Nghien ciiu chinh sach
an sinh xa hoi cho gia dinh Viet Nam
D$ng Nguyen Anfa
' Vi$n Hin lam Khoa hpc xS h6i Vift Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nh$n ngiy 6 thing 6 nim 2017. Chdp nh|ln ( ^ g ngiy 7 thing 7 n^m 2017.
Tdm tdt: Nghien ciiu an sinh xa hpi (ASXH) ttong bdi canh hifn dgi hda va hpi nhgp quoc te d Vift Nam doi hoi phdi chu y din chinh sach an sinh ddi vdi cac gia dinh. Tuy nhien, cd rdt it chinh sach an sinh xa hpi danh rieng cho gia dmh, lay gia dinh lam don vj thy hudng hay can thifp d Viet Nam. Trong khi do, cdc chinh sdch an sinh xa hpi ddnh cho ddi tupng cy the hay nhung thanh vien xac djnh ttong mdi gia dinh Igi co kha nhieu. Thyc te do phan anh sy thieu hut cac chinh sach an sinh cho gia dmh hifn nay.
TiJr kh6a: An sinh xd hpi, gia dinh, chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, Vift Nam.
Fhan togi nganh: Xa hpi hpc
Abstract: The study of social protection in the context of modernisation and intemational integration in Vietnam requires that attention be paid to the social protection policies for femilies. However, there are now in the country only a few of such policies, which are targeted at families and take them as beneficiaries or objects of interventions. Meanwhile, there are many other social protection policies for specific groups of people in the society or members in the family. That fact reflects the lack of such policies for families today.
Keywords: Social protection, family, social protection policy, Vietnam.
Subject classification: Sociology
1. D^t vdn de va khdc phuc rui ro. Hf thdng ASXH dupe hidu la toan bO cac chinh sdch nhd An sinh xa hOi duac xay dung tren md nude nhdm giiip dd cdc cd nhdn, gia dinh hinh quan Iy nii ro, trong do c6 ba chiln vd cac nhdm x§ hpi qudn ly cdc riii ro, lupc: phdng ngira nii ro, gidm nhe rui ro bdt trdc ciia minh va hd tro cho nhung
Khoa hpc xahpi Vift Nam, sd 8-2017 ngudi nghdo, yeu thl nhdt. MOt he thdng ASXH tdt se gdp phdn quan trpng vdo sy phat ttiln cua qudc gia. M^t khdc, thdng qua cdc chinh sdch ASXH, nha nude ciing thyc hifn pfadn phdi lgi thu nhgp vd djch vy cho cdc nhdm xd hOi de bj ton thuang vd cac gia dinh thu nhdp thap, gdp phan gidm nghdo vd chdng nguy co tdi nghdo, tiln tdi thu hpp bdt binh ddng xa hOi. C6 thl nhan thdy ASXH Id mpt trong nhttng hpp phdn quan trpng trong cdc ehuang ttinh xd hdi ciia cdc qudc gia nhdm mye dich dn dinfa x9 fapi, gidm phan hod gidu ngheo, dieu tidt qud trinh phan tdng xa hpi, tgo ndn sy ddng thuan giiia cac giai tdng, cdc nhdm ddn cu trong tiln trinh phdt ttidn. Do do, ASXH vita cd tinh kinh tl, vira mang tinh xa hpi vd nhdn vdn sdu sdc.
Cd sy nhdt tri rdng m^t hf thdng ASXH tdt dupe thl hifn d khd nang vd cdc bifn phdp bdo vd cdc cd nhan vd cac nhdm xa fapi trudc nhihig riii ro, tdn thuong do tdc dfng thien tai, hay nhung tdc dpng bat lpi vd kinh te - xd hdi, nhdm duy tri dupe miic sdng vd dilu kifn sinh kl thilt ylu. ASXH la mOt chinh sdch xd hpi ca bdn ciia nhd nude nhdm thyc hifn cdc chiic ndng phdng ngita, han chl vd khdc phyc riii ro, bdo ddm an todn thu nhgp vd cu$c song cho ngudi dan. Chiln lupc ASXH cda Vift Nam giai dogn 2011-2020 ndu ro: "An sinfa xd hpi Id sy bdo ddm md xd hpi cung cap cho mpi thdnh vidn frong xd h^i thdng qua vifc thyc thi hf thdng cdc ca che, chinh sdch vd bifn phdp can thifp trudc cdc nguy ca, riii ro cd the dan ddn suy gidm hogc mat di ngudn sinh kd" [5]. Bdi viet chi ra nhihig khodng trdng nghien ciiu ASXH cho gia dinh, dl tir dd cd nhting giai phap chinh sach nhdm
tdng cudng an smh gia dmh vd gpi md mdt sd hudng tiep c|n phii hprp vdi chd dd nghidn ciiu cap tfailt ndy.
2. Dam bao an sinh x3 hdi cfao gia dinh 2.1. An sinh xd hgi cho gia dinh Cdc nghien ciiu xd hpi fapc quoc te dd chi ra vai trd cda gia dinh nhu m^t ngudn ASXH ddnh cho cdc tfaanfa vidn cua minh.
Cherlin [7] dd xem xdt sy tuong ttp lan nhau trong gia dinh, d^c bift giita eha m?
vd con cdi. Con cdi trudng thdnh s5 giup dd cha mp, nhung nhin chung con cdi cung nhgn dupe sy chdm sdc tir pfaia cha mp. Theo tdc gid, mdi quan hf tucmg trp qua lgi ndy thd hifn sy thda thudn "bao cap ngam" trong gia dinh, giiia cha mp vd con cdi. Tuy nhidn Cherlin ciing luu f rdng, qud trinh cdng nghifp hda diSn ra mgnh me vdo cudi the ky XIX d Tdy Au da kdo cdc thdnh vien, ma trudc tidn la nam gidi, rdi sau dd Id phy nii, ra khdi eac gia dinh. CuOc sdng cua cdc thdnh vidn phu thupc nhilu vao tiln cdng do lao dfng mang Igi. Nhihig sy kifn nhu dau dm, tai ngn, ho§c mat vifc Idm, sinh kl c6 thd khien cho cdc thanh vidn vd hO gia dinh roi vdo tinfa trgng khdn khd, tdc dOng tidu cyc din cupc sdng cua fap. Ngay tir nhftng ndm 50 ciia thl ky- trudc, Parson vd Bales [10] xem xet qua ttinh chuyin giao hp thdng chdc ndng an sinh vd chdm sdc ciia gia dinh truyin thdng sang cdc thilt chl xd hOi cd chiic ndng chuydn nghipp nhu trudng hpc, bfnh vifn, nhd dudng Ido, trung tdm ttdng gift ttd... Qud trinh ndy khi dupe thyc hipn hifu qua sS gdp
12
Dgng Nguygn Anh phan gidm nhe gdnh ngng chdm sdc cua
cdc gia dinh vd tgo didu kipn eho thilt chd ndy thuc hifn tdt han cdc chiic ndng cdn lai. Cdch tiep can chuc nang ndy van cd dnh hudng ttong nghien ciiu gia dinh d Viet Nam hipn nay.
Trong xd hOi phuang Ddng, gia dinh la mOt thidt che ASXH truydn thdng, cd vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vide chdm sdc vd ddm bao ddi sdng cho cdc thdnh vidn. Ngudi dan Vipt Nam ludn dya vdo cdc quan he gia dinh vd ngudi thdn dl tim sy ttp giiip khi rui ro [3]. Ngodi nhung rdng buOc vd phap Iy, dd cdn la ttdch nhipm, nghia vy vd bdn phdn vp chdng, cha me vd con cdi, ttdch nhifm cua ngudi ldn ddi vdi ttd em, ngudi khde vdi ngudi ylu, ngudi khuylt t^t, ngudi ttd vdi ngudi gid, ngudi c6 khd nang lao dOng, c6 thu nhap ddi vdi ngudi mdt kha ndng lao dOng, khdng cd thu nhdp ttong gia dinh [4].
Ngudn trp giiip trudc tidn khi g^p khd khan ttong cuOc sdng ddn tir nhting ngudi than ttong gia dmh, sau dd md rpng ra hp hang, be ban, cpng ddng vd chinh quyen.
Nhd nude thyc hifn phdc lpi xa hfi thdng qua phuemg thdc phan phdi va tai phan phdi ngudn lyc, thyc hifn cac cfainh sdch dudi hinh thdc trp cdp, ho ttg djch vu xd hfi ddi vdi cdc nhdm xd hpi ydu the. Do vdy, nai nao gia dmh ho ttpr tdt cho nhung thdnh vidn khdng ty Io dugc cfao ban thdn, nai d6 gdnh nang ASXH se dugc gidm bdt. Mdi quan hf gifta gia dhih, nhd nude vd ASXH khd phiic tgp, bdi dd khdng chi dan thudn la mdi quan hf bd sung cho nhau ma cdn phy thupc vdo nhau. Nhiing thay ddi ttong thiet chl gia dinh se cd nhihig tdc dpng den an sinh cua cdc thdnh nidn va ddn sy on dinh xa hOi. Sy van hdnh cda hf thdng ASXH
ciing tdc dOng tryc tilp ddn cdc thdnh vien gia dmh, nhdt Id ttd em va ngudi cao tiidi.
Ngudi gia vd ttd em ttong gia ifinh ciing cd nhftng ddng gdp nhdt dinh ddi vdi phiic Igi cua cdc thdnh vidn khdc. Day Id ca che giup cho ASXH ciia gia duih bin viing, vd dugc tidp ndi qua cac the hf.
Tuy nhidn, cdng vdi thdi gian, gia dfinh truyin thdng bj tdc ddng va suy ydu bdi qud trinh cdng nghifp hda, do tiij hda. Dieu ndy ed thl thdy qua cdc bilu hifn: I) ngay cdng cd nhidu thanh thieu nidn rdi ndng than ra thdnh phd hpc tgp va lao ddng kiem sdng, vd pfadn ldn sd ndy kfadng quay vl ndng thdn; 2) difn ti'ch ddt canh tae ngdy cdng bi thu hep khiln cho sd lugng lao dpng bj mat vifc ldm tdng Idn; 3) qud trinh cdng nghipp hda thdc ddy cdc ddng di cu trong nude vd qudc tl, khiln cho tf ttpng cac gia dfinh thilu khuylt tdng ldn va quy md gia <finh nfad di; 4) xu hudng hat nhSn hda gia dinh ngay cdng tdng, gdy ndn faifn tupng nhieu gia duih cha mp di lam an xa vd chi cdn lgi dng bd vd cdc chdu. Nhu vdy, gia dinh - ngudn "an sinh" truydn thdng - dang bj phd vd cdu true do tae dpng cua biln ddi kinh td - xa hOi vd nhdn khau [6], [10],
Nhiing ylu td trdn dang thdch thiic ASXH cho gia £nh vd ddi hdi phai nghidn cdu thdu ddo. Mang ludi ASXH truyen thdng dya ttdn gia dinh dang hi suy gidm chuc ndng va vai ttd, ttong khi cdc thiet chl ASXH hifn dai lai chua hinh thdnh ho^c chua ddng bO, chua dap iing tdt nhu cdu ciia x3 hpi. Vifc cung cd lgi chiic ndng ciia gia dmh ttong vifc ddm bao ASXH cho cac thdnh vien Id rat can thidt, ddng thdi can phdi cd sy chuyin hudng [1]. Mpt trong nhihig gidi phdp la tgp ttung sy ddu tu ASXH tir cdp cdc cd nhdn ldn cap df hf gia 13
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vift Nam, sd 8 - 2017 dinh vd chii ttpng vai trd ciia cfng ddng, nhdt Id VOT nhiing ddi tugng khdng cd khd ndng thay ddi hoan cdnh vd dilu kidn sdng cua mmh. Thyc td hifn nay cho thay nai ndo gia dinh va cdng ddng lam tdt boat dOng ASXH, thi nai dd gdnh nang an sinh dupe gidm bdt.
cdn ddy, su thdo ludn chinh sdch hudng vdo viec cac gia ^ n h ty an sinh cho chinh minh thdng qua ndng lyc phdng ngica, thich dng va khdc phye riii ro. Didu ndy cho thdy vai tro quan ttpng cda gia dinh ddi vdi ASXH. Song, ciing can nhfn thay nhiing gidi ban ciia phuemg thiic "ty an sinh" do qua tdi v l tfadi gian, ngudn luc ddi vdi gia dmh ttong cuOc sdng hifn dgi. Cdc thdnh vien nu vdn phdi lo toan vifc nhd, di ldm vd ddng thdi cham sdc cho cdc thdnh vien khdc. Chdc nang kinh t l , chuc nang thda mdn nhu cdu tinh cdm dupe nhan mgnh trong cdc gia dinh hifn dgi, nhung phdc lgi khdng dugc chia se mpt cdch cdng bdng.
Nguy ca dd vd gia dinh, ly hdn Iudn tilm an vdi nguydn nhan sau xa do bdt bmh ddng gidi, xung dOt thl hf, tranh chap kmh t l vd nhihig mdu thuln ttong ddi sdng hdn nhdn thudng ngdy. Sy can thiep cua nhd nude thdng qua cdc quy dinh, chinh sdch Id cdn thilt, bdi gia dinh khdng thd ty an smh, ty Io toan ttong cac trudng hgp dd.
2.2. Chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi cho gia dinh Nghien ciiu ASXH ttong bdi cdnh hifn dai hda vd hOi nhgp qudc t l ddi hdi phdi chd y den cdc van de chinh sdch cung nhu thyc tien ASXH d cdp dp gia dinh. Tuy nhidn, cho den nay cd rdt it chinh sdch ASXH ddnh ridng cho gia dmh (theo nghia todn bp
gia dinh, lay gia dinh ldm dan vj tfau hudng hay can thifp). Ngogi trd mOt sd chinh sdch ddi vdi gia fflnh cd cdng, edc hO ngheo, hp ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, hO cd hodn cdnh dac bift khd khdn (nhu chinh sdcfa xda ddi giam ngfaeo, cfao vay von, tao vifc Idm, chdm sdc sdc khde, tao dyng sinh ke,... cho hp), hdu hit cdc chinh sdch ASXH gdn vdi cac thanh vidn. Cd thl tiidy cdc chinh sach ASXH ddnfa cho ca nhdn vd nhtir^ ddi tupng cy till Igi khd phd biln. Vi dy nhu chinh sach ttg giiip ngudi cao tudi, khdm chiia bfnh midn phi cho ttd em dudi 6 tudi, chinh sdch hd ttg ngudi khuydt tat, ngudi cd HIV, phy nu don thdn nudi con nhd, v.v.. Vifc thyc thi cdc chinh sdch h§ ttp danh ridng cho ddi tugng cd nhan da gdp phan gidi quylt nhihig khd khan cfaung eda gia dinfa, song ndu chinh sdch dugc dp dung thyc hifn d cap hp gia dinh thi sd phd hgp hon vd ddm bdo tdt ban sy hoa n h | p , bao trum xd hpi.
Hdu hit cdc chmh sdch ASXH d Vift Nam chua tilp c|n tiieo fap gia dmfa. Cac tty ASXH nhu bao hidm, vipc ldm lidn quan chii ydu din cd nhan thdnh vidn trong hO. Trong khi dd, nhilu ITnh vyc ttg giup xa hpi nhu chdm sdc ngudi cao tudi, ttd em, ngudi nghifn, ngudi khuylt tgt... ^ u cd till tiep c§n hifu qud hi gdc dp gia dinh. Nhiing tieu chi nghdo da chieu hifn nay dang dugc ttiln khai todn qudc nhu hpc hanh, ^kp c$n tiidng tin, cham sdc siic khde, nha d, nude sgch, vf sinh mdi trudng... dugc xdc dinh tren ca sd cd nhan rdt bat hgp ly vd cd thl khdng thdnh cdng. Vifc chia nhd ngudn lyc vdn dd it oi cang ldm gidm hifu qud trg giup. Dieu nay cho tfady cdn phai nghidn cdu bd sung vd dilu chinh cdc can thifp chinh sdch ASXH ddi vcd gia (Enh vd ldy hO gia Snh lam nhdm dich.
Dang Nguygn Anh Chinh sdch ASXH cfao gia dhih Id cdn
thidt, song can dugc xem xdt, ddnfa gid ttong mdi quan faf vdi nhd nude vdi tu cdch Id chu thd chinh ban hdnh ca chd, cfainh sdch qudn 1^ xd hOi. Khi nhu cdu ASXH vugt qua khd ndng dap dng cua cdc gia dmh thi sy can thifp, ho ttg cua nhd nude Id cdn thiet. Tuy nhien, cau hdi d^t ra Id nhd nude ndn can thifp din mdc dp ndo vd cdc chinh sdch ASXH cdn uu tidn vd tdp trung vdo cdc nhdm gia dinh ndo, ddi tugng ndo, tiidnh phdn ndo, cdu phdn ndo? Nhd nude cdn cd nhimg can thifp chinh sdch gi dl c6 the phdt huy dugc vai ttd cua gia dinh ttong ddm bdo ASXH cho cdc tiidnh vien? Rat khd ttd ldi cho cdc cdu hdi nay tft ede cdng trinh nghien ciiu hifn cd vd cdng khd tim duge cdu ttd ldi ddng, ndu nhu khdng dya ttdn cdc nghidn ciiu khoa hpc, dupe thilt kl bai^ phuemg phdp tiep can phii hgp.
3. Tiep c|n nghien cuu an sinfa xa fa^i cfao gia dinh
Nghidn cdu ASXH va chinh sdcfa ASXH cho gia dinh ddi hdi nhung phuemg phdp va cdcfa tidp c§n khdc nhau, vd cd thl v|b dyng linh boat vd thicfa hgp vdi doi tugng va nfi dung nghien ciiu. Cdc cdng trinh nghidn ciiu hidn nay ve ASXH cho gia dinh cdn khidm tdn vd chua dugc thyc hifn mdt cdch hf thdng. Sau ddy la mpt sd faudng tidp can nghidn ciiu chu ylu cd the
xem xet, tham khdo van dyng ttong nghien cuu vd chu dd ndy.
- Tiip cdn hi thong
Cd nhidu chd thl tham gia vdo ddm bdo ASXH ma ttong dd gia dinh cd vai ttd quan trpng, dgc bift Id quan he vdi nhd nude.
Nhiing chd thl ndy cd quan hf tuong tdc, hd trg lln nhau, mdi chd thl Id didu kifn dam bdo cfao sy van hanh vd phat tridn ben vthig cua he thdng ASXH. Cd thd xem xdt vl mdi quan hf tdc dgng gifta cdc ylu td ttong sa dd "Care Diamonds"cua Ochiai Emiko (2009) vl 4 chu thd chdm sdc ttong mOt hf thdng chinh thd (Hmh I).
Theo cdch tiep can tten, quan hd ndy de cdp ddn gia dinh ttong mdi tuong tdc vdi cdc chu the cdn lgi, ddc biet la nha nude va thj trudng. Cdc chinh sdeh vl an sinh gia dinh d Viet Nam dudng nhu chua cdn ddi, thgm chi thilu ttgng tdm gifta cdc chu thl ndy. Hidn cdc chinh sach c6 sy nhdn mgnh nhidu hon tdi vai ttd/chuc ndng ciia chu thl nha nude. Xet theo mue dp toan difn, day du ciia he thdng ehinh sdch ASXH cho gia dinh thi d day cdn tdn tai nhiing khoang ttdng hoac nhftng hgn chd nhat dinh. Theo cdch tidp cgn ndy, gia dinh vd cOng ddng Id hai chu thd khdng kem phdn quan trpng ttong chdm sdc vd an sinh. Su tham gia cua doanh nghifp vd thi trudng gdn day dd co sy chuyin bidn thdng qua hoat dpng tu thien xa hpi, chia sd khd khdn vdi cac ddi tugng thidt thdi, tuy khung phdp Iy cho tft thidn xa hpi cdn chua dugc ddi mdi vd hoan thidn [2].
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vift Nam, sd 8 - 2017
Cic t6 chirc t\r nguy$n dfc l§p, phi chinh phO, phi lgi nhuSn, t6 chfic x i h^i. Cic nh6m tf tuong trp; thifn nguyfn. Cic to chftc tii thifn tin ngirOng
Nh6mx3h?i trg giUp, ch£im s6c tryc tiep
Khu vvtc tu nhSn, m&
hinh ket hijp c8ng-tii, xi h^i hda nguSn Ivc
Hinh 1. Mo hinh cac chu the ch5m soc (Care Diamonds) [9]
- Tiip cgn chu trinh vdng d&i gia dinh Bdn canh cdch tidp c|n hf thdng ndi tren, cdc nghien cftu cd thl vdn dyng cdeh tilp c ^ chu trinh vdng ddi gia dinh (Hinh 2), gdn liln vdi nhiing nii ro cua cae thanh vien ti^ng timg giai dogn vdng ddi gia duih.
Thugt ngft "chu trinh" md td nhiing giai doan thay ddi cua hp gia dinh ttdi qua thdi gian, mang tinh dpng vd lidn tyc.
Thdng thudng, cdc giai dogn phdt triln cua gia dinh dya ttdn nhftng biln cd/sy kifn chinh cua cdc thdnh vien nhu k i t
hdn, sinh dd, ttudng thdnh, di hpc, di ldm gdn lien vdi sy thoat ly khdi gia dinfa cda con cdi. Sd lugng cdc thdnh vidn trong gia dinh thay ddi va cac thdnh vidn diu trdi nghipm cimg nhau nhftng rdi ro, sy kifn va hd trg cho nhau vugt qua nhftng khd khdn, thach thdc. Nhu cau ASXH cua gia dinh b i l n thidn khdng chi theo sy thay ddi giai dogn cugc sdng cua tiing thanh vidn md cdn phy thuOc vdo mdc dp tdng gidm nhdn kfadu va gdn ket cua cdc thdnh vidn ttong gia dinh.
Dgng Nguyen Anh
- G i ^ m t o dO phit triSn nh$nthi:rc - KMng dkn U o miln djdi - Kh6ng dugc chOm sdc
tmdc sinh vA sau sinh - Khdng duTC b6 m ;
cham s6c do qua dfti hogc d i e u
- Ste khte giim siit, t$t gia tang - Thu nhJp giim sui, iing
ph6 vin nghte - v i n phJu lao dQng
khdng duQC nghi ngoi - Bin sing Unh c ^ tinh
thin ngti&> nin - QOnsficooicHutlvfli^c - Mitdicicqianbgxai^i
' n i l t n g h i ^ - v A l h i ^ v i ^ lim ' Luong khdng dil
Nfl
' C i n d i i m soc con cai v i c h a m ;
' Khdng cham s6c duflc con cii ' Phin b i ^ gioi tinh ' B ^ l^c gia dhih
- L a o d ^ n g t r i e m - Khfing dtipc d ^ tniimg - Suy dinh duOng - KhfingduQCMm?cham s6c do qua ddi hogc di cu
Hinh 2. Md hhih an smh xd hpi theo chu trinh vong ddi gia dinh [1]
- Tiep can vdn hda
Do tinh da dang ciia gia £ n h Viet Nam gdn vdi cdc dac tnmg phong phu cua van hda ddn tpc, tap qudn, loi song vung midn, ddi sdng xa hOi, ndn cdc nghidn cftu can cfau y den yeu td van hda trong danh gia tfayc trgng va luan chdng cdc mye tidu, djnh hudng, gidi phap cung vdi kiln nghj chinh sdch. Cach tidp can vdn hda cdn chu ttpng tdi nhftng d^c diem da dang vdn hda cua gia dmh, cpng ddng ciing nhu su chenh lech kha ldn ttong trinh dp phdt tridn kinh td - xd hpi gifta cdc viing midn, khu vyc hidn nay.
Ben cgnh do, loai hinh gia £ n h da van hda
dang cd xu hudng gia tdng d Vift Nam, ddi hdi cdch tidp can vdn hda ttong ngfaidn ciiu.
- Tiip can liin ngdnh, xidyen ngdnh Cdc hgp phan ASXH vfta cd quan hp tuong hd vdi nhau, vira cd mdi quan faf vdi nhihig Imfa vyc khdc (nhu kinh td, x3 hOi, dSn sd, sdc khde, tdm Iy hpc...). Sy phdt tridn (hay suy gidm) cua moi ITnh vyc (yeu td) ddu tdc dOng den yen td kia (la nguydn nhdn va hp qud hodc song hdnh diln biln).
Mac du tilp cgn xd hOi hpc la pfad bien vd hifu qua cao ttong nghidn ciiu vd gia £ n h vd ASXH cho gia dinh, nhung tilp cgn nhdn hgc va dan tgc hgc giup tim failu cdc
Khoa hpc xd hQi Vift Nam, sd 8 - 2017 tfayc hdnh ASXH tmyln thdng cua cdc dan tdc d Vipt Nam. Kmh td hpc gidp udc lugng va gidi thich cdc md fainh tfaong kd dinh lugng vd tdc d^ng cda chinh sdch ASXH cfao gia ^nfa, ciing nhu xac djnh cdc ylu td dnh hudng din an sinh gia ^ n h . Nghidn cim ddn sd, sftc khde cho phdp ddnh gid, phdn loai chu- trinh vdng ddi cua gia
^ n h gdn vdi nhu cdu ASXH cua tftng giai dogn cufc sdng. Gan day, tiep c ^ xuydn i^dnh (transdisciplinarity) xda bd ranh gidi vd sy tdch biet giiia cdc chuydn ngdnh, vdi sy tham gia cda cdc chu thl ngodi cpng ddng khoa hpc ttong timg giai dogn nghidn ciiu nhdm dua ra dugc gidi pfadp chinh sdch ddng bd, khd thi ddi vdi nhftng van de ASXH cua tiiyc t l .
- Tiip cdn so sdnh
Vifc so sanh sy thay ddi vd dinh hudng chinh sach gifta cdc thdi k^ vd giai dogn phdt tridn cua Vift Nam giiip eho vifc phdn tich, ddnh gid, d l xudt sdu sdc han, rd rang hon vd khdch quan hon cdc khuydn nghi chinh sdch. Bdn thdn cdc chlnh sdch ASXH (bao hidm, djch vy cdng, luong, ttg cdp,...) cho cdc gia dinh can dugc n h ^ difn, ddnh gid, phan tich theo nhiing hgn che, tdn tgi, vd nhftng nguydn nhan cua nhihig hgn chd.
Han nua, cd thl nghidn cftu so sdnh theo cdc kilu loai gia ^tah, dja bdn nai cu trd d l tft dd dl xudt nhftng chinh sdch phu hgp.
Chinh sdch ASXH cho gia dinh khdng the
"m§c ddng pfayc" dp dyng chung cho cdc logi hhih gia ^ n h khdc nhau, noi cu tini khdc nfaau.
4. K i t luSn
M | c du fap tiidng ASXH Vift Nam da vd dang tiing bude dugc md rOng v l pham vi, ddi tugng va mftc thy hudng, song hp thdng ndy chua phdt triln ddng bf vd chua ddp
ling dugc nhu cau xd hOi. Nhilu nghidn cftu da cho thdy mftc dO bao phu ASXH thyc te cdn thap, khd nang tiep cgn cdc nhdm ddn cu ttong mft sd chuong trinh, du dn cdn ban cfal. Cdc cfainh sdch dugc ban hdnh tuy nhidu ve sd lugng, song bat cgp, thieu ddng bO, it lidn kit, chua sft dung hifu qud ngudn lyc vd chua bdo ddm dugc tinh bin vung.
MOt trong nhftng nguyen nhdn cda hgn chl ndi ttdn Id do cdc chinh sdch ASXH van thidn ve cac cd nhdn md chua xem xdt d edp df gia (tinh nhu mpt thiet che quan trpng bdo vp vd an sinh ddi vdi cdc thdnh vidn.
Dudi tdc dpng cua qud trinh cdng nghifp hda, hipn dgi hoa vd hOi nhdp qudc tl, vd trong bdi cdnh mftc sinfa gidm nfaanfa vd qud trinh di dan - do thj hda gia tdng, quy mo gia £ n h Vift Nam khdng chi ngay cdng nhd han, md cdc quan hd giiia cdc thl hf vd cdc thdnh vidn ciing trd ndn ldng leo faon.
Sy suy gidm chftc ndng tmyln thdng cda gia dinh ttong vifc chdm sdc vd bao vf cac thdnh vidn din den nhiing khd khdn, thach thftc ve chinfa sdcfa de cd thl dam bdo ASXH cho gia dinh hifn nay. Thach thdc dang ddt ra vdi cdng tae chdm sdc vd ttp giup xd hdi, duy tri thu nh|ip cho gia £nh vd cfadm sdc sftc kfade cho ngudi cao tudi - nhdm nhdn khau cd tdc dO gia tang nhanh nfaat d Vift Nam faifn nay.
Budc sang giai doan 2017-2020, ydu cdu faodn thifn chuifa sdcfa ASXH ttd nen bdc thiet nhdm thyc hifn mye tidu phdt trien nhanh vd b i n vftng. Cdc nghidn cdu can £ sdu n h ^ difn vd tim liilu cdc vdn dl liSn quan den ASXH cho gia dinfa, de xudt cdc gidi phdp chinh sdch phft hgp, nhdm phdt huy hipu qud, dp cfae pfau vd hodn thifn hf tiidng chmh sdch ASXH cho gia dhih Vift Nam, ddng tfadi tdng cudng tinh ben vimg cda thilt chl xd hOi quan ttpng ndy. Cdc chinh sdcfa ASXH cho gia dmfa pfadi hirdng tdi phyc vy tryc tiep cho nhu cdu phdt triln
D$ng Nguyen Anh
cua gia £ i i h va cac tfadnfa vidn, tfadng qua dd gdp pfadn dn dinh chinh trj xa fagi. Vdi mye dich do, bai viet nay budc ddu chia sd kinh nghiem, dd xuat each tilp cSn ngfaidn ciiu phu hgp, gdp pfadn md ra mOt gdc nhin mdi vd chinfa sdch ASXH cho gia ffinfa ttong tiidi ky cdng nghifp hda, hipn dai hda vd hOi nhap qudc t l d Vift Nam.
Tai lifu tham khao
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[2] D ^ g Nguyen Anh (2016), "Ho^t dfng tu thifn ciia ngudi dan qua mft khio sit x& hpi hpc a c^ngdoa^'',T9pchiX3hgihge, s d 3 . [3] VQ M?mh Lpi, Vu Tudn Huy v i ding n ^ f p
(2006), Bdo cdo De tdi cdp Vign: Vai trd vd nhu cdu cda gia dinh vi an sinh xd hgi, Vifn x a h f i hpc. H i N f i .
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[6] D$ng Nguyfin Anh (2014), "Social protection in Vietnam: Issues, challenges and prospects", Vietnam Journal of Famify and Gender Studies. \ol.9,}^o.l.
[7] Cherlin, J. Andrew (1999), Public and Private Families - An Introduction, The McGraw - Hill Conqunies, Inc.
[8] Giang Thanh Long (2010), Toward an Aging Population: K(eq>ping the Reform Process in the Public Delivery of Social Protection Services in Vietruan, Baclc^t)tmd paper for the 2010 Vietaam Human Development Report, VASS and UNDP, Hanoi.
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