KINH TE
BAN HANG RONG TAI THANH PHO TRA VINH:
VAI NET DAC TRl/NG VE NHOM KINH TE - XA HQI PHI CHINH THlfC
» TRAN THACH THAO
T 6 M TAT:
NhiJng ngifffib^n hilngrongti!rn6ngth6ndi ctf theo siT phdt trien cua do thih6ada g6pphan tao nen mpt thi trifdng lao dpng phi chinh thu'c day soi dpng tai TP. Tra Vinh. Mot mat, ban h^ng rong giup viec mua ban hang h6a cua ngifcfi dan thanh thi trd nen dl dang va thuan tien hPn. Mat khde, day cung la nguon mdn sinh cua mpt bp phan ngu'di dan nong thon, dan ngheo tren dia bdn thanh pho'.
Bdi viet nhhm Iam sdng t6 cdc dac diem tam ly -xa hpi, cong tac quan ly, cung nhtf nguyen vpng cua nhiJng ngifdi hang bdn rong ve van de ca'm ban hang rong, nhin tCr khia canh van boa, phdp ly.
Tuf khoa: Bdn hang rong, do thj boa, di cii, dac diem tam ly - \a hoi, nguyen vong.
1. Ddt vd'n de
Tren thfi'gidi, cdc nu'dc chau A noi chung va tai Vi^t Nam ndi neng, hien tufdng ban hang rong du'de Chinh phu cdc nu'dc du'a vao quy hoaeh Id nhSng nam cud'i the'ky XX va du'de danh gid cao ddi vdi su'ddng gdp vao nen kinh te'cua da't nu'dc.
Tuy nhien. loai hinh kinh te'nay dd de lai khdng it nhifng khd khan \ c tinh hinh kinh te - \a hdi cua chinh quoc gia dd. (Hoi ihao qudc te 1000 nam Thdng Long - Ha Ndi, 2010. tr.739).
0 Viet Nam, trong 10 nam dau cija the'ky XXI, cung tien trinh cdng nghiep hda da't nu'dc. hien tifdng ngu'di dan tff ndng thdn ra dd thi tim viec lam khdng he giam. Theo so' lieu ciia Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2019). i\ le thieu \iec lam cua Iao ddng trong dp tuoi d khu vdc thanh thi la 0,60%, d khu vu'c
ndng thdn ia 1,53%. Di cif lao ddng tif ndng thdnra thanh phd' la mdt thi/c te khd tranh khdi, khi cdng viec thuan ndng khdng cdn dam bao difpc cupc sd'ng. Trong khi dd, d cac do thi ldn, sif phdt trien da dang nganh nghe \ a nhu cau ve dich vu xa hdi da khdng ngifng thu hut lao ddng ngoai tmh.
Ban hang rong da giai quyet viec lam cung nhu"
dam bao ngudn mifu sinh cho nhieu gia dinh. Song, cdng viec nay cung gay khdng it khd khan cho viec quan ly dd thi, an ninh - xa hdi tren dia ban, nhtf:
la'n chie'm Idng, le dtfdng; d nhiem mdi trtfdng va ma't my quan dd thi. TP. Tra Vinh la trung tam kinh te'phat trien nha't cua tmh Tra Vinh,cd stfc hiit ldn dd'i vdi ngtfdi lao ddng ttf ndng thdn len thanh thj mtfu sinh. trong do. mdt Itfdng khd Idn lam cong viec ban hang rong.
So 8 - T h a n g 4/2020 85
TAP CIJ CdNG TltrONG
.Chithi sd t5-CT/TL'nga> 21/12/2016cua Ban Thtfdng vu Tinh uy \ c viec kiem tra giai tda. chinh trang lap lai trat ttf via he, vdi tong sd' Itfdt bdn hang rong la 1.843 tnfdng hpp. Trong dd, dia diem tap tnmg chu ye'u tai cac cdng tnfdng hpc. cdng benh vien. cdc chd. sieu thj, trung tam thtfdng mai.
cdc tuye'n dtfdng ddng dan ctf. khu chung ctf.
\ g a \ 12/3/2019, Uy ban Nhan dan TP. Tra Vmh tie'p tuc ban hanh Thdng bdo sd' 26/TB- UBND ngay 20/3/2019 ve viec di ddi cac hd ban ve so'tren tuye'n dtfdng Pham Thdi Btfdng. khu vtfc xung quanh Hdi Lien hiephiJu nghi. khu vtfc cdng cdng vien Phtfdng 1. Khdng nhifng va\. TP. Tra Vinh cung day manh cdng tde giai toa. chinh trang lap lai trat ttf \ la he, irai ttf an toan giao thdng, ve sinh mdi trtfdng, tren cdc tuye'n dtfdng trong npi d thiinh phd'. Tuy nhien. bao cdo gitfa nhiem k> nam 2019. ket qua da phat hien 3.127 Itfdt vi pham trat ttf via he. tang 1.284 Itfdt. Day la mdt thtfc trang can cd sir quan tarn nghien ctfu de dtfa ra cac giai phap qudn Iy, ddng thdi can cd each tie'p can dac trtfng. cung nhtf nam bdt dtfdc nguyen vpng cda nhtfng ngtfdi bdn hang rong.
2. Vai net die trtfng ve nhdm kinh t^' - \ a hpi phi chinh thtJc
Ban hdng rong bao gdm: nhifng ngtfdi ban hang tren via he \a nhtfng ngtfdi bdn hang ltfu ddng. Ho cd the bdn hang iff nhtfng nPi cd' dinh hoae di chuyen xung quanh thanh phd'. Mdt sd'su'duns; \ e day hodc \ c dap nhtf la phtfdng lien van tai. cdn nhtfng ngtfdi khde chi ddn gian la bd' tri hang hda Clia ho tren via he. Ban hang rong cd the la ban ca nga\. bdn theo bud'i. hodc theo mua. Da phan nhifng ngtfdi ban hang rong la nhifng lao dgng ngheo. mudn kiem them thu nhap. theo \u htfdng ban hang tien ldi hodc mudn lam viec itf do. khdng cin ddng thue.
Kei qua khao sat cho ihay. nhtfng ngtfdi ban hang rong vtfa khdng cd gia'y phep. vtfa phai dtfdng dau \di viec ban che chuyen len mdt \'\ tri \a hdi cao hdn va cd it kha ndng md rdng kinh doanh.
Dieu quan trpng can ItfU y la nhieu hoc gia coi viec ban hang rong nhtf mdt hien ttfdng se bien ma't trong qua trinh hien dai hda. khi cd sif xud't hien ciJa cac sieu thi \a trung tJm mua sdm.
Ban hang rong dtfpc giai nghTa irong pham vi
"phi chinh thtfc" d nghien ctfu cua Sharit K
86 So 8-Thong 4/2020
Bhowmik (2005), Emil Shre.stha (2019) va nhieu hpc gia khde. Thuat ngif nii\ da nhanh chdng dtfpc thdng qua bdi cdc nganh khac nhau. ddc biet Id khu vtfc phat trid'n va dtfpc md ta nhtf "mpt nghe quan trpng dd'i vdi dan ngheo dd thi d cdc ntfdc dang phdt trien" (Kusakabe. 2006). Tuy nhien. va'n d^
chinh cua thuat ngtf "phi chinh thtfc" la thieu m$t dinh nghia ro rang.
"Phi chinh thtfc" ddng nghia vdi "khdng chinh thtfc". Khai niem "khdng chinh thtfc" dd 1^ vii^c bd qua stf chinh thtfc, thie'u dang thtfc hanh chinh.
Cdc nha nghien cu'u ve khai mem cho rdng, nen kinh te' khdng chinh thtfc khdng tdn tai trong bS't ky y nghTa thtfc nghiem ndo. ma tdn tai Id viec ldm khdng dtfpc dang ky chinh thtfc. Vi du, d TP. Trd Vinh, nhtfng ngtfdi ban hang rong ttf to' chtfc bdng each thidt lap cac md'i quan he xa hpi lau ddi vii phat trie'n cdc cdng viec hang ngay, nhtf hp bid't chd nao cd the nghi ngdi an trtfa dtfcfc, chd ndo co nhd ve sinh, khi ndo an toan de cd the bdn hdng tai mdt dia diem nha't djnh.
3. Tmh hinh thUc te' cua nhffng ngifo^i bdn hang rong tren dja ban TP. Tra Vinh
Nghien ctfu cua chung tdi (Bo mdn Quan ly nhd ntfdc, Khoa Quan ly nhd ntfdc - Quan tri vdn phdng vd Du lich, Trtfdng Dai hpc Tra Vinh) tren 328 khdch th^ - Id ngtfdi ban hang rong, dtfdc khdo sdt ngau nhien tai cac khu vtfc chu ye'u, nhtf: cdng cdc trtfdng hpc, cd'ng cdc benh vien, cac chd, sieu thi, trung tam thtfdng mai va tren cdc tuyen dtfdng ddng dan ctf, chung ctf.
Khi dtfdc hdi, ho phan tfng nhtf the ndo khi quan ly dd thi nhac nhd, cd nhieu dap dn khde nhau nhtfng chu ye'u la "cha'p hdnh nhtfng yeu cau cua dpi qudn ly trat ttf dd thi, sau dd van bay bdn binh thtfdng" (64,1%), "chap hanh nhtfng yeu cau cua ddi quan ly trat ttf dd thi, sau dd di ddi sang dm diem khde" (18,7%), "chd'p hanh nhtfng yeu cau dpi quan ly trat ttf do thi va ngtfng bdn"
(14,1%), cd 3,1% nhffng ngtfdi sdn sang phan tfng vd chd'ng dd'i.
Ttf khao sat, cd the nhan dinh rdng, nhiJng ngtfdi ban hdng rong cung thtfdng phai tfng bi^n vd thay ddi cung cdch ldm an n^u can thiel (Bang I).
Thdi diem ban hang cua nhtfng notffji ban hang I ca ngdy.
rong bao gdm: budi •• - chieu. loi
KINHTE
Bdng 1. Phan Cfng c u a ngi/di b a n h a n g rong v6i qudn ly d o thj
Anh/chi ttiiidrig phan i ^ nhu thg* nao khi quan ly (3d fh| nhac nhd? I S o p h i ^ ryl§(%)
a. Phan iing va chdng ddi 09
b. Cheip hanh nhDng ySu cau cua dpi quan ly tr|t ty do lhi va ngung ban
c. ChSp hanh nhQng yeu cau ciia dpi quan ly trat ty do thj, sau dd van bay ban binh Ihtfdng d. Chap hanh nhOng yeu cau ciJa dpi quan ly trat ty dd thi, sau dd di ddi sang dja die'm khac tren dia ban thanh phd
Buoi sdng, ho tap trung ddng nhd't tai khu vdc cac chp, cac tuye'n dtfdng, trtfdng hpc, lan Itfdt vdi 77 phie'u (chie'm 66,4 %/khu vtfc chd), 29 phieu (chieni 54.3 %/ khu vtfc tuye'n dtfdng) vd 30 phie'u (chiem 56,6%/ khu vtfc trtfdng hpc). Bud'i chieu, tap tnmg ddng nhd't la khu vtfc trtfdc cdng cdc benh vi^n, vdi 25 phid'u (chid'm 51 %/khu vtfc benh vien) vd ddng nha't vdo budi td'i la khu vtfc sieu thi, trung tam ihtfdng mai, vdi 29 phie'u (chie'm 69%/khu vtfc). Ty Id trung binh cua cdc khu vtfc cho tha'y, ngtfdi bdn hdng rong tap trung ddng nha't Id buoi .sang vdi ly le 45.1%, tie'p de'n Id buoi chieu chie'm 30,5 %, cdn l^ii Id buoi td'i 13,1%. Ty le ngtfdi bdn hang rong ca ngdy d cdc khu vtfc rd't iha'p, chie'm 13,1%. Ttf dd cho tha'y, hp dtfa vdo ttfng Ihdi diem dc cd the bdn hdng thudn Ipi nha't (Bang 2).
0 Bdng 3.cd stf phan bd da dang ve tham nien bdn hdng. Trong dd, tham nien ttf 2 - 3 nam cd so' phie'u nhieu nhd't - vdi 116 phie'u (chie'm 35,4 %), tham nien ttf 3 - 5 ndm Id 86 phieu - chie'm ty le 26.2 %. Cdn lai, vdi 69 phieu - chie'm 21%, cd Ihdm nien tren 5 ndm.
Nhtfng ngtfdi bdn hang rong Id gidi tinh mJ, chid'm ty le vtfdt trdi hdn so vdi nam (ty le 90,9%
so vdi 9,1%). Ttf day. cd the tha'y ban hang rong la cdng viec dtfdc nhieu phu nff lu'a chon vi de kie'm thu nhdp cho gia dinh (Bang 4).
Nguon: Cdu hch khdo sdt .w 11. 2019 Bang 3. Phan bo ve thdm nien bdn hdng c u a
ngi/di bdn hdng rong Nhom tham nien
)u6i 1 nam LI 2 den 3 nam LI 3 den 5 nam ren 5 nam
So phieu 57 116 86 69
^ T y l S p 17,4 35,4 26,2 21,0 Nguon: Ke't qud khdo sal, nam 2019
Bdng 4. C d cd'u gidi tinh c u a ngtfdi b d n hdng rong tren dja b d n TP. Trd Vinh Gidi tfnh
NO Nam Tongc^ng
So phieu 298
30 328
Tyl$(%) 90,9 9,1 100 Ngudn: Ket qud khdo .sdt, nam 2019
Klii dtfdc hoi tai sao Itfa chon cdng viec nay, ke't qua gdm 4 nhdm ly do: Day Id nghe chinh cua gia dinh, Theo xu htfdng bdn hdng tien ldi, Mud'n kiem them thu nhap va Cdng viec ttf do, khdng can ddng thue'.
Bang 2. Phan bo thdi d i e m c u a nhQng ngUdI b d n hdng rong tqi c d c khu vUc
\ Thai diem Bu6i sang Buoi chieu Buoi 161 Ca ngay
Trudng hpc 30 21 01 01
B$nh vi$n 09 25 07 10
Cac cho 77 24 03 13
Sieu th|
03 09 29 01
1 Tuyen dudng 29 21
\ 03 12
ryie(%) 45,1 30,5 13,1 11,3 Ngue'm- Kit qud khdo .sdt, ndm 2019
So 8 - T h a n g 4/2020 87
TAF CRi CONG TiirtfNe
Ttf so heu lai .'2s phie'u. ly do nghe chinh cua gia dinh chiem ty le cao nhat vdi 125 phieu (38.1%). cao thtf hai la theo xu htfdng ban hdng tien ldi vdi 118 phieu (chie'm 36.0%). L\ do mudn kie'm them thu nhdp chiem ty ie itfdng dd'i vdi 69 phie'u (chie'm 21,0%^) va !>' do la cdng viec ttf do.
khdng can ddng thue cd i\ Ie tha'p nha't. vdi 16 phieu (chiem 4.9 ^f) (Bang 5).
Bdng 5. Ly do cua nhijfng ngi/di bdn hang rong khi chpn cong viec Nhom ly do
Ngtie chinh cua gia dinh Theo xu hudng ban hang tien Iqi Mu6n kiem them thu nh^p La cong vifec tM do, khdng can dong thue
SophiSu •IylS(%) 125 1 118
69 16
38,1 36,0 21,0 4,9 ,Vi,'»(li!. ^<'/ ,/iiii khao sdt, ndm 2019
Ty le ngtfdi bdn hang ttf ndng thdn thude huyen trong tinh chie'm i> le cao nhd't vdi 181 khach the (chid'm 55.2^^). Mdi bd phan ngtfdi ban hang rong dd di ctf ttf iinh khde de'n. luj nhien t>
le khdng cao vdi 30 khdch the (chicm 9.1 %). Cdn lai. 35,7% la nhtfng ngtfdi cd que qudn tai TP. Tra Vinh. (Bidu do 1)
Bleu dS 1: Que quan ngUdi ban hang rong
• Ndng thon thupc huy^n
• Thanh pho Tra Vinh
• Tinh khac
\giioiL Ki't tjiia klido sdt. I 2019 Tiiy ttfng khu vtfc. nhffng ngtfdi bdn hdng rong cd the cd mtfc thu nhap khac nhau. Chdng han. khu
\tfc chd dem Iai mtfc thu nhdp chie'm ty le cao nhd't. Cu the: trong khoang ttf 500 nghin • dtfdi 1 tndu/thang tchiem 56.9%), ttf 1 trieu 1.5 trieu/lhang - chie'm 35.3%. Chi cd 5.2'"r so' ngtfdi ban haui: kie'm dtfdc d mtfc dtfdi 500.000
ddng/thang \ a 3.4^f mtfc Ipi nhu§n id con sd khde.
4. Khuye'n nghi cho c6ng tac quan l>' dd'i vdi ngi/di ban hang rong trdn dja ban TP. Tra Vinh Thtfc te nghien ctfu cho iha\. bdn hang rong da trd thdnh vd'n de can dtfdc dac biet quan tam khdng chi rieng ddi vdi cdng tac quan ly dd thi. Da ci5 nhieu de xud't lien quan den cdng tac quan ly dd'i vdi ngtfdi ban hdng rong. nhtmg cdc de xuat td'ng hdp ve quan ly \a ho trd nguyen vpng cua hp thi chtfa dtfdc quan tam sau sac. Qua khao sdt 13 khdch the - la cdc chu\en gia trong ITnh vtfc quan l\' nha ntfdc ve van de nay. cdc y kie'n cho rhng:
Mot Id, thffa nhan bdn hang rong la mpt nghe mang lai Ipi ich cho ngtfdi tham gia va cho xd hpi.
Do dd, chinh quyen dia phtfdng can phai cd nhiJng chu trtfdng, chinh sdch. quy dinh phu hdp de dinh htfdng phdt trien nghe.
Hai Id, Nhd ntfdc va chinh quyen dia phtfdng can ban hdnh vdn ban phdp lual rd rang, cu thed^
htfdng dan dd'i vdi boat dpng bdn hang rong phi chinh thtfc nhifng vdn duy tri ddi sd'ng ngtfdi ddn.
Ba Id. hinh thanh cdc khu mua ban hang rong d^
tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho ngtfdi bdn hang ciJng nhtf cdquan quan ly de dang hdn.
Bc'i'n td, to chtfc lai boat ddng ban hang rong m^t each trat ttf, vdn minh vd lich stf, bdng each ddng ky ngdnh nghe, quan ly cd he thd'ng.
Tren ddy la nhffng de xua't gdp phan tao nen tang nghien ctfu cho cdng tde quan iy va ho trd doi vdi ngtfdi bdn hang rong tren dia ban TP. Trd Vinh ndi chung va cacdd thi tai Viet Nam ndi ridng. c6 diem khdi dau hffu ich de phan tich ,sau hdn.
5. Kd't luSn
Nhin chung, nhffng ngtfdi bdn hang rong d TP, Trd Vinh ndi rieng vd tai cdc dd thi khde trong cS ntfdc ndi chung, khdng chi can dtfpc md ta nhiT nhtfng ngtfdi lao ddng d khu vtfc phi chinh thtfc hay nhffng ngtfdi tff ndng thdn boac di ctf ttf linh khde ra thanh thi. Ho da trd thdnh mot bd phan khong the thie'u cua nen kinh te'dd thj d khap mpi ndi tren toan cau. Bai vie't md ta cd ban nhtfng ddc diem, dat hp vdo vi tri trung tarn vd nghien ctfu them nguyen vpng cua hp.
Vdi stf ke't hdp nhieu phtfdng phdp nghien ctfu.
dac biet la khao sal thtfc te. da giiJp nhin nhdn cu^c song Clia nhtfng ngtfdi ban hang rung tff gdc nhin cua ngtfdi trong cudc va phan tich . i t hoat dpng hang nga\ ciia hp mdt each toan dit n hdn •
So 8 - Thdng 4/2020
KINH TE
TAI I j f r THAM KHAO:
1. Ban Thtfdng vu Tinh Oy TP. Tra Vinh (2016), CM thi 15-CT/TU ngay 21/12/2016 ve viec kiem ira gidi Ida. clihih trang lap Igi trat ttf via he.
2 UBND TP.Hd Noi (20\Q). Hgi thdo qudc te 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Ngi. tr.739.
?: Lisa Baithelmes (2014), Nhtfng ngtfdi ban hdng rong tai Ha Ngi, Tap chi Ddn tgc hoc. sd 3, tr.51.
4. Nguyen Qudc Nghi. Biii Van Trinh (2011), Cac yeu to'anh htfdng den thu nhap cua nhtfng ngtfdi dan tgc thieu sd d dong bang song Ctfu Long, Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Cdn Tha. 28a. 240 - 250.
5. Sharil K Bhowmik (2005). Street vendors in Asia: A review. Economic and Political Weekly May 28-June 4.
pp 2:.'i6-2264.
6. Rosemary Black (2016), Sampling Singapore .streetfare at Wholefoods. Daily News.
/. Ar. Manoj Panwar. Vikas Garg (2015), Issues and challenges faced by vendors on urban streets: A ease of .sonipat city, India, DCR University of Science & Technology.
8. Emil Shrestha (2019), Streel Vendors in Kcilhmandu.
Ngay nh§n bai: 26/3/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va su'a chfla: 6/4/2020 Ngay chfi'p nhfin dSng bai: 16/4/2020
Thong tin tde gid:
ThS. TRAN THACH THAO
HO mdn Quan ly nha nu'dc, Khoa Quan ly nha nifdc - Quan trj van phong va Du Iich, Dgi hpc Tra Vinh
STREET VENDING ACTIVITIES AT TRA VINH CITY:
CHARACTERISTICS OF STREET VENDORS - AN INFORMAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
• Master. TRAN THACH THAO Department of State Administration
Faculty of State Administration, Office Administration a n d Tourism Tra Vinh University
ABSTRACT:
Street vendors who migrate from rural areas to urban areas amid increasing urbanization have contributed to the urban informal labor market of cities including Tra Vinh City. Street vending activities make buying and selling goods of the urban people easy and convenient and these businesses are the income source of the rural people as well as the poor in the city. This article aims to shed light on the psycho-social characteristics of street vendors, street \ ending management and aspirations of street vendors on the issue of banning street vendors from cultural and legal perspectives.
Kenvords: Street vending, urbanization, migration, psycho-social characteristics, aspiration.
So 8 - T h d n g 4/2020 89
