TAP CHi KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG Mang Tan Ha[
DINH HINH s y P H A T TRIEN DAO TAO DAI HOC VIET NAM THOfI CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 4.0
UNIVERSITY 4.0 HELPS TO SHAPE THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAMESE HIGHER EDUCATION
MANG TAN HAf>
TOM TAT: Bdi viet khdi quat hoa su phdt trien cita tu duy con ngirdi ndi chung vd suphdl trien lu duy qudn tri ndi rieng, citng vdi su phdt trien cua dgi hpc the gidi vd Viet Nam de nhgn dinh nhimg yeu cdu cua nen kinh te xa hpi dgt ra cho cdc trudng dgi hpc trong thdi dgi cua cupc cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0. Bdi viet khdng di tim kiem cdc gidi phdp gidi quyet cdc yeu cdu md tdp trung xdy dung mpt sd khdi niem m&i: Trudng dgi hpc dgt chat luong vi md, truang dgi hpc dgt chat luang vi ma vd xdy dung dinh nghia trudng dgi hpc dgt chdt luang vd trudng dgi hpc thdi ky cdch mgng cong nghiep 4.0 ldm nen tdng dinh hinh sir phdt trien cho ddo tgo dgi hpc Viet Ngm trong thai dgi cua cupc cdch mgng cong nghiep 4.0 dap img cdc yeu cdu dgt ra.
Tir khda: lu duy sdng tgo; tu duy chien luac; chdt luang vT md; chdt lupng vi md; dgi hpc thdi ky cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0.
ABSTRACT: This article generalizes about evolution of mankind thinking in general and management thinking in particular, along with the development of international and
Vietnamese higher education to acknowledge the requirements of the social economy that are set for university in the era of Industry 4.0. It does not seek solutions for the requirements but focuses on developing a number of new concepts such as micro-quality universities and macro-quality universities, and developing the definition of high quality university and university 4.0 that lay the foundation for shaping the development of Vietnamese higher education in the era of Industry 4.0 to meet the requirements set forth.
Key words: creativity thinking: strategy thinking; macro-quality; micro-quality; university 4.0.
1. sy' PHAT TRIEN TlT DUY CUA cai an, cai u6ng diy du, chi cin diing cai CON NGUOI nom chup xu6ng ao la co ca an ngay,...
Tu duy dau tien cua con nguoi la Khi dan s5 tang len, tai nguyen tren khong tu duy, chSng han trong khoang thoi moi diu nguai nho din, con ngucri phai suy gian dan s6 Viet Nam phat triSn den nghT moi co cai phin them dl du an, du khoang 10 trieu nguai, dan sa it tai nguyen uang hinh thanh tu duy kinh nghi?m.
doi dao nen khong cin phai suy nghT vin co Nguoi co kinh nghiem la c6 sin ma hinh trong diu do su timg trai hinh thanh, su
• ThS. Trucmg Bai hpc Van Lang, [email protected], Masd: TCKHl 1-07-2018 72
TAP CHI KHOA HOC D^I HOC VAN LANG Soil, Thang 9-2018 viee gi xay ra ndm trong md hinh djnh sdn
thi ngudi ed tu duy kinh nghiem dua ra gidi phap de gidi quyet rdt nhanh, nen mgt thdi cdc edng ty tuyen dung ngudi cd kinh nghiem vao lam viec.
Khi xa hdi phdt triln ban, su thay ddi dien ra tren quy md Idn hon va nhanh, tu duy kinh nghiem khdng the phii hit dugc cae van de vd pham vi hoat ddng ciia tu duy kinh nghiem ngdy cang thu hpp lai, nen sy viec xdy ra ngoai md hinh dinh sdn thi ngudi cd tu duy kinh nghidm khdng gidi quyet dugc, khi dd ngudi cd tu duy logic mdi gidi quyet duge, tu duy logic la kinh nghiem cua nhdn loai tich luy cd ngan nam (trong khi tu duy kinh nghiem chi tich luy dugc chimg 30, 40 nam la het). Cdn den hdng tram ndm nhdn loai lam viee eat lue mdi tim ra dugc dinh dl A, dinh lu^t B, djnh ly C,... nhung gi sinh vien dang hpc tren bye gidng ma cdc thdy, ed dang day dd la tu duy logic. Nen xa hpi phdt trien, cdng ty khdng chpn ngudi cd kinh nghiem md ehpn ngudi cd Sn hgc, bang cdp hdn hoi.
Trong thdi dai canh tranh cai gi phu hgp thi tdn tai, eai gi khdng phu hgp canh tranh se loai bd. Cd ban du hgc d nude ngoai khi ve Viet Nam gap tdi thi than, thdy oi em ehdn doanh nghiep Viet Nam qua, edng siie em hgc d nude ngoai, kinh phi tdn hdng chuc ngdn dd la, khi ve nude doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng su dung em.
Tdi bdo bdt cii trudng dai hpe nao tren the gidi cung dao tao con ngudi cd tu duy logic, de noi lam viee chdp nh^n tu duy logic eiia ban thi ban phai sang tao de lam cho tu duy logic phii hgp vdi mdi trudng lam viec, tiic la tu duy sdng tao; thdi dai canh tranh la thdi dai cua tu duy sang tao.
Hdi nhap toan cdu la thdi dai sieu canh tranh, chat lugng ehi ed ddn mdt gidi ban nao dd ma thdi. Mudn tdn tai phai cd sy khac biet, md su khdc biet dpc ddo dd la tu duy dot phd. Thdi dai cua cugc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 tao ra nhieu lgi the de phat trien tu duy d^t pha. Vay theo chieu ddi phdt trien cua xa hdi, tu duy cung phdt trien tu khdng tu duy, den tu duy kinh nghiem, den tu duy logic, den tu duy sdng tao, va den nay - thdi dai cupc edeh mang 4.0 Id tu duy dot pha tren co sd sang tao vd ddi mdi [2].
2. SV PHAT TRIEN TU" DUY QUAN TRI Frederick Winslow Taylor (ky su) dua ra tu duy Quan tri theo loi khoa hgc (Scientific Management). Hang Henry {thanh lap 1903) ddu tien ap dyng each qudn tri ndy: Nghien ciiu cac thao tdc cdng viee, loai bd nhiing thao tdc du thiia nham giam chi phi khi ra sdn pham. San phdm dau ra (Output) cd chi phi giam. Nhan vat chinh eiia tu duy ndy Id nha san xudt. Nha san xudt mudn gi? Hg sdn xuat dai trd cdi nay. Henry Ford cd cdu ndi ndi tieng: "ban mudn thieh mdu gi eung dugc mien dd la mdu den".
Khi nhieu nha san sudt ciing mdt san phdm, bdt dau ed sy eanh tranh. Canh tranh ldm eho nha san sudt hudng ve khach hang (Customer), khai niem marketing bat dau xudt hien vd tu duy quan tri xoay quanh nhu cdu khdeh hang. Cdng trinh Theodore Levitt (giao su dai hpe ve quan tri kinh doanh) mdi la cha de marketing ehii khdng phdi la Philip Kotler. Cong trinh nay dua ra tu duy quan tri xoay quanh vdn de khdch hang can gi? Nhdn vat ehinh cOa tu duy nay Id khach hang; marketing xoay quanh nhu cau khach hang va khdeh hang khdng mua
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC V A N LANG Mang Tjjn Hai
san phdm ma mua lgi ich den tir san pham kiln thiic phd thdng vl marketing: khdng cdn la lgi the canh tranh.
Khi ai ciing bilt ve Marketing nen tu duy vl marketing trd nen phd thdng, khdng cdn la lgi thi canh tranh thi tu duy quan tri hudng ve cdng nhan vien (Employee) vd cdng nhan vien ehinh la khach hang ndi bd (Internal Customer): kiln thiic, ky nang, thdi dp eua khach hang ndi bd la ddn bay lam hai Idng khach hdng. Tir ddy, tu duy quan tri hudng ve su tdn vinh khdch hang ndi bp, Idy nguyen tde lam hdi Idng khdeh hang ndi bd trd thanh ddn bay lam hai Idng khdeh hang lam cdt loi.
Su lan tda tri thiic, cac cdng ty dua nhau quan trj theo tu duy lam hai long khdeh hang ndi bp trd nen phd bien thi tu duy quan tri hudng den tu duy chdt lugng (Quality) sdn pham va dieh vu va cdc bd tieu chuan ISO ra ddi: Bp tieu chudn ISO 9000 (gdm ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 9004,...): He thdng quan ly chdt lugng; Bd tieu chudn ISO 14000 (gdm ISO 14001, ISO 14004,...): He thdng quan ly mdi trudng; Bp tieu chuan ISO 22000 (gdm ISO 22000, ISO 22002, ISO 22003, ISO 22004, ISO 22005, ISO 22006,...): He thdng quan ly an toan thue pham.
Canh tranh lam cho cdng ty nao ciing cd chdt lugng (dat chuan cac loai ISO) thi
tu duy quan tri tien hda hon la tu duy quan tri Chdt lugng eao (High Quality)
Canh tranh ve chat lugng cao cdc cdng ty dua nhau thue edng ty tu vdn (Core Competencies). Mudn thue edng ty tu v§n phdi cd tien. Tu duy qudn tri liic ndy hudng den tu duy tai chi'nh (Finance Thinking) nhdm tim kiem eae edng eu huy ddng v6n hiiu hieu (thj trudng chiing khodn, trai philu,... raddi).
Khi ky ndng thue edng ty tu vdn trd thanh phd bien thi tu duy qudn trj chuyin hda hudng ve edng nghe. Canh tranh ciia eac edng ty ehinh la canh tranh ve cong nghe (Technology) va ngay nay eanh tranh ciia cac edng ty la eanh tranh ve cdng nghe cao (High-Technology) Yeu td egnh tranh trong tuong lai Id gi? Lgi the canh tranh khdng bao gid mat di gid tn cua nd, khdng bao gid bj tut hau.
Trong cugc each mang edng nghiep 4.0 (Industrial Revolution 4.0), ylu td canh tranh trong tuong lai la gi? Ylu td do lam lgi the e^nh tranh khdng bao gid mdt di gia tri cua nd, khdng bao gid bj tut hau. Yeu to dd ehinh la Sdng tao (Creativity). Tu duy quan tri hudng den tu duy sang tao. Sang tao la tao ra cai mdi tdt hon, minh hpa theo so dd sau:
San phdm Khach hang Khach hang npi bp Chat lugng Tai chinh Cdng nghe
Tu duy sang t^o
San phdm mdi Khach hang mdi Khach hang npi bd mdi Chat lugng mdi Tai chinh mdi Cdng nghe mdi
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BAI HOC VAN LANG SQn,Th^ng9-2018 Trong cupc each mgng 4.0 tu duy sang tao
duge ehuyen hda len mdt tdm miic Idn hon dd la Tu duy chien luge (Strategic Thinking). Cd hai yeu td then ehdt cdu thdnh tu duy chiln luge: ylu td thii nhdt la thdu hilu dgng thai thi trudng, kinh doanh, xa hdi, ehinh tn,... trong hien tai (Insight, Into The Present) va ylu td thir hai Id khd ndng tien kien dugc xu hudng tuong lai (Foresight, Into The Future) [3].
3. Sir PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC DAI HQC CUA THE G l 6 l VA VIET NAM 3.1. Giao due dai hgc Phugng Dong
Su phat trien giao due dai hgc Phuang Ddng gan vdi qua trinh phat trien cua cae nSn van minh Phuang Ddng d Trung Qude, An Dp, Nhat Ban, Han Qude. Trong thdi ky ndng nghiep va tieu thii cdng nghiep va tuong ung vdi cdc the che chinh tri - xa hgi phong kidn. Nen gido due dai hgc Phuong Ddng phdn dnh vd truyen bd eac he tu tudng Nho giao, Phat giao, An Dp giao va cac gid trj van hda - xa hdi trong dd chii yeu la deiy he thdng cac tridt ly, quan ni£m, tin dieu, van chuong, mdt sd k>' nang tinh toan va rat it tinh duy ly, phdn tich.
Thdi ky hien dai (the ky XIX den nay) he thdng giao due dai hpc ciia cdc nude Phuong Ddng phat trien theo md hinh Chdu Au va M5'. Chang ban, Nhdt Ban thdi ky dau (trudc ndm 1945) phat trien eac trudng dai hpe theo md hinh dai hpe Diie vd sau ndm 1945 phdt trien theo md hinh dai hgc My.
3.2. Giao due dai hoc Phuong Tdy Tir thi ky V den the ky XV, nen vdn minh Phuang Tay dd trdi qua cac eude edi each Tdn gido, each mang xa hpi, each mang khoa hpe vdi sy phdt trien manh me eiia cac tu tudng tiln bd - nhan van, tu duy khoa hpc,... budc vao thdi ky phuc hung (thi ky
XVI, XVII) vdi nhilu thdnh tuu rye rd tren ede mat eiia ddi sdng xa hdi (cac trudng phdi nghe thuat - kien tnic, triet hpc, xd hpi hpc;
khoa hpc dac biet Id eac khoa hpc thyc nghiem,...). Trong cde giai doEin ciia caeh mang ky tiiudt va cdng nghiep (the ky XVIII, XIX), xuat hien cac loai hinh trudng dai hgc/cao ddng ky thudt vd cdng nghe. Cdc trudng eo khi d Anh; cde trudng ky thudt - cdng nghe d Diic vd Phdp,...). Cde trudng dai hpc kieu mdi da trd thanh trung tdm dao tao dpi ngG nhdn luc trinh dp cao trong nhieu ITnh vue khoa hpc, ky thudt va cdng nghe,...
cho eac ngdnh san xudt - djch vu, gdp phan phat trien nhan lue k5' thuat ed trinh dp cao cho cdc nganh kinh te - xa hdi ddc biet la trong cde ITnh vuc cdng nghiep. Thdi ky nay da xudt hien md hinh dai hpe nghien ciiu d Dii'c, Scotland va Anh vdi viec kdt hgp chat ehe giiia ddo tao va nghien eiiu (dai hpe Berlin, md hinh trudng Grande Ecole).
Thdi ky hau cdng nghiep vd kinh te tri tiiirc (giGa the ky XX den nay - cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0). Md hinh dai hpc My ra ddi va phat trien tren co sd ke thira cac md hinh dgi hpe Anh, dai hpc Chau Au (Phap - Diic) vdi cae co sd ndi tieng nhu dai hgc Harvard (1636); dai hpc Chicago; MIT,... Id nhung trudng dai hpc hdng ddu trong top 20 trudng dai hpc dang cdp qude te. Da dang hda va phat trien manh cac dai hpc nghien ciiu (Reseaeh Universities) va phdt trien mang ludi eao dang edng ddng (Community College) d cde dia phuang de ddp ling nhu edu phd cap gido due dai hpc. Phan tang manh me ehdt lugng dao tao dai hpe d eac loai hinh trudng dai hpe, hinh thdnh mdt phd chat lugng dao tao dai hgc theo su mang vd mue tieu ciia ede loai hinh trudng dai hpe.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAt HOC VAN LANG Mang Un Hai Dai chung hda giao due dai hpc. Gan bd chat
che giira nghien eiiu khoa hpe vdi dao tao dai hpc. Trudng dai hpe trd thanh trung tdm san xudt, phdt triln, mayin ba vd ling dung va dieh vu tri thirc, cdng nghe cao, phat triln cde gia tri van hda - xa hdi va cpng ddng.
3.3. Luoc su- phat trien giao due d^ii hoc Vi^tNam
Thdi ky phong kiin (1076 1885).
Nam 1076, dugc eoi la diem mde danh dau su ra ddi ciia he thdng gido due Nho hgc, vdi viec nha Ly khdi lap Qude Tii Gidm - trudng dai hpe ddu tien d Viet Nam. Den nam 1253, ddi thdnh Qude Tu Vien, giang day cho ca con em thudng dan hgc gidi d cac tinh, huyen.
Thai ky thuge Phdp (1885 - 1945).
Trudng Dai hpc Ddng Duong ra ddi theo Nghj dinh ciia Toan quyen Pdn Bd ky ngay 16-5-1906 dugc xem Id trudng dai hgc ddu tien eua Viet Nam (vd eiia ea khu vuc Ddng duong). Ddy la trudng dai hgc ddu tien cua Viet Nam theo md hinh hien dai ciia Phap (Md hinh chdu Au) vdi nhidu chuyen nganh dao tao ve khoa hgc co ban, khoa hpc ky thuat, khoa hpe xa hpi - nhan van, luat, y - dugc,...
Giai doan 1945 - 1954. Trong sdc lenh sd 146/SL ngay 10-8-1946, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh khang dinh: "xay dyng nen gido due mdi, nen giao due cdch mang vdi 3 nguyen tdc can ban dd la: Dai chiing - Dan tde - Khoa hgc". Ngay tir khi nude Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hod mdi ra ddi, ngay 22-9-1945 vdi tu tudng "Mdt dan tdc ddt Id mpt dan tdc ylu" vd ke thira nhihig gid tri tien bd chung cua nhan loai, Hd Chu tjch da de nghj vdi Hpi ddng Chinh phu cho md ciia lai cde trudng dai hgc hien cd (khdng
xda bd de xay mdi hoan todn). Le khai giang vao ngay 15-11-1945 tai Hdi trudng 19 Le Thdnh Tdng ciia Trudng Dai hoc Qude gia Viet Nam - Trudng dai hpc ddu ti§n cua nen gido due dai hgc each mang Viet Nam da danh ddu su md ddu eua mpt ky nguyen giao dye dai hge dan tpc, hien dai cua nude Viet Nam ddc lap.
Giai dogn 1956 - 1975. Ngdy 27-8- 1956, Nghj dinh ve he thdng gido due mdi h£ 10 nam da duge Thu tudng Chinh phu ky ban hdnh. Trong bac dai hpc hinh thanh h§ thdng cae trudng dai hpe va cao dang theo md hinh Lien Xd (cu) bao gdm cac trudng dai hgc tdng hgp, cdc trudng dai hpc chuyen nganh nhu Bach khoa, Y Dugc, Su pham, Ndng - Ldm,... O Mien Nam hinh thdnh he thdng gido due dai hpc theo md hinh MJ- vdi Vien Dai hpe Sai gdn (1955); Vien dai hge Hul (1957);
Vien Dai hge Can tho (1966) bao gdm nhieu ca sd dao tao dai hpe va eao dang va mdt sd Vien dai hpc cdng ddng d Nha Trang, My Tho, Da Ndng,...
Giai dogn 1975 - 1986. Sau khi giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhdt ddt nude, thang 11-1-1979, Bd chinh tri Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam da thdng qua Nghi quyet 14 ve vdn de cai cdch gido due, xdy dyng he thdng giao due qude dan mdi thdng nhat trong cd nude. Ndng phd thdng trung hpc 10 ndm len thdnh he 12 nam.
Thdil^ doi mdi (1986 din nay). V\Qo Nghi djnh 90/CP- 1992 quy dinh eo cdu khung he thdng giao due qude dan vdi chuyen ddi eo bdn eo edu trinh dp ddo tao d bde dai hpc. Theo quy djnh tai Chuong II Luat Gido due 1998 he thdng giao due qude ddn Vi?t Nam bao gdm 4 loai hinh gido dye
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BAI HQC VAN LANG So 11, Thang 9-2018 sau: 1) Giao due mdm non; 2) Giao due phd
thdng; 3) Giao due nghi nghiep; 4) Giao due dai hpc va sau dai hgc.
Trong thdi dai cupc cdch mang edng nghiep 4.0, nhin ehung gido due dai hpc eiia Viet Nam cd nhiing budc phat triln dang ke nhung vdn edn tri tre va eham tiln so vdi cac nude trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Do dd, dao tao dai hpc tgi Viet Nam edn cd nhirng djnh hudng thay ddi ban niia dl dap img nhu cdu cua thai dai [ 1 ].
4. CAC CUQC CACHMANGCONG NGHIEP Cupc each mang edng nghiep ddu tien (ddng CO nude ra ddi) tren the gidi dugc bdt dau d nude Anh vao eudi thi ky XVill dau the ky XIX, md dau vdi sy co gidi hda nganh det may.
Cugc cdch mang cdng nghiep thir hai (su ra ddi ciia ddng co dien) lai dugc khdi xudng tCr eudi the ky XIX. Mdt trong nhiing dae diem ddng luu y trong nen dai cdng nghiep la ddy chuyen sdn xudt hdng loat - ap dung nguyen ly qudn trj eua F.W.Taylor (de xudt nam 1909, umg dung vdo thye tien nam 1913 - hang Ford di tidn phong).
Cupc each mang cdng nghiep Idn thii ba (su ra ddi cua may tinh dien tu) dien ra vao nhung nam 1970 vdi su ra ddi ciia sdn xudt tu ddng dua vao may tinh, thiet bj dien tii va Internet, tao nen mdt the gidi ket ndi.
Nam 2013, mpt tu khda mdi la "Cdng nghiep 4.0" bdt dau ndi len xudt phat tir mpt bdo eao eiia chinh phii Dire de cap den cum tir nay nhdm ndi tdi ehien luge cdng nghe cao, dien todn hda nganh san xudt ma khdng cdn sy tham gia cua eon ngudi. Day duge gpi la cupe cdch mang sd, thdng qua cac cdng nghe nhu Internet van vat (loT), tri tue nhdn tao (AI), thue tl ao (VR), tuong
tdc thuc tai ao (AR), mang xa hdi, dien toan ddm may, di dpng, phdn tich dii' lieu Idn (SMAC),... de chuyen hda toan bd the gidi thye thdnh the gidi sd. Trong ITnh vuc Giao dye, cdng nghp thue te do se thay ddi cdch day va hgc. Sinh vien ed the deo kinh VR va cd cdm gide nhu dang ngdi trong lop nghe bai giang, hay nhap vai de ehiing kien nhung tran danh gia lap, ngam nhin di tich, mang lai earn xiic va sy ghi nhd sdu sac, giiip bai hpe thdm thia hon. Hoac khi dao tao nghe phi cdng, hpc vien deo kinh va thdy phia trude la cabin va hpe lai may bay nhu that de thuc hanh giup giam thieu riii ro trong qua trinh bay that. Trong tuong lai, sd lugng giao vien do cd the nhieu ban giao vien thuc rat nhieu [4].
5. CAC YEU CAU DAT RA CHO TRUOTVG DAI HOC TRONG THOI DAI CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 4.0
Cimg vdi su phat trien tu duy nhan loai, trong thdi dai each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 dat ra cae yeu edu cho trudng dai hgc vira Id cai ndi eua tu duy sang tao va ddi mdi, tu duy dgt phat, tu duy ehien luge vira la noi cung cap ngudn luc tu duy sang tao va ddi mdi, tu duy dot phat, tu duy chien luge. Lich sii phat trien ciia cdc trudng dai hpc the gidi va Viet Nam cho thdy ngodi viee trudng dai hpc trd thdnh trung tdm san xudt, phdt trien, truyen ba, ling dyng va dieh vu tri thiie, edng nghe eao, phat trien eae gid trj van hda - xa hdi va edng ddng thi trudng dai hpc trd thdnh ehd dua eho eanh tranh. Vi eanh tranh phai dya vdo tri thirc.
Mdt yeu cdu then ehdt cho cdc trudng dai hpe Viet Nam la cdn cd sy thang bdng trong cac ehinh saeh, thang bang la mpt trong nhiing yeu td giiip trudng phdt trien ben
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG M a n g Tan Hai
vung. Mudn tao ra thang bdng phdi lay eau true tam giac ddng luc lam gid do nhdm thidt kl cac chinh saeh quan tri, ehinh saeh thang bdng la ddng lye thiic ddy nang sudt lam viec.
Tam giae dpng luc la mdt tam giac deu cd ba dinh: traeh nhiem - quyin lgi - quyin han, trpng tam la nang lue chuyen mdn phii hgp vdi edng viee dugc giao. Nguyen tac lam ehinh saeh dua vao tam giae ddng lye nhu sau: Cd trpng tam la cdng viec duge giao cho can bd cd ndng luc chuyen mdn diing vdi edng viee, tir trgng tam nay chinh sach phai can sao cho trdch nhiem, quyen han va quyen lgi eiia ngudi dugc giao viec nam tren dinh tam giac deu (tiie la trdch nhiem, quyen han va quydn lgi phai bang nhau). Neu quyen Idn ban trach nhiem, ngudi nhan viec se lam quyen; neu trach nhiem Idn hon quyen hgn, ngudi nhdn viee se khdng dii quyen de hodn thdnh trdch nhiem; neu quyen lgi nhd ban trach nhiem, ngudi nhan viec se ddi phd de hoan thanh traeh nhiem, dan den nang suit edng viec thdp.
Trdch nhi4m
Song song vdi viec ehua ed tam giac ddng luc de lam chinh sdch nhdm phdt triln sy sang tao va thuc ddy nang sudt lam viee, dai hpc Viet Nam chua cd co edu hihi hieu phat hien nhanh nhiing sai pham va xir ly kip thdi nhiing sai phgm trong qua trinh van hanh bd may ddo tgo dai hge nen bd may ddo tao hoat ddng mdt cdch tri tre keo dai.
Dieu khdc biet giCra each mgng cdng nghiep 4.0 vdi ba cupe each mgng trude d6 Id each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 khdng gdn vdi sy ra ddi eua rapt edng nghe ndo eu thi ma la ket qud hdi ty ciia nhieu cdng ngh?
khac nhau, trong do trgng tdm Id cdng nghf nano, edng nghe sinh hpc vd edng ngh?
thdng tin - truyen thdng, lam md ranh gidi giiia vat ly, kj^ thuat sd vd sinh hpc. Nd se diln ra tren 3 ITnh vyc chinh gdm Cdng nghe sinh hgc, Ky thudt sd vd Vat ly.
Nhiing yeu td cdt loi ciia K$? thuat sd trong cdch mang edng nghiep 4.0 se la: Tri tue nhdn tao (AI), Vgn vat ket ndi - Internet of Things (loT) vd dii lieu Idn (Big Data).Vi the, chiing ta se dugc ehiing kien cdng cupc
"sd hda" the gidi thue thanh the gidi ao.
Nen dgt ra yeu cdu cdc trudng dgi hpe Vi$t Nam hudng ve gido due 4.0 la mdt md hinh gido due thdng minh, lien ket chu ylu giua eac yeu td nhd trudng - nhd qudn ly - nha doanh nghipp, tao didu kien cho viee ddi mdi, sang tao vd ndng sudt lao ddng trong xa hdi tri thire. Md hinh nay cung thiic day tinh thdn khdi nghiep ciia gidng vien, sinh vien; tgo dieu kipn cho hgp tdc giO:a giao due dgi hgc va san xudt cdng nghiep; gan kit ciing cac nd lue phdt triln kinh tl khu vuc va dja phuong,... Giao due 4.0giiip hoat ddng dgy va hpe diln ra mpi liic va mpi noi, giiip ngudi hpe cd thi ca nhan hda, hodn toan quylt djnh viee hpc tap theo nhu cdu ciia ban than.
Ben egnh dd, giao due thdi cdch mgng edng nghiep 4.0 se giiip thay ddi tu duy va each tilp can ve md hinh dai hge. Trudng dgi hge khdng chi la nai dao tao, nghien eiiu ma cdn la trung tdm ddi mdi sang tao, giai quyet cdc vdn de thyc tiln, mang gia tri
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC V A N LANG S6ll,Thang9-2018 eho xa hdi. Trudng khdng chi ddng khung
trong cdc biie tudng cua giang dudng, Idp hpe hay phdng thi nghiem, ma phai md rdng ket hgp vdi ede doanh nghiep, vdi thj trudng lao ddng de trd thanh mdt he sinh thai giao due [6].
Trung tam cua cupe each mgng edng nghiep lan thir tu la edng nghe thdng tin vd Internet ket ndi vgn vat, khdng chi giiip eon ngudi giao tiep vdi eon ngudi, ma cdn la con ngudi giao tiep vdi may, eon ngudi giao tiep vdi dd vat va dd vat giao tiep vdi nhau. Dieu nay ddi hdi trudng dgi hge phai dao tao ra ngudn nhdn luc chat lugng cao cd kha nang ling dyng nhiing tien bd khoa hpe edng nghe ciia cupc cdch mgng vdo thye tiln san sudt de cd the dap ung dugc yeu cau phdt trien dat ra. Giao dye thdi each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 hiia hen nhiing budc dot pha mdi trong boat dgng dao tgo, thay ddi muc tieu ddo tgo, md hinh dao tao truyen thdng bdng each chuyen tai va dao tao kien thiie hoan toan mdi. Cde Idp hpc truyen thdng vdi nhiing nhuge diem nhu:
chi phi td chiic cao, khdng gian phuc vu han chi, khdng thugn lgi cho mdt sd ddi tugng,... se duge thay the bang ede Idp hpc true tuyIn, Idp hpc do, thay vi nhiing phdng thi nghiem hay phdng md phdng truyen thdng, ngudi hpc ed the trdi nghiem hpe tap bdng khdng gian do, ed thi tuong tac trong dilu kien nhu that thdng qua eac phdn mIm vd he thdng mang. Dii lieu Idn se la ngudn dii lieu vd tan dl hpe tap trai nghiem ve phdn tich, nhgn dgng xu hudng hay dy bao kinh doanh d miic ehinh xac cao. Tai nguyen hpc tap sd trong dilu kien kit ndi khdng gian that va do se vd ciing phong phu, khdng gian thu vien khdng cdn la dja
diem ey the niia, ma thu vien ed the khai thae d mgi noi vdi mpt sd thao tde don gian. Chuong trinh hpc eiing duge thilt ke da dgng hon, cy the ban va dap irng tdt hon nhu cdu cua ngudi hge [5].
6. XAY OyNG CAC KHAI NIEM, DINH NGHiA M 6 I , DINH HINH SU"
PHAT TRIEN DAO TAO DAI HOC VIET NAM
De xdy dung mgt djnh nghia mdi nham djnh hinh eho su phdt trien nen dao tao Viet Nam, phdi ke thira cae khai niem cu la dai hpe khai phdng, dai hpc dat chuan, ket hgp vdi su hdi tu cdc tu duy eiing vdi cac yeu cdu dat ra cua ddo tao dai hpc trong each mgng edng nghiep 4.0, ldm co sd de lam ra cac djnh nghTa trudng dai hge dgt chudn chdt lugng vd trudng dgi hpc thdi each mgng cdng nghiep 4.0.
6.1. Khai nif m trudng dai hpc khai phdng Trudng dgi hpc khai phdng (Liberal Arts College) la loai hinh trudng dgi hpc nhdn manh den viec hge d bae dai hge trong cde nganh khai phdng va khoa hge.
Mdt sd trudng dai hpe khai phdng edn cd mdt sd chuong trinh sau dai hge cap bang thgc sT hay tiln sT trong cdc nganh nhu qudn trj kinh doanh, dilu dudng, y khoa, va luat.
Mdt CO sd giao due trong cae nganh khai phdng cd thi dugc djnh nghTa la "mdt trudng dgi hgc hay mdt chuong trinh hpc d vien dai hgc nhdm din viee truyin dat mdt vdn kiln thiic rdng va phat triln nhimg kha nang tri thiie, khdc vdi mdt chuong trinh hpe chuyen nghiep, dgy nghe, hay ky thuat". Cac trudng dai hge khai phdng bat ddu d chau Au, thudt ngii ndy dugc diing nhilu d Hoa Ky [9].
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG Mang Tan Hai 6.2. Khdi niem truong dai hoc dat chuan
6.2.1. Khdi niem trudng dgi hoc dgt chudn trong nude
La dai hpc dgt bd tieu chuan bao gdm nhirng tieu ehi vd mirc tdi thieu phai dgt dugc lam can cu de cac co quan chiie nang danh gia, cdng nhdn ca sd giao due dgi hpc dgt ehudn qude gia va xdy dyng chinh sach phii hgp ddi vdi cac co sd giao due dgi hpc dgt chudn qude gia (Bao gdm 8 Tieu ehudn, 35 Tieu chi) [7].
6.2.2. Khdi niem trudng dgi hgc dgt chuan quoc te
La dai hgc dat cdc chudn do eae td chire qude te dat ra, chdng hgn Bd tieu chudn ISO 9000, 14000, bd tieu chudn CDIO, bd tieu chudn ABET, dac bidt phdn Idn eac trudng dgi hpc Viet Nam dang hudng den bd tieu ehudn AUN-QA (15 tieu chuan) [8].
6.3. Dinh nghTa trudng dai hoc dat chat lugng dao tgo
De dinh nghTa trudng dai hpc dgt chat lugng dao tao, chiing ta xdy dyng khai niem trudng dgi hgc dat ehdt lugng vi md (Miero-Quality) va khai niem trudng dgi hgc dgt chat lugng vT md (Macro-Quality).
6.3.1. Khdi niem trudng dgi hgc dgt chdt luffng vi md (Micro-Quality)
Trudng dai hge dat ehdt lugng vi md la trudng dgi hpc dgt chudn, ed cdu tnic tam giac ddng lue trong he thdng quan trj, cd co cdu phdt hien nhanh chdng va xu ly kip thdi nhung sai trai, lam hai long ngudi hpc va lam hai long ngudi sii dyng lao ddng khi sir dung nhiing lao ddng do trudng dao tgo.
6.3.2. Khdi niem trudng dgi hgc dgt chdt luang vimo (Macro-Quality)
La trudng dai hpe dat chudn vd trd thdnh ehd dya cho nhieu doanh nghiep trong canh tranh vd doanh nghiep hai long vi sy phdt trien eua minh khi dya vao trudng dgi hge.
6.3.3. Dinh nghia trudng dgi hoc ^t chdt lugng La trudng dai hpc dgt ehudn, dat ehSt lugng vi md (Micro-Quality) va chdt lugng vTmd (Macro-Quality).
6.4. Djnh nghia tru-dtig dai hgc thdi cdch m^ng cong nghi§p 4.0
La trudng dgi hgc dgt chudn, dat ehdt lugng, cd eo cau td ehiic de thdu hiSu cac ddng thdi eiia nen kinh te, ehinh tri - xa hoi (Insight) va tien kien duge tuong lai (Foresight) nham di trude su phdt trien va djnh hinh su phat trien kinh te xd hdi.
7. KET LUAN
Sy phat trien eua tu duy con ngudi n6i chung va tu duy quan trj ndi rieng lam cho cae cdng nghe mdi ra ddi (tao ra cac cupc each mgng edng nghiep 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0).
Sy hdi ty eae tu duy va eiia eae edng ngh£
lam ndn each mgng cdng nghiep 4.0 da dat ra mdt sd yeu cau eho trudng dai hpc la sdng tao, ddi mdi, khdi nghiep, thau hieu hien tai va tien kien dugc tuong lai. Tren CO sd kl thira khai niem dgi hge khai phdng vd dai hgc dat ehudn bdi bdo tap trung xdy dung khai niem trudng dai hpe dat chat lugng vi md, trudng dai hgc dat chat lugng vT md tir dd ldm eg sd xdy dyng dinh nghTa trudng dgi hgc dgt ehdt lugng, djnh nghia trudng dgi hpe thdi each mang edng nghiSp 4.0. Tren co sd cdc khdi niem vd cae dinh nghTa nay, ehiing ta nhdn thdy he thdng dgi hgc ciia Viet Nam da va dang hudng den dgi hpc dat ehudn ciia Bd Gido dye va Dao tao, dgt chudn Qude tl trong dd phan Idn
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG S6 11, Thang 9-2018 hudng den dat ehudn qude te AUN - QA. nhung nhd nghien ciiu tiep theo. Hdi nhgp De he thdng dgi hge Viet Nam dgt ehat quoc tl la egnh tranh khde lipt ve kinh te.
lugng lam siic bdt hudng din trudng dgi Canh tranh ldm cho tu duy con ngudi phat hpe thdi ky each mgng edng nghiep 4.0 la triln vd tich tu tgo ra cac khai niem mdi, mdt nd luc ben bi eiia nen giao due nude djnh nghTa mdi lam cho thi gidi thay ddi vii nha ndi rieng va ciia todn xa hdi ndi ehung. bao, cho ra ddi eua cae cupe each mgng Viec xdy dung he thdng tieu ehuan vd tieu eang vl sau ed thdi gian cang ngdn ban.
chi de do ludng trudng dai hpe dgt ehudn vi Trudng dai hpe Viet Nam diing trudc thdch md, trudng dgi hpc dgt chudn vT md, trudng thiie thay ddi hay la khdng ton tgi.
dgi hpe dgt chuan chat lugng,... ddnh cho TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Trdn Khdnh Dire (2013), Gido trinh Gido due dgi hpc Viet Nam vd The gidi.
[2] Mang Tdn Hdi (2015), Vai trd gido due dgi hpc vd dao tgo dgi hgc ddi vdi doanh nghiep Viet Nam trong cpng dong kinh te ASEAN, Ky ydu hdi thdo khoa hpc tai Dai hpc Kinh te tdi chinh.
[3] Mang Tdn Hdi (2017), Canh tranh diing muc la don bdy phdt trien kinh te Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh xdng tdm vdi tiem ndng the mgnh, Ky yeu Hdi thao khoa hpe edp thanh phd.
[4] Tdm luge Ljeh sir phdt trien Gido due vd ddo tgo Viet Nam, https://www.moet. go v.vn/gioi-thieu/lieh-su-phat-trien/Pages/default.aspx?ItemID=4089.
[5] Lich sir cdc cupc cdch mgng cdng nghiep, http://chungta.vn/tin-tuc/cong-nghe/lich-su- cac-cuoc-eaeh-mang-cong-nghiep-57869.html.
[6] Cdch mgng cong nghiep 4.0 vdi gido due dgi hgc ndi chung vd Dgi hpc Bd Ria - Vung Tdu ndi rieng, http://bvu.edu.vn/bvu/-/asset_publisher/lSS24BzdXWeD/content/cach- mang-cong-nghiep-4-O-voi-giao-duc-ai-hoc-noi-ehung-va-ai-hoc-ba-ria-vung-tau-noi-rieng.
[7] Thdng tu sd 24/2015/TT-BGDDT vl quy djnh ehudn qude gia ddi vdi co sd gido due dai hpe.
[8] Tieu chudn AUNl, http://dbcl.hueuni.edu.vn/vi/news/bo-tieu-chuan-danh-gia-ehuong- trinh-aun-qa-tieng-viet.html.
[9] Trudng dai hge khai phdng, https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%El%BB%
9Dng_%C4%91 %E 1 %B A%A 1 i_h%E 1 %BB%8De_.khai_ph%C3%B3ng.
Ngay nhdn bai: 07-5-2018. Ngay bien tap xong: 06-6-2018. Duyet ddng: 24-9-2018
