QUAN HE GlCTA CAC CONG TY
TRONG NHOM CONG TY THEO PHAP LUAT UC VA MOT SO KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM
Ha Thi Thanh Binh'
Tom tat: Bdi viet phdn tich cdc quy dinh dieu chinh moi quan he giira cdc cong ty trong nhdm cong ty me - cong ty con theo phdp luat cua Uc; tir do rut ra mpt so kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam.
Abstract: The paper analyzes provisions regulating the relationship between companies in the group of parent company - subsidy company under Australian law, thereby draws lessons for Vietnam.
L
ien ket nhom tro thanh mgt xu the ph6 bien ciia cac cong ty tren the gioi. Viec thuc hien cac giao djch ngi nhom dugc coi la mot trong eac each thiic chu yeu de thuc hien mue tieu cua viec hen ket nhom. Ve nguyen tac, cac cong ty trong nhom CO tu each phap ly doc lap va co quyen giao djch voi nhau theo nguyen tac ciia thj truong. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te, chii so him cua cac cong ty trong nhom thuong Igi dung quyen lire ciia minh de dieu khien boat dgng ngi nhom nham dem lai Igi ich cho cong ty me va vi vay, co the anh huong den quyen Igi eua cac chii the khac nhu cac CO dong nho, cae d6i tac co giao djch voi c6ng ty con va ca Igi ich ciia nha nuoc (do that thu thue tir cac giao dich chuyen gia giua cac cong ty trong nhom).CJ Viet Nam, Luat Doanh nghiep (LDN) nam 2014 da co quy dinh nham giam sat co hieu qua cac giao djch giiia cac c6ng ty trong nhom, dac biet la cac giao djch giiia c6ng ty me va cac cong ty con; tuy nhien, van con mot so bat cap. Vi the, viec nghien cuu kinh nghiem lap phap ciia cac nuoc
phat triln, trong do co nuoc Uc (quoc gia co he thdng phap luat dieu chinh ve van de nay tuang d6i hoan thien) nham nit ra bai hge cho Viet Nam la can thiet.
1. Khai niem nhom cong ty Luat C6ng ty Uc (Corporations Act 2001) kh6ng dua ra dinh nghTa nhom c6ng ty. Dieu 50 Luat Cong ty Uc chi dua ra dinh nghTa ve cac c6ng ty lien quan (Related bodies corporate) va co the coi do la djnh nghTa ve nhom c6ng ty. Theo d6: "Neu mot c6ng ty la:
(i) Cong ty me ciia cong ty khac; hoac (ii) C6ng ty con cua cong ty khac; hoac (iii) C6ng ty con cua cong ty me cua c6ng ty khac thi c6ng ty thir nhat la cong ty lien quan ciia c6ng ty khac do"'
Nhu vay, thuc chat cong ty lien quan theo phap luat c6ng ty Uc la nh6m cong ty me - cong ty con, trong do e6 mpt cong ty me va it nhat mot cong ty con, cac c6ng ty
TS., Khoa Luat Thucmg mai, Dai hoc Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh.
' Nguyen van tieng Anh "Where a body corporate is:
(a) A holding company of another body corporate; or (b) A subsidiary of another body corporate; or (c) A subsidiary of a holding company of another body corporate; the first-mentioned body and the other body are related to each other".
,\H.4 .Mac VA PHAPLLATSdS/2017 con ciia ciing mot cong ty me cung la cac cong ty lien quan ciia nhau va nam trong tap iigp nhom cong ty. Dieu 46 Luat Cong ty Uc xac dinii, mot cong ty la cong ty con ciia mot cong ty khac khi;
(a) Cong ty khac do:
(i) Kiem scat thanh phan Hoi dong quan tri (HDQT) cua cong ty nay; hoac
(li) Nam giir hoac kiem soat da so philu bleu quyet trong cupc hpp Dai hgi dong co dong (DHDCD) ciia cong ty nay, hoac
(lii) Nam giir da so von co ph§n dii phai hanh cua cong ly nay"; hoac
(b) Cong ty nay la cong ly con cua mpi cong ly con ciia cong ty khac d o '
Nhu vay, Iheo Lual Cong ty Uc, d^ xac dmh mot cong ly la cong ly me ciia mpt cong ly khac dua vao 1 Irong 3 lieu chi sau lily Ihupc vao trucmg hop cu IhS cua tirng loai cong ty
Tim nliat, cong ly me kiem soat Ihanh phan HDQT cua cong ry con. Diju 47 Lual Cong ly Uc giai Ihich Ihem: Viec ki6m soat thanh phan HDQT ciia cong ty con nghia la cong ty me co quyln b6 nhiem \ a mien Tuy nhicn, Mcc nam giS da s6 phjn v6n c6 ph5n nay loai trir trirong hop nam giu cac phSn v6n gop c6 phan dac biet nhu phan von co phan da phat hanh ma khong co quyen tham gia Mio iicc phan chia loi nhuan hay von gop da virot qua mot khoan ti6n .«c dinh trong mot M") truong hop die bict
' Nguyen van ticng Anh "A body corporate (in thi.^
section called t h e / i n r h^dy) is a subsidiary of another body corporate if. and only if
(a) The other body
(1) Controls the composition of the first body's
board, or "
111) Is in a position to cast, oi control the castinc of. more than one-half of the maximum number of votesMhat might be cast at a general mectina of the first body; or
(1.1) Holds more than one-half of the issued share capital of the first body), or
!^' ? . " t ' ? . " ' ' ' " " '"'''"•'""•y »f a subsidiary of
the olherbody ^
44
nhiem da so thanh vien HDQT ciia cong ty con. Tieu chi xac dinh cong ty me - con nay cOng dii tao ra nhihig Iranh cai Irong thuc t^
ap dung. Trong vu Mount Edon Gold Mines (Aii.ll) Ltd. V. Burmine Ltd (1994) 12 ACSR 727, Toa an loi cao Bang Western Australia (Supreme Court of Western Australia) ciing cho rang, lieu chi kiem soal thanh phSn HDQT la mpt lieu chi khong mang tinh 6n dinh va co the lam thay doi m6i quan he cong ly me - con mot each d l dang, phu Ihuoc vao so luong thanh vien tham dir cuoc hgp bau hoac bai miln thanh vien HDQT.
Ngoai ra, Toa an cung khang dmh ring, quyen kiem soat thanh phSn HDQT phai duoc xac dinh dija tren cac quy djnh ciia phap luat (legal power), chir khong phai dira tren viec kiem soiit tren thuc t l (de facto power). Viec bo nhiem thanh vien HDQT ciia cong ty o IJc CO thi dugc cac c6 dong thuc hien Iheo nguyen I5c "show of hands", CO nghia la viec bilu quylt dugc thuc hien theo nguyen I5c mot c6 dong mgt la philu (khong phu thuoc vao ty le so htiTi)".
Thu hai, cong ty me kiim soat da so phieu bieu quyet ciia cong ty con. Theo Lual Cong ly Uc, viec nSm giir da s6 philu bieu quyet kliong d&ig nghTa voi viec so hiru da so von gop cua cong ly con, vi c6 dong niim giO co phicu uu dai bilu quylt co quyen bteu quyet voi s(3 philu cao hon cl dong so huTi mgt s6 lugng tuong ty cfi ph5n pho thong'. Nhu vay, mpt cong ty njm giir loai eg phieu uu dai bilu quylt cua mot cong ty khac co ihl kilm soat da s6 philu Theo quy dinh tai DiSu 250E va Dieu 250J Luil Cong ty Uc 2001, viec thong qua nghi quyet cua Dai hoj dong CO dong co the thuc hien b^ng each gio lay, inoi n p o i mot la phicu, trir trucmg hop cac c6 dong yeii_ cau thong qua mot nghi qiiycl b^ng viec bo phieu theo ty le co phSn so hiru.
" Xcm Dicu 254A.2(d) Luat Cong ty tjc
QUAN HE GICA CAC.
bieu quy^t ma khong nh5t thi^t phai so hihi da s6 CO phan ciia cong ty do.
Thir ba, mot cong ty dugc coi la cong ty me cua c6ng ty khac neu cong ty do nlm giij da so CO phan, nghia la so huu da so co phan ciia cong ty con.
Luat Cong ty Uc giai ban nhom cong ty me - con a ba cap dp la me - con - chau.
Trong moi quan he giiia c6ng ty me va c6ng ty con, co su mau thuan giira thuc tiln thuong mai va cac quy dinh phap luat^
Theo quy dinh ciia phap luat, m6i cong ty trong mpt nh6m la mpt thuc the phap ly dpc lap. Trong khi do, duai khia canh thuong mai, nhom cong ty me - c6ng ty con doi khi lai duac coi la mpt chu the duy nh4t. Lam the nao de giai quyet dupe mau thuan nay?
Luat va thuc tien xet xu o' Uc thua nhan ngoai le ciia viec ap dung hpc thuyet ve tu each phap nhan dpc lap cua cong ty. Theo Digu 588V - 588X Luat Cong ty Uc, cong ty me phai chiu trach nhiem dot vai cac nghia vu tai san ctia cong ty con khi c6ng ty me can thiep qua sau vao cong viec quan ly ciia eong ty con dan den nguai quan ly cong ty con khong thuc su co tham quyen, hoac khi cong ty con bi v o np neu thoa man I trong 2 dieu kien sau day:
(i) Cong ty me, hoac mpt hoac mpt so nguai quan ly ciia cong ty me biet duac ly do ciia viec va np ; hoac
(li) Can cu sir can thiep cua cong ty me vao hoat dpng ciia c6ng ty con va can cu cac dau hieu khac, co the xac dinh rang, viec c6ng ty me hoac mpt hoac mpt so nguoi quan ly ciia cong ty me biet dupe ly do ciia viec vd no.
Khoan 2 Di6u 188 LDN nam 2014 ciia nuac ta cung xac dinh rang, eac cong ty trong nhom c6ng ty co quyen va nghia vu dpc lap. Phap luat Viet Nam cung da co cac quy dinh rieng dieu chinh moi quan he giiia cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty me - cong ty con; tuy nhien, van con mpt so bat cap.
2. Phap luat ve quan tri doanh nghiep dieu chjnh moi quan he giira cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty
Phap luat ve quan tri doanh nghiep dieu chinh moi quan he gma cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty voi tu each la (cac) chii so huu va cong ty dupe sa hihi bai (cac) chii sa hiiu do bao g6m cac npi dung chii yeu sau: Tinh tuong doi trong tu' each phap ly dpc lap ciia cac cong ty trong nhom; van de dau tu cheo (sa hihi cheo); tra gnip tai chinh (cho vay hay dam bao cho khoan vay giira cac cong ty trong nhom c6ng ty vai ben cho vay thu ba); van de chuan y cac giao dich giua cac ben co lien quan va trach nhiem cua nguai quan ly trong viec phong ngira xung dot Ipi ich ..
2.L Quy dinh ve tu cdch dpc lap cua cdc cong ty trong nhom cong ty
Ve nguyen tac, Luat C6ng ty Uc (b^t nguon tir he thong phap luat Vuang qu6c Anh) coi cac cong ty trong nhom la cac thuc the phap ly dpc lap'. Tuy nhien, Toa an Uc lap luan rang, nguyen tac cac cong ty trong nhom dpc lap vai nhau khi xac dinh trach nhiem doi vai ben thu ba can loai trir mgt s6
** Baxi R, The need to review the Rule in Salomon '.s case a.t it applies to Groups of Companies, Company & Securities Law Journal, s6 9, nam 1991, ir. 186-187.
' Xem Foster, Nicholas H.D., Company Law Theory in Comparative Perspective England and France.l'hc .\merican Journal of Comparative Law, so 48 nam 2000. tr 573-62! va Foster. Nicholas H . D , Perception. Language and 'Reality' in Corporate Law Theory, King's College Law Journal, so 17, nam 2006, tr. 299 - 324.
NHA mdC VA PHAP LUAT so 3/2017
truong hop sau :
(i) Khi cong ty me thanh lap c6ng ty con nhung lai khong cung cap day du ngu6n tai chinh hoac khong bao dam de cong ty con CO ngu6n lye can thiet thyc hien cac nhiem vu. Trong trucmg hgp nay, Toa an co th8 kat luan r ^ g , cong ty con dang thuc hien c6ng viec nhan danh va vi Igi ich ctia c6ng ty me va cong ty me phai chiu trach nhiem d6i vai cac nghTa vu ma dang le cong ty con phai thuc hien.
(ii) Khi cac cong ty co thoa thuan trong hgp d6ng ve trach nhiem ciia cong ty me.
(iii) Khi CO yeu cau doi vai cong ty con ve trach nhiem boi thuong thiet hai ngoai hop dong do hanh vi bat can (negligence) va toa an cho rang, viec cong ty me thuc hien nghia vu se dem lai ket qua tot hon cho ngucri dupe boi thuong .
Nhu vay, co the thay rang, mac dii thira nhan tu each phap ly dpc lap ciia cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty, phap Iuat Uc ciing thira nhan tinh chat dac biet cua moi quan he giua cac cong ty trong nhom, qua do ban hanh cac quy dinh dac thii giam sat cac giao dich npi nhom. Phap luat Uc chii trpng nhieu hon den viec dieu chinh nhom cong ty me - con bai hen ket mang tinh kiem soat cua mo hinh nay. Noi each khac, phap luat Uc c6 nhiing quy dinh rieng biet dilu chinh giao djch giiia cong ty me va c6ng ty con hoac giao djch giua cac cong ty con co ciing mpt cong ty me, Cac cong ty lien k^t khac trong nhom (chua thoa man dilu kien d l xac dinh la me - con) thuong khong n^m trong su dieu chinh cua cac quy dinh rieng ' H A J^Ford CI al, Ford\s Principles of Carporalions Law. 9' Fditioii. Buttcrwonhs. nam 1999 tr P 4 -- 126
' Xcm vu Bnggs v ./amcs llanhe & Co Ptv Lid (1989) 7 .-\CLC 841 Court of Appeal
nay mac dii van chiu su dieu chinh boi nhimg quy dinh ve hop dong/giao dich lien quan. Viet Nam can nghien cuu de hoan thien cac quy dinh dac thu, vi du nhu b6 sung "cac cong ty con trong ciing mpt nhom cong ty" vao khai niem "nguai co lien quan" quy dinh tai khoan 17 Dieu 4 LDN nam 2014.
Ngoai ra, phap Iuat Uc dya tren hoc thuylt ve tinh doc lap cua tu each phap nhan va che dp trach nhiem hihi han (TNHH) ciia cong ty de xac dinh frach nhiem ciia cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty me - cong ty con. Tuy nhien, chinh moi quan he dac biet ve so' hiru da dat ra yeu cau ap dung hpc thuyet pha han trach nhiem de pha va ranh giai nghia vu ve tai san giira cac thanh vien trong nhom nham bao ve quyen Ipi cua ben thu ba trong cac tniong hpp ngoai le. Hoc thuyet pha han trach nhiem (Tieng Anh la "Piercing the Corporate Veil" hoac "Lifting the Corporate Veil") dugc toa an cac nuac thugc he thong th6ng luat (bao gom Uc) ap dung nhu la m6t ngoai le ciia nguyen tac: Cac c6ngtyc6 tu each phap nhan doc lap vai cac chii so hull cua minh. Khi dugc ap dung, hpc thuyet nay cho phep toa an khong coi cong ty la mot chii the dpc lap, tach bach khoi cac chu sa huu ciia minh va tuyen bo mpt chii so hu'u/mgt c6 d6ng phai chiu trach nhiem cho hanh vi dugc thyc hien nhan danh cong ty nhung thyc chat la Igi ich rieng ciia chii scr huTj/c6 dong do.
Phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh chua co quy dinh rang buoc trach nhiem cua cong ty me d6i vai ben thu ba trong truong hgp c6ng ty me can thiep trai phap luat vao hoat dpng ciia cong ty con hay Igi dung cong ty con nhu mpt biic binh phong de hanh dpng 4 6
QVAN HEGICACAC.
gay thiet hai cho ben thii ba'" Qua kinh nghiem cua Uc va mpt so quoc gia khac ve hpc thuyet pha ban trach nhi?m'', chiing toi cho rang, quy dinh ve yeu cau boi thucmg thiet hai trong LDN hien hanh nen dugc chinh sua theo huang bat ky ben thu ba nao (bao gom co dong nho cua cong ty con, chu ng ciia cong ty con, doi tac thuong mai cua cong ty con, hay bat ky ben thu ba nao khac) bi thiet hai boi cac hanh vi can thiep trai phap luat cua cong ty me vao hoat dpng cua c6ng ty con, hoac trong truong hgp cong ty me Igi dung cong ty con de gay thiet hai cho minh, deu co quyen yeu cau cong ty me true tiep boi thuong thiet hai'"
Khoan 3 Dieu 190 LDN nam 2014 cua Viet Nam chi quy djnh trach nhi^m ciia cong ty me doi voi cac cong ty con khi cong ty can thiep ngoai tham quyen vao hoat dong ciia cong ty con.
'' Xem an le Smith Stone & Knight Ltd v Birminghan Corp [1939] 4 All E R. 529; an le Briggs v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd (1989) 7 ACLC 841 Court of Appeal; xem them Alexander Daehnerl, Lifting The Company Veii English and German Per.^pectives on Group Liability, International Company and Commercial Law Review, nam 2007, tr. 394, 395;
Rishi Shroff va Shwelank Ginodia, A Corporate governance perspective on lifting the veil in group companies in Idi a and the United Kingdom, International Company and Commercial Law Review, nam 2014, tr. 426; H A J Ford el al. Ford's Principles of Corporanons Law, 9' Edition, Butterworths, nam 1999, tr. 1 2 4 - 126.
'^ LDN nam 2014 khong co dicu khoan nao quy dinh trach nhiem ciia cong ty mc doi vol ben thir ba khi chu the nay co hanh vi can thi^p trai phap luat vao hoEit dong cua cong ty con ma chi c6 mot so quy dinh rai rac (khong nhat quan doi voi tat ca cac loai hinh cong ty hen quan den trach nhiem ciia chil so hiru, ihanh vien hoac co dong cong ty) doi voi ben thiJr ba trong nhirng trucmg hop nhat dinh. Vi du. chii so hiiru cong ty TNHH mot thanh vien phai chiu trach nhiem bang toan bo tai san ciia minh doi v6i cac nghia vu tai chinh cua cong ty, thiet hai xay ra do khong gop, khong gop du, khong gop diing han von dieu le (khoan 4 Dieu 74); hoac khi chii sa hiiu cong ty TNHH mpt thanh vien true tiep rut von ra khoi cong ty khong thong qua viec chuyen nhuong phan von
2.2. Quy dinh vi s& hiru cheo Chuang 2J.2 Luat Cong ty Uc cim mgt cong ty so hihi co phan cua cong ty kiem soat minh, trir mot so ngoai le nhat dinh . Vi pham di6u cam nay c6 the dan den bi xii ly v6 hinh su. Di^u 259C cung quy dinh, viec phat hanh co phan hoac chuyen nhugng c6 phan cua mpt cong ty cho cong ty bi cong ty do kiem soat se bi coi la v6 hieu. Va theo Dilu 259D, nlu mpt cong ty tro thanh c6ng ty kiem soat thi trong vong 12 thang ke tir ngay do, c6ng ty bi kiem soat phai cham dirt viec so bihi co phan ciia cong ty kiem soat minh hoac cong ty kiem soat phai cham dirt viec kiem soat. Ngoai ra, Luat C6ng ty Uc con cam c6ng ty con nhan the chap CO phan cua cong ty me, trir cac truong hgp ngoai le dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 259B''' Khai niem "kiem soat" nham muc dich cam so huu cheo tai Dieu 259'' Luat C6ng ty Uc khong hoan toan gi6ng khai mem "kiem soat" dupe quy dinh trong Chuan muc ke toan s6 10 ciia Uc. Theo khai niem nay, mpt c6ng ty dugc coi la kiem soat mgt cong ty
gop theo quy dinh ciia phap luat phai lien doi chiu trach nhiem ve cac khoan np va nghTa vu tai san khac ciia cong ty (khoan 5 Dieu 76), hoac co dong phai lien doi chiu trach nhiem ve cac khoan np va nghia vu tai san khac cua cong ty trong pham vi gia tri co phan da bi riil va cac thicl hai xay ra neu true tiep nit von ra khoi cong ty khong thong qua viec chuyen nhupng phan co phan theo quy dmh ciia phap iuat (khoan 1 Digu 115).
'• Xem cac truong hpp ngoai le dupe quy dinh tai cac DiSu 259B, 259C va 259D Luat Cong ty Uc.
'•* Dieu 259B Luat Cong ty Uc quy dmh ngoai le cita viec cong ty con diing co phan cua minh 6% bao dam cho nghTa vu ciia cong ly me. Theo do, cho phep cac to chiic tai chinh dupe bao dam cho cong ty me khi dap img cac dieu kien sau day:
(a) Hoat dong kinh doanh binh thuong cua cong ty bao gom hoat dpng cung cap tai chinh; va (b) Bien phap bao dam duoc thuc hien trong hoat dong kinh doanh binh thuong va voi nhCrng dieu khoan thuong mai thong thuong.
NHA NlfCfC VA PHAP LUAT SO 3/2017 khac khi c6ng ty nay c6 kha nang quyet dinh cac chinh sach tai chinh va boat dpng cua cong ty hi kiem soat.
Khi xac dinh mgt cong ty co kha nang kilm soat c6ng ty khac hay khong, cac yeu to sau day phai dugc xem xet:
- Anh huang thirc ti cua cong ty kiem soat d6i voi cong ty bi kiem soat (khong phai tren co so cac quyen dugc quy dinh);
va
- BSt ky hanh dpng thyc te nao co tac dpng din cac chinh sach tai chinh va hoat dpng ciia c6ng ty thii hai, bao gom ca viec vi pham mpt thoa thuan hoac thuc hien hanh vi bi cho la bat tin (a breach of trust).
Dieu khoan ve cam so hihi cheo giiia c6ng ty bi kiem soat va cong ty kiem soat dugc coi la nham ngan can viec nit v6n ra kh6i c6ng ty me de mua co phan hoac dau tu vao congty con'^
Co the thay rang, phap luat Uc chi cam so hihi cheo giira cong ty me va cong ty con. Cach tiep can ciia phap Iuat Viet Nam ve van de nay mang tinh nghiem ngat hem.
Theo do, khoan 2 Dilu 189 LDN nam 2014 quy dinh cam so him cheo giiia cong ty me va cong ty con, va giira cac cong ty con vai nhau. Trong khi viec sa hiiu cheo giira cong ty me va cong ty con da tuong d6i ph6 biln a cac nude tren the gioi nh5m tranh tinh trang v6n ao do khoan v6n ciia cong ty me dugc nhan d6i khi c6ng ty con diing s6 tiln do de dau tu tra lai cong ty me va giam thieu riii ro mang tinh he th6ng khi mpi m5t xich gap true trac. Theo tac gia, quy djnh
ciia LDN nam 2014 khong thuc sy can thigt, vi cac cong ty con trong cimg mgt cong ty me khong so hihi lan nhau hoac chi so hmi duoi 50%. Trong truong hgp so hihi cheo giira hai cong ty con vuot qua 50% thi chiu su dieu chinh cua quy dinh cam so hihi cheo giiia c6ng ty me va cong ty con.
2.3. Quy dinh Hen quan den ngudi qudn ly cong ty vd trdch nhiem cua congty me doi vffi ngirdd qudn ly cong ty
Nhiing quy dinh sau lien quan den nguai quan ly c6ng ty cua Uc co hen he tryc tiep vol viec dieu chinh quan he giua cong ty me va cong ty con trong nhom cong ty.
(i) Cong ty me dupe coi la "giam doc/thanh vien HDQT ngam" (shadow director) ciia c6ng ty con va c6 trach nhiem tuan thu cac quy djnh ve trach nhiem va quyen ban cua nguoi quan ly cong ty nhu nhihig nguai quan ly cong ty khac.
Theo Dieu 9 Luat C6ng ty Uc, "giam d6c/thanh vien HDQT" bao g6m ca nhiing nguoi kh6ng dugc chinh thiic b6 nhiem la giam d6c cong ty, nhung se dugc coi la giam doc neu trong thyc te hg dan dat va dieu khien boat dgng ciia cong ty. Nhiing nguoi nay ciing dugc coi la "giam doc ngam"'^. Ngoai an le, nghia vu cua giam d6c cong ty dugc quy dinh tir Dieu 180 den Dieu 184 Luat Cong ty Uc va trach nhiem cua giam d6c cong ty trong viec ngan ngua cac giao dich khi cong ty bi mat kha nang thanh toan ng (insolvent trading) quy dinh tai Dieu 588G ciing se ap dung doi vdi cac
Company Law Commitee (Lord Jenkins, chair) Report (CMnd 1749, HMSO, London. 1962) para 151. Trich boi lan M Ramsay and Geof Stapledon, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No.
26. Corporate Groups in Australia, Faculty of Law, The University of Melbourne, nam 2002, tr 21.
48
'^ Xem them R Carroll, Shadow Director and Other Third Party Liability for Corporate Activity, trich trong I M Ramsay (ed). Corporate Governance and Ihe Duties of Companies Directors. Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Securities Regulation, Melbourne, nam 1997, tr. 162.
QUAN H$ G/ifA CAC.
"giam doc ngam". Nhu vay, cong ty me dugc coi la "giam doc ngam" ciing la chii the chiu su dieu chinh cua cac quy dinh nay.
Cong ty giii vai tro "giam doc ngam" khong nhat thiet phai nam giu tren 50% co phan ciia cong ty ma minh thyc hien quyen quan ly. Khi xem xet co hay khong viec "kiem soat" de xac dinh co "giam doc ngam" hay khong, toa an se can nhac cau tnic so hiiu ciia cong ty bi kiem soat. Mgt cong ty n4m giir duai 50% co phan ciia cong ty khac ciing CO the dugc coi la "giam doc ngam"
neu moi trong s6 eac co dong con lai cua cong ty khac do nam giir mpt ti le co phan khiem ton (nghTa la thap hon nhieu so voi ty le nam giir c6 phan ciia co dong dugc coi la
"gia.nd6c ngam")'^
(ii) Toa an Uc thira nhan kha nang tuyen bo c6ng ty me phai chiu trach nhiem d6i voi hanh vi vi pham phap luat eiia giam doc (thanh vien HDQT) do minh bo nhiem tai congty con'^
(iii) Toa an va phap luat thanh van cua Uc Cling thira nhan su can thiet phai co su linh hoat trong viec xac dinh trach nhiem
Trong vu Standard Chartererd Bank of Australia Ltd V. Antico (1995) 131 A L R l , Toa an da ket luan cong ty Pioneer la "Giam doc ngam" ciia cong ty Giant vi nhirng ly do sau: (i) Pioneer kiem soat Giant bang viec so hiiu 42% co phan ciia cong ty nay, cac CO dong con lai chi so hiiu 10%; 6% hoac 3%, (ii) Pioneer thuc thi quyen kiem soat ve tai chinh va quan ly Giant va tren thyc te dua ra cac quyet dinh lien quan den tai san ciia Giant; va (iii) Pioneer yeu cau Giant phai lam cho cac bao cao tai chinh phii hop voi yeu cau ve bao cao tai chinh ciia Pioneer.
Nhu vay, theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Uc, mot cong ty dan dat va dieu khien trong thirc te hoat dong ciia cong ty khac duac coi la "giam doc ngam" va eo cac nghTa vu doi voi cong ty khac do nhu cac giam doc dupe bau chinh thirc.
'" 1 M Ramsay (ed). Corporate Governance and the Duties of Companies Directors. Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Securities Regulation, Melbourne, nam 1997, u . 38.
cua nguoi quan ly (director) cong ty trong mgt nhom cong ty. Cu the ;
Mpt Id, Toa an se kh6ng can thiep trong truong hgp nguai quan ly cong ty dugc cho la da can nhdc mgt each dpc lap Igi ich ciia cong ty ma minh quan ly voi Igi ich ciia cong ty khac trong nhom cong ty.
Hai Id. Dilu 187 Luat C6ng ty Uc cho phep nguoi quan ly o cong ty con (dugc so hiiu toan bp boi cong ty me) dugc hanh dpng vi Igi ich cua c6ng ty me, mac dii viec do CO the khong phai vi Igi ich tot nhat cua c6ng ty con, voi dieu kien phai dap ung nhimg yeu cau sau^";
- Dieu le cua c6ng ty con co cac quy dinh cho phep nguai quan ly hanh dgng vi Igi ich cua cong ty me.
- Nguoi quan ly phai hanh dpng vai thien chi va vi Ipi ich tot nhat cua cong ty me;
- Cong ty con khong nam trong tinh trang mat kha nang thanh toan ng va cung khong tro nen mat kJia nang thanh toan ng vi hanh dpng do ciia nguoi quan ly.
(iv) Phap luat cong ty ciia Uc ap dung
Justice Alex Chernov, The Role of Corporate Governance Practices in the Development of Legal Principles Relating to Directors, trich trong I M Ramsay (ed) Corporate Governance and the Duties of Companies Directors, Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Securities Regulation, Melbourne, nam 1997, tr. 4 4 - 4 5 .
'" Nguyen van tieng Anh: "A director of a corporation that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a body corporate is taken to act in good faith in the best interests of the subsidiary if
(a) The constitution of the subsidiary expressly authorises the director to act in the best interests of the holding company; and
(b) The director acts in good faith in the best interests of Ihe holding company: and
(c) The subsidiary' is not insolvent at the time Ihe director ads and does not become insolvent because of the director's ad ".
49
NHA NlfCfC VA PHAP LUATS6 3/2017 cac dilu khoan nghiem kh4c de xu ly hanh vi lam dung quyln lire trong nhom cong ty.
PhSn 2F.I Luat C6ng ty Uc cho phep thanh vien cong ty khai kien de bao ve quyen Igi khi dianh vien HDQT cong ty con (bao g6m nguoi dugc cong ty me cu lam thanh vien HDQT a cong ty con) hanh dgng khong vi Igi ich ciia cong ty con ma vi Igi ich ciia cong ty me trong cac truong hgp sau day:
- Hoat dpng ciia c6ng ty dugc dieu hanh theo each thiic lam dung quyen luc hoac gay ra nhiing bat Igi mpt each khong c6ng bing, hoac phan biet d6i xii voi mpt hoac mpt so thanh vien c6ng ty;
Viec hanh dgng hoac kh6ng hanh dpng; mgt ke hoach hanh dpng hoac khong hanh dpng nhan danh cong ty; mpt nghj quyet hoac mgt nghi quyet dy kien cua mgt nhom CO dong ciia c6ng ty mang tinh lam dung quyen lye hoac gay ra nhirng bat Igi mpt each khong c6ng bang hoac mang tinh chat phan biet doi xu voi mot hoac mpt so thanh vien.
Nhirng hanh dpng co the bi coi la co so de thuc hien quyen khoi kien bao g6m: (i) Loai bo quyen tham gia quan ly ciia nguoi quan ly ma khong co ly do chinh dang; (li) Thay d6i hoat dpng kinh doanh mot each khong phii hgp; (iii) Thanh toan thii lao qua cao cho kiem scat vien; (iv) Phat hanh c6 phan vdi muc dich chinh la lam giam ty le so hiiu CO phan ciia mpt hoac mot s6 c6 d6ng khac trong cong ty. Day la truong hgp thanh vien HDQT cong ty quylt dinh chi ban c6 phSn cho mgt c6 d6ng cu thi (c6ng ty me chang han) de lam giam ty le so hihi CO phan cua nhiing co dong khac; (v) Tii ch6i quyen tiep can th6ng tm cua thanh vien; (vi) Tai phan ph6i c6 phSn mot each khong hop phap; va (vn) Co hanh vi lam dung quyen lye trong cuoc hop ciia HDQT.
50
Co the thay rang, phap luat Uc de cao trach nhiem cua nhirng nguoi quan ly d6i vol c6ng ty. Thanh vien HDQT cong ty con (dii do cong ty me cu ra) phai hanh dpng vi lai ich cua cong ty con, khong chi vi Igi ich ciia cong ty me ma gay bat Igi cho cac co dong khac ciia cong ty con; phai tuan thii nghia vu cua nguoi quan ly cong ty con trong hoat dgng quan ly, vi Igi ich ciia cong ty con khi tham gia vao viec ra cac quyet dinh quan ly cong ty con (thugc tham quyln ciia HDQT). Day la mpt frong nhiing nguyen tac rat quan trong ve su tach bach giiia quyen so huu va quyen kiem soat theo ly thuyet ve quan tri cong ty hien dai. LDN nam 2014 mac du da co cac quy djnh de cao trach nhiem ciia nguoi quan ly c6ng ty, nhung van con thieu vang cac quy dinh dac thii ve giam sat trach nhiem ciia nhung nguoi dupe cong ty me cu lam nguoi dai dien phan von gop ciia cong ty me d cong ty con va sau do dugc cong ty con bo nhiem lam nguo'i quan ly c6ng ty nay. Neu phap luat kh6ng co cac quy dinh rieng biet rang huge va giam sat trach nhiem cua hp trong viec hanh dpng vi Igi ich cua cong ty con (chii khong phai c6ng ty me), thi khi co xung dot Igi ich se gay bat Igi eho cac co dong nho ciia cong ty con va eac chii the khac CO giao dich voi c6ng ty con.
2.4. Quy dinh kiem soat giao dich trff giiip tdi chinh (cho vay) vd vifc sir dung cdc bien phdp bdo ddm cheo trong nhom cdng ty
Chuong 2E Luat Cong ty Uc cam cong ty dai chiing (hoac mgt c6ng ty dugc kieni soat boi mpt cong ty dai chiing) trg giiip tai chinh cho mot c6ng ty lien quan (cho vay), trir khi dugc mien trir hoac dugc su chap thuan ciia DHDCD. Cdng ty lien quan | dugc hieu la cac cong ty dugc kiem soat
QUAN HE GIUA CAC.
bai cac thanh vien HDQT cua cong ty dai chiing. Quy dinh nay vi the cung dugc ap dung cho moi quan he giira cong ty me va cdng ty con.
Uy ban Chung khoan va Dau tu ciia Uc ASIC (Australian Security and Investments Commission) cho phep cac cdng ty con dugc c6ng ty me so hihi toan bg kh6ng phai tuan thu nghTa vu bao cao tai chinh va cac yeu cau ve kiem toan nlu cong ty me va cac cong ty con tham gia vao mgt cam ket bao lanh cheo (cross-guarantee), vai dieu kien moi cong ty trong s6 cac cong ty nay cam ket bao dam thanh toan dSy dii cac khoan ng cua bat ky hay tat ca cac cdng ty trong nhom '. Theo mpt nghien cuu thyc nghiem , mpt phan ba trong s6 500 cong ty lan nhat da lua chpn sir dung bien phap bao dam nay de khong phai thuc hien nghTa vu bao cao va kiem toan^^
Phap luat Viet Nam hien chua c6 nhihig quy dinh cu the nham kiem soat cac giao dich cho vay hoac bao lanh giira cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty, trir mpt so quy dmh hen quan den doanh nghiep nha nudc^'' Viet Nam can nghien ciiu de b6 sung cac quy dmh nham kiem soat cac giao dich nay de bao ve quyen va Ipi ich hop phap ciia cac Xcm them J Hill, Cross Guarantees in Corporate Groups, Company and Securities'Law Journal, so 10 nam 1992, tr. 312; J H Farrar, Legal Issues Involving Corporate Groups, Company and Securities Law Journal, s6 16 (184) nam 1998, tr. 192-194.
" Ian M Ramsay and Geof Stapledon, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 26, Corporate Groups in Aic^tralia, Faculty of Law, The University of Melbourne, nam 2002, tr, 23.
"" Ian M Ramsay and Geof Stapledon, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No, 26, Corporate Groups in Australia. Faculty of Law, The University of Melbourne, nam 2002, tr 23.
'* Xem Luat Quan iy, sir dung von Nha nuoc dau tu vao san xuat, kmh doanh tai doanh nghiep nam 2014 va cac van ban huang dan Luat nay.
CO dong nho va cac d6i tac co giao dich voi nhom cong ty, Igi ich ciia Nha nuac va Igi ich chung cua xa hgi.
3. Phap luat v£ k l toan dilu chinh moi quan he giira cac cong ty trong nhom congty
Phap luat ve ke toan ciia Uc siet chat cac quy dinh ve nghTa vu lap bao cao tai chinh, m a rpng khai niem kiem soat de tang cuong nghTa vu cong b6 th6ng tin va nghTa vu lap bao cao tai chinh hgp nhat ciia cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty. Chuan myc ke toan s6 10 (Accounting standard AASB 10) ciia Uc yeu cau c6ng ty me "kiem soat"
(control) mpt hoac mpt s6 c6ng ty con phai lap bao cao tai chinh hgp nhat. Khai niem cong ty me - con quy dinh tai Dieu 46 Luat Cdng ty Uc khdng dupe sir dung cho viec lap bao cao tai chinh hgp nhat do tinh chat khong ro rang va khong mang tinh on dinh ciia cac dieu kien xac dinh moi quan he giira cong ty me va cong ty con cho muc dich lap bao cao tai chinh hgp nhat. De xac dinh nghTa vu lap bao cao tai chinh hgp nhat, chuan myc ke toan so 10 su dung khai niem
"kiem soat" de xac dinh moi quan he giiia cong ty me va cong ty con. Khai niem
"kiem soat" dupe quy djnh tai dieu 50AA Luat Cdng ty Uc va dugc dien giai cu the hon trong Chuan muc ke toan s6 10^^
"• Theo Dieu 50AA Lual Cong ly tic, mot cong ty dupe coi la kiem soat cong ty thii hai trong cac truong hpp nhusau'
"(1) Khi cong ty do co quyen quyet dinh ve cac chinh sach tai chinh va hoat dpng ciia cong ty bi kiem soat.
(2) Khi xac dinh !ieu cong ty thii nh^t co kha nang nhu tren hay khong can xcm xet cac yeu to sau;
(a) Anh huong thuc tc ciia cong ty thir nhit (khong chi la cac quyen ma no co thi thuc thi), (b) Bai ky hanh dpng thuc t l hoac hanh vi (pattern of behavior) iac dpng den cac chinh sach tai chinh va hoat dong ctia cong ty thir hai (ngay ca neu no lien
51
NHAIWOC VAPHAPLU4TSO3/2017
Chuan muc ke toan so 10 cung dua ra nhung huong dan cu the de xac dinh m^t cong ty CO "kiem soat" mpt c6ng ty khac hay khong. Cu the: Mpt cong ty kiem soat mot cong ty khac va tro thanh m? ciia cong ty do neu cong ty kiem soat co quyen lire doi voi c6ng ty con. Mot cong ty dupe coi la CO quyen lire doi voi mpt c6ng ty khdc khi c6ng ty do co quyen quyet dinh cac hoat d^ng CO anh huong quan trpng d^n Igi nhuan cua c6ng ty nay. QuySn luc xuSt phat tir cac quyfin cu the. D6i khi viec xac dinh quyen l\rc tuong doi de dang, vi du nhu quy6n luc dat dupe mpt each trvcc ti6p hosic tii cdc quyen bieu quyet co duac do viec so huu CO phan. Trong nhieu truong hpp, vi$c xac djnh quyen luc phiic tap hon va cSn xem xet nhieu yeu t6, vi du quySn lire do CO the den tu mpt hoac mpt s6 dan x^p mang tinh chSt hpp d6ng. Viec mpt cong ty CO quySn quyet dinh cac hoat dpng co anh huong quan trpng dSn loi nhuan ciia mOt cong ty khac kh6ng nhdt thi8t dupe xdc dinh chi khi quySn do da duoc thuc hiSn.
Tuy bang chirng v8 viec da thuc hi$n quyen do co y nghia d6i vai viec xac djnh mpt cong ty co quyln nay hay khong,
quan d^n vi?c vi pham mot thoa thuan hoac vi pham m$t sir tin nhiem (a breach of trust).
(3) Mpt cong ty khong Idjm soat mot cong ty khac chi ben cong ty thir nhSt cung mpt ben thu ba co kha nang quyet dinh ve cac chinh sach tai chinh va hoat dOng cua cong ty thii hai.
(4) Nau c6ng ty thir nhat do:
(a) Co k h i nang anh hrrong din cac quyit dinh v4 cac chinh sach tai chinh va hoat dong ciia cdns tv thir hai; ** •' (b) Co nghia vii phap ly Ai thirc hien kha nang do vi Ipi ich cua nguoi khac ma khong phai loi ich minh"
Nhu v8y, voi Ithai niem " k i t o soat" nhu tren Lujt Cong ty Uc d l cao viec " k i t a soat trong thirc t l ehinh sich tai chinh va hoat dpng kinh doanh" d j xac dinh mSi quan he me - con cho muc dich lap bao cao tai chinh hop nhat.
52
nhung bang chiing do khong phai li mjl yeu to quyet dinh.
Cdc quy dinh neu tren co y nghTa quan trpng trong viec dam bdo cho thi tnrong co cai nhin bao quat v6 tinh hinh tdi chinh cua cd lien ket nhom cong ty. Ngodi ra, yeu c4u vk Idp bdo cao tai chinh hpp nhit giiia c6ng ty me va cac cong ty con c6n co J nghia trong xdc dinh nghia vu thuS cua mpt chu the kinh te duy nhat la nhom c6ng ty me - con.
Biim a, khodn 1 DiSu 191 LDN nam 2014 quy dinh, cong ty me phdi Idp bdo cao tdi chinh hop nhat theo quy dinh cua phap luat v6 kS todn. Tuy nhien, chudn mirc kl todn sfi 25^ khong dua ra dinh nghia c6ng ty me - cong ty con gidng nhu LDN nam 2014. ChuSn muc kS toan sd 25 xdc dinh eong ty con Id doanh nghiep chiu str kiSm soat cua mpt doanh nghiep khac (gpi la c6ng ty me); trong do kiSm soat dupe hiSu Id quy8n chi ph6i cdc chinh sdch tai chinh vd hoat dpng ciia doanh nghiep nhdm thu li;ri kinh te tir cdc hoat dpng ciia doanh ngbi?p d6. Mac dii vay, chudn muc kj todn s6 25 ciing khong giai thich ro th8 ndo la quyll chi phoi. Ngodi ra, quy dinh ciia Chudn miK ke todn so 25 ve nghia vu lap bao cao tai chinh hop nhdt cua tap doan kinh tl khong con phu hpfp voi quy dinh cua LDN nam 2014 vi Dilu 191 LDN nam 2014 chi yeu cau eong ty me lap bdo cdo tai chinh hpp nhat cdc cong ty con trong tap doan chu khong yeu ciu tap dodn kinh tl phai lap ca bdo cao tdi chinh hop nhdt cua tdp doan (bao g6m cd cdc cong ty lien kit"). Tir kinh
Ditpc ban hanh theo Quylt dinh s6 234/2003/QB- BTC ciia Bp truong Bp Tai chinh ngjy 3O/12/2O03j KhoSn 2 B i l u 188 LDN nam 2014 quy djnh tip doan kinh t l co c6ng ty mp, cong ty con va cac cong ty thanh vien khac.
QUAN HE GICA CAC.
nghiem ciia Uc lien quan den van de nay, chiing toi cho rang, Chuan muc ke toan so 25 can c6 nhung huong dan cu the hon ve each xac dinh cac chii the can phai hcrp nhat trong bao cao tai chinh hi^p nhat. Ngoai ra, can thong nhat trong viec djnh nghTa, giai thich cac thuat ngu giong nhau dugc su dung trong LDN nam 2014 va trong cac chuan muc ke toan.
4. Phap luat ve thue dieu chinh mdi quan he giira cac cong ty trong nhom congty
Phap luat ve thue dieu chinh moi quan he giua cac cong ty vai muc tieu kiem soat giao dich chuyen gia va hanh vi tron thue doi voi cac giao dich npi nhom - cac giao djch CO the thuc hien khong theo nguyen tac thi trucmg. Phap luat thue cua Ue sii dung each tiep can cong bang va hgp ly trong viec ap dat nghia vu thue cho cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty.
Ve nguyen tac, cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty dugc coi la cae chii the doc lap theo quy dinh ciia phap luat ve thue thu nhap. Tu ngay 1/7/2002, phap luat ve thue thu nhap eiia Uc cho phep cac cong ty trong nhom cong ty CO "cong ty con do cong ty me scr huu toan bo" dugc phep lua chpn viec dong thue thu nhap vai tu each la mpt chii the nop thue duy nhat^**. Bang viec lua chpn viec dong thue nay, cac cong ty trong nhom do mgt cong ty me so huu toan bp co
" Thong tm tren trang thong lin dien tii ciia Bo Thue vu LJc (Australia Taxation Office: https://www.ato.
gov au/Business/Consolidation/, truy cap ngay 18/12/2016). Xem them: Antony Ting, Policy and membership requirements for consolidation a comparison between Australia. New Zealand and the US, British Tax Review, nam 2005, tr. 1-20.
Antony Ting, Australia's Consolidation Regime A Road of No Return'' British Tax Review, nam 2005, tr. 162-193.
quyen: (i) Chuyen 16 giua cac cong ty trong nhom; (ii) Khong bi danh thue d6i vai co tuc thu dupe tir viec dau tu vao cac cong ty trong nhom; (iii) Lgi nhuan va cac khoan 16 tir viec chuyen nhugng tai san giiia cac c6ng ty trong nhom dugc phep can trir vai nhau.
Viec cho phep cac nhom cong ty co cong ty con do cong ty me so hiiu toan bg dugc lira chgn la chu the chju thue duy nhat (nhom cong ty "hgp nhat") co the giai quyet dugc mgt so van de:
Thir nhdt. giam bat chi phi d6i vai viec tuan thu cac quy dinh phap luat phuc tap ve thue doi vai nhom cong ty, vi du chi phi tuan thii eac quy dinh ve thue doi voi viec to chuc lai nhom, ve viec thanh toan co tiic giua cac cong ty trong nhom va viec ban nhiing tai san thong thuong, tai san von (bao gom ca viec chuyen nhugng co phan/phan von gop) trong nhom.
Thir hai. tranh viec danh thue trimg cac khoan Ipi nhuan co dugc tir hoat dgng thuong mat th6ng thuong bi danh thue mgt lan niia khi chuyen nhupng von.
Thir ba, loai trir viec cac khoan 16 dugc tinh hai lan. Cac khoan 16 tir hoat dpng kinh doanh thong thuong hoac tir viec ban tai san se dugc tinh them mgt lan niia khi chuyen nhugng co phan neu moi cong ty trong nhom dugc coi la mgt doi tuong chiu thu6 doc lap. Viec nay cung tranh tinh trang cac khoan 16 dupe xep tang khi cac cong ty trong nhom (bao g6m cac c6ng ty kh6ng dugc so huu 100% trong nhom) tao ra cac khoan 16 dupe nhan len tir mpt khoan 16 dSu tien. Viec cho phep nhom cong ty me - con dugc nop thue nhu mpt chu the nop thu6 duy nhat cung loai trir tinh trang gia trj dupe chuyen djch tir cac cong ty trong nhom.
Thir tu. loai trir dugc truong hpp tr6n thue th6ng qua cac giao dich npi nhom, vi S3
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LVAT SO 3/2017 du nhu cdc giao dich thao tiing giiia cdc cong ty trong nhom de giam hoac dugc mien thue.
Viec coi nhom cong ty "hgfp nhat" la doi tuong nop thue duy nhat co nghia, cac thdnh vien cua nhom cong ty do se khong con quyen co ma so thue rieng khi tham gia vdo nhom. Muc dich cua viec thiia nhan nhom cong ty "hop nhat" nham don gian he thong thue, gidm bat chi phi tuan thu phdp luat thue ciia cac doanh nghiep, giam bot chi phi quan ly thue, tang cuong tinh hieu qua ciia viec tai cau tnic cong ty va cung c6
tinh thong nhdt ciia he thong thul.
Viec kiem soat hdnh vi chuyin gia cua cdc cong ty trong cilng mgt nhdm cong ty hien nay a Viet Nam cung chua thuc so hieu qua. Qua kinh nghiem cua Uc, toi cho rang, Viet Nam ciing can nghien ciiu dl co the tung buoc cho phep nhom cong ty me - cong ty con co quyen lira chgn thuc hien nghia vu thue nhu mgt chii thi duy nhit Dieu nay se gop phdn gidm hot chi phi quan ly thul, cung nhu cac Igi ich khdc nhu plian tich o tren.
(TiSp theo trang 42 - Cdc quy dinh cua Luft Doanh nghiep..
Chiing toi cho rdng, quy dinh cua dilm i khoan 3 Dilu 177 Luat Doanh nghiep 2014 la hgp ly, boi ty le ba phdn tu ting s6 thanh vien hgp danh chap thuan viec giai thi da the hien y chi da s6 tuyet dii. Do vay, cdn sua diera b khoan I Dilu 201 Luat Doanh nghiep 2014 nhu sau: Cong ly hap danh bi giai the "Theo quyet dinh ciia it nhat ba phdn tu tong so thanh vien hap danh".
Thii- sau, vl loai hinh cong ty hgp von dtfn gian.
Cling voi cong ty hgp danh, cong ty hgp von don gian la loai hinh doanh nghiep da xudt hien va ton tai hang tram nam nay o nhieu nuoc tren thi gioi. Loai hinh cong ty nay gom co mpt thanh vien chiu trach nhiem vo han v l cac nghia vu tai chinh va cac khodn ng din han cua cong ty va mgt hoac nhieu thanh vien gop v6n chiu trach nhiem him han trong pham vi v6n gop vao cong ty. Loai hinh cong ty nay co dac dilm
tuong tu nhu cong ty hgp danh, nhung co mgt diem khdc biet la trgng cgng ty hgp danh thi su chia se rui ro (dac biet Id su chju trdch nhiem vo han) se giiia it nhdt hai thdnh vien hgp danh, con g cong ty hgp vin dgn gian, viec chiu trach nhiem vo han dii vai cac nghia vu tdi chinh vd cac khoan ncr chi do mgt nguoi gdnh vac. Khi mpt nha dau tu CO tilm nang Ion v l tdi chinh (v6n va tdi san) tu nguyen ganh chiu trach nhiem vo han ve cac nghia vu tai chinh va cac khoan ng; dong thai dugc nhilu nhd ddu tu khac ung hg ho trg them v6n phuc vu san xult, kinh doanh, thi phap luat nen tao eg hpi cho nhd ddu tu thdnh lap mgt cong ty ciia rieng minh. Do vay, khi sua d6i Ludt Doanh nghiep trong hiong lai, cdc nhd lam luat cin bo sung them mo hinh cong ty hgp vin don gian de tang them su da dang v l cac loai hinh doanh nghiep trong n i n kinh tl nhiSn thanh phan g Viet Nam.
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