156 II TRUClNB BAI HOC THlll B£> H A ^ l S l
TO CHLfC TRAI N G H I E M SANG TAG CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC LjCH SIT 6 LbP 6 - BAG TRUNG HOC CO s 6
Nguyen Thi Thanh Thiiy' Truang Dgi hpc Thii do Hd Ngi
Tom tdt: Di ndng cao chdt luang gido due noi ehung. chdt iugmg gidng dgy mon Lich sir noi rieng gido viin cdn phdi biit da dgng hod cdc hinh thuc td chuc dgy hgc. Td chuc trdi nghiem sdng tgo chinh la ca hgi de hgc sinh dug^c khdm phd, tim toi. bgc Ig khd ndng huy dong kiin thiic. kl ndng gidi quyit cdc vdn di gdn v&i ciigc song. m& rgng khong gian nha tru&ng ra ngodi klnton khS lop hgc. Tren co so tim hiiu dgc tiicng. quy trinh cita hogt dgng trdi nghiem sdng tgo. tic dgc thii cua bg mon Lich siir, chung toi di xudt mat so hinh thicc td chiec trdi nghi$m sdng tgo cho hgc sinh trong dgy hgc Lich su a l&p 6 - bgc Trung hgc Ca s&.
Tirkhod: lichsir, to chiec trdi nghiem sdng tgo, trung hgc ca s&.
1. M O D A U
Nhiem vii ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due nude nha, dac biet ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa phd thong sau nam 2015 dat ra klidng chi cho cdc nha bien soan sach gido khoa cac mon hpc, ma con cho dpi ngii giao vien, sinh vien, hpe sinh nhung nhiem vu nang ne. Trong cac mdn hpc d bae Trung hpc Ca sd (THCS), bp mdn Lich sir ngay cang e6 vai tro, y nghTa quan trpng trong viec giao due y thuc truyen thdng, niem ty hao dan tpc, tinh than va ban ITnh ung pho phu hop vdi nhiing bidn dpng ldn cua nhan Ioai thdi ki hpi nhap. Muc tieu cua mon Ijch su d trudng THCS la trang hi cho hpe sinh nhihig kidn thdc ea bdn, cdn tbiat ve lich su dan tpc vd the gidi, lam co sd cho viSc hinh thanh thd gidi quan khoa hpc, giao due long yeu que huong dat nude, truyan thdng dan tdc, hinh thanh d hpc sinh kT nang hpc tdp, cac nang lyc tu duy, hanh dpng, cd thai dp ung xir diing ddn trong ddi sdng.
Nhan bai ngay 20.03 2016; giii phan bien va duyct dang ngay 28.04.2016.
Lien he tac gia- Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Email. [email protected]
TAP CHI KHDA HOC - sd 3 / 2 0 1 6 j 157
Tuy nhian, nhihig nhan thirc, quan niem sai lech ve vj tri, vai tro ciia Khoa hpc Lich su vd mon Lich su trong ddi song xa hpi, trong gido due hien nay da dan tdi phuang phdp nghian cuu. hpc tap khdng diing. He qud tdt yeu la sy gidm siit chat luong day vd hpc bp mon tren nhiau mat. Tinh trang hpc sinh khdng nhd nhung dau mdc, sy kien ca bdn; khdng biat "sir ta"; nhd sai, nhdm Ian kien thue lich su khd phd bian. Vi le do, nhirng nam qua, vdn da nang cao chdt luprng day hpc lich su ludn nhan dupe su quan tdm, chu y ciia todn xd hpi. Day vira Id dieu kien, vira la ca hdi de gido vien co the thuc hien nhieu cdi tien, sdng tao trong day vd hpc bp mon. Tren thyc ta, viec day hpe Lich su d phd thdng da dupe "lam mdi" vi ndi dung thdng qua viec thiat ke cdc boat dpng hpc tap theo chu da nham lupc bd nhiing phdn kien thuc khd, lae hdu, lap lai nhieu ldn..., ddng thdi tang cudng nhimg chii da hpc tap mdi da thay ddi ca ban each day vd hpc tap bp mdn. Hpc sinh dupe phat huy cdc ndng luc bpc tap vd ndng cao y thue ddi vdi Ijch sir. Va td chitc day hpc, ban canh day hpc tmyen thong, tren Idp, viec da dang hoa eac hinh thuc day hpc lich su da dupe nhieu gido vien dp dung. Trong cdc hinh thiic do, \ iec td ehiic boat dpng trdi nghiem sang tao trong vd ngoai Idp hpc (nhu hpc tap tai Bao tang, di tich lich sir, lang ngha truyen thdng...) da dupe chii trpng va budc ddu thu dupe nhihig kat qua tich eye.
2. NOT DUNG
2.1. Hoat dpng trai nghiem sang tao la gi?
0 phucmg Ddng, Khdng Tu ( 5 5 M 7 9 TCN) timg ndi: "Nlmiig gi toi nghe. toi se quin;
Nhirng gi toi thdy. toi se nho; Nhung gi toi lam. toi se hiiu"; edn d phuang Tdy, Soerate (470-399 TCN) cung timg not: "Ngic&i la phdi hpc bdng cdch lam mpt viec gi do; v&i nhirng diiu bgn nglu Id minh biet. ban se thdy khong chdc chdn cho den khi lam no". Diau do cho thdy, cde nhd gido due loi lac, cdc bdc hien triet thdi co dai da khdng chi coi trpng viec ty hoc, ty ren luyen, tu than; phat huy mat tich eye sdng tao, phdt huy nang lyc npi sinh; kat hop hpc va hanh, li thuyet vdi thyc tiln; phat trian himg thii. dong eo, y chi ciia ngudi hpc..., ma cdn gian tiap gpi md cae kinh nghiem, phuang phdp tu hpc. Xet d mot phuong dien ndo do, cd the coi cae kinh nghiem, phuang phdp nay la nhirng ea sd, nen mdng dau tien ciia tu tudng hpc qua trdi nghiem.
Hoat ddng hpe qua trai nghiam khong phdi la mdi vdi cdc nude tren tha gidi, nhung d Viat Nam, dan nay, van de nay van con kha mdi me. Trong chucmg trinh giao due pho thdng hien hanh cua Viat Nam, ka hoach gido due bao gdm Id chirc cdc hoat ddng day hoc va eac boat dpng giao due. Hoat dpng giao due (theo nghTa rdng) Id nhirng boat ddng co chil dich, cd ke hoach hoac cd sy dinh hudng ciia nhd giao due. duac ihuc hien thong qua
158 II T R U d N G BAI HOC THLI S O HA HOI
nhihig each thirc phii hpp da chuyan tai npi dung giao due tdi ngudi hpc nham thuc hien muc tieu giao due. Cac boat dpng gido dye (theo nghTa hep) dimg da chi edc boat dpng giao due dupe td chiic ngodi gid day hpc cdc mon hpc va dupe su dung cimg vdi khai niem hoat dpng day bpc eac mon hpc. Cu the, gdm: Hoat dpng tap the (sinh boat Idp, sinh boat trudng, sinh boat Dpi Thiau nien Tian phong Hd Chi Minh, sinh boat Dodn Thanh nian Cpng san Hd Chi Minh); boat ddng giao due ngodi gid Ien Idp dupe td chuc theo eac chii da gido due; boat dpng gido due hudng nghiep (cdp trung hpc co sd va cdp trung hpc phd thong) giiip bpc sinh tim hiau da dinh hudng tiep tyc hpc tap vd dinh hudng ngha nghiep;
boat dpng gido due nghe phd thong (edp trung hpc phd thdng) giiip hpc sinh hiau dupe mdt s6 kian thiic ca bdn va cong eu, kT thuat, quy trinh cdng nghe, an toan lao ddng, ve sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi mot s6 nghi phd thong da hpc; hinh thanh va phdt trian kT nang van dung nhirng kiln thirc vao thuc tian; cd mpt so kT nang su dung cong cu, thyc hanh kT thuat theo quy trinh cdng nghe de lam ra sdn phdm dan gidn.
Theo Du thdo Di dn doi m&i chicang trinh vd sdch gido khoa gido due pho thong sau ndm 2015 thi "'Hoat dpng trdi nghiem sdng tgo bdn chdt Id nhung hogt dpng gido diic nhdm hinh thdnh vd phdt triin cho hpc sinh nhung phdm chdt tic tu&ng, y chi tinh cdm, gid Iri va kl ndng song vd nhirng ndng luc cdn co ciia con ngu&i trong xd hgi hien dgi Npi dung ciia hogt dong trdi nghiim sdng tgo duoc thiit ke theo hu&ng lich hop nhieu ITnh vuc, mon hoc thdnh cdc chii diim mang tinh chdt m&. Hinh thuc vd phuong phdp to chite da dgng, phong phil, mem deo, linh hogt, m& ve khong gian th&i gian, quy mo, doi tuong vd so hrong de hgc sinh co nhieu co hpi tu trdi nghiem vd phat huy toi da khd ndng sdng tgo ciia cdc em" [3].
Ban canh boat ddng trai nghiem sdng tao chung nhu Iran, d tirng mdn hpe eung cd eac boat dpng trdi nghiem sdng tao mang tinh dae trung, dac thii riang ciia mdn hpc gop phdn hinh thanh va phat trian cdc nang lyc chuyan biet ciia hpc sinh.
Nhu vay co the thay bdn chat cua hoat dpng trai nghiem sdng tao chinh la boat dpng giao due theo nghTa hep, duoc thiat ka, td chitc thuc hien theo budng tang cudng su trdi nghiem va sang tao cho ngudi hpc. Tir day, cd tha hieu: "Hogt dpng trdi nghiem sdng tao la hogt dong gido due theo chii di; duoc thiet ki, Id chirc, thuc hiin theo hu&ng tich hgp nhiiu linh vuc, mon hpc thdnh cdc chii diem mang linh chdt m&, hinh thicc vd phuong phdp to chirc da dgng, nhdm giitp cho hgc sinh co nhiiu co hpi tu trdi nghiem vd phdl huy tdi da khd ndng sdng tao eiia hoc sinh " [7].
T A P C H I K H O A H O C - S O 3 / 2 0 1 B || 159
2.2. M o t so hinh thirc to chdc hoat dpng trai nghiem sang tao cho hoc sinh trong day hpc Lich s u d Idp 6 - T H C S
2.2.1. To chiic hoat dgng trai nghiem sang tao dw&i hinh thuc dong vai Trong day hpc Ljeh su, mdi tinh hudng dua ra Id mpt trdi nghiem thii vi, ngudi hpc dupe ddt minh trong bdi canh lich su de suy ngdm ve cdc su kien, sdng ciing cupc song vdi eac nhan vat, dupe nem trdi cam xuc riang chung eua mdi eon ngudi, cua ca dan toe qua timg sy kien hodc cdc giai doan Ijch su cu the. Phuang phdp dong vai khdng chi nham tdi hien ljeh su ma con gdp phdn dua ngudi hpc vdo nhirng bdi cdnh Ijch sir cu the, cd nhdng hieu biet sdu sac ban ve cac su kien, nhdn vdt, ty danh gid vd nit ra kinh nghiam lich sir cho ban than minh. CJ phuang dien giao due, mdi trdi nghiem Id mpt bai hpe qui bau ve tinh yeu qua huong, ddt nude, giiip hpc sinli biat trdn trpng nhiing gia tri truyen thong, vdn hod Clia nhdn Ioai. Phuang phap nay cd the sir dung trong mpi hinh thirc gido dye, tir day hpc kian thirc mdi den kiem tra, ddnh gid hay cde boat dpng ngoai khod.
Vi du T. Trong chuang trinh Ljeh sii 6 - THCS, nam bdt eac kian thiie ve budi binh minh cua loai ngudi la npi dung quan trpng Npi dung nay duac de cap d nhieu khia canh nhu: ngudn gdc ciia lodi ngudi, qua trinli tien boa ciia con ngudi thai nguyen thuy, ddi song eon ngudi thai nguyan thuy, nguyen nhdn xa hpi nguyen tbuy tan ra, diau kien tu nhien, khi hau, dja hinh tae ddng den ddi song con ngudi.. Theo dinh hudng ciia chuong trinh giao due hien nay, day hoc tieh hpp Hen mdn la yeu eau bat bupc nham djnh hudng phat trian ndng lyc ngudi hpc, ddng thdi khac phuc nhiing diem trimg lap ve mat kian thirc giira cac mon hoc cung nhu cdc npi dung, cac bdi trong mpt mdn hpc. Viec day hpc tich hpp lien mdn ciing tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho giao vien van dung cac phuang phdp vd ky thuat day hpc tich eye. Theo dd, chiing tdi xdy dyng chii de "Buoi binh minh ciia lodi ngic&i" (3 tiat) khi day phdn I "Khdi qudt lich sir thi gi&i co dai" va phdn II "Lich sic Viet Nam tir nguon goc den the ki X" (SGK Lich sit 6-THCS) vdi cac npi dung ca ban nhu so do sau:
1 6 " II
TRLfdNB OAI HOC T H O BQ HA Ht?}^6 ddy, phuang phap ddng vai dupe sap xSp linh hoat trong cac ndi dung phii hpp de vira dat dupe hieu qud trai nghiem, vira khdng anh hudng tdi cSu triic, bd c\ic chung ciia toan bai. Vi du, trong Mittc 1: Nguon goc ciia loai ngu&i, thky va tro se tidn hanh cac budc nhu sau:
- Bu&c 1: Giao vien chia Idp thanh hai nhdm (Nhung hpc sinh ddng y quan nipm ngudn gdc loai ngudi do tiSn hoa tir vuon ve mpt nhdm; nhung hpc sinh d6ng f quan niem cho rdng Ioai ngudi do thuang di tao ra vi rapt nhdm). Sau dd, gido vien y6u c i u hpc sinh quan sdt hinh 1, kit hop dpc chu thich va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Thu dong vai eac nhan vat trong tranh va xay dung mpt doan hpi thoai tranh luan ve ngudn gdc eua loai ngudi.
2. Em theo quan niam ciia Diic chiia Gia-su hay nha khoa hpc Ddc-uyn ve nguon gdc ciia Ioai ngudi? Vi sao?
3. Em biet gi ve ddi sdng eiia con ngudi thdi nguyen thuy?
Tranh minh hoa cupc tranh lugn ve ngudn gdc lodi ngir&i
Cha thich:
— Dire chiia Gie-su cho rdng Chua da tgo ra lodi ngir&i.
- Nhd khoa hgc Ddc-uyn cho rdng lodi ngu&i co nguon goc tu dgng vat.
- Bu&c 2: Cac thdnh vian trong nhdm dua ra cac y kidn ca nhan, trao ddi h-ong nhom va dua ra eac lap luan ciia nhdm minh.
- Bu&c 3: Gido vien td chuc cho cae nhdm dua ra cac y kidn ciia minh.
- Bu&c 4: Gido vian nhan xet va kdt ludn.
Vdi Muc 3: D&i song con ngu&i th&i nguyin thuy, phuang phap ddng vai dupe ap dyng nhu sau:
- Bu&c 1: Gido vian chia lap thanh 4 nhdm, giao cac nhiem vy cho cac nhdm nhu sau:
Em hay ddng vai trd mdt nha nghian ciru sir hpc "nhi", gidi thipu cho ngudi than va ban be npi dung sau: dac diem va cdng cu lao dpng, each kiem sdng, nha d va trang phuc cua con ngudi thdi nguyen thuy.
Gido vien cd the giiip cho hpe sinh ed nhimg djnh budng dung vdi nhiem vy vua ndu bang viee cung cdp cdc thdng tin ho trp:
TAP CHI KHOA H O C j - S O S / Z D l B 161
THONG TIN HO TRO 1
Bdy ngu&i nguyen thuy {Nguon: Internet)
Sinh hogt cua ngir&i nguyin thuy (Nguon Internet) THONG TIN HO TRO 2
Trong xa hdi nguyen tbuy, con ngudi chii yau dimg da da cha tao cdng cu lao ddng.
Ngudi tdi CO biat ghe deo dd 1dm cdng eu lao dpng. Ddn dan, hp biet dimg lira vd tao ra lira da sudi am, nudng thirc dn, xua dudi thii dir. Ngudi linh khdn biat ghe hai ria ciia mdt manh dd, 1dm cho nd gpn va sac canh ban, diing lam riu, dao, nao, Ho eung biet lam do gdm. Ben canh do hp cilng da sdng tao r.i cung tan. Ddy la mpt thanh tuu ldn trong qua trinh che tao cong cu va vii khi.
Vdi nhirng loai cdng cy lao dpng nliu vay, con ngudi thdi nguyan thuy chu yau kiem sdng bang each san bat, san ban, bdi lupm va budc dau biat dan trdng trpt, chan nuoi.
Sir dung lira vd tao ra lira {Nguon. Inlemel)
162 T R U d N G B A I HOC T H U B O H A H P I
THONG TIN HO TRO 3
Hang dpng Id nai & ciia ngirai nguyen thuy trong giai dogn ddu
{Nguon • Internet)
Lam lin cU &
(Nguon: Internet)
Lam ao bang \o cay (Nguon- Inlemet)
Lam ao bang da thu (Nguon: Internet) - Buoc 2: Cac nhom se thye hien nhiem vy.
- Bu&c 3: Gido vian sir dyng kT thudt phong tranh, trian lam cac san pham ciia hpc smh. Cac nhom Idn luat trinh bay san phdm, nhdm ban nhan xet, gdp y, bd sung.
- Buoc 4: Cuoi ciing gido vicn tdng kat va chdt y.
Qua ddy, nhirng van da ca ban ve budi binh minli ciia loai ngudi (tren the gidi va d Viet Nam) duoc tai hicn mpt each he thong. Han nii'a, sy kat hcrp ddng thdi nhiau phucmg phdp cimg viec id chirc cho cac em ddng vai da giup cdc em ndm bdt sdu hon kien thiic, cd them nliiau trai nghiem, xiic cam lich sii thii vi ngay tai khong gian cua gid hpc chinh khoa.
2.2.2. To chuc trai nghiem sang tao qua boat dgng tham quan bgc tap
De nang cao chat luong loan dicn nen giao due ndi chung, chdt lupng mon Lich sii ndi riang, giao vian can phdi biet da dang hod cac hinh thitc to chirc day hoc. Ban canh hinh thiic to chuc day hoc iren Idp truyan thong, giao vicn can tdng cudng cdc hinh thirc hpc tap trdi nghiam gdn hoc tfip vdi ihuc lian. gdn gido due trong nhd trudng vdi gido due n<;oai xa hdi. "phd i d " khong gian lap hoc ddng ihdi cd sir tham gia cua nhicu nguon Urc \,io qua
T A P C H I K H O A H O C - S O 3 / Z 0 1 B || 163
trinh gido due. Day la mpt hinh thirc td chiic day hpc tao diau kien de hpc sinh cd nhung trdi nghiem, khdm phd mdi me, qua dd gdp phan hinh thanh eac nang luc, kT ndng Idm viec nhdm, kT nang suu tam, ddnh gid tu lieu, su kien lich su, phdt tnan nang thuc hanh bd mdn.
Dudi day la vi du eu the:
Md hinh tham quan hpc tap tai Bdo tang Lich sii Quoc gia da dupe chiing toi tridn khai khi day hpe chii da "Trong dong Dong Son - Tinh boa Viet co ". a lop 6 THCS. Trong hch su Viet Nam, thdi ki Himg Vuong la thdi ki dau tien. Tuy nhien, nhiing dau dn ve su tn vi eiia vua Hung ddi vdi nude ta d thdi ki nay con rat md nhat. Vi vdy, hoat dpng ndy giiip hpc sinh tim hiau mpt trong nhung thdnh tyu quan trpng cua ngudi Viet cd la trdng ddng.
De chuan bi cho hoat dpng tham quan trdi nghiem, chung tdi da td chuc chia Idp thanh 6 nhdm vdi nhiing cai ten gan ban vdi cdc boa tiat tren Trong ddng Ddng San: Dua thuyan, Huau sao, Chim bae. Mat trdi, Dinh lang, Sdng nude. Sau do, chiing tdi giao cho cac nhdm nhiem vy tim hieu va chiec Trdng ddng Ddng Son d nhd trude (chung tdi ed cung cdp cdc tu lieu hd trp cho hpc sinh). Khi dan Bdo tdng, bpc sinh dupe tan mat quan sat chiec trdng ddng, ket hpp vdi phan chuan bj d nha, moi nhdm chu ddng lara viee vd thdng nhat kat qua bao cao sau buoi tham quan.
Sau budi tham quan hpe tap, hpe sinh phdi co bai thu hoach theo djnh hudng cua giao vien. Ben canh do, chiing tdi khuyen khich hpc sinh phdt huy sang tao va nang khieu ciia cd nhan mdi em. Cd tha cdc em se viet bai thu hoach, hoac nhirng hpe sinh ed nang khieu hpi hoa CO tha \ e hinh dnh chiac trong ddng, hay ve nhtmg boa tiat tren trdng ddng md hpc sinh do quan sdt dupe... Diau do 1dm tudng minh cac bieu tupng va su kien hch sir. Hoat dpng trai nghiem nay khdng nhirng co tdc dyng khac sdu kien thirc lich sir cho hpc sinh md nd eon cd tdc dung phdt trien eac kT ndng hpe tap can thiet ciia bd mon nhu quan sat tranh dnh, bdn dd, tu lieu lich su gdc... cung nhu binh thanh nhirng ur tudng, long yeu nude, niem ty hao ddn toe cho cdc em.
3. K E T LUA>'
Hpc qua trai nghiem se md ra cac ca hpi da hpc sinh thyc su duoc khdm phd, ty hinh thdnh kian thirc bdi hpc, ren luyen cdc kT nang vd hinh thdnh thdi dp, hanh vi dirng ddn, thiat thyc. Diau do da khdng djnli tdm quan trpng ciia hinh thiic day hpc nay trong viae ndng cao chat lupng day vd hpc bien nay. Tuy nhian, da to chirc hpc tap trdi nghiam sang tao trong mon Lich sir, mdi giao vian cdn ddi mdi tu duy day hpc, tdng cudng tich hpp giura cac bp mdn vdi nhau, ddu tu ca sd vat chat, tao ra nhung ngudn lyc hd tra trong \ a ngoai trudng; ddng thai linh hoat trong viec sap xip thdi khoa bieu de ed the chii dong nhicu han nua trong viae md rong khong gian hpc tap, kich hoat su sdng tao cua hpc smh
164 II T R U d N B BAI HOC T H C I B 6 H^AjjPj
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chiin luge phdl triin gido due 2011-2020, phe duyet ngay 13 thdng 6 nam 2012 (Quyet dinh s6 711/QD- TTg cua Thii tudng Chinh phii).
2. Bp Giao due va Ddo tao, Chuang trinh gido diic phd thong - Hogt dgng gido due ngodi gio Ien l&p, 2006.
3. Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Di dn Doi m&i chucmg trinh vd sdch gido khoa sau 2015 (Ban dy thdo).
4. Dang Vii Hoat (1996), Hoal dong gido due ngodi gi& Ien lap & tru&ng Trung hpc Co s&, Nxb Giao due.
5. Kl ySu hoi thao "D6i m&i chuang trinh, sdch gido khoa gido due phd thong, kinh nghiem quoc ti vd van dung vdo diiu kiin Viet Nam", Ha Npi 10-12 thang 12 nam 2012.
6. Dill Ngpc Diep va cac tac gia (2009), Tai lieu tap hudn gido vien cdt cdn hogt dgng gido due ngodi gta Ien l&p inrang Trung hgc co sa.
7. Nguyen Thi Hdng, Nguyan Thi Kim Dung, "Quan niem vh boat dong trai nghiem sang tao va mpt s6 hinh thiic td chiic hoat dong trdi nghiem sang tao cho hoc sinh pho Ihong", Kiyeu hgi thdo • Phdt triin chuang trinh nhd tnr&ng: Nhirng kmh nghiem thuc Hen (So kel mpt nam thuc hien di an "Xay dung tmcmg pho thong thuc hanh Nguyen Tat Thanh theo mo hinh phat trien nang lire hpc sinh "), Ha Noi, Ihang 8 nam 2014.
ORGANIZING CREATIVE EXPERIENCES IN TEACHING HISTORY FOR GRADE 6 AT SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Abstract: Musi lo raise the general standing quality of products and History's quality products. Education must be diversity formalism teaching organization. Activities formalism organizations are oppolurnity for students. They are must be discovered finding brain, talent and revision knowlage in our method life, lo raise school
emvironment space Base on installation normal, the show crealiveness prosess; base on specific of History. We put forward a great many ideas to improve the styles of the process of organization creative experience activities for all of pupils in teaching History for Grade 6 al secondary schools-
Keywords hi.'itory, Activihes formalism organization. Secondary schools
