KINH DOANH
GIAI PHAP MUA SAM CONG XANH NHAM THUC DAY C H u 5 l CUNG ifNG XANH
• HOANG TH! KIM KHANH - TONG VAN TUYEN - DANG NGOC THU
TOM TAT:
Trong dieu kidn todn cau hda hien nay, chudi cung ffng xanh (Green Supply Chain) va quan
\f chudi cung ffng xanh (Green Supple Chain Management) dffdc coi Id mdt cd che' trffc tid'p vd hieu qud d^ giai quye't cac vd'n d^ vi mdi trffdng trong chudi gia tri todn ciu. Bang each sff dung sffc mua va hanh vi tidu dung cua Chinh phu, cac doanh nghiep ldn va cua cdng dong, qudn 1^ chudi cung ffng xanh Id cd che' thi trffdng nham giam thai d nhiem vd tang hidu qua sff dung nang Iffdng cung nhff tdi nguyen thien nhien. Khi kd't hdp vdi nhffng che tdi phap luat cua qud'c gia, khu v\ic cang nhff toan cau, nd cd thi ddn tdi sff chuyen dich cac ngdnh sang hifdng xanh.
Bdi vid't nay phan tich kinh nghidm qud'c td' vd bai hoc cho Viet Nam vB giai phdp mua sam cdng xanh, nham thuc d^y chudi cung ffng xanh.
Tuf khda: GPP, bao ve mdi trffdng, chudi cung ffng xanh, mua sam cdng.
1. Kinh nghidm qud'c t^'
Mua sam cdng xanh Id mot ye'u to' quan trong de thuc day chudi cung ffng xanh. Trong hd thd'ng thi trffdng tff do hien nay, bdn cau cd sffc anh htfdng ddng k^ dd'n ci.c su" Iffa chpn cua ben cung.
Ne'u ben mua quan tam nhieu de'n nhffng sdn pham xanh, thi ben cung ffng se phai dan tif thay doi minh theo hffdng xanh hda san pham neu khdng mudn ma't di thi phan. Do dd, mua sam xanh Id mdt cong cu dinh hffdng thi trffdng hffu hieu de phat trien nhffng san pham vd dich vu than thien vdi mdi trtfdng, tff dd tffng bffdc xanh hda chudi cung ffng. Chinh vi the', trong hau he't cdc chie'n Iffdc xanh hda chudi cung ffng cua cdc quoc gia hoac khu vffc deu de cao vai trd cua mua sam cdng xanh. Muc dich quan trong nha't cua mua sam cdng xanh (Green Public Procurement - GPP) la khuyen khich cdc t^ng ldp lanh dao mua sam nhffng hang hoa, dich vu va thffc hidn nhffng hoat ddng it gdy anh hffdng xau tdi mdi trffdng.
Tren the* gidi hien nay, hoat ddng mua sam cdng xanh dang ngay cdng tid nen phd bie'n hdn vdi sff ddng thuan khdng chi cua nhffng nffdc phat tri^n -nhffMy, Nhdt Ban hay Lien minh chau Au,
ma cdn ca nhffng nffdc dang phat triln nhff Trung Qud'c, Nam Phi, Thdi Lan,.. Mac du muc tidu cud'i cung cua GPP Id hffdng tdi phat trie'n ben vffng nhffng vide dp dung GPP cho cac qud'c gia, vung lanh did khac nhau la tffdng ddi khac nhau. Nghien cffu nay se xem xet kinh nghiem cua My - diin hinh thdnh cdng cua chudi cung ffng xanh, ke't hdp vdi di vao trffdng hop mua sam cdng xanh cua Trung Qud'c - rodt nffdc phat trid'n dffdng nhff qua ndng va cd nhffng tac ddng xau dd'n mdi trffdng, 6i rut ra bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Vidt Nam.
1.1. My
Chinh phu My da ban hdnh nhffng dieu luSt va quy dinh hffdng ddn phat triln cac chudi cung ffng xanh. Cac dilu ludt va quy dinh nay tdp ttijng din kiem soat d nhilm, kilm sodt giao didng, bdo quan thyc pham va bao vd sffc khde ngffdi tidu dung. Tff dd nhffng he thdng giam sat tu'dng ffng cung difdc thie't ldp:
Dd'y manh nhffng ffu dai ve thi trffdng de dinh hffdng hdnh vi den bao ve mdi trffdng cua cdc doanh nghiep: Cu thi, dd la nhffng ifu dai vl thue nham tdc ddng den nhffng quyd't dinh lien quan den tai chinh cua cac cdng ty, nham tang cffdng hieu
So 5 - T h a n g 3/2020 245
TAP CHi CONG MtiniG
qua sff dung nhffng ngudn nang Iffdng cd sSn va dp dung nhffng nguon nang lifdng cd thi tai tao dffdc.
Nhffng cdng ty di ddu trong viec sff dung nang Iffdng tdi tao nam trong chudi cung ffng se dffdc chinh phu My trd ca'p.
Khuye'n khich cac doanh nghiep thffc hien bdo cao tac dpng mdi trffdng lidn quan tdi chudi cung ffng. Cac dieu luat, quy dinh yeu cau va khuye'n khich cdc doanh nghidp thffc hien bdo cdo tdc ddng mdi trffdng lien quan tdi chudi cung ffng. Vi du, yeu cau ve Bdo cao cha't ddc phdt thai (The Tox- ics Release Inventory) quy dinh cdc cdng ty phai thu'c hien bao cao lu'dng cha't ddc hda hoc md ho thai ra trong qua trinh hoat ddng.
Ngoai ra, chinh phu My cung thffc hidn hd thdng bao cao ve thdng tin mdi trffdng. Tat ca cac cdng ty tai My deu phai bdo cdo chi tilt cdc va'n de ve tdi chinh va qudn tri cdng ty theo nhffng bieu mau chua'n vd dffdc cdng bd' thdng qua Uy ban Chffng khoan.
Day manh thffc hien nhffng chffdng trinh tff nguyen nhdm giam tac ddng mdi tru'dng cua chudi cung ffng: Chinh phu My khuye'n khich cdc doanh nghiep thffc hidn nhffng chffdng trinh tff nguyen nham giam tdc ddng mdi trffdng cua chudi cung ffng. Chinh phu tai trd cho cac chffdng trinh tinh nguyen de khuye'n khich cdc doanh nghiep tham gia vao chudi gid tri xanh va hu'dng cac doanh nghiep tdi cac hoat ddng mang tinh chd't ben vffng.
Cac chffdng trinh nay khdng chi cd tinh hffdng dan ma cdn Id ndi cdc cdng ty chia sd nhffng kinh nghiem hoat dpng nham mang lai ldi nhudn. Vt du nhff chffdng trinh SmartWay, dffdc khdi diem vao nam 2004, Id mdt chffdng trinh hdp tac giffa Chinh phu va cdc ngdnh cung cd'p hdu can cho cac cdng ty vdi chie'n lffde giam nhien heu sff dung bdng cdc bien phap hidu qud.
Thuc day mua sam cdng xanh: Chinh phu My da hoan thien he thd'ng mua sam xanh cd vai trd khuye'n khich sff phdt tnen lanh manh cua chudi cung ffng. He thd'ng nay tuan theo nhffng dao ludt Bang va bidn phdp hanh chinh cua Tong thd'ng de thuc day mua sam xanh. Nhffng dao luat va bien phap hdnh chinh bao gom: Quye't djnh hanh phap so' 12873 Mua sa'm cua bang, tai che' va phdng chd'ng cha't thai, Quyd't dinh sd' 13101 Xanh hda Chinh phu thdng qua phdng chd'ng cha't thai, tai che' va mua sam cua Bang, Quye't dinh so' 13148 vl xanh hda Chinh phu thdng qua lanh dao tiong qudn ly mdi trffdng.
Than trpng thie't lap md'i quan he dd'i tdc ddi ben ciing cd ldi. Cac doanh nghiep hang dau cua My ra't quan tdm de'n vd'n de thie't ISp quan he dd'i tac vdi cac nhd cung ca'p cd chii y de'n vd'n de mdi trffdng trong qua trinh cung ffng. Cac nhd cung ffng cud'i ciJng dffdc chpn lffa difa tren sff tuan thu ludt phap va quy dinh cung nhff thdng qua nhffng phan tich rd't ky Iffdng khac. Va khi da trd thdnh dd'i tdc, cdc doanh nghiep hang dau se tie'n hdnh hffdng ddn, hd trd va giijp dd cac nhd cung ffng nay. Vi du nhff nhffng hdi thdo ve mdi trffdng va viec cung cap nhffng khda tap hua'n ve mdi trffdng thffdng diCdc to' chffc vdi cac nhd cung ffng.
1.2. Trung Qudc
Trung Qud'c nam trong nhdm cac qud'c gia cd tdc dp tang trffdng GDP cao nhd't the'gidi va da cd nhffng bffdc tie'n d'n tu'dng ve mat kmh te de trd thanh mdt trong nhffng qud'c gia cd tam anh hffdng hang dau. Tuy nhien, dffdng nhff gid phai tra cua ket qua dd d Trung Qud'c chinh la mdi trffdng. De khdc phuc flnh trang nay, Trung Qud'c da lifti tam den phat triln theo hifdng bin vffng vd GPP Id mdt trong nhffng cdng cu dffdc Chinh phii Trung Qud'c lffa chpn.
Mua sam cua Chinh phu Id mdt phan quan trpng trong he thd'ng quan ly tai chinh cdng ciia Trung Qud'c. Ludt vl mua sam cua Chinh phu dffdc thdng qua nam 2002 va cd hieu Iffc vdo nam 2003. Ciing vdi dd la Luat Thiic da'y san xua't sach cua Trung Qudc. Sff ra ddi cua nhffng van bdn phdp quy ndy da thiic day manh me qua trinh mua sam cdng tai ddy. Tuy nhien, dilu luat nay chffa quy djnh cu the va'n de bao ve mdi trffdng, md chi dffng d mffc thdng bao rdng cac hoat ddng mua sam cdng can hifdng tdi cdc san pham than thien vdi mdi trffdng.
Do do, Bd Tdi chinh (MoF) va Uy ban Cai each vd Phat trien Qud'c gia (NDRC) da thffc hidn nhffng bffdc tie'p theo de thuc dd'y GPP. Cu the, nam 2004, hai cd quan tren da ra quy dmh yeu cau cac cd quan chinh phu phai ffu tien nhffng san pham tiet kiem ndng Iffdng trong danh muc mua sam. Vd den nam 2005, da yeu cau cac cd quan chinh phii (cap qud'c gia, cd'p tinh va ca'p cd sd) dp dung GPP.
Cung trong nam 2005, MoF vd NDRC cdng bo' danh sdch chi tie't ciia cdc sdn pha'm tie't kiem moi trffdng ma cac cd quan chinh phii cd the' mua sam bao gom khoang 1.000 san pham dUdc chia thanh 5 nhdm: hd thd'ng TV, tii lanh, dieu hda, den huynh quang vd nhffng san pham tieu td'n nang hfdng khdc (Geng va Dobersteintrich, 2008 ddn tff
246 So 5-Thang 3/2020
KINH DOANH
Ma, 2006). Lffu y rang, danh sach mua sam xanh cua Trung Qud'c bao gom hai phan: danh sach cac san phd'm cd dan mac mdi trffdng va danh sach cac sdn pha'm tiet kiem nhien lieu. Tuy nhien, danh sach nay da tie'p tiic dffdc cap nhdt them 3 lan vdo cdc nam 2006, 2007, 2009. Cho de'n het nam 2009, danh sach cac san phim xanh da tang len thanh 30 nhdm. Them vao dd, mot loat nhffng van ban phap quy hen quan de'n vd'n de xanh cung dffdc ban hanh nhff: Thdng bdo ve hoat ddng tie't kiem tdi nguyen cua Hdi dong Van phdng Nha nffdc; Quan diem ve ap dung mua sam cua Chinh phu dd'i vdi nhffng san pham tie't kiem nang Iffdng;
Quye't dinh ve thffc hien phat tnen khoa hpc thdng qua ddy manh bdo ve mdi trffdng 2005; vd Quan dilm ve thffc hidn mua sam cua Chinh phu dd'i vdi san pham cd nhan mdi trffdng 2006. Trong giai doan gan ddy, Trung Qudc dang thffc hien nhffng bffdc di nham dap ffng yeu cau cua WTO la Thda lhu$n ve mua sdm cua Chinh phu bang each tie'p tuc thdng qua cac dilu ludt khuye'n khich GPP, nhff: Ke hoach 5 nam Ian thff 11 ve Bdo ve mdi trifdng qud'c gia, Ke' hoach Tie't kiem nhien lieu va gidm thai cha't ddc vd Luat Tid't kiem nang Iffdng; Thdng tff vl Thuc dd'y kinh te' vd Quy dinh tilt kidm nang Iffdng cua cac to chffc (2008)...
(Qiao va Wang, tr. 1037, 2011).
Vl md hinh dp dung GPP, Trung Qudc dp dung hai md hinh: md hinh canh tranh vd md hinh hdp lac. Md hinh canh tranh ve cd bdn eho phep cac cd quan khi tie'n hanh mua sam cdng dffdc so sanh gid ca ciia cac nha cung ffng va dffdc tff do lffa chpn cung nhu; tilt kidm chi phi. Phffdng phap nay han chl viec thdng dong trong mua ban khi cd stf canh tranh ciia nhieu ben. Dong thdi, phifdng phap nay cijng tang tinh minh bach va dam bdo sff cung ffng hang hda vd dich vu tdt hdn. Ngffdc lai, md hinh hdp tac Id dffa vao md'i quan he hdp tdc dai han giffa bdn cung ffng vd cac cd quan chinh phu. Vdi md hinh nay thi ca ben cung ffng cung nhffcdc Cd quan chinh phu deu nam rd nhffng yeu cau cua nhau trong qua tiinh giao dich. Md hinh nay se tie't kidm dffdc thdi gian tim kie'm nhd cung ffng va cd the vdn hanh mdt cdch hnh hoat hdn so vdi md hinh canh tranh. Dii vdy, ca hai md hinh deu hffdng tdi vi6c giai quyet tfnh hidu qua kinh te'bang each giam thieu chi phi.
Trdn thffc te', GPP tai Trung Qud'c mdi chi dang d giai doan ban dau va dffdc thffc hien d mot vai thdnh phd', nhff: Quang Chdu, Bac Kinh, Thidn Tdn,
Tham Quye'n, Thanh Dao,.. Trong dd, Thanh Dao la thanh phd' dau tien ban hdnh danh sach mua sdm xanh va chinh thffc dp dung GPP tai Trung Qud'c.
Mac du GPP d Trung Qud'c la tffdng dd'i hffa hen nhffng vdn tdn tai nhffng rao can nhd't dinh, nhff:
Nhan thffc ve tam quan ti-png ciia GPP chffa dffdc phd' bie'n rdng rai, Chinh phii mdi chi burdc dau quan tam de'n mua sam cdng xanh cung nhff viec dau tff cdng nghe cdn tha'p. Dieu nay ddn de'n viec san pha'm xanh rd't khd gia nhap thi tnfdng.
Chffa cd cd quan chuyen trdch ve GPP vd thie'u sff lien ke't giffa cac cd quan dang chiu trdch nhiem vl vd'n de nay.
Khai niem vl san phd'm xanh chffa nhd't quan, cdc tieu chud'n ddnh gid san pham xanh cdn lap Id, danh sdch cac san ph^m xanh vi pham nguyen tdc canh tranh md va cdng bang.
Thid'u cac nguon Iffc can thie't cho GPP, nhff:
khdng cd cdc chuyen gia ve ITnh vffc, ngudn Iffc tai chinh chifa day du; he thd'ng ha tang thdng tin cho GPP con lac hdu.
Trung Qud'c cd the difdc coi Id mdt nffdc di sau trong ITnh vffc GPP vd ho van cdn nhilu khoang trd'ng d l cd thi phdt tnen ITnh vffc ndy. Trung Qud'c da bffdc dau thie't lap khung phdp ly ve GPP nhutig van cdn nhieu va'n de phdi gidi quyd't de cd the dp dung vao thffc te'.
II. Bai hpc cho Vi$t Nam
Thdng qua nghien cffu kinh nghiem thffc hidn GPP cua mdt sd qudc gia tren the' gidi, tac gia nit ra mdt vai diem can lim y cho sff phat trie'n GPP cua Viet Nam. Dd la:
cdn ndng cao nhan thffc cua xa hdi ndi chung va nhdn thffc cua dpi ngu cdn bd khu vffc cdng ndi rieng v l tam quan trpng cua GPP cung nhff can thay doi quan niem cu ve san pham xanh. Chi phi ban dau cho san pham xanh cd thi cao hdn dd'i vdi nhffng sdn phd'm cd cung chffc nang khdc, nhffng ldi ich ve lau ddi ciia nd cd the se ldn hdn ra't nhieu.
Can cd nhffng quy djnh rd rang vd cu the trong viec mua sam chinh phu theo hffdng xanh hda.
Quy dinh theo hffdng "xanh" va bao dam tie't kiem tai nguyen, bao ve mdi tru'dng ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep thffc hien cung cap hang hda va dich vu.
Sff dung cdc cdng cu thi tnfdng lam ddn bd'y, ke't hdp vdi sff dung vai trd cua Nha nffdc. Trong dd, vai trd ciia thi trffdng la tao ddn bay ddng Iffc, cdn vai trd ciia Nha nifdc Id ban hanh cdc quy dinh
So 5-Thang 3/2020 247
TAP CHi CONG THKKNG
hffdng din mua sam nhffng san pham tiian thien cdng nghd de cd the' dp dung nhffng san phd'm vdi mdi trifdng. xanh mdt each td't nha't.
Tien hanh nhffng khda dao tao ndng cao ky Than trpng thie't lap mo'i quan he dd'i tdc ddi ndng cho cdc can bd chuyen trdeh v l danh gia ben cung cd ldi giffa Chinh phu, giffa cac doanh san phd'm xanh vd cd t h i sff dung nhffng san nghiep ldn cd tinh quyd't dinh va cac doanh phd'm do. Ngodi ra, cdn nang cao ndng Iffc ve nghiep nhd •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. http://www2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventoiy-lri-program.
2. http://www.epa.gov/smartwaylogistics
3. DS lieu nam 2009 trong dieu tra ve tdng trudng hang nam ciia Lien minh Chdu Au 2012 (Renda va cong sU..
2012)
4 Chuang trinh Ecomark. dieu hanh bdi Lien hiip Moi trudng Nhat Ban. dUOc quan ly theo lieu chudn hUdng ddn ISO va duoc mqt ben thd ba cong nhdn co sdc thuye't phuc trong chuctng trinh nhan sinh thai. Thong tin them ve chUtfng trinh nay d dia chi www.ecomark.jp.
Ngay nh^n bai: 11/2/2020
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chCia: 21/2/2020 Ngay chS'p nhan dang bai: 2/3/2020
Thong tin tdc gia:
ThS. HOANG THI KIM KHANH - TS. TONG VAN TUYEN - TS. DANG NGQC T H U Trifdng Cao dSng Kinh td'- Tai chinh Thai Nguydn
GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTE GREEN SUPPLY CHAINS
• Master. HOANG THI KIM KHANH
• Ph.D TONG VAN TUYEN
• Ph.D DANG NGOC THU Thai Nguyen College of Economics a n d Finance ABSTRACT:
In the context of current globalization, green supply chain and green supple chain management are considered a direct and effective mechanism to address environmental issues of global value chains. By using the purchasing power and consumption behavior of governments, large enterprises and communities, the green supply cham management is a market mechanism to reduce pollution, and uicrea.se energy and natural resources efficiency. When combining with national, regional as well as global legal sanctions, it can help industries transfomi into green industiies. This article analyzes international experiences and lessons for Vietnam on green public procurement solutions to promote green supply chains.
Keywords: GPP, environmental protection, green supply chains, public procurement.
2 4 8 S d S - T h a n g 3/2020
