Dd G6M TAI KHU DI TICH 6 C EO - BA THE:
DAC TRU'NG VA QUA TRJNH PHAT TRlfiN
NGUVeN HOANG BACH LINH'
Bd gdm la di vat pho bien nhat trong van hda Oc Eo vai sw da d^ng vi loai hinh vi chit lieu iim gom. ChOng phit trien tir thai tlin sir a Nam Bd Viet Nam va dat dinh cao vao giai doan van hoa 6c Eo vol sw kit hgp giwa ky thuat truyen thong vi cic yiu ti ngoai nhap thing qua giao liru van hda va trao doi ky thu$t vo'i khu vwc va nhung viing xa han. Tai khu di tich 6cEo-Ba The, die diim ca bin cCia do gom ii hiu hit diu dwgc sin xuit theo hai tieu chuin: ddng gdm cao cap vai chit lieu set mjn s y dung ban chi cho cac hoat ddng mang tinh ii nghi vi ddng gom pho thdng tir cac chit iieu set pha cit hay ba thwc v$t dung cho cupc song thwimg nhit. Phin ion di gom dwgc Iim vol ky thuit bin xoay, ky thuat khuon hay bing tay dwgc sir dung han chi. Tiin trlnh phit triin cOa do gom diin ra theo ba giai doan: giai doan thu' nhit tir thi ky ill-ii BC din thi kf Hi AD, giai do^n thir hai tir the ky IV den thi ky VI vi giai doan thu- ba » t h i ky Vii din khoing the kyX.
Tw khoa: 6 c Eo - Ba The, d l g I m , loai hinh, ky thuat ehit lieu, trang tri, giai dean, phat triln
Ngay nhan bii: 23/3/2016; dwa vio bien tip: 20/6/2016; phin bien: 10/8/2016;
duyet ding: 29/12/2016.
1. D O G O M T A I K H U D I TiCH OC EO - 8A THE: NHO'NG DAC TRU'NG CO 8 A N
Oc Eo la mpt nen van h6a e l phat trien tu" d i u Cong nguyen tren n I n tang van hoa ban dia k i t hgp v6i nhu'ng anh hugng tu' t h i gigi ben ngoai, phan b l tren mpt khOng gian rpng lgn vgi nhilu t i l u vOng dja ly - van h6a: vung T u giac Lcng Xuyen, vOng U Minh Thugng, vung d i n g bang trung tam Tay Nam 86, vOng D i n g Thap Mu6i, vung g6 - gilng ven
Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi viing Nam Bo.
s6ng - b i l n , vung t h i m phO sa co D6ng Nam 86 va vOng chuyen t i l p giya t h i m phO sa co D6ng Nam 85 v6i vung phu sa mgi Tay Nam 86.
Tren 36, hang loat di tich da dugc phat hien vgi nien dai tip sgm d i n mupn, che thiy t i m vcc va s y da dang eua van hoa 6 c Eo.
Khu di tich 6 c Eo - Ba The dugc bilt d i n nhu la trung tam lgn nhit va tieu bieu n h i t cua van h6a 6 e Eo, bao g I m hai khu vyc la canh d i n g 6 c Eo (vgi cae di tich G6 6 c Eo, Go Cay Thj, G6 Gilng Cat..) va nui Ba The (diln hinh la di tich Linh Sgn, G6 T y Tram,
N G U Y S N H O A N G B A C H L I N H - B 6 GI5M T A I KHU Dl TlgH 0 0 E(3„,
Trung Sgn, G6 Ot Tranh...). Cupe khai quat a i u tien tai day eua Louis Malleret nam 1944 3a cung cap nhilu thong tin c6 gia trj va la n I n tang cho cac nghien cu'u t i l p n l i eua cae nha khao CO hpc Viet Nam. Treng mpt khong gian liln khoanh giO-a nOi Ba Th§ va canh 3 l n g 6 e Eo, hgn 60 nam qua, khao eo hpc 3a phat hipn nhilu di tich thupc eae loai hinh khac nhau nhu di tich k i l n true, mp tang hay eu trO cung v6i nhilu leal hinh hipn vat dpc dap, eho t h i y t i m vee cua mpt cang thj thupc loai sgm a khu vyc D6ng Nam A va nhu'ng m i l quan hp giao thygng d i n nhilu khu vyc khac nhau tren t h i gigi.
Trong van h6a 6 e Eo, cung la dae diem ehung eua cae nIn van hoa e l , d l g I m la di vat eo s i lugng I6n nhit va la nguIn su' lieu quan trpng, mpt p h i n do Chung ton tai b i n vu'ng qua thoi gian, mpt p h i n do nhO'ng th6ng tin ma ehung luu giu' va truyin tai.
N l u nhu thanh p h i n chit lieu giup danh gia trinh dp san xuat va mO'c dp chuyen h6a eua ky thuat thi leal hinh gam eo khuynh hugng phan anh eae dae trung van h6a rieng bipt. Cae nghien cipu v l trang tri va hoa van, n l u dO'ng mpt minh c6 t h i mang iai nhOng nhan dinh sai lech va vugt ra khoi ranh gigi van h6a, dae biet khi cae phong each trang tri va hoa van dugc sao chep. De s y phu'c tap i y , nghien cuu v l g I m thu6ng phai k i t hgp ca ky thuat, chit lieu, loai hinh va hoa van trang tri (Carmen Sarjeant, 2008). D l g I m van h6a 6 c Eo la sy k l thO'a nhO'ng y l u 16 "npi sinh" la kinh
nghiem va ky thuat lam gom cua van hoa ban dja, k i t hgp cac y l u t l "ngofii sinh" la s y giao lyu, hpc hoi tu' ben ngoai, ma chu yeu tir van minh An Dp.
ChOng e6 s y khac biet nhat djnh v l s i lygng, da dang ve loai hinh, c h i t llpu, ky thuat c h l tac va ea v l hoa van trang tri, song lai la mpt tap hgp kha 3 l n g n h i t va mang nhu'ng y l u t l tugng quan glO'a eae di ehi (Le Xuan Dipm, Dao Linh C5n, Vo ST Khai 1995:
383).
- vi chat iieu
Nguyen lieu ehu y i u la 3 i t set phO sa san CO, 3ugc pha trpn them cac phg lieu nhu cat (th6, mjn) hay ba thyc vpt vgi ty le khac nhau, tuy tu'ng loai hinh va muc 3ieh su' dung, n h i m tang 3p cirng c h i c va giam 36 co ngot khi nung. D l gom 6 c Eo bao luu cac chat llpu truyin thing v i n co tu' th6i ky tiln SU' Nam Bp nhu g I m pha cat, ba thye vat, 3 l n g thoi k l thu'a cac loai chat lieu trong giai 3oan chuyin tiep nhy g I m thyc vat 3en mjn, g I m set mjn vang cam hoac nau 36, tit 36 hoan thien trong ky thuat va t h i m my 3 l hinh thanh nen bo suu tap 3 l g I m 3at trlnh 36 eao va h i t sO'c aa dang. Do g I m khu di tich 6 c Eo - Ba The phan anh a i y 30 nhO'ng aac 3iem cua 3 l g I m 6 e Eo noi ehung g I m hai dong g I m vol 4 nh6m c h i t lieu: dong g I m mjn (set mjn, set pha cat mjn) va ding g I m t h i (set pha cat tho va set pha ba thyc vpt, vo triu).
Nhin Chung, ddng g I m mjn co nguIn nguyen iiSu dugc sang Ipe ky, xuong va b l mat mjn d i u , g I m mong,
thygng dOng oho nhO'ng iopi hinh e i n tinh tham my va c h i t lugng eae nhu binh, t5, ly c I c , nap dang 3Ta va dang thap... Vgi dong g I m th5, nguyen lieu ehinh la d i t set Iron them ty le khac nhau giya cat hat lgn va ba thyc vat, vc t r i u , e6 dac 3 i l m xuong g I m t h i , thanh g I m day, ran eOng nhung khong chic, b l mat tho rap, pho b i l n trong cae vat dung sinh hoat nhu n l i , v6, chum, ea rang...
- Vi loai hinh
Khu di tich 6 e Eo - Ba The v i n t i n tai cac loai hinh d l g I m mang d i u i n van h6a tir th6i ky t i l n sir thupc luu vyc scng D i n g Nai, luu vyc song Vam Co va vOng TO' giac Long Xuyen, 36 la 3 l dyng e6 than hinh c i u hay b i u due (bat dTa n6ng I6ng, n l i h i u kim loai, ea rang...), mipng lee xien, vanh mipng be lat ra ngoai hay gap nhe vao trong, mieng cong khum, phu eae loai van ky thuat dgn gian (van chai va thtrng v6i net tho/mjn khac nhau) kin than hope phin day d l dyng theo chilu dpc, 361 khi dan xien dang hinh thoi hoac k i t hgp vgi eae dang trang tri khac (dip n i l , khic vpeh, t l mau).
Giai doan chuyin tilp fir t i l n su' mupn sang van hpa 6 c Ee tieu bleu v6i cap 3 i ayng kich thuge lgn tu' g I m tho pha eat (nli, vo, binh gom than hinh ciu), mieng loe xien khum va v u l t tao gg trong va ngoai mep, binh co vol n g i n hinh n6n cut vo'i dang xien thing dgn gian, 16 sau I6ng, ca rang... D i n g thgi, de thich nghi vgi m6i t r y i n g s i n g va dap O'ng nhu c i u phat triln
cua xa hpi, d l g I m tro' nen da dang v6i sy xuat hipn nhilu loai hinh moi the hien tinh c h i t d i e dao g cac giai doan phat trien (6o Eo s6m, d i l n hinh va mupn) cDng nhu s y giao luu van hoa vo'i An Op, nhy nap day dpng dTa va dang thap, ly ele, chai gom, kendi, kundika... Do g I m dugc trang tri theo eae motif khao nhau vo'i cac ky thupt p h i b i l n : chai, 3ap thO'ng, k h i c vpeh, 16 mau, 3 i p n l i , eat - t r i lo, in van. Trong 36, moi ky thuat cOng nhu motif thygng g i n v6i mpt s i Ippi hinh g mpt giai aoan n h i t 3inh, chang ban, ky thuat c i t - t r i lo thu6ng ehi g j p a lepi nap hinh thap b i n g gom mjn trong giai dopn 6 e Eo d i l n hinh; ky thuat d i p noi, thugng dugc k i t hgp v6'i ky thuat eat tao v i i n hay n g i n 16m, ehu y l u su' dung trSn p h i n vai cua n l i , vo than hinh c i u hay ky thuat in van thuo'ng the hien tren than cae binh g I m va p h i b i l n tren mep eua ca rang trong giai dean van h6a Oc Eo phat trien.
- Vi ky thuat Iim gom
D l g I m tpi khu di tich 6 e Eo - Ba The lam bang tay ( e l s y ho trg eua ban dap hon ke), ban xoay va khuon d l tpe hinh va trang tri san p h i m . TOy vao loai hinh va d i l u kien thye t l ma ngy6i thg gom cp t h i su' dyng cae ky thuat khac nhau. Cpng dppn c u l l trong quy trinh san x u i t g I m la nung san p h i m theo hai phygng thirc eg ban la nung ngoai trgi va nung trong 16. can cir vao s i lugng p h i p h i m de lai va so sanh eae truyin thing nung g I m 6' vOng D6ng Dugng xya va
NGUY6N HOANG BACH LINH - BC) G O M TAI KHU Di TiCH OC EO..
vOng d i n g b i n g m i l n nOi Campuehia nay, L. Malleret (1960: 104) cho rang, vol phygng phap nung d l gom ngoai tr6i, ty ip thanh p h i m c6 augc sau m l i l i n nung chi 5 - 10%, do vay de lai r i t nhilu p h i pham. Nghien ciru d6 cOng eua xuong g I m , mau s i c tren b l mpt, trpng lugng, dp go keu, chit lygng san pham... oho t h i y hai hinh thO'c nung tren d i u 3 y g c ap dung trong qua trinh lam d l g I m cua c u dan 6 e E o - BaThe.
2. QUA TRiNH P H A T T R I E N C D A D 6 G 6 M T A I K H U D I TiCH 6 C EO-BA THE
Khi nghien cu'u v l mpt nIn van hoa hay mpt dl tich khao e l thi mpt trpng nhu'ng v i n 3 l dugc quan tam nhit, ben canh dac trung eg ban, la nien dai va phan ky giai 3ean phat trien.
Vgi khu di tich 6 e Ee - 8a The, tu' sau nam 1975, hang loat dja d i l m khao e l va suu tap di vat mgi dugc phat hien cung vgi cac k i t qua phan tich nien dai tuypt d l i 3a eho thay mpt qua trinh lien tuc vol nhu'ng sy biln 3oi manh me v l kh6ng gian phan b l , mat 36 dan cu, tinh ehit xa hpi, s y xuit hien va phat triln cua cac nganh n g h i t i l u thii cong nghiSp...
2.1. Nen tang che viec hinh thanh va phat triln cua d l g I m
2.1.1. T i l p n l i truyin thing g I m ban aja
Viing a i t Nam Bp aa hinh thanh mpt truyin thing g I m t i n tai lau dai 10 hau ky da mgi - sg ky d i n g thau v6i cac 3ac d i l m eg ban: 1) Ve chit iieu:
g I m ba loai la set pha eat mjn, set pha
cat t h i va set pha ba thyc vat vgi ty l | thay 3oi qua tirng giai 3oan eu t h i va trpng ttrng vOng van h6a khac nhau.
Chang hpn, vOng cao D6ng Nam Bp la s y chiem uu the tuypt 3 l i eua d i n g g I m set pha cat mjn va t h i tO' thgi hau ky 3a mo'i eho 3en tan sg ky 3 | s i t . Trong khi 36, cae di tich tren vOng d i t xam phu sa mgi luu vyc song Vam Co lai t i n tai song song hai leal g l m pha eat va gom pha ba thyc vpt ngay tO' giai doan hau ky da mgi - sg ky d i n g thau. D l i vol vung ngap man ven b i l n lai la s y ap dao eua ding g l m pha ba thye vpt ( d l i khi pha trpn them v6 nhuyin t h i ) o giai apan d i u ; sang giai doan 3ong thau phat triln co them dong g l m pha eat hat min v6i xu hugng l i n at dong gom pha ba thye vat; 2) Vi loai hinh la s y p h i biln eua eae vat dung sinh he?t nhu: n l i than hinh c i u e l mieng loe hay vai gay, vo, bat b l n g dang ehan eao va ehan choai, au, chum v6 kich thuge I6n (lam quan tai), t h i chau... 3) Trang tri tren do g l m * ehu y l u la cac van ky thuat (van thO'ng va van chai) v i n la cac d i u v l t d l lai trong qua trlnh gia cong va hoan thien; van trang tri n l u e6 chu y l u la vach tren n I n chai vgi eae motif kha dgn gian, thygng la vach hinh s6ng ny6e, khu6ng nhae, dygng g i p khue, uon lugn hay in e h i m . . . Van trang tri ehi thyc s y phat trien g giai doan s g ky d l s i t vol sy phong phu cua eae motif nhu vach tam giac, day hinh thoi k i t hgp cac e h i m dai, day hinh ehu' S, V, J, van hinh hoa thj hay hinh sin ben treng eo cae e h i m tr6n nho...
Mpt dac diem quan trpng cua th6i t i l n SU" la m l i khu vyc, trong met giai 3oan n h i t 3jnh, thugng g i n vgi mpt s i loai hinh 3ae tryng va t i n tai lau dai ben canh s y x u i t hipn cua mpt s i Ipai hinh mgi. Dien hinh la to, dTa c6 mipng dang lugn song (wavy rim) r i t tinh te vgi dp day thanh g l m c6 khi dugi 0,1em - trg thanh leal hinh dac trung, phan anh s y phat triln cap va s y phan cpng, chuyen hoa n h i t djnh trong san x u i t g l m (tai cac di tich An Son, Lpc Giang, Ba Dao va ea di tich d i t d i p dang tr6n An Phu); hay nhu cac d l an boa van trang tri tinh xao tren ehan try va vanh d l cua loai bat b l n g ehan cao (An Son, CO Lao Rua, G6 0 Chua...). D i l u nay t h i hien s y sang tao, t i l n bp v l ky-my thuat, s y thief lap va m g rpng cae mang luo'i giao thygng giu'a eae khu vyc g i n gui v l kh6ng gian dja ly 10' 4.000 - 3.500 nam trygc.
Nhu vay, n g h i g l m da hien dien lau dai tren nhilu t i l u vung iSa ly - van h I a g Nam 86. Qua trinh do da d|nh hinh mpt truyin thing lam g l m phat triln, t h i hien g vipc lam ehu nguIn nguyen lieu, ky thuat c h l tap, s y da dang trong loai hinh va sy phong phO v l motif hoa van trang tri.
2.1.2. Giao luu va t i l p thu eae y l u t l anh hugng tir ben ngoai
vao thien nien ky I trugc Cong nguyen, khu vyc Nam 85 t i l p tuc d i l n ra boat dpng giap thugng manh me, kh6ng chi vgi eae nIn van h6a aIng 3ai cua Viet Nam lOe 36 (Dpng Son, Sa Huynh) ma c6n vgi cac vung khac
eua D6ng Nam A (Deng Bac Thai Lan, Campuehia, khu vyc hai 3ae) va t h i gioi (An Dp, Dja Trung Hai), hinh thanh cac quan he thygng mai tren mpt binh dien rpng th6ng qua cac eu'a b i l n k i t n l i vol mang lygi s6ng ng6i ehing chjt d i n sau vao npi dja. Cap cang thi sg khai nhu khu vyc C i n Gig, Long Son trg nen nhpn nhjp trong boi canh do, the hien qua nhO'ng leal hinh san p h i m ngoai nhap mgi va phong phO. C6 the n6i, nhu'ng nhan t l m6i nay, eOng vgi n i l lye ban dja, da tao nen budc dot pha manh me, can ban va loan dien v l kinh t l , van hoa va d6i s i n g xa hpi, la n I n tang eg ban d l hinh thanh nen van h6a Oc Eo va nha huge Phu Nam vao nhirng t h i ky 3 i u C5ng nguyen.
Thgi ky van h6a 6 e Eo, sy giao thygng trong khu vyc va t h i gi6i cang trg nen nhpn nhjp, dam net va m g rpng hgn. Cang thj 6 c Eo - Ba The da trg thanh mpt trung tam giao thugng, kinh t l , chinh trj va t6n giao eua vugng q u l c PhO Nam hung manh.
Van minh An Dp co anh hugng manh me n h i t d i n van hoa 6 c Eo, 3wgc phan anh sinh 3png qua eae n g h i lam thuy tinh, lam 3 | trang sire va lam g l m . Xet rieng vgi hien vat g l m tai khu di tich 6 e Eo - Ba The thi thanh t l ngoai nhap dugc gigi righien eO'u nhie den vgi hai he thing: (1) trye t i l p du nhap (eae san p h i m c h l tac a ben ngoai) va (2) dugc san xuit tai c h l phong theo san pham ben ngoai.
Tai khu di tich nay da tim thiy nhilu manh g l m "dygng nhu da thye sy dygc nhap khau tU' An Do (khac vgi
NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH - B() G(5M TAI KHU Dl TlCH (5C EO..
g l m dja phygng lam theo ky thuat An 06): Chung la d l g l m miet lang vol hinh dang, mau s i c (den hoac cam) va s y c h l tac tinh t l e l the so sanh trye t i l p vol nhO'ng hien vat thupc t h i ky ll-IV sau CIng nguyen 6' nhung di chi 6 An Dp nhu Arikamedu" (Bui Phat Diem 2011: 359); d i n g th6i g day cung tim t h i y nhilu loai hinh g l m e l c h i t lygng tugng 3ugng nhu binh kendi, binh kundika, n i p day dang thap, ly e l e ehan cao... dugc san xuat b i n g nguIn set mjn gan Ipe ky, s i lugng va myc aich sii' dyng ban c h l . Ben canh 36, d6ng g l m binh dan, vgi ehit lieu la g l m pha cat hoac pha ba thye vat, d y g c sit dyng dai tra de san x u i t cae vat dyng sinh boat hang ngay nhu n l i , v6, chum, to, bat ca rang...
(Bui Chl Hoang, 2013). Phan tich thanh p h i n khoang set cho thiy, cac loai g l m dugc san x u i t tpi c h l vgi nguIn nguyen lieu s i n c6.
Sy x u i t hiSn eua hai dong g l m n6i tren, mpt mat phan anh qua trinh giao luu va tilp nhan nhung y l u t l tu' van minh An Dp, mat khac phan anh sy phan e i p xa hpi da va dang dien ra mpt each sau s i c tai trung tam quan trpng nhit cOa vygng q u l c PhO Nam g m i l n Tay Nam Bp. Kilu thu'c An 0 6 v6i ky thuat c h l tac dugc du nhap va k l thua bgi nhO'ng ngy6i thg g l m dja phygng aa eo mat trong ea d6ng san pham eao c i p l i n binh dan cua d l g l m 6 e Eo (Bui Chl Hoang, 2013).
NhO'ng san p h i m phang p h i t y l u t l ngoai nhap nay da dugc ban dja h6a qua loai hinh, ky thuat va motif trang tri v6i nhu'ng net dpc dap rieng. Don
cO', n l u so sanh lo^i hinh g l m tiau bleu la binh kendi cOa van h I a 6 e Eo vdi nguySn mau An Op va vo'i kendi trong van hoa Champa hay van hoa Dvaravati, de dang n h i n thay glO'a chOng co s y khac nhau ro rpt: kendi Oc Eo CO dang mem mai, hai hoa va d i y dan v6i vol nh6 dai vO'a phai;
kendi Champa Ipi c6 hinh dang dam net ky ha, vol i m nho, hpp; kendi Dvaravati eo than dpt, vol dai, nhpn.
D i l u nay chp t h i y tinh sang tpo va dja phugng h6a cac yeu t l ngoai sinh d l trg nen net dac sac rieng e l eua van h6a Oc Eo.
2.2. c a c giai 3opn phat triln eua 3 l g l m tai khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The Hipn vpt g l m phat hien tpi khu di tich Oc Ee - Ba The phan anh qua trinh phat triln qua n h i l u giai doan tu- s6m d i n mupn, g i n lien vgi t i l n trinh ijeh su- eua vugng q u l c PhO Nam va van hea Oc Ec. Tuy nhien, vi§e phan ky cae giai doan phat triln eua d l g l m chi mang tinh tygng a l l va dya vao cac phan tich ajnh tinh la chu y l u , vi:
(1) a l g l m e6 s y aa dang ve dae 3ilm cung nhu qua trinh d i l n tien h i t sue phO'c tap, to- 36 lam eho phugng phap va eg sg phan leal (lopi hinh, ehit lieu), CO sy khac nhau tOy thupc vao eae quan 3 i l m nghien eOu; (2) 3 l n g thoi, 3ja t i n g eua eae di ehi c y trO thygng la s y dan xen glO'a t i n g van hoa cu trO, cac lop k i l n trOc, d i u tich cac Igp d i t a i p eua c u dan e l trong qua trinh sinh s i n g va tac dpng eua d i l u kipn ty nhien, do vay gay kh6ng it kh6 khan trong vipc phan tach cac Igp van hoa, tham chi nhieu trygng hgp con dan
d i n nhan thO'c khong d i y 30 v l d i l n tien phat trien cOa di tich.
2.2.1. Giai doan thO' n h i t (10'thi ky Hi- ll BC den t h i k j 111 AD)
c a c k i t qua nghien eO'u k i t hgp vgi cae phan tich nien dai C " cho t h i y nhO'ng c y dan d i u tien eua khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The da sinh song tren cac t h i d i t eao ( g l , gilng) n l i tren myc nude ID thuo'ng nien 6' canh d i n g Oc Eo (Gilng Xoai: 200±90 BC; G6 Cay Da: 170+40 BC, 200±50 AD va 430±40 AD; Go Oc Eo: 10+80 BC va 20±60 AD; Go Cay Thj B: 110±60 AD;
G6 A3: 200±50 AD) va khu vyc s y g n , ehan nOi Ba The (ting van h6a Linh Sgn Nam: 40+50 AD va 70±50 AD;
Go T u Tram: 80±80 BC va 70+40 AD) vol cae d i u v l t eu trO d l lai la do gom, ehi lygi, xugng d i n g vat... Nhu'ng t h i ky t i l p theo, pham vi eu trO m g rpng, mat dp eu dan d6ng hgn, the hipn tinh chit eua mOt thj tir vdi mpt s i nganh n g h i nhu lam g l m , luyen kim (sit, ehi, thiic), lam trang sOc (thuy tinh, vang, ma nao). O i n g th6i, c u dan da co m l i quan he trao a l l vgi t h i gigi ben ngoai, aac bipt la An Dp va vung Dja Trung Hal (trang sO'c k h i e chO' Phan, 02 hipn vat vang tugng trung eua hai hoang a l La Ma trj vi 138-161 AD va 161-180 AD...). Day la nhung eu dan c6 truyen thing c u trO tren nha san, mai Igp ng6i vgi v l t tich cpc g l dpc theo eae dong s5ng, lung co hay n i m sau trong t i n g van hoa eua cae di tich.
Khu vyc nay c6n t i n tai d6ng g l m pha cat (hat min va th6, kich e6 kha deu) va d6ng g l m th6 pha ba thyc vpt
(dang than thao), |gp ao ben ngoai eo mau hong, xam, nau vang hay 3en b6ng mang dac trung cua do g l m thupc luu vyc s6ng O i n g Nai va Vam Co VO'I cac vpt dyng quen thupc nhu n i l , vc, binh, bat dTa nIng long, n l i n i u kim lopi, ea rang, bat to... S l liau t h i n g ke tpl h i 08.GTT.H2 cho thiy, hai dong g l m nay chilm 61,5% tren long s l 244 manh g l m trong t i n g van hoa thupc giai 3opn thir nhit (Igp 13- 12) vgi ty Ip g i n tugng dygng ( g l m pha cat t h i 32,0%, g l m pha ba thye vpt 29,5%). Tai. h i 07.GTT.TS2, trong eOng giai aoan (I6p 10-8), chOng chilm 45,7% tren t i n g s l 245 manh gom vgi ty le hai lopi l i n lygt la 14,7%
va31%"'.
Trong giai aoan a i u tien nay, khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The c6n pho biln hai ddng g l m : (1) gom ba thyc vat dang than thao dugc c i t r i t nho, xugng kha mjn va dpc sit, cOng, b l mat nhan vgi I6p ao den b6ng ma tieu b i l u la eae dang bat b l n g ehan cao va (2) g l m set mjn gan lpc ky, xugng g l m mau vang nhat, Igp ao mau vang cam hoac do h i n g . D6ng g l m set mjn vang cam nay chu y i u dung lam cac vat dyng e l tinh t h i m my cao nhu n l i , v6, binh g l m than hinh c i u , 16 sau 16ng, nap day dang dia e6 gg m6c tr6n va dien hinh la ly-coc ehan eao vol ky thuat ban xoay, hinh dang can d l i , b l mat e6 d i u v l t mpt I6p lang bang mau t h i hoang (L. Malleret 1980:
192). Hai loai c h i t lieu moi dygc tim thay treng mpt s l di tich "tiln Oc Eo", tilp tuc p h i b i l n a giai doan Oc Eo s6m ( t h i ky l-lll AD) va trg thanh mpt
NGUY6N HOANG BACH LINH - O O G O M TAI KHU Dl TiCH 6C EO...
trong nhung hien vat dae trung cua khu di tich 6 c Eo - Ba The. Tai di tich Go Tu Tram, hai ioai g l m noi tren chilm 38,5% t i n g s l manh g l m trong Igp 13-12 cOa h i 08.GTT.H2 va 42,5% tong s l manh g l m Igp 10-8 eua ho 07.GTT.TS2. N l u xet rieng trong tu'ng loai ehit lieu, tai h i 08.GTT.H2 g giai doan thu' nhit tim thiy 96,5% (55/57) tren t i n g s6 gom ba thyc vat den min va 73,6% (39/53) tren tong s l g l m set mjn vang cam.
Tai ho 07.GTT.TS2, ty le nay la 72,6%
(45/62) va 72,9% (59/81)'^'.
Ben canh nhu'ng loai hinh ion tai va se trg nen pho b i l n vao giai doan van hoa Oc Eo diln hinh thi cung co mpt so chl xuat hien a khung nien dai l-lli AD, chang han, binh hinh con tien vol phin vai gay, trang tri nhCrng dugng vach song song vgi chit lieu set mjn vang cam, t h i chau vai chat lieu set pha cat tho, xuong c6 nhilu cat to va san laterite nau do hay to sau long chl tim thiy a cac igp van hoa sau nhit cua cac di tich cu trii.
Do g l m tai khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The dugc trang tri khong nhilu. Trong chuong trinh tham sat va khai quat vao nam 1983. hoa van trang tri chilm 12,55% tong so hien vat g l m thu dugc (Ban Khao co hgc, 1983). Dgt khai quat di tich Go Tu Tram nam 2002, ty le manh gom c6 hoa van chi chilm 7,8% (Bao Linh Con 2010). iS giai doan Oc Eo sgm la sy pho biln cda loai van ky thuat, xuit phat tu' yeu cau cua qua trinh gia c5ng, g l m van thipng va van chai. khong chi gop phin tao dang san phim, h i trg h i p
thu nhiet, han c h l nO't v g khi nung ma con d g trgn tupt va d l e i m hgn, thuan lgi trong viec bung be hay di chuyen. Van thirng x u i t hien pho biln n h i t tren ca c h i t lieu min va the. Van thirng min (chiem da so. ty le 3-6 vet thipng/l cm) va van thirng tho tap trung g than dygi va day ciia cae loai nli, vo lgn nho, tuy nhien each the hien khong deu va khong sac net bang van thO'ng in dap thgi tien sit g viing dong bang Nam Bp (Dao Linh Con 2010).
Trong khi do, van chai eo s l lugng it nhit, ehii yeu la nhO'ng net xien dung ngang hoac dan cheo g phan day cua cac loai a l ayng.
Hoa van trang tri t h i hien su sang tao va t u duy t h i m my cua nhirng ngygi thg g l m , la khau ky thuat t h i hien ro hgn ca tinh giai doan va dac thii dja phugng kh6 lan cua cac khu vyc, cac trung tam g l m khac nhau (Pham Ly Huong 2004: 443). if giai doan Oc Eo sgm, kieu trang tri bang ky thuat khic vach tren vai va than tren cua cac loai binh trong hau h i t cac loai chit lieu rat p h i biln vgi motif d i l n hinh la cac dang duang vach song song theo nhom tu 2-10 duang chi ehim sac net hoac cac van rang soi noi tilp nhau trong cac bang khuong nhae song song tren dual. Van d i p n l i tren vai noi, vo g l m tho hinh cau vai xugng day. v i n da ton tai tip cac thgi ky truac, cung dugc bao luu va co sy k i t hgp vgi ky thuat c i t tao ngin eiing vai cae do an k h i c vach g p h i n vai ben tren. Mot so motif hoa van hilm gap cung dugc tim thiy trong giai doan sam nay, dien hinh la van in
hinh nan chilu tren g l m th6, ao mau xam nau tim t h i y tai Gilng Xoai (2001) va G6 T y Tram (2002). Hoa van nay p h i b i l n trong cae di ehi tien sO' D i n g Nam B l , d i l n hinh la D i e ChOa. Van in d i u vai cung tim t h i y tai Gilng Cat, Gilng Xoai vgi vet in s i c net gilng manh vai r i t mjn.
v l ky thuat c h l tac, d i l m khac bipt n l i bat giu'a giai dean van h I a Oc Eo s6m so vol cac giai doan sau t h i hien qua: (1) s y p h i b i l n eua g l m lam b i n g tay vol ky thuat con trach k i t hgp ban dap h i n ke tren eae loai hinh g l m th6; ky thuat ban xoay ehi ap dyng tren mpt vai san p h i m nhu 15 bat, nap day, ly e l e tO' g l m s6t mjn vang cam; (2) e6ng doan nung san p h i m v6i s y hien dien eua nhung hien vpt e6 xugng g l m khong eO'ng chic, mau s i c ao g l m kh6ng d i n g a l u thy6ng t h i y tren cac kilu n l i , binh vo, to bat, chum,... la nhOng bilu hien eua san pham 3ygc nung ngoai tr6i.
2.2.2. Giai Bean thO- hai (tu' t h i ky IV 3 l n VI)
TO" t h i ky lll-IV, chau tho song Cu'u Long augc ajnh hinh hoan chinh, qua trinh chilm cu d i i n ra manh me tren eae vOng d i n g b i n g miln tay s6ng Hau, vOng U Minh va ca vOng trOng D i n g Thap My6i. Xa hpi Oc Ee b u l c vao tho'i ky phat trien thjnh vugng.
Trong d6, khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The v i n giO' vj tri trung tam cOa d i n g b i n g Nam B l noi ehung, t h i hipn qua sy
"ng rp" eae kiln trOc ton giao lgn bang gpeh - da tren sugn ddng nOi Ba Tha
va hgn 30 g6 tren canh d i n g Oe Eo (chua Linh Sgn, Linh Sgn Nam, G6 Cay Tr6m, Go Cay Thj, Go Gilng Cat), gan l i l n v6i nhO'ng khu vyc c u trO quy m6 I6n, cac xygng thO cong, tu6ng bao, lung nude... Phan tich nien aai va so sanh tugng quan v l di tich - di vpt eho t h i y , t h i ky lll-IV cOng la glal dean bat 3 i u phat triln loan dipn cOa cang thj Oe Eo va t i l n cang N i n ChOa.
Nhu'ng leal hinh hien vpt dac trung cua Oe Eo dugc phat hien phan ion thupc thgi ky nay nhu d l g l m , d i t nung, trang sO'c (vang, da quy, thuy tinh, ehi thiic), dong tien, eon d i u , tugng th6, vat dyng bang da, g§...
0 giai dean thO' hai, g l m ba thye vat den b6ng eOng g l m set mjn vang cam g i n nhy b i i n m i t hope chi c i n rai rac (ty le l i n lugt cua hai d6ng g l m nay la 0,2% -1,35% tren tong s l 1.034 manh g l m eua h i 08.GTT.H2 tO Igp 11 - 5 va 2,4% - 3% tren long s l 723 manh gom tai h i 07.GTT.TS2 10- I6p 7-4)<", thay vao 36 la lopi g l m set mjn co xugng mau xam aen, xam tring v6i I6p ao pho bien mau vang nhat hay tring nga, tieu bieu eho trlnh dp cao n h i t trong c h l tac g l m eua van hoa Oc Eo noi ehung, 10' vipe xO' ly nguyen li§u, tap hinh d i n trang tri t h i m my, chu y l u dOng eho eao san p h i m nghi l l t6n giao, dpc trung bgi loai binh eo vol (kendi) vgi dang mieng loe xien, thanh mipng be lat ra ngoai, mep mipng v u l t tpo g g n l i dpp m i t va lopi binh nygc thieng (kundiia) v6i e l dang try tron thu nho d i n va loe rpng a phan vai, l l rot rpng khpang 0,5- 0,7em, glO'a mieng va eo ngan each
NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH - f l O G O M TAI KHU Dl TlCH 6C EO..
bgi mpt vanh hinh dTa dpt, than phinh trpn hinh c i u . Met loai gom khac eOng tro nen pho bien la g l m set pha cat mjn v6i d i t set dugc lpc ky e l pha them ty le cao eat hpt r i t mjn va 3 l u , xugng cung chic, mong, mau sac g i n nhu d i n g n h i t vgi Igp ae, thygng CO mau nau vang, nau 36 hay xam trang. Dong g l m mjn chilm khoang 38,29% t i n g s l manh g l m eua giai 3opn nay ( h i 08.GTT.H2)''". Dong th6i, d i n g g l m t h i ghi nhan s y thay doi v l ehit lieu: g l m pha eat t h i c6 them da nghiln nho, hat kh6ng 3 l u ; g l m pha ba thyc vat xugng 3en, than kha day va c6 them r i t nhilu v6 t r i u hope chi toan v6 t r i u . V l s l lugng, trong giai dean thu hai, ty le g l m pha cat th6 chilm 52,71% va g l m pha ba thyc vat chi chilm 7,45%i tren t i n g s l manh g l m eua, h i 08.GTT.H2 tO' I6p 11-5;
tpi h i 07.GTT.TS2, tu' I6p 7-4, ty le giOa hai loai g l m l i n lygt la 38,2% va 8,0%''''. Hai loai hinh nay dugc tim thiy trong hau h i t eae di tich n i l bpt eua van hoa Oe Ee ngoai khu Oe Eo - Ba The nhu Nen Chua, Da Noi, Nhgn Thanh, G6 Thap... pho bien vgi cac leal hinh dac trung nhu n l i , vo, ca rang.
Mpt s l loai hinh 3 l g l m v l eg ban eo s y thay 3oi so vgi thgi ky trugc. Vi dy:
binh than hinh c i u (co v6i va kh5ng e6 vol), n l u nhu a giai dopn Oe Ee s6m, e6 dang hoi t h i p , miSng xien khum nhp, eo t h i t eo hoac gay g6c, v6i binh dpng n6n cyt hay hinh try dgn gian, thi sang giai doan Oe Eo phat triln, mieng binh c6 xu hy6ng thu nho tap dang t h i t eo manh, mipng
loe cong, thanh mipng be lat, vanh mep d y g c v u l t tao nhilu kieu 3a dang, p h i n vai n g tr6n, than thu6n nho d i n , eae kieu v6i dugc tpo hinh dpp m i t v6i g 6 nhan a d i u hay dang chO' S m i m mpi; lopi hinh nap day dang dTa t h u l e g l m mjn vang cam 10' ky thupt ban xoay eo g6 m I e dygc thay t h i b i n g leal n i p dang 3Ta v6i nOm e i m ,mO 3inh c h l tac b i n g ky thuat ep khuon va nan tay; loai hinh ly-eic set mjn vang cam p h i b i l n g giai doan so'm dugc thay t h i bing g l m set mjn va ehi tim t h i y a 3 i u giai 3oan nay v6i s l lugng khiem t i n . Ben canh 36 16 s y x u i t hien cua eae leal hinh g l m mgi va trg thanh san p h i m 380 trung cua giai 3oan Oe Eo phat t r i l n , d i l n hinh la n l i g l m pha eat min hinh con ti6n vgi vai rpng, gay gee nhpn va sau I6ng; cac lopi n i p hinh chuong, hinh thap hay hinh n i m tO g l m set mjn gan ipe r i t ky, c h l tac tinh xao va trang tri c i u ky; ly-ele v6i phan than dang hinh ehu6ng lat ngugc, vanh mieng loe ceng ra ngoai, d l try tron t h i p (tim t h i y tai di tich Go Oe Eo, khai quat nam 2001); ehung e l e nho (eao 4-5em, dugng kinh mieng 3-4em) chu y l u tO' set pha cat mjn hay pha ba thye vat, nan bang tay, dang th6, than loe xien hay thing dO'ng, d l day b i n g hope III nhe vol dp nung khOng cao, tim t h i y kha p h i biln trong Igp van h6a eua di tich Go T u Tram, Trung Son thupc giai doan Oe Eo phat triln va mupn hgn.
Hoa van trang tri trong giai doan Oe Ee d i l n hinh r i t da dang vgi nhilu ky thuat trang tri khac nhau, pho b i l n la
k h i e vach, t l mau, d i p n l i , k h i c vpch k i t hgp 16 mau dugc phat huy manh me va tao nen ban sac 3ac trung cua 36 g l m Oc Eo. Van vach van la loai hinh ehu 3ao the hien dpng cac nh6m dudng song song, d l an tam giae, cung Iron, s6ng nygc cOng eae b i l n the phong phO. Van duo'ng ehi noi x u i t hien va duy tri 3 l n giai 3oan mupn hgn, gom nhO'ng 3y6ng nho, mjn, t h i hien duy nhit trSn kilu mieng e l vanh bgi cong khum cua n l i hoac binh g l m e6 Igp ao den bong, xam den hoac 36 tai di tich G6 T u Tram, van du6ng chi ehim v6i 2-3 hang, m i l hang CO tip 3-6 duong song song each d i u nhau, thuong the hipn tren 36 g l m CO Igp ao mau den tuyIn hay xam aen (Oao Linh C I n 2010: 150- 151). Van a i p n i l 6 giai doan sgm tilp tuc phat trien trong giai doan nay Vgi ky thuat tao n g i n 16m da dang va s i c xao hgn. Van in x u i t hien va p h i biln 10' giai dean vBn h6a Oe Ee phat triln, dugc tap bgi nhO'ng khuon in augc khic ehim hoa van hoan chinh, ape tryng n h i t la 35 an hoa sen trong long nhu'ng chile nap vung 16m hope tren vanh mipng ea rang v6i cac 3 l an phO'c tap. Ngoai ra e6n e6 trang tri van in n l i hinh hai hang canh sen n l i tiep nhau tren mpt manh binh g l m nho.
Van to, ve mau tim t h i y kha pho bien trong di tich Oe Ec - Ba The a' giai dpan phat trien tren ca ehit lieu g l m mjn va tha, the hipn thanh nhO'ng bang mau ehpy quanh vai, co hay p h i n vanh mipng eua binh, v6, hope dugc k i t hgp v6i nhii'ng au6ng chi ehim e6 tac dyng lam n i l bat cae 3 l
an trang tri, 311 khi bj n h i m l i n vo'i loai g l m mjn c6 Igp ao mau vang cam thupc th6i ky so'm cua van hoa Oc Eo.
Van cat va tro l6 x u i t hipn ehu y l u tren nap Bay dpng thap b i n g gem mjn vgi nhO'ng net cat, vach, t r i lo hinh tam giac k i t hgp nhO'ng d u i n g chi ehim va e h i m dai...
Ky thupt e h i tao g l m da dat den trinh dp eao the hipn qua bp suu tpp hien vat tai khu di tich Oe Eo - Ba The.
Ngygi thg g l m da lam chO dugc ky thuat, quy trinh lam g l m va tao ra nhO'ng loai hinh mgi vgi 36 tinh t l va t h i m my cao. O l g l m cua van h6a Oe Eo a I n giai aopn nay n l i ehung thugng augc tpo dang b i n g ba ky thuat, toy vao loai hinh cOng nhu tinh ehit eua san p h i m dugc su' dyng: (1) ky thuat nan tay vgi s y ho trg cua ban dap h6n ke, pho b i i n tren g l m tho vgi d i u v l t la nhO'ng dygng song chay quanh cOng vol d i u ng6n tay theo
• chilu xien hope h i n len khgp n i l a mat trong cOa d l g l m ; (2) ky thuat ban xoay ap dung eho nhom g l m mjn vol xugng mong, d i u dan hgn va chi ap dyng d l tpo ra mpt s l san p h i m n h i t djnh, d i u v l t d l Ipi la nhung d i u ng6n tay hinh x p i n I c , d i u tay i n theo v i n g quay, 10' diem tam ra chu vi (L. Malleret 1960:113); (3) ky thuat ep khuon dugc sO' dung ehu y l u trong san xuat n i p day dpng dia v6i nOm e i m mO ainh 3 i l n hinh cua giai 3oan Oc Eo phat trien ( t h i ky IV-Vl AD), hinh dang can d l i va dpp, kh6ng co eae v l t ranh x o i n 3ien hinh eua ky thuat ban xoay, c6 hoac kh6ng eo 3 1 an trang tri. Tpi di tich Go Thap trong
NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH -Si!) G(5M TAI KHU Dl TlCH (JC EO..
eOng khung nien dpi da tim t h i y 03 chiio khu6n vo'i mpt mpt khu6n cong III la mat chinh tao hinh n i p day, mpt khuln CO trang tri hinh hoa sen, giua e6 l l tr6n la phan than eua nOm e i m va nOm se augc n i n them vao, cho t h i y hoan loan e6 kha nang cu dan Oc Eo - Ba Th§ da su' dung khu6n de tae ra san p h i m cOng loai hinh.
Cong 3oan c u l i cOng khi lam 35 g l m la nung san pham. Tai di tich Nen Vua (Kien Giang, dgt tham sat 1997 va 2002) da phat hipn d i u v l t eua 16 nung g l m dang b i u hinh chO' nhat nam theo hugng b i c nam dai 9,0m, rpng tO' 3,8m g d i u nam d i n 4,4m a a i u b i c , cao tit 0,5-0,7m, vach a i p bang 3 i t set day 10' 0,45-0,55m, cao tu' 0,65-0,70m. L6ng 16 co hai ngan, each nhau bgi bo' vach day 0,8m, ngan phia b i c hinh 10" giac, dien tich 2,5x2,7m, sau 0,7m, c6 l l i th6ng ra ben ngoai 16 g canh dong rpng 0,7m.
H i tham sat eon tim thiy nhilu t h i i d i t nung hinh try, cac via d i t set, than tro va eae p h i p h i m . May than trong phpm vi io cho nien dai 630+60 AD (Oao Linh C6n, 2004). Vol c i u trOc eua 16 nung tugng d l i hoan chinh, dygc tu su'a nhilu l i n va t i n tai trong thgi gian dai eho phep dat ra gia thuylt vu'ng c h i c v l sy t i n tai cua cae 16 nung tygng t y tai met trung tam I6n nhy Oe Eo - Ba The. O i n g thgi, sy hien dien phong phO eae san pham thu6o d6ng g l m mjn, xugng g l m danh eOng, igp ao dpp d i n g nhit va ehit lugng eae cung la bing ehu'ng eho sy hien dien cua 16 nung g l m .
2.2.3. Giai dopn thO' ba (tu' the ky VII d i n khoang the ky X)
TO' c u l i t h i ky V, vi tri trung tam thugng mpi trong khu vyc D i n g Nam A 3a djeh chuyin tO' cang thj 6 c Eo sang vung b i l n Malacca (phia Nam ban dao Ma Lai) da lam suy y i u vj the eua vygng q u l c Phu Nam, c5ng them nhu'ng cupe t i i n c I n g cua Chan Lpp tO' glO'a the ky VI, c6 the xem la nhOng nguyen nhan tryo tiep d i n d i n s y sup 3 l eua Phu Nam vao nu'a 3 i u the ky VII, gay ra nhu'ng b i l n 36ng to Ion 3 l n 3gi s i n g xa hpi eua c u dan van hoa 6 e Eo. C g t i n g van h6a v i n tilp tyc t i n tai tren nhO'ng dia ban quen thupc tuy rang mat dp suy giam va thay vao 36 la s y phat trien cua hang loat cac di tich 6' nhu'ng vung xa trung tam 6 c Eo v6'i nhO'ng dae diem vOa mang truyen t h i n g Oe Ee vO'a mang tinh khu vyc.
Cho 3 l n nay, cae d i u vet cua di ehi c u tru thupc giai dopn nay tai vOng Oe Eo - Ba The r i t mo' nhat, ehu y l u phat hien cung vgi eae di tich kiln trOc.eo nien dpi sau t h i ky VII tren ehan sugn nOi Ba The va g di chi cu trO Go T u Tram. 0 6 la Igp v6 sinh day 0,3- 0,4m tai Linh Sgn Nam, ngan each giO-a k i l n trOc dien hinh eua Oe Eo v6i kien trOc m u l n hgn b i n g mpt loai gaeh (;6 3ac 3iem khac (nien 3al C'"
eho k i t qua 880±50 AD); tai G l Ot Nhanh, mpt t i m da hoa cygng day 0,6-0,8m ngan each Igp kien true thupc giai dean hai vgi hai Igp kiln trOc mupn ben tren ma nien dpi m u j n nhit vao khoang t h i ky XII; tai t i n g
tren cung cua G6 T u Tram (tO' b l mat a I n 36 sau 1,3m) 3a tim t h i y nhilu loai hinh 3 l g l m gilng t i n g van hoa a giipa, d i n g thgi eOng ghi nhan met I6p kiln trOe dugc xay tren n i n cu trO thupc giai aoan thO' hai (tu 1,3 d i n 2,4m) {V6 ST Khai 2008: 45).
Truyin thing gom Oe Eo giai doan trygc van dugc bao luu nhung nhin Chung chit lieu g l m dgn gian, s l lugng va loai hinh giam sut, ky thuat c h l tac thyt iui. 0 giai doan ba eua G6 T u Tram, gom pha cat vgi thanh phin hat r i t th6, xugng cipng chic, b l mat nham, thanh g l m day hgn (tu' 0,8 d i n 1,2em) (Nguyin Thj Ha 2012: 108) v i n t i l p tue t i n tai va chilm uu t h i . S l lieu thing ke cho thiy, tai h i 08.GTT.H2 (Igp 4 - igp mat), gom pha cat the chiem 72,54% tren tong s l 3.518 manh; ty le nay la 53,8% tren tong s l 1954 manh cua h i 07.GTT.TS2 (igp 4 - Igp mat). Trong khi 36, g l m ba thyc vat g i n nhu biln m i t (0,14% tren tong s l g l m thupc giai doan ba tai h i 08.GTT.H2 va 0,67% tren tong s l g l m cung giai dean tai h i 07.GTT.TS2). Dong g l m mjn (set mjn va set pha eat mjn) kieu 6 c Eo v i n dugc sip dung kha pho biln, tuy ring da c6 sy thay d l i v l xuong g l m (xam den/xam tring chuyin sang nau 36/nau vang) va mau ao (vang nhat chuyin sang 36 gaeh). Trong giai aoan nay, tai h i 08.GTT.H2 g l m min chilm 27,32%
t i n g s l manh, con tai h i 07.GTT.TS2 ty le nay la 45,53%"='.
Cac loai hinh dac trung cua van hoa Oe Eo nhu iy ele, n i p vung c6 16 e i m ,
n l i gom tho eo mipng rpng day thap...
g i n nhu kh6ng c6n; ea rang cOng suy giam ve s l lugng. Loai hinh p h i biln la cac binh g l m pha eat mjn v6i e l t h i t eo, mieng lee y g n hoac loe gay, mep mieng phang hoac 16m nhe, vai xuoi va ng rpng a g i n h6ng, trang tri eae 3ygng k h i c vach song song; hay n i l set pha cat the, nhilu san iaterite vgi vanh mieng n g i n , lee ugn, vai ng manh, 3ay l l i , vai trgn hoac vach nhipng 3ugng song song, 361 khi dugc khoan mpt 16 sau nung; th6 chau, cac kieu chum ele nho... Ngoai ra. g giai 3oan nay c6n co mpt s6 36 gom kh6ng thiy g giai 3oan trugc nhu dpi xe ehi, g l m ghe, bi g l m , tugng 3png vat. Phin lgn 3o g l m 3ugc lam b i n g tay vai ky thuat dat ban hoac ky thuat con trach k i t hgp vgi thu phap cao b l mat san pham (Nguyen Thi Ha 2012:112).
Di tich G6 T u Tram trong giai 3ean thip ba cung ghi nhan sy hien dien cua met so manh gom khong men eo gg n l i g p h i n tiep giap co va vai kilu Chan Lap, 36 sanh sip men celadon, men nau, men tring c6 nguon g l e ngoai nhap. Ngoai ra, giai aoan nay cung t h i hien s y ngheo nan trong trang tri vgi aa s l la cac dang van vach, van dygng chi n l i , van 3 i p noi tugng t y giai doan truac. Tuy vay, giai doan nay cung ghi nhan it nhilu thay doi, ching han, van duang ehi ehim thugng g l m 3-10 dygng vach ehim lan, net kha sau va dang cac auang u l n lugn (tu 3-5 auo'ng), cong tron (3-6 auang) hay canh cung (2-3 duang) (Dao Linh C6n 2010: 150-151),
NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH -BO G6M TAI KHU Dl TlCH 6C EO...
K^T LUAN
Khu di tich Oe Eo - Ba The vgi tinh chit la 36 thj cang va la mpt trung tam kinh t i - xa hpi - t5n giao quan trpng nhit eua vugng qulc co PhO Nam 3a 3e lai mpt khIi lygng dl ton vat ehit hit sO'c 3a dang va phong phu, trong 36 CO d l glm. Day la vat dyng pho biln va gin gui nhit vgi 361 sing cung nhy phye vy cho cac le nghi ton giao cua cu dan dygng th6i va la met trong nhO'ng thanh tyu quan trpng, minh ehCpng chp sy tin tai cua truyen thing ban dja va van hIa ngoai nhap.
Ding thai 3 l glm Oe Ee cung the hien sy tinh t l va sang tao cua ngyo'i thg glm thgi eo xua, lam eho "xet v l ting thi, glm Oe Eo 16 mpt phipc hgp
glm rieng bipt, eo tinh aia phygng r6 rer va "glm Oc Eo kh6ng gilng bat ky phire hgp gom nao 6' Dong Nam A"
(HaVanTan 1997: 838).
Ben canh do, viec xac lap eae giai doan phat trien eOa 3 l glm Oc Eo - Ba The vl'i nhu'ng dac trung eg ban ve loai hinh, ehit li^u, ky thuat ehi tao va hoa van trang tri se cung cip eg sg quan trpng trong viec yge 3inh nien 3ai va phan ky cae giai 3opn phat trien cua cac di tieh thupc van h6a Oe Eo thing qua phugng phap so sanh loai hinh hoc, kit hgp vo'i nghien ciru loai hinh di tich va eae di vpt khac, gop phin nhan dien mpt each diy du va sau sic hgn v l bipc tranh xa hpi th6i ky nay. •
Cac giai doan phat trien cua khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The
Nguon: Trung tam khao cO hpc va TapOng Vien BOng Bae CO (Phap), chuong trlnh hgp tac nghien eO'u 1998-2002.
GOm mjn phat hipn tpi khu di tich Cc Eo - Ba The
20 21
! y ^ " ? = \ V ' i ' Jf'J^^^S""^" ™i ^ * ' 2012i 3.4,16,17,19-22 L. Malleret, 1960 (khOng ty le);6-11,13-16 Y. Hirano, 2005.
NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH - f l 6 G O M TAI KHU Dl TlCH (5C EO.
Glm tho phat hien tpi khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The
zc
i 1\
^ 1
- \
^ H W^
Nguon: 1-11 Y. Hirano, 2005; 12,13 Nguyin Thi Ha, 2012.
Mpt s6 motif trang tri qua cac giai dogn phat triln tai khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba The - Giai iJoan thij nhit (th4 k j III, II BC)
^"^JkMk^ ^^
H ^- Giai doan th& hai (tiiS ky IV den th^ ky VI)
- Giai do?n tfiij ba (thi kj VII (3en khoang thi ky X)
r r T S I L I oy.OEGTTTSILl 08.OE.aTT.HlL2 [)70E.GTT.TS10
0 2
Ngudn: Dao Linh C6n, 2010
74 NGUYEN HOANG BACH LINH - BCI GiJM TAI KHU Dl TlCH 6C EO...
CHCI THlCH
(1) (21^ (3) Q^ p(,jn (let, ty le dya trOn bang thing kO ciia Nguyin Thi Hi, 2012, phin phy lye, tr. 158-169.
TAI LIEU TRlCH D A N
1. Ban Khao e l hpo. 1983. sao oao kit qui chwang trinh dieu tra, khao sit, khai qu$t tai khu dl tich 6c Eo - Ba Thi. Tu iiau Trung tam Khao cO hpc.
2. BOi Chi Hoang. 2013. "Khu di tich Oc Eo - Ba Tha (An Giang), nhu'ng gia trj nli bat".
Tap chl Khoa hoc Xi hdi TPHCM, so 5(177).
3. Bill Phat Diem. 2011. "Van hoa Oc Eo - nhan thO'c ve sy phat triln bull diu, trao 36i v6i An BO, nhu'ng no lye kiem seat ding bang ngap nude va sy phat trien thanh thj". In trong Mot so vin de khio co hoc a miin Nam Viet Nam (tap 4). Ha NOi: Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi.
4. Camien SaijeanL 2008. Northeast Thailand Ceramic Technology from the Bronze to iron Ages. Master of Arts (Archaeology). New Zealand: University of Otago, Dunedin.
5. Bao Linh COn. 2004. "Lo Gom eo Nen Vua (VTnh Thuan, Kien Giang)". In trong Nhu'ng phit hien mai vi khio ci hoc nam 2003. Ha Npi; Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hOi.
6. Bao Linh COn. 2010. Gii tri vin hda <5c Eo a mien Tay Nam Bg (qua tw iiiu hi$n c6).
Be tai cip Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam. Tu lieu Trung tam Khao c l hpc.
7. Ha Van Tin. 1997. Oc Eo - NhOng yiu ti ndi sinh vi ngoai sinh. In trong Theo diu vet cac van hoa cO. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hOi.
8. Le Xuan DiSm, Dao Linh COn, VO ST Khai. 1995. Vin hda Oc Eo - nhwng khim phi moi. Ha NOi: Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hOi.
9. Louis Malleret 1960. Khao ci hpc Bing bing sdng Cu'u Long, tip II. Ha NOi: Ban dich cua Bao tang Ljch su Viet Nam, 1970.
10. Nguyin Thi Ha. 2012. Dl tich G6 Tw Trim (An 6/ang)..Luan vBn Thac sT Khoa hpc Lich su, Bai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan van TPHCM. Tu lieu Trung tam Khao c l hpc.
11. Pham Ly Huong. 2004. "Nghien cOu glm tiln su - sg su' Viet Nam trong the ky XX:
nhu'ng hilu bilt can ban", in trong Mgt thi kf khio co hoc Viet Nam (tap I). Ha NOi: Nxb.
Khoa hpc Xa hoi.
12. Trung tam Khao co hpc. 2012. Ho sa xip hang Di tich cip Quoc gia Bic biet Khu di tich 6c Eo - Ba The. Jut iilu Trung tam Khao eO hpc.
13. Vo ST Khai. 2005. "Xa hOi Ba The - Oc Eo mugi t h i ky d i u Cong nguyOn - nhin 10 goc dp khao cO hpc". in trong Mit thi kf khio co hoc Viet Nam (tap 11). Ha NOi: Nxb.
Khoa hgc xa hOi.
14. Vo ST Khai. 2008. "Van hoa Oc Eo - sau mugi nam nhin lai". in trong Vin hda 6c Eo vi vuang quoc PhO Nam. Ha NOI: Nxb. The gioi.
15. Yuko Hirano. 2005. Earthenware In IVIekong Delta, South Vietnam: Mainly in Spouted Vessels and Roof r/tes. Research Fellow, Institute of Asian Cultures, Sophia University.
