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GIAI PHAP DE VIET NAM KHONG ROI VAO BAY THU N H ^ TRUNG BINH THAP
Vd Thi Cam Hieu Tru&ng Bgi hpc Hd Tmh Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi (received): 10/10/2018
Ngdy nham bdn sua (revised): 10/12/2018 Ngdy nhgn ddng (accepted): 25/11/2018
Tomtit
Bai vi6t trinh bay tdng quan ve bay tbu nhap trung binh thSp va chi ra cac dSu hieu bay thu nhap trung binh thap ciia Viet Nam bao gdm: tang tmdng GDP cham, nang suat lao ddng thSp, chuyen dich ca cau mang tinh binh thiic, khdng cd d u hieu cai thien ttong bang xep hang toan can va gap nhieu vkn de do tang trudng gay ra. D I khong roi vao bay thu nhap trung binh thap va tiep tyc phat trien thanh qudc gia cd thu nhap cao ttong tuong lai Viet Nam can thyc hien mdt sd giai pbap nham chuyen ddi tu md hinh tang trudng sd lugng sang tang trudng chat lugng thdng qua nang cao nang suat, chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc; hgp tac chuyen giao cdng nghe; hoan thien chinh sach va nang lyc thyc tbi pbap luat.
Til khoa: Bay thu nhap trung binh thap. Tang trudng kinh te, Viet Nam.
The solutions for Viet Nam to avoid the low - middle income trap Abstract
The article presents an overview of the low middle income trap and indicators of low middle income trap in Viemam, including: slow GBP growth, low labor productivity, structural shift, there are no signs of improvement in the global rankings and many problems caused by growth. In order not to fall into the middle income trap and continue to develop into a high income country in the future, Vietnam needs to implement a number of measures to shift from quantitative growth to quality growth, improving productivity and quality of human resources; cooperation in technology transfer; Improve policy and enforcement capacity.
Keywords: Low middle income trap, economic growth, Viet Nam.
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l.Satv^nde
Tit nam 2008, Viet Nam da ra khoi tinh trang kem phat triSn khi thu nhap binh quan diu nguoi dat 1.000 USD/nam, day la diu m6c cho thiy Viet Nam da vao nhom nuac dang phat triln co miic thu nhap trung binh thip. Miy nam gin day, nin kinh te Viet Nam da chuySn biln tich cue khi tang truemg kinh tl din phuc h6i, kinh tl vi mo In dinh, mem tai cua nha diu hi dugc cung c6. Tuy nhien, da phuc hdi tang truong chua thuc s\r nhanh va ben vung; tang truang chii yiu dua vao tai nguyen, gia cong, lip tap. Vi vay, nguy co rai vao bay thu nhap trung binh (thip) la rit cao. Do do, nghien ciiu thuc trang va de xuat mot vai giai phap de Viet Nam khong roi vao bay thu nhap trung binh thap la can thiet.
2. Nhtmg van de vl bay thu nh^p tmng binh thap
Hien nay, cac tl chuc quic tl phan loai cac nuac theo each thiic khac nhau dua tren cac tieu chi, trong do co tieu chi thu nhap binh quan diu nguai (TNBQDN). Ngan hang Thi gioi (WB) phan chia cac qudc gia thanh bin nhom: thu nhap thip, thu nhap trung bmh thip, thu nhap trung binh cao, thu nhap cao. Tuy nhien, pham vi nay chi co tinh chat tuong doi va CO thi thay dii tuy thupc vao viec hang nam, WB se dieu chinh lai each phan loai cac nen kinh te theo miic thu nhap binh quan diu nguoi. Viet Nam thupc nhom cac quoc gia thu nhap trung bmh thip (TNTBTT) kl tit nam 2008.
Bang 1: GNI binh quan dau ngirM ciia Vi^t Nam va khoang thu nh^p tmng hinh thip theo phan loai cua Worldbanit
Nam 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
TNBQBN cua Vict Nam (USD/ngu*i)
760 850 1000 1120 1270 1390 1560 1740 1890 1980 2090 2230
TNBQBN cua cac nu*c co TNTBT (USD/ngiroi)
936 - 3705 936 - 3705 976 - 3855 996 - 3945 1006-3975 1026 - 4035 1036-4085 1045 - 4125 1026-4035 1026-4035 1006-3955 1006 - 3955
NguSn: Ngdn hang thi gidi, do ludng theo phucmg phdp WB Atlas
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Nhung ciing tu nam 2008 din 2012, kmh tl ViSt Nam lien tuc rai vao tmh trang tang trudng bit In, lam phat rit cao... Tu nam 2013 din nay nin kinh te Viet Nam co nhiing buac phat hiln dang ghi nhan. Tuy nhien, chit lupng tang trudng kinh tl trong giai dosm nay chua dupc cai thien nhilu, din din hieu qua thip, tang trudng kinh tl phat triln thieu ben vung, nhieu van de xa hpi, moi trudng chua dupc giai quyet hieu qua. Dd la nhiing diu hieu cila bay TNTB.
Theo Indeimit Gill, chuySn gia kinh tl trudng cua WB, cd thi hilu: Biy thu nhap tnmg binh la khai niem chi tinh trang mot qudc gia thoat ngheo, gia nh^p vao nhdm nudc CO thu nhap Irung binh nhung mat nhieu th^p ky vin khdng trd thanh qudc gia phat triln va dat cac tieu chi khac vl phat triln cdng ngh?, kinh tl - xa hpi, kha ntog vien trp cho nudc ngoai... Noi mot each khac ngin gpn: Biy thu nhap trung bmh la tinh trang bit luc, khdng thoat ra khdi md hinh kinh te dua tren lao ddng re va phuang phap san xuit cdng nghe thip.
Tir dd, ta co the hieu bay TNTBT la la khai niem chi tinh trang mpt qudc gia thoat ngheo, gia nhap vao nhdm nudc cd TNTBT nhtmg mit nhilu thap ky vln bi mic ket tai miic TNTBT dupc quyet dinh bdi ngudn luc nhit dinh voi lpi thi ban diu va khdng thi vupt qua miic thu nhap dd.
3. Nen kinh te Viet Nam voi nhvng dan Ueu ciia bay TNTBT
Trong bai viet nay, tac gia se chi ra nam dau hieu ciia bay TNTBT bao gdm: toe dp tang trudng kinh te cd xu hudng cham lai, nang suit Iao dpng van d miic thip, chuyen dich ca can kinh te cdn mang tinh hinh thiic, cac chi sd xep h ^ g toan cau ciia qudc gia chira dupe cai thien, nay sinh nhieu van de do tang trudng gay ra.
3.1. Tdng tnedmg GDP co ddu hieu chgm lgi
Biin d^ 1: Toe dg tang GDP tii' 2006-2017 9 , 0 0 %
8 , 0 0 % 7 , 0 0 % 6 , 0 0 % 5 , 0 0 % 4 , 0 0 % 3 , 0 0 % 2 , 0 0 %
i,oo%
Ngudn: Tong ctic Thdng ke Tdc dp tang tang trudng GDP Viet Nam da bi cham lai sau khi ra khdi nhdm nudc thu nhap thip. Toe dp tang tnidng 8,23% tu nam 2006 da tut xudng cdn 5,32% vao nam
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2009 va duy tii muc thip nay cho d6n nay (nam 2013, tang tnrdng GDP chi dat 5,4%).
Trong kbi dd, tang trudng cac nudc ASEAN - 5 dkn kbdi sac ban kk tit giai doan cudi 2009, sau khung boang kinh ta toan ciu. Tinh toan tu sd beu thdng ke, tdc dp tang GDP tiimg binh tu 2006-2010 la 6,3%, tu 2011-2017 la 6,1%, tii5p hon 1,4 % so vdi kk hoach.
Trong cac nudc ASEAN, Viet Nam vln thudc nhdm 4 qudc gia (Campuchia, Lao, Mianmar va Viet Nam) co miic thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi thap nhit. Chenh l?ch vS mdc GDP bmh quan diu ngudi tinh bing USD tiieo ty gia siic mua tuong duong giiia Viet Nam vdi mot sd nudc tir nam 2005 dSn du bao nam 2017 cua Quy Ti§n te qudc tk (IMF) tang Ien (Malaysia tang tii 12.860 len 21.717 USD, Thai Lan tang tii 6.603 len 10.836 USD, Indonesia tang tit 1.263 len 5.527 USD..., ti-ong khi Viet Nam tang tu 3.103 len 6.895 USD), tiic la Viet Nam da tut hau xa hon. Trong khi dd, nhung nudc nay chua thoat khoi nhdm nudc tbu nhap trung binh, cang canh bao Viet Nam \k nguy ca sap bay TNTBT.
Hon niia, Viet Nam tiiudc nhom nudc chau A cd lihh vuc cong nghiep ddng gop Idn nhSt vao GDP, nhung ddng gdp Idn nhat ve viec lam lai d ITnh vuc ndng nghiep. Neu tiep tuc xuat khau tai nguyen, san phim dudi dang thd hoac so che va coi nhan cdng gia re la lgi the, thi kho cd tang tiirdng GDP cao lien tuc va vung chac, nguy ccr sa lay biy TNTB se khd tranh khoi.
3.2. Ndng sudt lao dpng thdp
Theo sd li^u Tong cue Thdng ke, nang suit lao dong (NSLD) toan nen kinh te theo gia bien banh nam 2017 dat 93,2 trieu d6ng/lao ddng (tuong ducmg 4.166 USD/lao dong).
Tinh theo gia so sanh nam 2010, NSLD toan nen kinh te nam 2017 (dat 92,1 trieu ddng/lao dgng) tang 6% so vdi nam 2016, binh quan giai doan 2011-2017 tang 4,7%/nam. Thanh tich tang nang suat lao ddng ciia Viet Nam thdi gian qua chu yeu theo chiSu rdng cbu cbua theo chieu sau do phan Idn van dua vao chuyen dicb ca cau kinh te tu khu vuc nong nghi?p sang Imh vuc cdng nghiep va dich vu, ma chua phai la su cai thien nang suat lao d6ng trong noi tai tiing nganh kinh te.
Bieu 6b 2: Toe do tang NSLD tir 2006-2017
84.7
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
^^m N S L D ™ T&c So tang t^LD
Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke
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Mac du, NSLD cua Viet Nam thdi gian qua cd su cai thien dang kk theo hudng tang dku qua cac nam, la quoc gia cd tdc do tang NSLD cao trong khu vuc ASEAN. Tuy nhien, miic NSU) cua Vi?t Nam bi|n nay v ^ rit thip so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc. Tinh tiieo siic mua tirong duang (PPP) 2011, NSLD ciia Vi$t Nam nam 2016 d^t 9.894 USD, chi bing 7,0% muc nang suit cua Xin-ga-po; 17,6% ciia Ma-lai-xi-a; 36,5% cua Thai Lan;
42,3% cua In-dd-ne-xi-a va bing 56,7% NSLD cua Phi-Ii-pin. Dang chii y la chenh lech ve NSLD giiia Viet Nam vdi cac nudc vln tiSp tuc gia tang. Di§u nay cho thiy khodng each va thach thiic nen kinh te Viet Nam phai ddi mat trong viec bit kip muc nang suit lao ddng ciia cac nudc.
Vdi tdc do tang NSLD binh quan 4,7% gjai doan 2011-2017, Viet Nam dung trudc nguy ca bi tut lai phia sau khi ma tdc dp tang nang suit dang thip ban tdc dp tang bmh quan cua GDP khoang 6,21% cung thdi ky, va cung thip hon tdc dp tang luang thuc tk binh quan khoang 12,59%/nam. Co nghia la chi phi san xuat d Viet Nam dang trd nen dit do hon va dieu nay tac ddng true tiep tdi tinh canh tranh ciia nen kinh tk, nguy co sut giam da cong nghiep hoa khi ma nhieu doanh n ^ e p FDI se chuyen dia diem san xuit sang nudc cd chi phi re ban, tao ap l\rc Idn len tang trudng kinh te.
3.3. Chuyen d§ch cff cau chi mang tinh hinh thuc
Trai qua ban 30 nam cai each va ddi mdi, kinh te ciia Viet Nam tuy dat tdc dp tang tiirdng cao, xu hudng chuyen dicb co can nganh kba tich cue, nhung chit lugng tang trudng cdn thap va cham cai thien. Toe dp tang NSLD cd xu hudng cham lai, trong khi tang tnrdng nen kinh te vln cbu yeu dua vao vdn, dong gdp cua tong nang suat cac nhan to (TFP) cdn thip lai thieu dn dinh; Viet Nam van la nen kinh te chuyen ddi va co cau kinh te se tilp tiic chuyen dich theo hudng cdng nghiep hoa.
ChuySn dich ca ciu nganh ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2016 tiep tuc thuc hien theo hudng cong nghiep hda (CNH), trong do khu vuc nong nghiep giam din t>' trpng va tang din ty trpng cua khu vuc dich vu va cdng nghiep. Nam 2016, cong nghiep-xay dung va dich vu chiem 83,68% trong tdng san pbam qudc npi (GDP), tien tdi muc tieu de ra ti-ong Chiln luge phat triln kinh tl xa hdi giai doan 2011 -2020.
Tuy nhien, chuyin dii co ciu cua Viet Nam cdn mang nang tinh hinh thiic. The hien: Trong nhung nam trd lai day, tic dp tang trudng cua nganh cong ngbiep dang co xu budng ch?m lai, tir trung binh 14,3%/nam cua giai doan 2006 - 2010 giam xudng 10%/nam trong giai doan 2011 - 2015 va giam hiu bet ti-ong cac nhdm nganh cdng nghiep; Ty trpng ca ciu GDP ciia cdng nghiep dong gop vao qua trinb phat trien kinh te ve ca ban khong thay ddi.
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Bang 2: Cff c^u GDP cua cac nganh ldnh te Viet Nam
Nam 2001 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
; Ning nghiip 23,24 2030 19,57 19,22 17,96 17,70 17,00 16,32
C«cauGDP(%) ' Cong nghiip
38,13 41,10 1 32,24 ii
333S 33JO 33,22 33,25 32,72
Didivu 38,63 38,60 36,74 37,27 38,74 39,40 39,73 40,92
Nguon: Tdng cue Thing ke Vl tic dp tang NSLD cua tiing nganh: Toe dp tang NSLD ciia nganh cdng nghiep giai doan 2006 - 2015 khoang 2,4%/nam, cham ban tdc do tang binh quan chung cua nen kinh tl la 3,9%. NSLD cong nghiep Viet Nam hi bd xa so vdi cac nudc pbat trien va cac nudc trong khu vuc. NSLD cua Nhat Ban cao gip 39 lin cua Viet Nam, Singapore cao gap 26 lan, Han Qudc cao gap 16 lan va Trung Quoc cao gap 2 lan. So vdi cac nudc dang phat trien trong khu vuc thi Malaysia cao gap 6,5 lan. Thai Lan va Phi-lip-pin cao gSp 1,5 lan.
Tdc dp tang trudng gia tii gia tang trong cdng nghiep dat thap, ty trpng gia tri gia tang nganh cdng nghiep trong GDP giam tii 32% nam 2010 xuong cdn khoang 28% nam 2015.
Ndng nghiep la nganh co NSLD thap nhat, nhung tdc dp tang dn dinh va cao nhat, ke ca trong giai doan bat on kinh te vT mo tir 2008-2010. Day la kit qua dang khich le, gdp phan lam giam chenh lech NSLD ciia ndng nghiep so vdi cac nganh cdn lai trong dieu kien lao dpng nong nghiep giam tuong doi. Thuc te nay phan nao chiing to, da co budc tien bd dang ke trong iing dung khoa hpc ky thuat vao san xuit nong nghiep va xu hudng chuyen dicb ca cau npi bd nganh ndng nghiep tung budc sang nganh co gia trj gia tang cao ban, qua do ddng gdp vao tang chit lugng tang trudng cua nganb va cua nen kinh te. Vdi toe dp tang NSLD thip nhu vay nen cac nganh khac da tiiu hep khoang each chenh lech vdi khu vuc cdng nghiep - xay dung, dac biet la nganh ndng nghiep. Nam 2008, muc NSLD ciia cong nghiep - xay dung cao gip 4,9 lin ndng nghiep va 1,28 lan dich vu thi nam 2016 chi cdn tuang dng la 3,4 lin va 1,08 lin.
Dpng luc chinh cua qua trmb chuyin dii la cdng ty nudc ngoai chii khong phai cac doanh nghiep trong nudc. Cdng nghiep dugc tiiuc bien bdi mdt sd lugng lon cua cac cong
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ty san xuat nudc ngoai diu tu vao Viet Nam do tliu hut duoc phlin ion lao dpng gia re, vi tti t6t va nhu cSu trong nuoc tang cao chu khong phai la cac ky nang hay cong nghe dia phucmg. Khu vuc FDI la tap trung vao viec cac nganh tham dung v6n va dinh huong xuit khau cao hon so voi cac khu vuc trong nuoc bao gom doanh nghiSp nha nuoc, nong nghiep va doanh nghiep tu nhan phi nong nghiep. Nhin vao can can thucmg mai nganh, khu vuc FDI xuit khiu rong trong khi cac khu vuc trong nudc la nhap khau rong. Su gia tang xuit khau hang hoa trong hai thjp ky qua dugc thuc diy chu yiu boi cac boat dong cua cac doanh nghiep FDI trong khi cac khu vuc trong nuoc lien tuc tham hut thuong mai, doi khi da len den mpt miic rat cao. Xuat khiu hang boa cua Viet Nam chu yiu do Samsung, Canon, Intel, Fujitsu va nbiing thuong bieu ten tu6i lon ciia nuoc ngoai khac, con doanh nghiep Viet Nam chu yiu vln chi xuit khiu duoc hang det may, da giay, nong san... Nen mpt phan quan trpng trong tang truong khong phai do ban tbSn Viet Nam lam ra ma tu nguon luc ben ngoai.
3.4. VietNam khdng cd dau hieu cdi thifn trong cdc bdng xep hgng todn cdu Vj tri cua Viet Nam trong bang xep hang dira tren ba clii s6 cua hoat dpng kinh ti (nang luc canh tranh, moi trudng kinh doanh va tu do kinh ti).
Bang 3: Chi s6 xep hang kinh te toan can cua Viet Nam
^~~-~.^Chi tieu Nam ^ ^ ^ ^
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nang Inc canh tranh toan c^u
77/144 68/144 70/144 75/144 59/144 65/144 75/144 70/144 68/144 56/140 60/140 55/137
Moi tmtnig Kinh doanh 99/155 104/175 91/178 92/181 93/183 78/183 98/183 98/189 93/189 91/190 82/190 68/190
Chl so tu- do ldnh te 99/154 105/154 107/154 93/154 102/154 122/154 136/179 140/177 147/178 148/178 131/178 141/180 Nguon: Tdc gid tdng hpp
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Co the thay, Viet Nam khdng dugc xIp bang cao nhu ky vgng doi vdi mpt nudc cd thu nhap trung bmh thip. Dieu dang lo ling hem la khdng thiy mot xu hudng cai thien rd rang vl vi tri trong bang xIp hang ciia Viet Nam. Cac chi s6 ciia Viet Nam luon d miic thap hoac muc trung binb trong nhirng nam gin day. Phai thiia nb^i ring bang xep hang chi la mdt thudc do tuang doi bi anh hudng bdi chi si trung binh cua tit ca cac nudc kbac cung nbu hieu qua boat ddng ciia cbinb Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, dii vdi mdt nudc mudn ndi len nhu mpt cudng qudc cdng ngJiiep hda mdi, vi tri toan ciu cua dit nudc khdng cai thien can dugc xem nhu mdt tin hieu canh bao nghiem trpng. Dii vdi cac doanb nghiep san xuat viia va nho Nbat Ban, Viet Nam dang dugc xem la dilm diu tu trien vpng. Tuy nhien, cung vdi do la nhan dinh cho ring kinh tl Viet Nam dang xiu di va khdng phat trien nhu ky vpng trudc do cung se nhanh chdng lan truyen trong cgng dong doanh nghiep Nhat Ban. Toe dp phat trien kinh te Viet Nam la qua cham.
3.5. Viet Nam da gap cdc van de nay sinh do tang tru&ng
Do la hang loat cac van de mdi lien quan den tang trudng cao, tang trudng kinh te chua gan vdi yeu can phat trien ben vimg.
Su lan toa cua tang trudng kinh te den cac vimg sau, vung xa, den cac doi tupng de hi ton thuang chua manh. Miic sdng, muc thu nhap cua dan cu cd xu hudng giam din, nhieu van de xa hpi buc xiic chua dugc giai quyet, nhat la giao due va dao tao, y te cham soc siic khde dan cu; xoa ddi giam ngheo chua ben vung, khoang each giau ngheo ngay cang Idn, su gia tang bat binh dang xa hpi, dao diic, loi sdng trong mpt bp phan xa hgi xudng cap, tpi pbam va te nan xa hpi ngay cang nhieu.
Tinh trang d nhiem moi trudng ngay cang tram trpng; nguy co mat can bang sinh thai dang hien hiru; viec tap trung kbai tiiac cac ngudn tai nguyen tiiien nhien va su khai thac CO tinh chat tan pha, buy diet cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, sir phat trien cac loai binh san xuat khong than thien vdi moi tnrdng... da lam cho ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien ngay cang suy kiet, can kiet va lam giam siit da dang sinh hgc.
Nhu vay, qua nhimg phan tich d tren, ta thiy mac du Viet Nam chua thuc sir rai vao biy TNTBT nhung dang ddi dien vdi biy TBTBT. Thi hien, each tang tiirdng ciia Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua la tang trudng tbeo chieu rgng, din tdi khi hieu qua su dung vdn ngay mgt giam, cac nha diu tir nudc ngoai chuyen hudng tun den cac qudc gia khac. Liic do, vdi mpt nguin nhan lire chit lugng thip, mgt nen cdng nghe lac hau, Viet Nam se khdng thi nao duy tri dugc miic tang trudng hien tai, tii do ciing khdng tiie tang muc tbu nhap binb quan diu ngudi. Bdi vay, cin phai co giai phap thay doi nhanh chong, kip thdi trong thdi gian tdi dl lua chpn mo hinh kinh tl sao cho vira tiiiic diy kinh te phat triln, tang nhanh tiiu nhap va cai tiiien ddi sing dan cu, dua nin kinh tl tien len phia tiirdc ma khong
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sinh thai, dugc dat ra mdt each cap bach.
4. Giai phap di Viet Nam khong roi vao bay TNTBT
De tranh bay TNTBT, Viet Nam can coi trpng trien khai ding bp he thdng cac giai phap, trong dd ndi b^t la:
Thu nhdt: Tap trung ndng cao ndng sudt lao dpng
NSLD va viSc lam la cac yeu td tac dpng din tang trudng GDP. Tang tnrdng GDP dua tren tang viec lam thudng khdng cao va thiiu bin vimg, trong khi tang tnrdng GDP theo hudng tang NSLD tuy la mpt thach thuc nbung cd tilm nang dl tao ra tang tnrdng cao, ben viing va nang cao nang luc canh tranb cua nin kinh tl. Vdi nang suit cao ban, tang viec lam ciing se tao ra "lgi ich theo cip sd nhan". D I nang cao NSLD, gop phan thiic day tang trudng ben viing, trong tbdi gian tdi can tap trung thuc hien cac giai phap sau:
Phat ddng phong trao tang nang suit trong tit ca cac khu vuc cua nin kinh tl; chgn mgt sd linh vuc (may mac, san xuat may mdc thiet hi, dien tii) mdt sd tmh, thanh phd tiirc thugc Tnmg uong thuc hien thi diem tir do nhan rpng ra toan bp nen kinh te.
Cai each chinh sach tien luong, tien cong theo nguyen tic tbi trudng, phu bpp giua tang tien luong va tang NSLD. Tang cudng cham lo ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cua ngudi lao dpng, nbat la lao ddng trong cac khu cdng nghiep.
Ca can lai ndng nghiep gan vdi xay dung ndng thon mdi, chuyen doi ca can cay trdng, vat nuoi phu hpp thuc te, gan vdi thj trudng va thich nghi bien doi khi heiu. Tang cudng ling dung tien bd kboa hpc, nhat la cdng nghe sinh hgc, phat trien cdng nghiep phuc vu ndng nghiep. Thu hut m^nh doanb nghiep diu tu vao dia ban nong tbdn de chuyen nhanh lao ddng ndng ngjuep sang cdng nghiep, dich vu co nang suat cao ban.
Phat triln manh nganh cong ngbiep chl biln, che tao va dich vu nham chuyen dich lao ddng tir ndng nghidp sang cong nghiep va dich vu cd gia tri cao; chuyen dich trong ndi bp nganh cdng n ^ e p tu san xuit dua vao lao dpng sang dua vao cong nghe, hang hda co gia tri gia tang cao.
BChuyIn khich, tao thuan lgi, hd trg doanh nghiep khdi nghiep, dii mdi sang tao, dao tao, boi dudng ngudn nban luc va dgi ngu doanh nhan. Tang cudng cong tac thdng tin hd trg doanh ngbiep;
Tbiic diy nhanh va hieu qua qua trinh ca cau lai doanh nghiep Nha nudc Ve cbuyin giao cdng nghe tir doanh nghiep FDI, Viet Nam khdng nen doi hoi co cdng nghe cao ngay ma nen tiep thu nhung phuang pbap va cong cu pho bien phu hgp vdi nang luc ciia nunh tir dd tao moi lien ket va nang dan len. Viet Nam nen tham khao each 1am cua Thai Lan - md cua thi tiirdng, thu hiit FDI dk hinh thanh ca sd cong nghiep; hinh tiianh cac doanh nghiep cung cap phu tiing cho FDI va xuat khau...
ISSN 0666-7594.2019 Journal of Sdence, Vol. X\^, All rights reserved
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 72 www.hm.edu.vn Thu hai: Phdi ddu m ndng cao chdt lupng ngudn nhdn lice
Diem yeu ciia Viet Nam hien tai la tbilu lao dpng cd ky nang, nang suat, hieu qua va thieu ca luc lugng quan ly. Vi vay tbdi gjan tdi phai diu tu vao Imh vuc giao d^c, ngudn nhan lire de dao tao, dao tao lai, dao tao nghl uu tien.
Trudc mat can tiep tuc nang cao trinh dp van hda va trinh dp nhan thiic cho ngudi lao dpng thdng qua viec hoan thien pho cap bac trung hpc pbd thdng. Ddng thdi timg budc xay dung va boan tbien cac co sd day n ^ e hien cd theo budng chuan hda, hi|n dai hda.
Cimg vdi do, can tiep tuc ddi mdi va chuan hda ndi dung, chuong trinh dao t^o, giao trinh ciia cac co sd dao tao de tang tinh tbuc tien, sat vdi thuc te Viet Nam, theo kip tien bd khoa hpc ky tiiuat tren the gidi, dap iing nhu can ciia thi trudng lao ddng trong nudc va the gidi.
Pban diu dao tao ngudn nhan luc pbat trien tren ca 4 ITnh vuc: can bd lanh d^o va hoach dinh chinh sach; can bp quan ly nha nudc; lanb dao doanh ngbiep; chuyen gia khoa hpc cong ngbe dau dan va cong nhan lanh nghe.
Thic ba: Ap dung cdc bdi hpc cda mdt sd nu&c da tr& thdnh con rdng Chdu A Dd la, muon di tir mdt nudc TNTBT len giau cd, phai thuc hien ba sir chuyen ddi quan trgng: tvr da dang boa sang chuyen mon boa, tir ti'ch luy sang sang tao, tu ky nang ca ban sang ky nang tien tiln. Thirc hien ba su chuyin doi nay d nudc ta chinh la chuyen sang md hinh tang tnrdng mdi, khdng theo be rpng ma theo chieu sau, lay bi6u qua, chat lugng lam thudc do chinh. Khdng dira chii yeu vao khai thac tai nguyen, sde lao dgng gia re va von dau tu Idn ma dua chii yen vao cong nghe, tinh sang tao va NSLD d6 tang tnrdng.
Thie m: Viet Nam khuyen khich phdt trien cdc hinh thuc hap tdc, lien kit da dgng Dgc bi#t la lien kit gifta ngudi ndng dan va doanh nghiep trong san xuat, dich vu vdi quy md phu hpp. De tir do hinh thanh chuoi gia tri, bao dam hai bda lgi ich cua cac chii the tbam gia tu san xuat, che bien den tieu thu. Timg budc hinh thanh nhung to bgp nong - cdng nghiep - dich vu cdng nghe cao, gan ket chat che vdi ngudi ndng dan va hudng tdi xay dung md binh san xuat ndng nghiep da chuc nang, phat trien ben viing. Viet Nam can phai chuyen biet ve mgt liiib vuc nao dd co the gat hai dugc thanh cong ve kinh te va din dau ve cong nghe ky thuat.
Thu ndm: Cdn day mgnh xdy dung nhd nu&c phdp quyen, hodn thien chinh sdch vd ndng cao nang luc thicc thi phdp lugt.
Phat huy manh me quyin lam chu cua Nhan dan va hoan thien the che kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia. Bk cao trach nhiem ciia tap the Chinh phu va timg thanh vien Chinh phu trong viec xay dung va ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat, bao dam tiln dp va chit lugng. Tdn trgng diy dii cac quy luat ciia kinh te tiii tnrdng; xoa bo tinh trang dgc quyin DN va nhiing ca chl chfnh sach tao ra bat binh ding trong kinh doanh, nhat la trong tiep can cac nguon luc.
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 Journal of Scienoe, Vol. XVI. All righte reserved.
TAP c m KHOA HQC SO 16 73 . www.htu.edu.vn Hoan thien chinh sach va nang cao nang luc thuc thi phap luat vl xay dung bg may
nha nudc trong s£ich, viing manh va bao ve mdi tnrdng: Phai coi viec chdng tham nhiing la qudc sach, la su nghiep quan trgng Hen quan den sir song con cua che do. Dang va Nha nudc can cd chuong trinh, ke hoach ro rang, ra soat va phat huy vai tro cua cpng ding xa hpi va cac co quan thdng tin, bao chi Irong viec giam sat, phat hien nhiing hanh vi tham nbung va dpng vien, khen thudng nhirng cA nhan dung cam td cao nhiing ca nhan, to chiic vi pham. Khac phuc ca ban tinh trang d nhilm mdi trudng, dac biet quan tam den cac khu vuc trgng diem; giam sat va ddi phd cac van de d nbiem xuyen bien gidi, iing pho hieu qua vdi bien ddi Idii hSu.
Ket luan
Nhu vay, qua nhiing phan tich d tren thay dugc, mac dii Viet Nam chua thuc sir roi vao bay TNTBT nhung dang ddi dien vdi bay TBTBT vdi nhihig dau hieu dau hieu nhu tdc do tang trudng kinh te co xu hudng cham lai, NSLD van d miic thap, chuyen dich CO cau kinh te mang tinh hinh tbuc, cac chi sd xep hang toan can quoc gia chua dugc cai thien. \ ^ the de tranh rai vao bay TBTBT can tbuc hien ddng bd he thdng cac giai phap neu tren.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Hd Sy Quy, 2009, Khat vpng pbat triln va biy thu nhap tnmg binb, Tgp chi Thdng tin khoa hpc xahoi so 12.
Kenichi Ohno (2010), Trdnh bdy thu nhgp trung binh ddi m&i hogch dinh chinh sdch cdng nghiep & Vet Nam. Diin ddn Phdt triin Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Giao thong van tai.
Nguyin Thi Tue Aoh, Trin Toan Thing, Hoang Thi Hai Yin va Nguyin Van Timg (2016), Chuyen dich ca cau ngdnh vd chdt luang tang tru&ng ldnh te Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Lao ddng.
Nguyin Thi Hai Binh -Trin Thu Thiiy (2016), Phat tiiln kinh tl giai doan 2011-2015 va dinh hudng 2016-2020, Tgp chi Tdi chinh.
Trin Van Thp, 2012, Biy thu nhap trung bmh nhin tu cac nudc ASEAN, Tgp chi Thai dgi mdi, sd 24.
Tdng cue Thing ke (2006,2016), Nien giam tiidng ke tir 2006-2016.
http ://www.worldbank.org/vi/countrv/vietnam https://data.worldbank.org/countrv/vietiiam?locale=vi
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 Journal of Science. Vol. XVI. All righls reserved.
