien phu thuoc mot p h i n q u a n trong v&d sU t h a m gia cua cdng ddng v& cac td chtic xa hdi, nghd nghidp. Trong so' cac chi bao (indicators) ve p h a t tridn bdn viing, cd chi bao vd vai trd v& sU t h a m gia cua cdng ddng v& cac td chUc xa hdi, nghe nghidp. Trong hoat dpng thUdng mai, vai trd cua cdng ddng v& cac td chUc xa hdi, nghd nghidp lidn quan tdi ngUdi san x u i t , ngUdi tidu dCing cdn k h a khidm td'n, md n h a t . Mang lUdi thUdng mai (he thd'ng b a n budn, b a n Id) dUdc td chUc v&
v&n h&nh cdn chUa th&t td't," trong dd sU gan ket giUa cac d i u md'i trong mang lUdi cdn it cd sU t h a m gia cua cac td chUc xa hdi nghd nghidp cd hdn quan, ciing nhU tidng ndi cua ngUdi tidu dilng cdn k h a khidm td'n. NhUng hidn tUdng Idn xdn khdng dUdc quan ly kdo d&i trong nhidu n&m qua ve gia mot so' m a t h&ng thiet ydu, q u a n trpng dd'i vdi ngUdi tidu diing n h u sUa, thuoc t a n dUdc,... v& doi vdi ngUdi san x u i t nhU liia, c& phd, thuy san,...
m& cac phUdng tidn thdng tin dai chiing (bao, d&i, t r u y e n hinh) da p h a n anh, l&m thidt h a i khdng chi tdi Idi ich (thu nh&p) cua ngUdi tidu diing m& cdn gay t i e ddng tidu cUc tdi t a m ly xa hdi (lo l&ng, m i t Idng tin...).
Chien lUdc 10 n a m p h a t trien kinh td^ - xa hdi giai doan 2011 2020 da xac dinh quan diem chi dao "phat trien bdn vQng 1& ydu c i u xuydn sud't trong chien lUdc" Ydu c i u n&y c i n dUdc cu t h e hda trong t a t ca cac linh vUc p h a t trien. Dd'i vdi hoat ddng thUdng mai, vdi nhiing dieu da t r i n h b&y d trdn, cac ydu c i u n&y cd t h e dUdc cu the hda 1& nhU sau:
Con ngUdi 1& t r u n g t a m cua phat tridn thUdng mai. Nguyen tac n&y 1& sU v&n dung v& t h e hidn nguyen tac cd b a n cua p h a t trien bdn viing m& Dang v& Nh& nUdc ta da xac dinh trong dudng Id'i l a n h dao v& quan ly d i t nUdc.
ThUdng mai gan kdt chat che vdi san '" Ngudn: website ciia Bd T&i nguydn vk mdi trudng:
http://wwwjnome.gov.vn/ ngay 22-3-2011.
Nghiin cOu Kinh t§404 - thing 1/2012 19
iVIot sd' y Icien ve^ ptidt trien tiiuong m^l...
x u i t ben vUng v& tidu dilng b e n vUng.
Nguyen tac n&y the hi^n vai trd v& vi tri ciia thUdng mai trong h^ thd'ng t&i san x u i t xfi hoi v&n ddng theo hUdng bdn vUng. Su kdt ndi nay khdng chi 1& g&n kdt ddn t h u i n , m&
cdn ca thiic d i y san xu&'t v& tic'u dilng p h a t tridn thep hudng bdn vQng.
Ldi ich cdng b a n g giUa cac ben lien quan. Nguyen tac n&y the hidn n e n t a n g cho cac md'i quan he ben chat v& dai lau giCta cac bdn lien quan.C&c bdn lien q u a n d day bao gdm ca cac dd'i tac trong nUdc va qud'c te. Lpi ich d day bao gdm ca ldi ich kinh te (doanh thu, ldi nhu&n,...), ldi ich xa hpi (vi^c l&m, t h u nh&p,...), ldi ich mdi trUdng (bao v^ mdi trUdng sinh thai,...).
ThUdng mai t h a n thidn mdi trUdng (hay ndi theo each dien d a t hidn nay 1& thUdng mai x a n h " ) . Nguyen t&c nay the hidn p h i n ndi dung cd b a n cua thUdng mai ben vUng h e n quan tdi bao vd t&i nguyen v& mdi trUdng, 1& cac hoat ddng p h a t tridn thUdng mai khdng gay tdn h a i tdi mdi trUdng v&
ddng gdp tich cUc vao ng&n ngUa, giam thieu d nhidm, cai thidn chat lUdng mdi trUdng.
2. M o t v a i y k i e n v e c h i n h s a c h p h a t t r i e n thUcfng m a i g a n v d i t h U c h i e n y e u c a u p h a t t r i e n b e n v i i n g g i a i d o a n 2011 2020
Ciing n h u p h a t trien b e n viing, ndi h&m ciia thUdng mai b e n viing cdn dang dUdc dinh hinh v& cu the hda d nhidu qud'c gia.
Chinh sach p h a t trien thUdng mai gan vdi thUc hidn ydu c i u p h a t tridn bdn vUng dUdc dat trdn cd sd sU cu the hda n&y. O nUdc ta mdi x&o dinh chinh thUc q u a n ni^m v& cac ndi dung cd b a n cua p h a t trien bdn vUng d i t nUdc, t h e hidn t a i v&n b a n "Dinh hUdng chidh lUdc p h a t trien b e n vutng d Vif t Nam"
(ban h a n h kdm theo Quyet dinh so' 153/2004/QD-TTg ngay 17-8-2004 ciia Thii tudng Chinh p h u sd). Tuy v&y, p h a t t r i e n thUdng mai b e n viing t h i cdn chUa cd dUdc mdt q u a n nidm chinh thtic va cu t h e nhU v&y. Vd phUdng dien cd sd khoa hpc, cd mot thUc t e la cho deii n a y chinh sach p h a t t r i e n
c i c h n h VUc (cdng nghifp, ndng nghifp, thUdng mai,...) v& g&n vdi q u a n 1^ nh& nUdc 1& cac ng&nh d nUdc t a thUdng dUdc hoach dinh trdn cd sd q u a n niem n h i m phuc vu p h a t trien b e n vUng d i t nUdc, chii chUa phai dich thUc 1& p h a t t r i e n bdn viing Hnh vUc (ng&nh). Chii d$ Hpi t h a o n&y "Chinh sach thUdng mai n h i m p h a t t r i e n bdn viing d Viet Nam thdi k:^ 2011 2020" do Bd Cdng ThUdng td chUc 1& mpt minh chUng. Tdi nghi r^ng de " n h i m p h a t trien bdn vutng" thi ban t h a n sU p h a t tridn ciia h n h vUc (ng&nh) phai bdn vutng nhU 1& t i t yeu. Dd'i vdi Hnh vUc thUdng mai, dieu n&y l&m n a y sinh n h u ciu xac dinh npi h&m "phat trien thUdng mai bdn vUng" v& b a n h&nh chinh thtic gidng n h u da b a n h&nh dd'i vdi p h a t trien ben vutng qud'c gia v& mdt 80" dia phUdng (tinh, th&nh phd). Hien da cd nhiing nghidn ctiu d trong v& nUdc ngo&i ve p h a t trien ben vutng thUdng mai vdi nhiing ndi dung k h a phong phii v& Cling r i t c i n sU chinh thUc hda, trUdc h e t cho hoach dinh chinh sach phat trien h n h vUc thUdng mai. Tai Quyet dinh sd' 153/2004/QD-TTg ndi t r d n da ydu cau cac bd, ng&nh, dia phUdng "c&n cU vao Dinh hudng chien lUdc ve p h a t t r i e n b e n viing d Viet Nam, xay dUng v& thUc hidn Dinh hudng chien lUdc p h a t t r i e n b e n viing ciia bp, ng&nh v& dia phUdng minh" v& Bd Ke hoach v& d i u tU ciing da cd Thdng tU sd 01/2005/TT-BKH ngay 9-3-2005 hUdng d i n tridn k h a i Quyet dinh ndi t r d n ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii.
Neu v i n de nhU v&y nhUng trong khudn khd b&i vidt khdng t h e de cap ky lUdng, ma d day chi xin ndu sd bd ve ndi h&m cua phat tridn bdn vutng thUdng m a i nhU 1& cd sd cho
" Trong bdi canh ting phd vdi tac ddng tiSu cilc cua bien ddi khi h&u, hien nay ngUdi ta nhin manh tdi ydu ciu giam phat thai khi nha kinh, trong dd cd hUdng v&o san x u i t va tidu diing loai san p h i m "it cacbon" (low carbon). ThUdng mai xanh cung 1& thUdng mai th&n thien moi tnldng vdi sU n h i n manh tdi tinh ch£t "it cacbon" cua cac hang hda, dich vu.
20
NghiSn ci3u Kinh t§s6404 - Thing 1/2012Mot so y i(ien v6^ plidt trien tiiuong mai...
ddng gdp mdt vai dd xu&'t (diing hdn 1& gdi y) ve chinh sach thUdng mai n h a m p h a t trien b e n vutng d nUdc t a trong chang dudng 10 n&m tdi (2011 = 2020).
Bdn canh ndi dung cd ban ciia phat trien bdn viing d i t nUdc.ndi chUng, thi phat trien bdn vutng thUdng mai c i n cd them 2 ndi h&m sau:
Thht nhat, ket nd'i td't v& vUng chac vdi ca phia trUdc va phia s a u cua qua t r i n h t a i san x u a t xa hpi. P h i a trUdc 1& s a n xu&'t v& phia sau la tidu dilng. ThUdng mai bdn vUng phai ket nd'i v& hd trd, thiic d i y s a n xu&'t bdn vutng v& tidu dUng b e n vutng. Ndi h&m n&y x u i t p h a t t u vi tri, v a i trd, sU mdnh dich thUc cua thUdng mai trong qua t r i n h tai san x u i t xa hdi 1& gan kdt cung vdi c i u .
Thii hai, chia se cdng b a n g ldi ich cua cac b e n hdn quan. Nen t a n g cua cac md'i quan he xa hdi ndi chung v& p h a t tridn ndi ridng 1& h&i hda ldi ich cua cac b e n q u a n he (dd'i tac). Khd cd thd duy t r i lau d&i q u a n he ndu n h u ldi ich cua b e n n&o dd bi xam hai, t h u a thidt. Trong hpi nh&p ndi chung, hidn nay ngUdi t a thudng ndi tdi nguydn t&c "cac bdn ciing cd ldi" (win win).
Vdi 2 ndi h&m ndu t r e n dUdi day ndu mdt so' y kien ve md'i q u a n h e giUa p h a t trien xuat, nh&p k h a u vdi bao vd mdi trUdng.
Nhin t u giac dp g a n k e t vdi s a n x u a t v&
tidu dung b e n vutng, ciing vdi nhiing dieu chinh chung cua n e n k i n h t e va cac ng&nh s a n x u a t trong Chidn lUdc p h a t tridn kinh t e xa hdi 10 n&m tdi (2011 2020) 1& chuyen dich cd c i u k i n h te, chuyen ddi md h i n h t&ng trUdng, chii trpng p h a t trien theo chieu sau, coi trpng bao vd v& cai thidn mdi trUdng t h i chinh sach p h a t t r i e n x u i t , nh&p k h i u cUng c i n dUdc hUdng tdi hd trd, khuyen khich x u i t , n h a p k h i u cac h&ng hda, dich v u t h a n thidn vdi mdi trUdng. Cac hd trd, k h u y e n khich n&y c i n dUdc tridn k h a i ca b a n g cac cdng cu k i n h te, h&nh chinh va ca b a n g cac rao can ky thullt.
Dd'i vdi cac cdng cu k i n h te, h&nh chinh:
b e n canh nhflng tdn tai, thieii h u t c i n dUdc r& soat, h o a n thidn, bd sung va t a n g cUdng,
tdi mud'n n h i n m a n h tdi cac yeii kdm, thieu h u t vd cac dich vu hd trd vd'n dUdc danh gia la mdt trong nhflng m a t xich yeu kdm n h i t trong ndn kinh te v& dUdc coi 1& mpt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n chinh a n h hudng tdi n&ng lUc canh t r a n h cdn t h i p cua nUdc ta.
Trong hoat ddng x u i t , nh&p k h i u , chuyen dich cd c i u xu&'t k h i u khdng ddn gian v&
n h a n h chdng dUdc, nhUng cac dich vu hd trd thUdng mai cd the ddng gdp nhieu hdn, td't hdn, thiic d i y cai thien cd c i u h&ng hda x u i t , nh&p kh&u hien nay cua nUdc ta thdng qua cai thidn vide cung c i p dich vu va thdng tin thi trUdng dinh hUdng nhieu hdn v&o cac h&ng hda t h a n thidn vdi mdi tnldng. Thi du n h u cung c i p thdng tin v& didu kidn de kiem nghidm cac san ph&m bi c i m t r e n the gidi v& h&u qua mdi trUdng cua chiing, thdng tin vd cac tieu chu&n mdi tnldng h e n quan tdi san ph&m, cac quy dinh v& tieu c h u i n mdi trUdng ciia mdt so' nUdc la b a n h&ng cua Viet Nam, cd che chinh sach nh&p k h a u cua cac dd'i tac thUdng mai chinh, quang ba rdng rai cac thUdng hidu t h a n thidn mdi trUdng, n h a n sirih thai,...
Cd thd n e n can nh&c tdi sU cd m a t cua loai chi tieu (indicators) the hidn tinh ben vutng vd mdi trUdng trong linh vUc thUdng mai ndi chung v& x u i t , nh&p k h a u ndi ridng.
Ciing ndi t h e m rang, mdt khi d& dat v i n de
"thUdng mai n h a m p h a t trien ben vutng" hay
"phat trien b e n viing thUdng mai" lihU 1&
yeu c i u trong chinh sach ph&t trien thUdng mai, thi ciing can cd nhiing chi tidu/chi sd' (indicators) de theo ddi, giam sat v& danh gia thUc hidn ydu c i u n&y. Thi du nhU sd' vu kidn qud'c te dd'i vdi h&ng hda xu&'t k h a u cua Viet N a m cd nguydn do h e n quan tdi dap ting tieu c h u a n mdi trUdng, sd' vu nh&p lau h&ng hda thuoc d a n h muc h&ng hda c i m nh&p kh&u dUdc p h a t hidn h a y ty Id loai m a t h&ng x u i t k h i u thd, it qua che bien, ty Id h a n g hda nh&p k h i u khdng/it t h i n thidn mdi trUdng. Cac nh& khoa hpc cd thd cung c i p cac de x u i t td't, phii hdp ve cac chi tidu (indicators) nhU v&y.
Nghien cOu Kinh t§404 - thing 1/2012 21
M9t sO^ Men y6 phdt tri^n tliuong mai...
Dd'i vdi cac r&o c a n ky thu&t: nhidu nUdc da sut dung cac r&o can ky t h u ^ t trong thUdng mai qud'c te nhU 1& cdng cu q u a n trpng khdng chi cho muc tidu kinh td^
(doanh thu, ldi n h u ^ n ) , xa hpi (vice l&m, t h u nh^p) m& cdn ca cho muc tidu mdi trUdng. Vidt N a m cdn k h a khidm ton trong sut dung v& sut dung chUa hidu qua loai cdng cu n&y trong thUdng mai qud'c te. C i c tidu chu&n v& quy c h u i n mdi trUdng ciia nUdc ta hidn nay cdn dang trong qua t r i n h ho&n thidn v& xay dUng vdi d a n h gia c h u n g 1&
cdn chUa d i y dii v& chUa n g a n g b i n g ( t h i p hdn) so vdi c h u i n mile ciia nhidu nUdc cd q u a n he thUdng mai vdi nUdc ta. Bdn c a n h ly do d l hidu cua sU chUa tUdng xUng n&y 1& nhutng h e luy tidu cUc ve mdi trUdng, trong sd' cac h&ng hda nh&p k h i u vUdt qua r&o can ky thullt ciia Viet N a m cd ca nhflng m a t h&ng khdng/it t h a n t h i d n mdi trUdng, trong dd cd m a t h&ng t&c ddng n g a n h a n (nhu h&ng tieu dilng) v& cd ca m a t h&ng t&c ddng lau d&i hdn nhU cdng nghd tidu ton nhidu nguydn v&t lieu, n&ng lUdng, t h a i r a nhidu c h i t t h a i . Cac r&o c a n ky thu&t lidn q u a n tdi mdi trUdng theo p h a n cdng q u a n ly nh& nUdc hidn n a y do Bd T&i nguydn v& mdi t n l d n g chii t r i soan t h a o vdi sU t h a m gia ciia cac bd ng&nh kh&c. Cac n h a q u a n ly thUdng mai cd t h e ddng gdp n h i e u h d n v&o xay dUng v& dac biet 1& thUc hidn cac r&o can ky thullt ve mdi t n l d n g t r o n g hoat ddng x u i t , nh&p k h i u t h d n g q u a vide thUc hidn nghidm m i n h cac quy dinh ve mdi trUdng, v& ca vd canh bao kip thdi d i l n bidn v& xu
h u d n g cd t a c ddng x i u tdi mdi trUdng d nUdc t a .
Trong 10 n&m tdi (2011 2020) vi?c dinh hudng chidn lU(?c chuydn ddi md h i n h phat tridn d i t nUdc hUdng nhidu hdn, rd r&ng hdn, d i y dii hdn v&o dap ting cac ydu ciu p h a t tridn bdn vQng ddi hdi cac linh vUc p h a t trien ciing c h u n g t a y ddng gdp. Trong bdi canh p h i t t r i d n mdi vdi nhidu cd hpi mdi theo d& phuc hdi v i p h a t t r i e n ciia ndn kinh td^ t h e gidi, h o a t ddng thUdng mai nUdc ta ch&c ch&n se t&ng tnldng, p h a t trien manh me v& sU t&ng t n l d n g p h a t t r i e n m a n h me n&y ciing c i n ddng gdp tich cUc v&o qua t r i n h ph&t t r i e n ciia d i t nUdc theo hUdng bdn vflng. De cd t h e ddng gdp nhU v&y thi b a n t h a n h o a t dpng thUdng m a i trUdc het p h a i cd t i n h b e n viing. /.
TAI LifiU THAM KHAO
1. Dinh hudng chien lucre phit tri^n h6a vimg or Viet Nam (Chuong trinh Nghi su 21 cua Viet Nam, goi tat theo thdng 16 qudc t€ Ik Vietnam Agenda 21), ban hinh theo Quyfit dinh ciia Thii tudng Chinh phii s6
153/2004/QD-TTg agky 17-8-2004.
2. B6 KH&DT-UNDP/Du dn WVEOl/Oll, "^gadog phit txiia \k quan didm v6 phit trien b^n viing d6i vdi Viet Nam', Bio cio tai Hdi thao qudc t^. td chtic tai Ha N6i, thing 3-2002.
3. B6 KH&DT-UNDP. Bio cio nghien ctnx dinh gii giiia k;^ dua tren klA qui "Tinh hinh thuc hien K6 hoach phit triin kinh t6 - xa hdi 5 nim 2006 - 2010", H.
thing 5-2009.
