TAP CHi CONG THUaNG
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE XANH TAI VIET NAM
> PHAM DLfC ANH
TOM TAT:
BSi viet nSu ra cac quan dilm v l kinh te' xanh tai Viet Nam. Tang trifdng xanh, hay phat trien kinh te' xanh la mot khai ni6m khong mdi d nhieu quo'c gia phdt tri^n tren the gidi, nhiftig lai kha mdi me d Viet Nam. Kinh te xanh la mot nen kinh te' nham cai thi6n ddi song con ngu'di va tai san xa hoi, dong thdi chii trong gidm thieu nhffng hi^m hoa moi tnfdng va sff khan hi6'm tai nguydn. Kinh te' xanh la sff ket hdp giffa 3 ye'u to': Kinh te' - Xa hpi - Moi trffdng. Kinh te xanh co tinh chat ben vffng, c6 nghTa dd la nhffng hoat ddng (trong nen kinh te) tao ra Idi nhuSn hoac gid tri c6 ich Idi, hffdng dS'n phdt tri^n cudc s^ng cua cdng ddng xa hoi con ngifdi (dac biet \h yd'u to van hda). Ddng thdi nhffng hoat dong nay than thien vdi mdi trffdng (thanh to quan trpng), 3 ye'u td'nay dat trang thai can bang se thoa man tinh ben vffng. M6t ndn kinh t^ xanh Id mot nen kinh te hay md hinh phat trien kinh te dffa tren phat trien ben vffng vd kien thffc ve Idnh te'hpc sinh thdi.
Tif khoa: Kinh t6' xanh, giai phap phdt trien, phat trien kinh te xanh.
I. Dat vfin dt
Tang trffdng kinh te cua Viet Nam khd cao. Hen tuc, ^n dinh va bao trum, bao ddm moi ngffdi dan dffdc hffdng Idi tff qua trmh phat trien. T6'c dp tang tdng san pham trong nffdc (GDP) binh quan nam 2016 dat tr^n 6,21%/nam; nam 2017 dat 6,81%/nam, nam 2018 dat 6,7%, nam 2019 dat 7,02%. Viet Nam da giam ty le ngheo cCing cffc tff gan 60% trong nhffng nam 1990 xud'ng dffdi 4%
nam 2019. DSy la thanh cong rat an tffdng va la niem tff hao cua Viet Nam.
Thanh cong cua hdn 30 nam dd'i mdi cung dat ra nhieu ky vpng va trdch nhiem Idn hdn, nang ne hdn do'i vdi tffdng lai. Muc lieu cua Viet Nam dffpe khang dinh trong Hien phap la "Dan giau, nffdc manh, ddn chu, cdng bang, van minh". Viet Nam CO khdt vpng manh me la den nam 2035 se trd thanh mdt nffdc cong nghiep hien dai, hffdng tdi thinh vffdng, sang tao, cdng bang va dan chu. Vdi
tinh than do, mdt trong nhffng chuyen ddi quan trpng de dat du'dc muc tieu tren, Viet Nam da xdc dinh can hien dai hda nen kinh te; phat trien ben vffng ve mdi trffdng va tang cffdng kha nang ffng pho vdi bie'n ddi khi hau; dam bao cong bang va hda nhap xa hpi; thinh vffdng ve kinh te^di ddi vdi ben vffng ve mdi trffdng,...
Ve ca ban, de thinh vffdng ve kinh te g^n vdi dam bao cdng bang va hda nhap xa hpi trong bd'i canh tinh hinh mdi, Dai hpi lan thff Xll cua Ddng da xac dmh mot trong nhffng hffdng di dd la phat trien kinh te xanh. Kinh nghiem cua nhieu nffdc cho tha'y, phat trien kinh te xanh la mdt xu the tat ye'u. De thffc hien kinh te'xanh, mdt trong nhffng cong cu quan trpng cua hp la day manh cdng tie truyen thong theo hffdng dpng It/c mdi cua nen kinh te' xanh la bao ve mdi trffdng, phat trien cong nghe san xua't sach va n5ng Iffdng sach nhdm nhanh chdng dat dffdc mffc tang trifdng kinh
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td ben vffng. Chang han nhff d My - mdt trong nhffng nffdc di dau ve thffc hien chinh sach kinh te'xanh, hp da thffc hien cac chinh sach mdi nham chd'n hffng nen kinh te nhff phat tridn nang Iffdng, phat trien kinh td' xanh, thffc hien chinh sach tiet kiem nang Iffdng, giam bdt d nhidm mdi trffdng va thffc hidn chinh sach tai tao nang Iffdng. Hp day manh boat ddng tuyen truyen de thffc hidn chien Iffdc tiet kidm nang Iffdng vdi muc tieu de'n nam 2025, cdc ngudn nang Iffdng tdi tao se chie'm khoang 25% Iffdng phat dien. Hoac nhff d Lidn minh chau Au, hp cung de ra muc tieu de'n nam 2020 se tang ty trpng sff dung nang Iffdng tai tao tff 8,5% hien nay len 20% va giam manh Iffdng khi thai. Nhieu nffdc chau A, cung xay dffng chie'n Iffdc phdt trien kinh te' xanh. Han Qud'c dff kid'n se trd thanh mdt trong 7 cffdng qud'c kmh te' xanh vao nam 2020 va 1 trong 5 cudng qud'c kinh te xanh cua the' gidi vao nam 2050.
II. Cd hdi va thach thu'c phat tri^n nen kinh td'xanh trong ndng nghiep Vi^t Nam
Thffc te' cho thSy. tang trffdng xanh da dffdc xdc dinh la trpng tam trong chinh sach phat trien qud'c gia cua nhieu nffdc tren the' gidi trong nd Iffc dat dffdc sir phat tnen ben vffng. Trong xu hffdng do, Viet Nam cung dang xay dffng mdt chien lu'dc ve phat trien xanh.
Trai qua nhffng nam ddi mdi va md cffa phat trien kinh te', Viet Nam da va dang phai tra gia cho suy giam tai nguyen va 6 nhidm mdi trffdng.
Nam trong xu the'phat trien chung cua kinh te'the gidi vdi sff dieu chinh ve md hinh phat trien va thay ddi cd ca'u nganh nghe, Viet Nam da trd thanh thanh vidn cua td chffe thffdng mai the'gidi (WTO). Do vay, phdt trien kinh te' cua Viet Nam phai tuan theo nhffng nguyen tac chung cua nhffng cam ke't vdi WTO trong xu the' phat trien Hdi nhdp toan cau. Hdn nffa, Viet Nam dffdc xe'p vao danh sdch mdt trong nam nffdc chiu tac ddng ndng ne nha't cua bie'n ddi khi hau, do vay hffdng tdi nen kinh te xanh la Itfa chpn hdp ly. Tuy nhien, sff Iffa chpn nay can phai nhin nhan rd nhffng cd hdi va thach thffc de dinh hffdng cho phdt tridn.
2.1. CdhQi
Hien nay sff quan tam Idn nha't ciia cpng ddng the' gidi la bid'n ddi khi hau. Nhdm giam thieu va thich ffng vdi bid'n ddi khi hau, cdc qud'c gia dang cd nhieu nd Iffc. trong dd phat trien kinh te
cac hon tha'p, tang trffdng xanh dang la nhffng xu hffdng mdi trong Id trinh tie'n tdi Nen kinh te' xanh. Viet Nam se ddn nhan difdc sff ung hd va giiip dd cua cac qud'c gia va cac td chffe qud'c te' tren the' gidi trong nd Iffc chung giam thieu va thich ffng vdi bie'n doi khi hau tren cd sd hffdng tdi Nen kmh te' xanh.
Viet Nam dang cd nhffng thay ddi cd ban, the che'kinh te thi trffdng dinh hu'dng xa hdi chu nghia dang dan dffdc hoan thien, hffdng tdi mdt sff phdt trien VI con ngffdi. Nhffng ye'u td'dd dffdc thffc hien trong mot mdi trffdng chinh tri dn dinh la cd hdi td't cho trien khai thffc hien Nen kinh te' xanh.
Tie'p tuc trien khai, thffc hien chie'n Itfdc phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi giai doan de'n nam 2015, Hpi nghi lan thff 3 BCH Trung ffdng Dang da khang dinh: ddi mdi md hinh tang trffdng, cd ca'u lai nen kinh te theo hffdng nang cao chat lu'dng, dam bao phiic Idi va an sinh xa hdi, bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trffdng. Nhff vay, Viet Nam se day manh "Tai cd ca'u nen kinh te gan vdi md hinh tang trffdng" trong thdi gian sap tdi. Day la cd hdi de Viet Nam hffdng tdi Nen kinh te' xanh va Tang trffdng xanh.
Kinh te' Viet Nam lien tuc tang trffdng trong nhffng nam vffa qua tao ra ndi life ben trong cho mdt xu the'phdt trien mdi. Ben canh dd nhffng van de bffc xuc ve d nhiem mdi trffdng va suy giam tai nguyen trong thdi gian phdt trien vffa qua do'i vdi da't nffdc, hu'dng tdi mdt nen kinh te' xanh se dffdc sff ddng thuan cao cua xa hdi.
Vdi Idi the' nam trong khu vffc nhiet ddi, gid miia Ddng Nam A. cd ngudn nang Iffpng mat trdi ddi dao, nang Iffdng gid phong phu, sinh vat tang trffdng nhanh la cd hdi cho Viet Nam tham gia vao cac chffdng trinh muc tieu thien nien ky de hffdng tdi Nen kinh te xanh.
2.2. Thach thdc
Ben canh nhffng cd hdi da neu tren, de phdt trien nen kinh te' xanh tai Viet Nam, chung ta se gap phai nhffng thach thffc ddi hdi phai vffdt qua.
TrUdc het, ve nhan thffc, hieu the' nao la mdt Nen kinh te xanh hien nay d Viet Nam van cdn het sffe mdi me, ddi hdi phai cd nhffng nghien cffu va phd bie'n rdng rai kie'n thffc trong tang Idp lanh dao, cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sach, cac doanh nghiep \a ngffdi dan. Neu khdng nhan thffc day dH, tinh ddng thuan trong xa hdi se khdng dat dffdc.
do va\ se khd thffc hien.
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TAP CHi CONG THtflfNG
Thd hai, ve cdch thffc tien hanh, md hinh Nen kinh te' xanh cd sff thay ddi so vdi n^n kinh te' truyen thd'ng. Can xac dinh dffdc viec cd ca'u lai nen kinh te' cd sff khdc biet nhff the' nao va bat dau tff dau trong bd'i canh phat trien kinh te' Viet Nam hien nay.
Thitba, nen kinh te'xanh gan vdi siJ"dung nang Iffpng tai tao, cacbon tha'p, tang tnfdng xanh, dau tff khdi phuc he sinh thai, giai quye't sinh ke gdn vdi phuc hdi mdi trffdng... Thffc te cdng nghe san xua't d Viet Nam hien nay so vdi the' gidi phan Idn la cdng nghe cu, tieu hao nang iffdng Idn, viec thay doi cdng nghe mdi phu hdp vdi nen kinh te'xanh la thach thffc khdng nhd ne'u khdng cd trd giup cua cac nffdc cd cdng nghe cao tren the' gidi. Nhieu vung ndng thdn va khu vffc mien nui, sinh ke ngu'di dan cdn gap nhieu khd khan.
Thd tu, ve huy dpng ngudn vd'n cho thffc hien muc tieu Xay dffng ndn kinh xanh, mac dii Viet Nam da thoat khdi ngffdng cua nffdc ngheo nhffng tich luy qud'c gia so vdi cac nifdc da phat tridn cdn qua th&'p, didu nay anh hffdng khdng nho tdi qua trinh trien khai hffdng tdi Nen kinh te xanh.
Thd ndm, cd che' chinh sach hu'dng tdi thifc hien N^n kinh td xanh d Viet Nam hiSn nay gan nhff chffa cd, trong khi tren the' gidi ciing mdi de xud't hffdng tie'p cdn. Vide ra soat lai cd che' chinh sdch hdn quan va sffa ddi bo sung cho phu hpp vdi md hinh phdt tridn mdi theo hffdng cd ca'u lai nganh kinh te' va hffdng tdi nen kinh te' xanh la thdch thffe khdng nhd.
O Vidt Nam, do nhieu nguyen nhan, ca chu quan va khach quan, dd nen kinh te' phat trien theo chieu rdng la chu ye'u, sff dung nhieu ye'u Id' dau vao cho qua trinh phat trien. Dieu nay phan nao da tdc ddng de'n hoat dpng truyen thdng. Cdng tac truyen thdng chifa thifc sif chu y nhieu de'n viec tuyen truyen phat trien kinh te' theo chieu sau, phat trien kinh td'can gan chat vdi bao ve mdi trffdng va xa hdi. Trong tinh hinh mdi, viec chuyen doi phu'dng thffc phat trien, hffdng tdi phdt trien kinh te' xanh la hffdng tie'p can mdi. Do vay, de tao sff ddng thuan trong toan xa hdi nhan thffc ro ve kinh te' xanh. mot trong nhffng bien phdp quan trpng la can day manh hoat ddng truyen thdng ve phat trien kinh te' xanh.
Nhin chung. dff luan dffdng nhff chffa hieu rd ve ban eha't cua kinh te' xanh. Chang han. khi tuyen truyen ve xda ddi, giam ngheo, dffdng nhff
truyen thdng trong nffde chu yd^u chi chii y den tieu chi thu nhdp, chff chffa thffc sff chU ^ de'n tidu chi y te, van hda, giao due;... theo each tie'p can giam ngheo da chieu. Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trffdng cung da dffa ra nhan dinh, trong bd'i canh tai nguyen the' gidi ndi chung vd Vidt Nam ndi rieng dang dan can kiet, da dang sinh hpc bj suy giam, d nhiem mdi trffdng tie'p tuc gia tang, bie'n ddi khi hau ngay cang ro net, nhieu qud'c gia Iffa chpn kinh te' xanh la md hinh phdt trien mdi de giai quyet ddng thdi nhffng vS'n nan dang tid'p didn phffc tap. Md hinh kinh td' mdi nay ghi nhan gid tri va vai trd cua dau tff vao vd'n tff nhien, tao ra vide lam, la tru edI de giam ngheo. Thay vi sii:
dung nhien lieu hda thach, nen kinh te' xanh sff dung nang Iffdng tai tao va cdng nghe carbon tha'p, khuye'n sff dung ngudn life va nang Iffdng hieu qua hdn.
III. Giai phap phat tri^n kinh td'xanh t^i Yi^t Nam
3.1. Quan diem nen tdng
Tang trffdng xanh la mpt ndi dung quan trpng cua Chien Iffdc Phdt trien ben vffng Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020 nham dam bao phat trien kinh te' theo hffdng nhanh, hieu qua va ben vffng, ddng thdi gdp phan giam nhe va phdng chdng tac ddng cua bie'n doi khi hau trong giai doan hien nay. Viet Nam vffa ban hanh Chi^n Iffdc qudc gia ve tdng trffdng xanh, thdi ky 2011 - 2020 vd t^m nhln den ndm 2050, nham thuc day qua trinh tdi cdcd'u nen kinh te' de tie'n tdi viec sff dung hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien, giam phat thai khi nha kinh thdng qua nghien cffu vd ap dung edng nghe hien dai. phat tri^n hd thd'ng cd sd ha t^ng de nang cao hieu qua nen kinh te', ffng phd vdi bie'n ddi khi hau, gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo va tao dpng Iffc thuc day phdt trien kinh te'mdt each ben vffng.
3.2. Muc tieu tong qudt vd c^ thi Muc tieu tdng quat cua Chie'n Iffdc Tdng tnfdng xanh id "Thay ddi md hinh tang tnfdng kinh te' theo hffdng tan dung Idi the'so sanh mdt each chu ddng va sang tao, nang cao hieu qua vd sffe canh tranh eua nen kinh te'". Muc tieu cu the la:
- Tai ca'u true nen kinh te' vd hoan thien the ehe' theo hffdng khuye'n khich cac ngdnh kinh te sff dung hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien vdi gid tri gia tang cao, han che'tien tdi xda bd nhffng ngdnh sff dung lang phi tai nguyen thien nhien. gay d nhiem mdi trffdng;
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KINHTf
- Nghien cffu, ffng dung rdng rdi cdng nghd hien dai nham sff dung hieu qua tdi nguyen thien nhien, giam phat thai khi nha kinh, gdp phan ffng phd hieu qua vdi bie'n ddi khi haiu;
- Nang cao ddi sd'ng nhdn dan thdng qua viec tao them viec lam tff cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep. ndng nghiep, dich vu xanh va cai thi$n eha't lifdng cudc sd'ng thdng qua vide xay dffng ha tang xanh, Idi sd'ng than thien vdi mdi trffdng. Tr6n cd sd do, se nang cao hieu qua va sffe canh tranh nen kmh te' trong dieu kien mdi, thffc hien viec rut ngan khoang each phdt trien vdi chd't Iffdng tang trffdng cao va bdn viJng.
3.3. Nhiem vu vd gidiphdp 3.3.1. Nhiem vu
De dat dffpe muc tieu nhff tren, cdc hoat ddng tang trffdng xanh trong thdi gian sap tdi se tdp trung vao 3 nhdm nhidm vu sau:
- Giam cffdng dd phdt thai nha kinh (tinh tren ddn vi GDP) va tang ty trpng sff dung nang Iffdng tai tao;
- Xanh hda san xua't: Tdi ca'u true nen kinh td' theo hffdng phdt trien sau, giam sff dung tai nguydn thien nhien. tang cffdng ede nganh cdng nghidp sinh thai va dich vu mdi trffdng. ddi mdi cdng nghd;
- Xanh hda Id'i sd'ng va tieu dCing ben vffng: Xay dtfng Id'i sd'ng hda hdp vdi mdi trffdng vd'n da la truyen thd'ng lau ddi cua cdc dan tdc Viet Nam.
Ke't hdp ne'p sd'ng dep truyen thd'ng vdi nhffng phffdng tien mdi ma ndn van minh hidn dai mang lai se tao nen ddi sd'ng tien nghi, chat Iffdng cao mang ddm ban sac dan tdc cho xa hdi Viet Nam hien dai.
3.3.2. Gidi phdp
Chinh phu can thie't ke' va xdy difng nhffng ke' hoach xanh cho tffng tinh chff khong the tid'p tuc lap lai nhffng quy hoach dieu chinh chu ye'u tap trung vao nhffng cdng trinh ha tang ki thuat dan trai ma khdng tinh de'n hieu ndng kinh te', tham chi la lang phi ngudn Iffc, gay tut hdu xa hdn vd kinh te'. Dong thdi, Chinh phu can tdi ca'u tnlc cac ITnh vffc nang Iffdng, ngudn nffde, cdng nghidp, ha tang kl thuat, xay dffng va dd thi, giao thdng van tai theo hffdng xa hdi hda cac cdng doan gian ddn, mang tinh hieu qua va canh tranh cao.
Can tang cffdng nang Iffc cho bp mdy quan Ii nha nffdc cac ca'p vd kT nang phdn tich thdch thffc.
xac dinh ed hpi, ddt ifu tien cho cdc dff dn, ngudn
Iffc thffc hidn chinh sach va ddnh gia hieu qua ede mat eua dff an xanh. Tie'n de'n dao tao dpi ngu chuyen trach tie'p can vdi kinh te' xanh, tdng trffdng xanh thdng qua phffdng phap do Iffdng va hoach todn xanh (hoach toan tai san toan dien),...
Cac dia phffdng can thie't kd' va xay dffng lai nhffng md hinh phal trien phffc hdp. cd kd't hdp 4 chffe nang xanh (xanh hda kinh te'ndng thdn, xay dffng ndng thdn mdi qua mdt chffdng trinh qud'c gia vd nha cffa cho ndng dan, dem lai cac tien nghi hien dai ve ha tang xa hpi (dien, dffdng, Irffdng, tram ffng dung cdng nghe sinh hpc va mdi trffdng), phat huy he thd'ng tin dung vi md nham kieh hoat chuyen djch sang tang trffdng xanh d cac dia ban ndng thdn.
Dd'y manh xanh hda san xua't thdng qua ffu tien dffdc cu the hoa bang cac khung chinh sach va kd hoach hanh ddng phdt tridn nang Iffdng tdi tao. sff dung tie't kiem va hieu qua tai nguyen, phal trien cdng nghiep sach. kie'n tao cdng nghe xanh. Ngan sdch Nha nffdc phai ffu tien dau tff cho cdc dff an dem lai phuc Idi kinh te', xa hpi cao, khuye'n khich dau tff, mua sam cdng nghe eua thi trffdng xanh.
Can xay dffng Id trinh dinh cff xanh thdng qua cac chinh sach Uu tien phat trien nhd cffa cho cac gidi cd thu nhap tha'p d ndng thdn va thdnh thi.
Chffdng trinh nay se tao ngudn viec mdi. giai quye't hang tdn kho, phuc hdi nen kinh te', gdp phan lanh manh hda thi Irffdng bd't ddng san.
Ngffdi dan vffa la Iffc Iffdng chinh thifc hien chinh sach kinh te' xanh dffdi vai trd ngudn lao ddng xanh, vffa la ngifdi tieu diing thdng minh, dan da't vd dinh hffdng nen kinh te' xanh cua ddt nffdc.
Do vay, hp can trang bi va tff trang hi de "xanh hda " idi sdng, nang cao y thffc va traeh nhidm cdng ddng ve mdi sinh.
IV. Ke't lugn
Viet Nam da xac dinh tang trffdng xanh la mdt ndi dung quan trpng cua phdt trien ben vffng, dam bao phat trien kinh te'nhanh, hieu qua, ben vffng va gdp phan quan trpng thffc hien Chie'n Iffdc Qud'c gia ve bie'n ddi khi hau. Muc tieu tdng quat cua Chien Iffde Tang trffdng xanh la "Tang trffdng xanh, tie'n tdi nen kinh te'edc-bon tha'p, lam giau vdn tff nhien trd thanh xu hffdng chu dao trong phdt trien kinh te' ben vffng; giam phdt thai va tang kha nang ha'p thu khi nha kinh dan trd thanh chi lieu bat budc va quan trpng trong phdt trien kinh te'- xa hdi" •
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TAP CHi CONG THIftfNG
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Bo Tai nguyen va Moi tn/cfng (2010). Bdo cdo mdi trudng quoc gia 2010: Tong quan mdi tru'dng Vigt Nam, Ha Noi.
2 Bo Ke hoach va Dau tir(2011), Hoi nghi Phdt trien ben vifng todn qudc lan thd ba. Ky yeu. Ha Noi.
3. Chinh phu nu'dc Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam (2004), Dinh hudng chien luac phdt irien ben vUng d Viet Nam (ChUdng trinh Nghi sff 21 cua Viet Nam), Ha Noi.
4. Chinh phu nifdc Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam (2011), Chien luoc Qudc gia ve Bie'n ddi khi hdu, Hd Noi.
Ngay nh^n bai: 1175/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va su'a chifa: 21/5/2020 Ngay chS'p nh$n dang bai: 1/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. PHAM DT7C ANH
Khoa Kinh td' - Quan tri kinh doanh, TrUdng Dai hpc Hong Dffc
THE GREEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
• Master. PHAM DUG ANH Faculty of Economics - Business Administration
Hong Due University ABSTRACT:
This paper presents perspectives on green economy in Vietnam. Green growth or green economic development is not a new concept in many developed countries around the world but this concept is quite new in Vietnam. The green economy is an economy that aims to improve people's lives and social assets while focusing on minimizing environmental hazards and resource scarcity. The green economy is a combination of there factors, namely Economy, Society and Environment. The green economy is a sustainable economic approach that generate benefits or valuable benefits towards the development of human society, especially cultural factors while protecting the environment (important element). These three elements reach an equilibrium which will satisfy sustainability. The green economy is an economy or model of economic development based on sustainable development and knowledge of ecological economies.
Keyword: Green economy, development solution, green economy development.
76 So 14 - Thang 6/2020
