KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHl
^AlVH HUOIVG CUA MGUdlXI CUIVG C A P CHAT BEO TROIVG KHAU PHAIV DEIV MAIVG S U A T , CHAT LUOIVG
TRUIVG, THAIXIH PHAIXI AXIT BED V A COLESTEROIV CUA LdlVG DO TRUIMG V A LIPIT HUYET TU01VG
CUA GA MAI DE
Ld Thanh PhuongS Luu Hlhi Manh^ Nguydn Nh^rt Xudn Dung' T6MTAT
Thi nghi&m ndy diipc tidn tidnh tren 720 gd mdi Hisex brown tu 32 den 42 taian tudi dd danh gia anh hudng nguon dau bo sung trong Idiau phan len nang suat, chat lirong tning, thanh phan chat beo cua huy^t tuong, t h ^ h phan axit b^o va ham luong colesteron Uong long do tning. Ga dug'c bo tri hoan toan ngiu nhiSn g6m CO 3 loai ddu la dau cim gao (DCG), dau ca hoi 0)CH) va dau nanh (DN) v6i ti 1^ 1, 2 va 3% trong khau phan thanh 9 nghifim thuc. Ga nuoi khau phan bd sung DCG co ti le de cao hon hon DN va DCH, trong d6 miic do 2% DCG la cao nh^t (P=0,01), Cac loai dau va miic dp bd sung khong ^ h huong l6n khdi luong tning ciia ga, tuy nhien khdi luong tning (ga/ngay) cao nhat a DN va DCG (P=0,02). HiSu qua thuc an tdt nh^t b cac NTbdsungDN (P=0,01). Qua tning cua ga mii nuoi khau phan DN c6 tdng sd axit beo chua no n-6 cao nh^t (P<0,01), trong khi ham luong tdng sd axit b6o n-3 cao nh^t 6 khau phan bd sung DCH. Khau phan DCH lam tang su tich luy DHA trong 16ng do tning r^t y nghia (P<0,01). Ti te axit b^o omega 6/omega 3 va ham lugng colext&r6n long do thap nhat ghi nhan duoc a nh6m ga nuoi DCH CP=0,01). Cic k^t qua thi nghidm chi rang DCG cho ta 16 de cao nhat nhung DCH da lam tang luong DHA trong long do tning va giam ti le axit omega 6/omega 3. Su k^t hop cic loai dau niy vio khau phan gi c6 y nghia trong thuc td trong vi&c ning cao nang suat va kiem soit thinh phin chit beo cua tning.
Tii]di6a: Axit beo, colextiron, dau cam gao, ddu ca hoi, dau nanh, khdi lupng trung, ti Ii de, Idng dd trung.
I.DATVANDE
Cac san ph^m cua dong vSt nhu nhu thit, sua va tning CO vai tro rat quan trpng cho dinh duong cua nguoi, gan day chat luong cua chiing rat dugc quan tam. Qua tning ga rat giau protein, axit amin nhu lizin va cac duong ch^t khac co gia tri sinh hoc cao (Laca et al., 2010). Tuy nhiSn, qua tning ga tifiu chuan thuong chiia it axit linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) va docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3), ngoai ra tning con co li 1§ axit beo omega 6/omega 3 cao la 17:1 (OHveira, 2010) hoac len den ti IS 29:1 ddi voi ga nuoi bing khau phan bdp va dau nanh (Neto et al., 2009). Tl le axit beo omega 6/omega 3 rat quan trpng cho lpi ich siic khoe cda nguoi do CO anh huong len benh tim mach (Simopoulos, 1998). Cac nuoc chau Au de nghi ti \t nay khoang 4:1 den 10:1 (MazalU etal., 2004). Theo Cachaldora et al. (2006), thanh phan chat beo cua long do tning co the thay ddi b ^ g each kiem soat
Bg mon Chan nuoi, Khoa Nong nghi$p & SHUD, Truong Dai hgc Can Tho
^ Bg mon Thii y, Khoa Ndng nghiep & SHUD, Truang Dai hgc Can Tha
nguon cung cap ch^t beo trong khau ph4n in ciia ga mai de.
Dau ca la mpt trong nhiing nguon cung c^p axit beo omega 3, duoc xem la mpt trong nhung ngu^n rat giau EPA va DHA. Cachaldora et al. (2006) da chung minh la bo sung dau ca moi diu (menhaden oil) vao khau phan g^ mai de da lim tang him luong EPA va DHA Idng do tning. Dau nanh r^t giiu axit Hnoleic, nhung cung chiia m6t lupng dang U hnolenic axit (7%), vi the dau nanh cung duoc xem la mdt trong nhiing nguon chat beo lam thay ddi thinh phan chat beo ciia qua tning. Ddu cam gao U mpt san pham dupe san xu^t a dong b ^ g s6ng Ciiu Long, CO nhi^u cac axit beo thi^t y^u nhu axit linoleic (33%, Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung et al., 2012), ddu cim gao dac bi^t chiia ozyanol la ch^t c6 th^ lim giim dupe colexteron trong huy^t tuong ciia ngurt (Yoshino etal., 1989).
Do do, muc ti6u ciia d^ tai la so sanh anh hufinx nguon cung c^p va cac muc dp bo sung ddu cd, diu nanh va ddu cam gao len nang sudt va chdt luong tning, su tich luy cac axit beo long do tning, ^ luong colextfiron va th^nh phan hpit cua huy^t tuong ga de thuong phdm giong Hisex Brown.
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L n o n W TQII VA PHUDNG PHAP TH NGHEM 2.1. £)ia d i ^ dOng vat v i chu6ng tr^i thi Thi nghiem dupe thuc hidn tr^n 720 ga mdi 32 udn tu6i, CO kh6i lupng trung binh l i 1,9 kg, giong lisex Brown, trong 10 tudn tai m6t trai ga tu nhan tai 3inh Duong. Tdt ca ga d^u ducrc tifem phong day dii i^rih truyen nhilm Marek, Gumboro, H5N1 va ky iiinh triuig.
Chu6ng g i thi nghiSm dupe nuoi theo kieu :hu6ng kin, cd h^ th6ng lim m i t tu dpng, chuong Supe ttii^t k^ hudng dong- tiy, mai doi, lop bing tdn.
Ben trong chu6ng dupe thiet k^ hai day song song nhau v i b giua c6 mdt ldi di rdng 1,2 m. Mdi day cd ba tdng, g i dupe nudi trong tung d riSng biet vdi mat dd 4 con/d, vdi dien tich 40 cm * 46 cm * 30 cm. Hd thdng mang an bing nhua dupe dat d- phia trudc chudng. He thdng mang udng vdi mim udng tu ddng dit phia trdn chudng. Nhidt dp trong chudng dao ddng khoang 25-27''C.
2.2. Thiic i n thi nghidm
D^ tii dupe thuc hidn trdn 9 khdu phan thiic an thi nghidm vdi 3 loai chdt beo l i ddu cam gao, dau ninh vi md cd h6i vdi 2 miic dp bo sung li 1, 2 va 3%.
Khdu phan co sd (KPCS) duoc phdi hpp khdng bd sung ddu vi cac cdng thiic khdu phdn thi nghiem dupe trinh biy qua bang 1.
Bing 1. Cic khdu phdn thi nghidm
Bing 2. Cdng thiic phdi hpp Ididu phdn, diinh phdn hda hpc ^^ gii tri dhih dudng cua Ididu phdn ca sb
(KPCS)
I T
1
3
_7_
8 9
N g u 6 n c u n g dp Ddu c a m gao
Dku n a n h
MQcAh6i
Ti 16 b o s u n g
K P C S + 1% d i u c a m g a o (DCG,) K P C S + 2% d a u c a m g a o (DCG,) K P C S + 3% d i u c a m g a o (DCG,) K P C S + 1% d a u n a n h (DN,) K P C S + 2% d i u n a n h (DN,) K P C S + 3% d i u n a n h (DNO K P C S + 1% m a c a h 6 i ( M C H , ) K P C S + 2% m a c a h o i ( M C H , ) K P C S + 3% m o c a h o K M C H j ) Diu cim gao duoc mua ttr Cdng ty Wilmar Agro Vietnam (C6ng ty Cam Cai Lan), Cin Thcr. Dau ca h6i dupe nhSp khiu tir Chile ii diu nanh tinh luySn d u ^ mua tij cic sifeu thi.
C6ng thiic ph6i hop khiu phin, thanh phin hoa hpc vi axit b t e cua KPCS v i diu thi nghiem duoc trinh bdy qua bing 2 va 3.
"niixclieu B i p C ^ khii dau Khd dau nanh ly trich B 6 t c a 5 5 « C P Hot da hat Bot da mm Dicanxiphotphat Muoi an Premix layer Premix khoang DL-Mefliionin (98%) U i z i n (98«)
%
56,0 10,0 20,77
3,00 4,00 3,50 1,30 0,25 0,26 0,25 0,22 0,50
Thanh phan h6a hoc Vat chat kh6 Tro Protein th6 B e o t h 6 Xffth6 NDF Canxi P h d t p h o lizin Methionin ME, M J / k g
%
89,51 8,90 17,22 2,42 3,73 11,46 3,09 0,83 0,90 0,40 10,89
ME: dupe tinh tiieo Jansen (1989) tiich din tir NRC (1994).
Bing 3. Phin tich thinh phdn axit hdo ciia ddu thi nghidm
SSFA S U S F A E M U F A E P U F A D H A n 3 n 6
D i u ca hoi 59,93 34,20 21,61 18,45 5,86 9,05 9,40
D a u c a m g a o 21,79 78,21 42,17 36,03
-
1,95 34,08
D i u n a n h 14,87 84,66 27,60 57,54
-
5,10 52,44 ZSAT: tdng axit beo no, USFA: axit bio chua no;
MUFA axit bio chua no 1 ndi ddi, PUFA: axit bio chua no nhiiu ndi ddi, DHA: docosahexaenoic axit
2.3. Bd tri thi nghidm
TTii nghidm dupe bd tri theo thi thiic thira sd hai nhan td md hinh td (nested model), vdi nhin td mdt la nguon cung cap chat beo (dau cam gao, dau ninh vi md ca hdi) v i nhan to 2 la miic dp bd sung (cd ba miic dd l i 1, 2 vi 3% ddu trong khau phan). Thi nghidm gdm cd 9 nghidm thiic, lap lai 10 lan, cd ^ n g cdng 90 don vi thi nghiem, mdi don vi thi nghiem gdm cd 2 d chuong, mdi d chudng nudi 4 ga, cd tdng cdng 720 ga mai de.
2.4. Phuong phip Idy mdu tning
Sau 4 tudn nudi thiic an thi nghidm, mlu tning se duoc thu thip 2 lan, lin 2 cich ldn 1 hai tudn. Mdi ldn Idy miu hdn tuc 2 ngiy, lay tdt ca sd tning trong mdi d thi nghidm. Sau dd d mdi d chpn ngdu nhidn ra 6 qua d^ khao sat chdt lupng v i phin tich thinh phdn hda hpc.
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2.5 .Chi tidu theo ddi - T I le de cua ga (%).
- Tieu ton thiic an/ngiy (g);
- Tidu tdn thiic an, k g / kg trung;
- Khdi lupng tning (g);
• Khdi luomg tning ( g / g i mii/ngay) = Tl le de (%) * khdi lupng tning (g);
- Hidu qui thiic an (g/g) = tidu tdn thiic an (g/ngay)/ khdi lupng tning (g/ga. mai/ngiy).
- Cic chi ueu kiem tra chat lupng tning nhir + Chi sd hinh ding = (chidu rdng qua tning/chieu dai qua trung) *100.
+ Don vi Haugh (Haugh Unit, HU); duoc tinh theo cdng thiic nhu sau:
HU = 100 X logCT-1,7 x W^% 7,57) T (mm): chidu cao long trang die.
W (g): khoi lupng tning (Haugh, 1937).
+ Dd diy vd sii dung do dd day vo tning bing thudc chuydn dung, khdng tach rdi ming vo tning ra, duoc tinh trung hinh dua tren 3 dilm: ddu Idn, xich dao va dau nhd cua qua tning.
+ Tl le cic thanh phdn ciia qui tning nhu tl le Idng do, long trdng vi vd.
+ Chi sd long do = khdi lugmg Idng do (cm)/
dudng kinh long do (cm).
+ Tl le long do (%) = khdi lupng Idng do (g)/
khdi lupng tning (g).
+ Chi sd long tring = Chidu cao Idng trdng (mm)/ tnmg binh chieu dai vi chidu rdng Idng trang (mm).
+ Tl le long do/long trdng = (khdi lupng long do/ khdi luong Idng tring) *100
- TTiinh phdn lipit trong huydt tuong ga duoe xac dinh liic cudi ky thi nghiem vao budi sang, mau duoc lay d- tinh mach canh ciia g i cho vio dng nghidm vd tning de xac dinh ham lupng triglyxerin, colextdrdn vi HDLrColexterdn.
- Ham lupng colextdrdn trong long do tning.
2.6. Phin tich hda hpc
Tien hanh phan tich thanh phdn hda hpc ciia thiic an vdi cac chi tieu nhu vat chdt khd, tro, protein thd (CP), beo thd (EE), xo thd (CF), Ca v i P theo qui trinh tieu chuan cua Association of Official Analytical H2
Chemists (AOAC, 1990), xa tning tinh (NDF) dugc xie dinh theo qui trinh dupe de nghi boi Robertson victv(1981).
- Thanh phdn c i c axit beo trong ddu vi long d6 tning dupe phin tich bing phuong phap sic ky khi (phuong phap thii AOAC 996.06 For Food va AOAC 969.33 For OU GC/FID) do chi nhanh KHCN sac ky Hai Ding tai Cdn T h a thuc hien.
- Ham lupng triglyxerin, colextdrdn vi HDL colextdrdn trong huydt tuong dupe xdc dinh bing may phin tich sinh hda tu ddng, mode] ADVIA12O0, su dung thudc thu do Cdng ty Siemens san xuat (Human GmbH-65205 Wiesbaden- German).
- Him lupng colextdrdn trong long do tning dupe xac dinh theo quy trinh dupe dd nghi bdi Pasin et al (1998), su dung bd kid colextdrdn liquicolor, CHOC-PAR- Method do Cdng ty Human Diagnotistics Worlwide (Human GmbH-65205 Wiesbaden- Due) san xuat.
2.7. p h i n tich thdng kd
Sir dung md hinh phan tich phuong sai thi nghidm thua sd 2 nhin td vdi md hinh td (nested model) bing chuong trinh minitab 16. Khi F tinh chi ra su khac biet giua c i c sd trung binh (P<0,05), so sanh su sai khac giua cac nghidm thiic dupe ki^m tra bang phep thu Turkey.
Md hinh phan tich thdng kd nhu sau:
Y,^i, = p+T,+Li(„+e^(,fl [1]
Y: Gia tri bidn phu thudc ciia g i nudi vdi L (ti \i ddu) trong nghidm thiic T Ooai ddu) miic i va ti I H miic j ; n: Trung binh qudn thd; T,: Anh hudng ciia nhin td ddu, i = 1-3; i=l= dau cim gao; i=2= ddu n ^ i=3=md ci; L,: Anh hudng cua miic dp dau, j=l-3; j=l=
1%; i=2= 2%; i=3= 3%; l^dj: miic dd ddu j nim (nested in) trong nguon ddu i; G,^: Anh hudng cua y ^ t^
ngiu nhidn.
3. KET QUA THAO LUAN
3.1. Anh hudng cua ngudn cung cdp ddu vi cdc ti le bd sung Idn ning sudt tning
Cac loai ddu bd sung da anh hueng ldn ti le de cua g i (P=0,01, bang 4), ga nudi khdu phdn ddu ca hoi (DCH) cd ti le de (88,35%) thdp hon ddu cim g?o (DCG, 93,73%) va ddu ninh (DN, 92,27%). Giiiacdcti le bd sung, miic dp 2% DCG cho tl Id dd cao nh^t 96,81% so vdi miic dd 1 va 3%, mac dii khdng c6 sii khic biet vd thdng ke (P=0,42).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2014
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H £
Mic du kh6i lupng tning khdng bi i n h hudng (P=0,06) bdi cac loai ddu nhung g i nudi khdu phdn bo sung DN cd khuynh hudng cho khdi lupng ldn hon DCG vi DCH. Dau ninh rdt giiu axit Unoleic, diy la mdt axit beo thidt ydu cd t i c dung lam tang khdi lupng tning (March et al., 1990). Do cd ti Id de cao hon hon ndn khdi lupng tnmg ( g / g i mii/ngiy) cao nhdt b khdu phdn bd sung DCG li 58,68 g, DN l i 58,55 g v i thdp hon d DCH l i 55,58 g (P=0,02), trong khi cd mdt so bio cio cho ring cic miie dp bd sung ddu ca (ca mdi ddu) khdng anh hudng ldn khdi lupng trung (g/ga/ngiy) (Hargis etal., 1991). Van Elswyk et al. (199A) cho rang khdi lupng tning cua g i mai nudi bd sung ddu c i moi dau nhd hon cac loai dau thuc vit, ddng vat khic. Van Elswyk etal. (1997) cho ring vide gia ting axit beo omega 3 trong khau phan di lim giam tudn hoan triglyxerin d ga mai do dd ban ch^ miic huu dung cua lipit dung dd hinh thanh long do. Theo sd lieu phan tich thinh phan chat beo cua long dd tning dupe trinh biy d bang 6 cho thay him lupng triglyxerit d khdu phdn bd sung DN va DCH thap hon DCG cd y nghia (P=0,04), ly thuyet niy hd trp mdt phdn cho vide giii thich su thap hon
cua khdi lupng tning ciing nhu ti le de ciia ga thi nghidm.
Mtic an rao ciia g i mii de nudi khau phdn bd sung DCG v i DCH lan lupt la 121,2 vi 118 g/ngiy, cao hon DN la 114,5 g/ngay (P<0,01). Giua cac ti Id bd sung, g i nudi khau phdn DCG 2% cd khuynh hudng an nhidu nhat, ke den li DCH 1%, trong khi cac miic dp bd sung 1,2 v i 3% DN khdng anh hudng ldn sd lupng vao an cua ga (P=0,01). Ket qua nay ngupe lai vdi mdt sd bao cio ring cic loai ddu bd sung khdng anh hudng len tieu tdn thiic an ciia ga.
Muramatsu et al. (2005) bio cio ring bd sung DN vio khau phdn khdng anh hudng ldn tidu tdn thiic an ciia ga mai de. Nguoe lai, Keshavarrz va Nakajima (1995) khing dinh rdng bd sung 4% ddu hdn hpp (ddng vat v i thuc vit) da lam giam miic an vio ciia ga. Cic bao cio trdn deu khdng neu rd g i duoc cho an han che hay tu do, trong khi ga nudi thi nghiem dupe cho an tu do dd ga tu dieu chinh lupng an vio.
Brake (1990) cung cho biet li bd sung 4% chat beo vio khau phdn g i da khdng lam ting nang lupng an vio cung nhu tang khoi luong co the ga. Do dd m i he sd chuyen hda thiic an thdp nhat a khdu phdn bd sung DN (1,96) so vdi DCG (2,08) vi DCH (2,19).
Bing 4. So sinh inh hudng cic loai ddu v i miic dd bd sung trong khdu phdn ldn ti Id dd, tidu tdn thiic i n vi hidu qui su dung thiie in
Ngu6n diu
Diu cim gao
Diu c i h6i
Diu ninh P(t6ng)
Tl IS bo sung, % 1%
2%
3%
Dau(t!te) 1%
2%
3%
Diu(ti le) 1%
2%
3%
Diu(ti le) Ti \t de,
%
91,31 96,81 93,07 93,73"
90,29 88,45 86,32 88,35'' 93,93 91,93 90,96 92,27»''
0,01
KL tning.
62,15 62,74 62,95 62,61 63,46 62,22 62,9 62,86
63,6 63,8 63,0 63,47
0,06
KLtnJmg, g/ga mai/ngay
56,72 60,74 58,59 58,68- 57,26 55,14 54,35 55,58' 59,73 58,59 57,33 58,55' 0,02
T T T A , g/ngay 118,6"'=
124,3"
120,9"'«
121,2"
122,4- 118,8"'
114,7' 118,6- 115,3"
114,1=
114,2=
114,5'
<0,01 T I T A , kg/kg tnmg 1,91 1,98 1,92 1,94' 2,22 2,26 2,21 2,23"
1,97 1,98 2,07 2.01' eO.Ol
Hi&u qua thiic an
2,11 2,05 2,07 2,08"
2,20 2,21 2,16 2,19- 1,94 1,95 2,01 1,96'
<0,01 TTTA: neu tdn thiic in, KL- khdi luang: hiiu qua thtic an- tieu tdn time an (g)/KL Oxmg/ga mai/ngay (g): *' Cic sd trung binh ciing cdt bin phai in dim (inh hudng giua ba loai diu) va ciing cot ben trii (anh hudng giua ngudn diu vi cic tile bd sung) mang chdsdmu ichic nhau sai Ichac co y nghia (P<0,05).
3.2. Anh huAng ngu6n v i ti If diu b6 sung Ito Cac miic do bo sung diu khong inh huong Itn chit lu^mg tning chat luong tning (Bang 5) nhu chi s6 hinh dang cua tning (CSHD), nhung co sir khac biet ve chi s6 long
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KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl do (CSIB), long trang (CSLT), don vi Haugh, do diy
vo (DDV) va cac ti 16 long do (TLLB), long tring (TUI) va vo (TLV, P<0,05). Don vi Haugh tot nhat a tning ga nuoi khiu phin bo sung DCG (91,9), ke den la DN (89,68) va thap nhat l i DCH (89,15). CSLD cua tning hS sung DN cao hem (0,43) DCG vi DCH (0,40). Khau phan DCG co DDV t6t nhit (0,42 mm).
ke den l i DN (0,4 mm) va thap nhit l i DCH (Oj;
mm). Mac du CO mot s6 b i o cio cho la cac ngudn b^
sung chat beo khong anh huong len chit luong tning (Kufukersan et al, 2010), nhung GUI et al (2012) bio cao r i n g don vi Haugh cung hi anh huong bii ti le diu trong khau phin v i chi s6 16ng do.
Nguon diu Dau cam gao Dau ca
hoi
Diu nanh
3ang 5. Anh hudng cua Ti le bo sung, %
1 2 3 Dau (ti le)
1 2 3 Diu (ti le)
1 2 3 Dau (ti le)
CSHD 76,61 76,72 76,25 77,16 77,76 75,7 78,02 76,52 78,63 71,23 73,98 74,61
ngu6n cung cip diu DV Haugh
93,97 90,28 91,46 91,90- 89,81 90,04 87,59 89,15' 91,9 90,3 86,86 89,68*
CSLT 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,8' 0,12 0,10 0,11 0,11' 0,12 0,11 0,10 0,11-
v i cic til CSLD
0,39 0,40 0,40 0,40"
0,43 0,43 0,44 0,40' 0,41 0,44 0,42 0,43-
i b d s u n g TLLT,
%
61,02 60,22 59,15 60,19' 59,56 60,59 60,43 60,12' 61,61 62,30 61,87 61,93"
enchitlti^
TLD,
%
26,54 26,43 26,41 26,46' 26,31 27,42 27,8 27,18- 26,55 25,84 26,33 26,24'
3»ng tning TLV,
%
12,67 12,36 13,05 13,34"
13,89 12,98 13,16 12,69' 11,84 11,85 11,8 11,83'
DDV, mm 0,42 0,42 0,42 0,42- 0,37 0,36 0,37 0,37' 0,41 0,40 0,40 0,40' Ghi chd CSHD: chi sd hinh ding; CSLTB: chi sd Idng ti-dng dac; CSLB: ehi sd long do; TLLT: dli Idng ti-dng; TUB: ti Ii Idng dd; LD: Idng dd; D V: don vi; TL V: ti li vd; DD V: dp diy vd; * * Cic sd tiung bmh cung cdt in dim ben phai (inh hudng giua ba Ioai ddu) mang chir sd mu khic nhau sai khic cd y nghia (P<0,05).
3.3. Anh hudng ngu6n vi ti Id ddu bd sung ldn thinh phdn hpit trong huydt tuong g i mii
Tdng sd colextdrdn, HDLr colextdrdn va triglyxerin trong huyet tuong ga dupe trinh bay qua bang 6. Cac loai ddu bd sung da tic dpng ldn him luong colextdrdn ciia huyet tuong, thdp nhat d g i nudi bd sung DN (87,4 mg/dL), trong khi khau phan DCG va DCH cd ham lupng colextdrdn lan lupt Ii 128,7 vi 131,1 mg/dL. Tuong tu, him lupng triglyxerin tiiap nhat d khau phdn DN (1049 mg/dL), ke den l i DCH (1363 mg/dL) vi cao nhat l i DCG (1548 mg/dL). Ngupe lai ham luong HDL- colexterdn cao nhat d khdu phan DCH (40,67 mg/dL), ke den Ii DCG (33,59 mg/dL) va thap nhat oDN (24,71 mg/dL; P=0,04).
Mdt sd nghidn ciiu bao cao rang him luong colextdrdn huyet tuong khdng lien quan tdi miic dp lipit cua long do tning, mac du chiing dupe tong hpp d gan va van chuydn bdi dudng huyet (Sutton etal., 1984). Murata etal. (2003) thuc hien thi nghiem bo sung miic dp 3% ddu nanh, dau ci, ddu hat cai vi md ga trong khau phdn d i khdng anh hudng len ham lupTig colextdrdn, HDL (high density lipoprotem) va tnglyxerin trong huydt tuong cua g i mii de. Tuy
nhien, Celebi va Utlu (2006) cho ring ngudn cung cap chat beo cd anh hudng ldn thinh phdn chat beo cua ga mii de. Ndi chung, cic axit beo no (SFA) lim gia tang ham lupng LDL colextdrdn Oow densi^
lipoprotein) cua huyet tuong, trong khi cic axit b^o chua no nhieu ndi ddi ( P U F ^ cd the lam giam sy tong hpp triglyxerin va giim bii tidt chat vi nhu tr^
cua td bao nipt, ngoii ra cdn lim giam su t6ng hpp cic axit beo cua gan anh hudng ldn su san xu^t ra triglyxerin, nhu the lim gidi ban ldn su bii tidt VU)L (very low deinsity lipoprotein). Khdu phdn giiu axit linoleic va oleic cung cd thd lim giam VLDL vi LDL nhung cic axit beo n-3 dudng nhu cd hidu qud hon (Nestel etal., 1984). Roach etal. (1987) bao cao Ids?
tieu thu ddu c i lam tang chat tidp nhin HDL ciia gan chupL Cac axit PUFA cd th^ cai tidn su trao ddi ^ lipoprotein bing cich thay ddi hoat tinh ciia mOtvii enzym thuy phin lipit vi chiic nang ciia m^t si enzym van chuydn. Aviram etal. (1986) di nghj rinj cic axit beo n-3 die bidt tao didu kidn t h u ^ M ^ chuyen cac axit beo tii VLDL thanh LDL Cic PUFA n-3 cua khau phdn ed anh hudng cua ldn lipoproteiii hpaza, chat xiic tic lim suy giam su phin giai VU)!- vi cic hat vi nhu trap trong md gan la khdng direct
84 NONG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/201*
KHOA HOC C O N G N G H £
ring. Haug va Hostmark (1987) b i o cao l i ddu ca lam giam hoat tinh cua hpoprotein Hpaza 50% b chudt due. Cac PUFA cCia ddu thue vit chu ydu l i axit linoleic cd hieu q u i chdng lai anh hudng ciia cic axit beo no (SFA) trong khau phdn (Grundy, 1989). Nhu th^ cic PUFA n-3 cd the lim giam lipit eua huyet tuong, lim thay ddi thanh phdn ciia ming td bio bidu md vi cii tidn truong luc ciia mach mau, tuong tic te bio vdi td bio bing cich thay doi su can bing cua cac eicosanoid (Kinsella et al., 1990).
Him lupng colextdrdn cua long dd trung thap nhat b khdu phdn bd sung DCH (9,89 m g / g long dd), trong khi DCG vi DN c6 ham lupng colextdrdn ldn lupt li 11,05 v i 11,34 m g / g long dd. Ddu ninh dupe biet li mdt chat beo cd the lim giam colextdrdn long dd tning, thi ddu cim gao cd chiia mdt lupng dang ke
gamma oryzanol, chdt cd k h i nang khing oxid hda gap 4 ldn vitamin E, lim giim colextdrdn trong huydt tuong d ngudi (Kahlon, 1992). Ham lupng colextdrdn trong qua tning g i nudi khau phdn bd sung DCH tiiap (178,4 mg/tning) hon DN (182,3 mg/tning) vi DCG (187,3 mg/tning). Ca ba loai chdt beo ddu lam giam colextdrdn cua long do so vdi cic qua tning binh thudng. Ham lupng colextdrdn trung binh trong mdt qui tning khoang 222 mg/tning (Meluzzi etal..
1993). Ddi vdi ddng g i de tning trdng hylin, ham lupng colextdrdn li 207 mg/tning; trong khi tning ga Warren cd 231 mg colextdrdn /tning (Cores et al, 1995). Giiia cac loai chat beo thi DCH cd kha nang lam giam colextdrdn tot hon DN va DCG, mac dii li mo ddng vat, ddu c i hdi khdng chiia colextdrdn (Simopoulos, 1991).
Sing 6. So s i Ngu6n dau
DiucSm gao
Diu c4 hfii
Diu nanh
nh nguon cm Tile
1%
2%
3%
Tdng 1%
2%
i%
Tong 1%
2%
3%
Tong P (Ming)
ag cip v i muc t 16 diu Ito thin! phin chit b6o Huy^t tuong, mg/dL colexteron
129,3 134,0 122,8 128,7"
122,8 156,0 114,7 131,1- 77,2 94,6 90,3 87,4' 0,01
HDLC 30,12 41,31 29,34 33,59*
40,15 43,24 38,61 40,67- 44,40 15,83 13,90 24,71' 0,04
Triglyxenn 1587 1449 1609 1548- 1309 1440 1339 1363-'
765 1255 1126 1049' 0,01
cua huyet tuong vi 16ng do tning colexteron L6ng do, mg
13,21- 9,27' 10,65*
11,05*
9,75' 10,04' 9,86' 9,89' 12,23*
10,77"' 11,01*
11,34"
0.01
Tnmg, mg 210,5 153,6 182,8 182,3 169,0 189,2 177,0 178,4 204,2 175,9 181,7 187,3 0,59 '•''Cac sd trung binh cung cot bin phii in dim (anh hudng giua ba loai diu) vi cimg cdt bin tiii (inh huong giOa ngudn ddu vi dc'tile bdsung) mang chu sd mu khic nhau sai khac cdy nghla (P<0,05).
3.4. Anh hudng ngudn v i ti Id ddu bd sung ldn thinh phdn axit bdo ciia Idng dd tning
Cac loai chat beo bd sung anh hudng rat cd y nghia ldn thanh phdn axit beo ciia long dd tning (Bang 7 v i 8). Tdng axit beo no d khau phan DCH (36,59%) vi DN (36,31%) cao hon DCG (33,21%), nguoc lai DCG chiia nhidu axit beo chua no hon DN viDCH(P=0,01).
Ldng do hiing giiu axit palmitic (Ciso). cao nhat d g i nudi khdu phdn DCH (27,16%) va DN (26,83%) vi thdp hon d DCG (25,48%). Giua cic axit beo cd trong ldng dd tning tiii oleic (Ci^i) la chat cd nhidu nhdt Him lupng axit oleic cao nhat d khau phan DCG (45,01%), kd ddn li DCH (41.44%) va tiiap nhdt I^ DN (38,04%) (P<0,01).
Tdng PUFA n-6 cao nhat d ga nudi khau phan bd sung DN (21,09%), ke ddn la DCG (17,87%) va thap nhat d DCH (12,79%). Ham luong axit linoleic cao nhat d ga nudi khau phdn bd sung DN (18,35%), kd den la DCG (18,38%) va thap nhat d DCH (12,75%), su chuyen hda axit linoleic tii thiic an vio long do tning CO quan hd cao vdi ham luong axit linoleic c6 trong diu thi nghidm, DN c6 ham lupng axit linoleic cao nhat (57,54%), kd den la DCG (33,87%) vi thdp nhdt la DCH (3,4%; bang 3). Giua cic ti Id bd sung, d miic dp 3% DCG va DN da lam tang ham lupng axit linoleic trong tning so voi khau phdn bo sung 1 va 2%
(P<0,01). Khi so sanh giira cac ti le vdi miic bd sung 3% DMG, tiii ti Id 2 vi 3% DN cd him lupng axit linoleic trong Idng dd tning cao nhat. Oliveira et al.
N 6 N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2014 85
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHl
sung 2% DCH se tich liiy 4,43% DMA, nhu v^y sii lucmg DHA ti'ch luy sd l i 229 mg/qua tning. Theo Simopoulos (1999) d6i vdi ngudi trudng thdnh, tjh thu 2000 kcal/ngiy thi cdn sd lupng DHA trung binb la 222 mg/ngay. Nhu vay, mdi ngiy tidu thu tu 1 qua tning dupe l i m giau DHA tu nhung g i mii dupe bo sung DCH xem nhu cung cap du lupng nhu cau DHA Su tieu thu hai qua tning/ngiy dupe xem khdng cd chdng chi dinh cho nhihig ngtrdi cd ham lupng colextdrdn trong mau hmh thudng. Su tieu fliu nay co the l i m tang mpt it colextdrdn, nhung cQng lim tang ca hai HDL (colextdrdn tdt) vi IDL (colextdrdn xau), nhu thd ciing l i m 6n dinh ti If LDH:HDL Theo Marshall et al. (1994), qua tiling gi dupe bo sung 1,5% dau c i mdi dau se tich liiy dutrc 106 mg DHA/ldng do, trong khi tning g i ddi chiing chiia 20 mg DHA/ldng do. Theo Bourre (2005), to chiic ISSFAL va AFSSA (nude Phip) tiii him luong DHA tdi thidu eho nam v i nu ldn lupt la 120 va lOO mg/ngay. Do dd DCH v i DN dung trong tiii nghifim ddu l i ngudn cung cap tdt DHA. Tuy nhidn, ho cung khuyen cio nen giam ti Id su dung axit beo omega 6/omega 3, vi ti Id niy cao cd quan hd duong tinh voi bdnh vd tim mach. Theo Bourre (2005), cac nuoc chiu Au khuyen c i o ti le axit beo omega 6/omega 3 trong khau phdn ciia ngudi la 5:1 (Phap, 2001), 6:1 (Anh, 1996), 5:1 - 6:1 (Canada, 1990), tiieo FAOvi WHO (1992) tiii ti le niy cd tiid 5:1 - 10:1.
Do do qua tning g i bd sung DCH l i ngu6n cung cap chat beo cd ti Id omega 6/omega 3 tdt nhdt.
Bing 7. Anh hudng ciia ngu6n cung cdp ddu ldn thinh phdn acid bdo (% tdng sd hpid) ciia ldng dd tnini (2010) bao cao ring giira cac ngu6n chat beo nhu
dau nanh, hudng duong, ddu lanh thi qua tning g i nudi khau phdn ddu ninh cd h i m lupng axit hnoleic cao nhdt. Tuong tu, axit arachidonic (omega 6) cao nhdt d khau phan bd sung DN (2,74%), ti-ong khi DCG va DCH ed h i m luong tuong duong nhau.
Cac loai ddu bd sung da anh hudng ldn cac PUFA n-3 (P<0,01) trong long dd tning g. Tning g i duoc nudi bd sung DCH cd PUFA n-3 cao nhat (4,13%), ke den la DN (2,09%) v i tiiap nhat li DCG (1,02%). Khi so sanh giua cac ti le bo sung miic dp 2%
DCH da \km tang cd y nghla him lupng axit linolenic trong long do tning (0,52%, P<0,01). Ddi vdi DCG v i DN, ham lupng axit linolenic trong long dd khdng bi anh hudng bdi cic ti Id bd sung dau.
DCH da lam tang ham lupng DHA trong qua tning (P<0,01), cao nhat d khdu phdn bd sung DCH (3,75%), ke den la DN (1,74%) va tiiap nhat l i DCG (0,65).
Tuy nhidn, him lupng EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, C22s) khdng phat hien dupe trong tning g i nudi bd sung cic loai ddu thi nghiem.
Ti Id axit beo omega 6/omega 3 cung khic biet cd y nghla, tning g i nudi khau phdn bd sung DCH cd ti Id axit beo omega 6/omega 3 thdp nhdt l i (3,75) kd ddn la DN (10,61) vi cao nhat la DCG (17,52).
Nhu vay qua tning eua g i mai dupe bd sung DCH da tich luy rat ding ke sd lupng DHA Gia dinh mdt qua tning cd khdi lupng tmng binh 63 g vdi ldng do ning 17 g vdi 31% chdt beo, ga nudi khau phdn bo
Ten thong thudng Axit myristic Axit palmitic Axit palmitoleic Axit stearic Axit oleic Axit linoleic Axit linolenic Axit gad oleic Axit arachidonic DHA
Axit beo, % Cuo
c,„
Sn3
sne
n-6/n-3 2 SFA SUSFA
Dau cim gao 0,35 25,48'
2,60' 7,39' 45,01"
16,38' 0,38 0,29- 1,48' 0,65' 1,02' 17,87"
17,52"
33,21' 66,79"
Dau ca hoi 0,28 27,16"
3,32"
9,15- 41,44' 12,75' 0,39 0,17' 1,60' 3,75"
4,13- 12,79'
3,75' 36,59- 63,41'
Dau nanh 0,29 26,83"
2,27' 9,19- 38,04' 18,35-
0,35 0,20' 2,74"
1,74' 2,09' 21,09"
10,61' 36,31- 63,69'
SEM 0,02 0,26 0,12 0,35 0,66 0,34 0,02 0,02 0,14 0,30 0,29 1,03 0,61 0,56 0,56
P
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01 0,01
<0,01
<0,01 0,53
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01
<0,01 0,01 0,01
86
SFA, USFA-axit beo no raaxit beo chua no; ^''Cic sd trung binh cung hing mang chu sd mil khic lO^
u khac CO y nghia (P<0,05).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/201*
KHOA HOC C 6 N e N G H t
Bing 8. Ash hii6ngdiaiiguAn cung c i p diu v i die t i l e M sung Ito thinh p h i n a n t bdo (% t6ng sd lipid) cAa ldng dd tnhig
Add beo,
%
Cl6^)
^2011
C»«(DHA) En3 En6 n-6/n-3
OSFA aUSFA
Diu c i m gao 1%
0,39 25,83- 2,99-'°'
7,56 46,50 14,03"'
0,34' 0,28 1,45 0,63 0,97 15,48 16,16 33,78 66,22
2%
0,36 25,52=
2,64"^
7,45 44,81 16,41 0,40*
0,30 1,49 0,63 1,03 17,90 17,49 33,32 66,68
3 * 0,30 25,08' 2,16b°' 7,16 43,72 18,72-'
0,39"
0,28 1,51 0,68 1,07 20,23 18,90 32,54 67,46
Diu ca hdi 1%
0,21 26,77-''
3,76- 8,48 42,52 12,52' 0,37"
0,21 1,38 3,79 4,16 13,90 3,42 35,46 64,55
2%
0,32 26,87"=
3,14"
9,04 40,72 13,70"i
0,52- 0,17 1,20 4,32 4,84 10,24 3,51 36,23 63,77
3%
0,31 27,85"' 3,06"' 9,93 41,07 12,02'' 0,27'-
0,14 2,22 3,12 3,39 14,25 4,33 38,09 61,91
Diu ninh 1%
0,33 28,15- 2,79-"'
8,73 38,91 16,42''
0,27' 0,20 2,77 1,41 1,68 19,19 11,55 37,21 62,79
2%
0,27 26,49-''
2,06"
9,68 37,17 18,65"
0,38"
0,19 2,90 2,20 2,58 21,55 8,90 36,45 63,55
3 * 0,26 25,86"
1,96' 9,15 38,03 19,99"
0,41"
0,19 2,54 1,60 2,01 22,53 11,37 35,27 64,73
P
0,15 0,03 0,01 0,62 0,50 0,01 0,01 0,88 0,15 0,69 0,47 0,26 0,31 0,39 0,30 SFA, USFA sidt beo no visidt beo chua no; ^^ Cic sd tnmg binh ciing hing mang chu sd mO khic nhau sai khic cdy nghia (P<0,05)
4.KfrUli|N
Gd nudi k h d u p h d n b d s u n g 2% d d u c i m g a o c h o ti 1§ d e v i khdi l u p n g t n i n g ( g i m a i / n g i y ) c a o n h d t , tuy nhidn d d u c i h d i d i l i m t a n g h i m l u p n g H D L colexterdn t r o n g h u y d t t u o n g v i g i i m d u p e h i m lupng trong q u i t n i n g v i ti Id axit b e o o m e g a 6 / o m e g a 3 t r o n g q u i t n i n g . Q u a tiling g i b d s u n g ddu c i h6i l i m d t loai t h u c p h d m c d h i m l u o n g D H A
tdt
TJtlUeUIHAMKHAO
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NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2014
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H |
EFFECTS OF DIETARY OIL SOURCES ON EGG PRODUCTION, QUALHY, FATIY ACIDS AND CHOLESTEROL OF EGGS YOIX AND BLOOD LIPIDS IN LAYING HENS
Le Thanh I%uoiig, Luu Huu Manh, Nguyen Nhut "Kuan Dung Summary
This study was conducted on 720 laying hens (32-42 ^ week of age) to investigate the effects of different ofl sources on egg production and quality, plasma lipid, fetty acid composition and diolesterol of egg yoDc All birds were allocated into 9 treatment included 3 oU sources, rice bran oil (RBO), salmon oil (SALO) and soy oil (SO) witii 3 dietary levels of 1, 2 and 3%. The dietary affected on egg production, the highest values was found in hens fed RBO (290 as compared to SALO and SO (P=0.01). TTie oil sources had no influence on egg weight but on egg mass (P=0.02) and feed effective (P=0.01). Eggs laid by hens fed the diet containing SO had a large amount of n-6 potyunsaturated fetty acids (PUFi^, whereas ^ g s laid by hens fed the diet containing SALO had the highest percentage of n-3 PUFA Dietary SALO significantly (P<0.01) increased the deposition of docosohexaenoic acid in the egg yolk. Egg yolk of hens fed the diet containing SALO presented the lowest ratio of n-6:n-3 and cholesterol content The study indicated that RBO improved egg production and quali^, but egg produced fi-om hens fed SALO increased omega 3, DHA and reduced fatty acid omega 6/omega 3 ratio. In practice, an incorporation of these oil into laying hen diets may imporve egg production and manipulate egg yolk fatty acids.
Ksy words: Fatty acid, cholesterol, rice bran oil, salmon oil, soy oil, egg weighty egg production, yolk.
Ngudi phin bidn: GS.TS. Vfl Duy Giing Ngiy nh$n bii: 25/3/2014 Ngiy thdng qua phin bidn: 25/4/2014 Ngiy duy^t diog: 5/5/2014
N 6 N G N G H I | P V A PHAT TRI^N N 6 N G T H 6 N - KV 2 - THANG 9/2014 89
