QUY HOACH • KIEN TRUC • DO THI & XA HOI
BAN VE PHAT TRIEN XAY D l / N G : DO THI X A N H d VIET NAM
I. PHATTRIEN XAY D^NG 0 0 T H I XANH, 0 0 THI SINH THAI, 0 0 THI BEN VpNG MOI TRl/dNG LA XU HI/dNG CHUNG 6 TAT CA CAC Nu'dc TREN THE Gl6l
Trong hdn nira t h i ky gdn ddy, ddc biet Id tir khi can phai xay dung dd thj img phd vdi biln doi khi . hau, d rdt nhilu nudc tren t h i gidi diu da rit sdi dpng ban luan, tiln hdnh nghien cuu vd trien khai quy hoach va xay dung cdc dd thj/khu dd thj mdi vd cai tao cdc dd thj cu theo hudng dd thj xanh (Green Cities), do thj sinh thdi (Eco Cities) hay dd thj bin vtrng v l mat mdi trudng (Environmentally Sustainable Cities).
Tren the gidi khdng nhCmg dd cd rdt nhilu cdng trinh nghien cuti md hinh vd cdc tieu chi ciia mdt dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi, dd thj bin vCmg v l mat mdi trudng, md trong thuc t l d mdt s l nudc da xdy dung thanh cdng ede dd thj dupc thira nhdn Id ede dd thi xanh, do thj sinh thdi, nhu la: Curitiba (Brazil), Thanh Dao, B I C Hal (Trung Quic), Singapore, Stockholm (Thuy Dien), Freiburg ^dc), Alexandria, Virginia (My)... Nhung thdnh tuu nghien cuu v l dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thai, dd thj bin vung v l mat mdi trudng vd cdc tieu ehi cua loai dd thj ndy da dUprc hinh thdnh tren thi gidi Id nhtmg kinh nghiem rit quy bau va Id mlu hinh cho Viet Nam hpc tap.
Ngdy nay ngudi ta quan tdm rit Idn d i n quy hoach vd xdy dung dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thai va dd thi bin vtrng v l mdi trudng la vi [1, 3, 4]:
G S . T S K H . P H A M N G O C D A N G Ths.KTS. P H A M THj HAI HA
1. Tir khi lodi ngudi budc vdo thdi ky edng nghiep hda, di theo Id qud trinh dd thj hda, vdi net dae trung Id sutdp trung ddn s l san xuat phi ndng nghiep trong mpt khdng gian chat hep ngdy cang ldn, mat dp dan s l dd thj hien nay da len tdi hdng chuc nghin ngudi tren 1 km^ khai thdc vd sir dung triet de tai nguyen thien nhien, nang lupng, hinh thanh mdi trudng sing nhdn tao va thai ra qua nhieu ede loai chit thai, lam cho mdi trudng d dd thj (mdi trudng khdng khi, mdi trudng dit, mdi trudng nudc, mdi trudng sinh thai) ngdy edng bj d nhiem, tdi nguyen thien nhien ngay cang bj suy thodi, lam mat can bang nhieu he thdng sinh thdi thien nhien, sire khde ngudi dan dd thj ngdy cang bj dnh hudng manh hon vd hdu qua culi ciing Id dd thj phdt trien thieu ben vung.
2. Ddn sd dd thj chilm ty le ngdy cdng ldn. Theo s l lieu ciia Van phdng dan sd t h i gidi (PRB) ciia Lien Hiep Quic cdng bd nam 2004: tong dan s l t h i gidi Id 6.396 trieu ngUdi, trong dd ty le dan dd thj trung binh cua cdc nudc phat then la 76%, trung binh ciia cdc nude cdn lai Id 41%. Theo sd lieu eua ADB nam 2007, ty le ddn sd dd thj trung binh eua cac nude chdu A da chiem 50%, ty le dan sd dd thj eua Malaysia: 69,3%, ciia Indonesia: 50,4%, cua Trung Qudc: 44%, ciia Thailand: 32,9%, ciia Viet Nam 27,7%.
3. Cdc hoat ddng phat trien kinh te - xa hpi eiia qudc gia ngay cdng tap trung trong cdc dd thj. 6 khu vuc cdc nudc ASEAN gin 3/4 GDP vd khoang 2/3
Qirt! /Iff sac Canfi ^ a n , rnutig 'rTdattg SPong SPinfi ^fian, ' ^ e i/ang ngfitn bo'i Sdng bimg 9Ud\^ 'STdn LAAao, dux 'S^pi ngand Sdng tao, ' ^ e n i/Qng ^ i m g my.
(Hoang Nhien)
NGUdl XAY DUNG SO THANG 1&2 • 2011
BAN V E P H A T T R I E N ^ ^ V P L T N G J
m
tong san lUdng xudt khau quic gia diu xuit phdt tir cac dd thi. Thi du, rieng Metro Bangkok (2005) ddng gdp 44% GDP eiia Thdi Lan, Metro Manila (2006) ddng gdp 37% cho GDP eiia Philippine, Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (2006) ddng gdp 23,5% eho GDP Viet Nam. Do dd nang lupng tieu thu d cdc dd thj ed the chiem tdi 3/4 tong nang lupng tieu thu eiia qudc gia, ngudn thai chat d nhiim vd "khi nhd kinh" tir hoat dpng do thj cang Idn vd cdc v i n d l d nhiem mdi trudng tram trpng thudng xay ra d cdc dd thj.
6 nudc ta, tir khi "Doi mdi" (1986) da md ra mpt thdi ky phat trien dd thj hda nhanh, vao nam 1990 nudc ta mdi cd 500 dd thi, din nam 2000 tong sd dd thi nudc ta da la 649, din nay tong s l dd thi d nudc ta da dat tdi 766 dd thi (bang 1). Hdu hit cdc dd thj d nudc ta deu quy hoach, xdy dung va phat trien theo phuong phdp truyen thdng, kinh dien. VI vdy d nhieu dd thi nude ta, dae biet Ja cac dd thj loai dac biet, loai 1 va loai 2 dang phai ddi mat vdi d nhiem moi trudng, giao thdng tic nghen, dilu kien sdng xau han, sire khde cpng ddng bj anh hudng manh hen, phat then dd thi thieu ben vimg va chua thich img vdi biln doi khi hau.
Bang 1: Dien bien do thj hoa d nudc ta trong 1/4 the ky qua va du bao den 2020
- t > - i t * n » B i « f f r
Nam
S6 lirqng dfl thj (tUrlojiVtrdlfin) DSn s6 dfl thj (tri?u ngirfli) Ty i^ din DT (%)
1986
480
11,87
19,3 199Q
500
13,77
20,0 1995
550
14,938
20,75 2000
649
19,47
24,7 2003
656
20,87
25,8
2006
729
22,83
27,2 2009
754
25,38
29,6
Dif bdo 2010
-
28,5
32,0 2020
-
40,0
45,0 (Nguon: Nien giam thong ke Quoc gia va thong tin tdBo Xay dUng)
Tuy rang dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi hay dd thj bin virng ve mat mdi trudng diu cd chung mpt muc tieu CO ban la tao ra mdi trudng dd thj sdng t i t (Livabllity), bao dam sire khde vd tien nghi eho mpi ngudi dan, sur dung tiet kiem va cd hieu qua tdi
nguyen va ndng lUdng, giam thieu "khi nha kinh", giam thieu chit thai gay d nhilm_ mdi trudng dd_thj, nhung chiing eung ed cac dae diem rieng, cu the la:
- Dd thi xanh ed dae diem noi bat la dd thi cd nhilu khdng gian xanh, ed chit lupng mdi trudng xanh mdi trudng khong khi sach, mdi trudng nudc sach, mdi trudng ddt (bao gdm ca chit thai rin) sach;
- Dd thj sinh thai cd dac diem noi bat la dd thi hai hda ede he sinh thai nhan tao (he sinh thai dd thj) va cac he sinh thai tu nhien, liy con ngudi lam trung tdm ciia cdc he sinh thai, can bing cupe sdng ciia eon ngudi vdi cdc he sinh thai tu nhien;
- Dd thi bin viing ve mat moi trudng cd dde diem noi bat la trong qud trinh phdt trien dd thj dam bao hdi hda phdt then 3 tru cdt: phat trien kinh te, phdt trien xa hpi va bao ve mdi trudng de dam bao do thi phat trien ben vimg.
II. OE XUAT BO TIEU CHI CUA 0 0 THj XANH Tham khao cae tdi lieu da dupc edng bd tren cac tap chi ehuyen mdn d trong nude vd tren the gidi, chiing tdi tong hpp vd de xuat bd tieu ehi ed ban eiia mdt dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi nhu sau:
1. Quy hoach si? dung dat do thi^hdp ly vd bao dam khong gian xanh la tieu chi dau tien cua dd thj xanh, do thj sinh thai
Quy hoach dd thj xanh phai tao ra ede khdng gian xanh vd khdng gian mat nudc sao cho ngudi dan do thj, khdch vdng lai, khdch du Ijch, khi di tren cac dudng phd khdn^ bj cdc mang be tdng che chan, cd the nhin len thdy blu trdi trong xanh, nhin xudng thiy cdc thdm cd xanh, mat nudc trong xanh, nhin ra xung quanh thiy cdy Id xanh tuoi.
Hien nay dien tich eay xanh cdng cpng* trong cac dd thj nude ta rit nhd be so vdi QCXD01:2008 ciia Bp Xay dung, eung nhu so vdi cac thanh phi Idn d nudc ngoai (bang 2).
Vai tro va tfnh nang cua cay xanh ddi vdi moi trudng do thi
Cdy xanh cd tinh nang eai thien mdi trudng dd thj rdt tit.
a) Ddi vdi moi trudng khdng khf va vi khf hau
BAN VE PHAT TRIEN XAY PUlNG...
Bang 2. Chi tieu dien tich cay xanh cong cdng d do thj nudc ta vd tren thi gidi
sn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
flfi thj trong nirtfc
TP Hi N6i TP. HCM Hu^
DiNing Hii Phflng Nam fiinh Ha Long Vinh Y8n Hii DiTdng Bic Ninh Himg Yfin
ChFtieucSyxanh (mVnguAi) Thirc
ti
2 3,3 3,5 0,9 2,0 1,5 3,1 3,2 3,7 2,7 3,2
QCXD 01:2008
>7 s7
>6
>6
>6 s6 5:6 s5
^ 5
^ 5
^ 5
sn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
€A thj ngodi nirdc
Paris (Phip) Moskva (Nga) Washlngton(M9) NewYori((M9) Nam Kinh (TQ) Qu^ Lim (TQ) Hing Chiu (TQ) Luin f]6n (Anh) Beriln (QQc)
Chltifiu cay xanh (mVngirOi)
10 26 40 29,3
22 11 7,3 28,9 27,4
Ngudi ta thudng vi cdy xanh ddi vdi mdi trirdng dd thj tuong tu nhu Id Id phoi hd hip ciia con ngudi.
- Khi gid thoi khdng khi xuyen qua cdy xanh, hdm lUdng bui trong khdng khi se dupe cdc Id cay giur lai phan Idn, Idm eho khdng khi trong sach hdn. Tong lupng bui dupc bdm giiT tren 1 cdy cd tan Id Idn, ram cd the dat tdi tir 10-30kg. Ndng dp bui trong khdng khi thoi qua cdy xanh cd the ^idm di tir 20-60%. Cdy xanh hai ben dudng phd cd the giam lupng bui trong khdng khi dli vdi cdc ting tren ciia nhd phd tir 30 - 60%.
- Dudi tdc dung ciia birc xa mat trdi, cay xanh se hut nudc tir dit, hdp thu nhiet birc xa mat trdi vd hip thu khi cacbonlc (COg) tir khdng khi de tiln hdnh luc diep hda vd nhd ra khi Oxygen (Oj) - rit hihj ich ddi vdi sire khde con ngudi vd gidm thieu "khi nhd kinh".
Nhiet dp khdng khi d vimg cay xanh ban ngdy thip hdn tir 1-3°C, ham lUdng oxy trong khdng khi Idn hdn tdi 20% vd hdm lupng COj it hdn, ddng thdi Idm gidm su chdi chang trong nhung ngdy ndng ndng, gidm phan xa birc xa mat trdi ra xung quanh.
Theo tdi lieu nghien ciru ciia Nhdt Bdn:
+ Trung binh 1 ha rimg hay vudn cay ram rap cd the hip thu 1000kg COg vd thdi ra 730kg OJ mdi ngdy Trung binh 1 ha thdm cd the hip thu 360kg COg va thai ra 240kg Og mdi ngdy
+ Trung binh 1 ngudi Idn mdi ngdy dem hd hip 0,75kg Og vd thdi ra 0,9kg COg. Do dd mdi ngudi ddn dd thj cdn dien tich khoang 10m^ cay xanh hodc 25m^ tham cd de bao ddm khdng khi trong lanh cho cupc sdng.
- Cay xanh cd kha ndng hip thu tilng I n . Kha ndng hdp thu tilng I n ciia cdy xanh phu thudc vdo dai cdy xanh ram rap hay thua thdt, rdng hay hep, cao hay thip.
- Cay xanh cd tdc dung sdt trimg, diet mdt sd vi triing, vi khuan ddc hai, hdp thu cdc khi ddc hai va dam bao ve sinh mdi trudng. Nhu Id cdc loai cdy sau (xip thur tu tir cdy cd tdc dung sdt trimg cao din thip): thdng, sdi dd, trie bdnh di§p, iinh sam, sdi den, trdn, dau da.
b) Ddi vdi mdi trudng nddc va dit - Cdy xanh cd kha nang luu giir mpt phin nude mua, giir mat dit xdp cijng vdi he r l cdy ddm sdu xudng dat, giup eho nudc mua thdm nhanh xudng dat, lam giam va lam chdm tdc dp nude chay tran tren mat dat, giam lupng nudc iing ngap trong dd thj.
- Cay xanh cd kha nang hip thu nhilu chat d nhiem ddc hai trong mdi trudng nudc nlu cay sdng trong nudc va tren mat nudc va d cdevung ddt ngap nudc va trong mdi trudng dit, ddc biet la hip thu va giir chira lau ddi trong cac md bi ciia Id eay, trong thdn cay, cdnh cay vd r l eay cac loai kim loai ndn^, nhu ehi, asen, thuy ngan...
c) Ddi vdi canh quan dd thi
He thing eay xanh dd thj lam tang tham my cdnh quan dd thj, tao ra cam giae em diu v l mdu sac va mdi trudng khi hau dd thi, tdn cao gid trj tham my cua cae cdng trinh kiln true, cdc dai ky niem, cdc danh lam, thang canh. Cdc vudn hoa, cdng vien cay xanh, khdng gian xanh va mat nudc Id mpt thdnh td khdng the thilu dupc ciia dd thj, phuc vu cho nhu eau giai tri, nghi ngai, di dao vd thudng ngoan cua nhan ddn dd thj, eung nhu cac khdch vdng lai vd khdch du Ijch.
2. Tieu chl thi? 2: Cong trinh kiln true xanh (Green Building)
Cdc cdng trinh kiln true dd thj cd the tieu thu tdi 70% tong ndng lupng tieu thu ciia todn dd thj. De dd thj trd thdnh dd thj xanh thi cac cdng trinh kiln true trong dd thi phdi dUdc thilt k l vd xdy dung theo eae tieu chi cdng trinh xanh. Hdi ddng cdng trinh xanh ciia Anh, My, Uc, Ddi Loan... da de ra he thing cac tieu chi ddnh gid vd d p gily chimg nhdn cdng trinh xanh. Hdi ddng cdng trinh xanh Viet Nam (VGBC) [5]
cung da du thao he thdng ddnh gid cdng trinh ben viing tUdng tu. Ndi dung chinh cua cdc tieu ehi cdng
NGUdl XAY DUNG SO THANG 1&2 • 2011
B A N V E P H A T T P i F M y A Y D l / N G , trinh xanh ciia Hdi ddng Cdng trinh Xanh Dai Loan
va Hpi ddng Cdng trinh Xanh Viet Nam dupe tdm t i t dudi day.
- Xanh hda cdng trinh: cay xanh, tham cd che phu mat dat, cay xanh tren b l mat cdng trinh, eay xanh trong congtrinh, da dang sinh hoc san trong, san thupng va tang limg cdng trinh, chdng chdi Ida tir mat kfnh...
- Tiit kiem va sddung hgp ly nang lugng: Giam thieu tieu thu nang lupng tir ddt nhien lieu hda thach trong tid cue khong gian k i l n triic cdng trinh, trong thiet ke ket cau bao che (each nhiet, che nang, vat lieu xay dung), tan dung anh sang t u nhien, thdng gid tu nhien, t i l t kiem nang lupng ddi vdi he t h i n g dieu hoa khong khi va he thdng chieu sang nhan tao, lam mat nha bang nUdc dudi dat hay khdng khi ngoai trdi, sir dung pin mat trdi cap dien, nang lupng gid, dun nudc ndng bang nang lupng mat trdi.
- Tiet kiem ngudn nudc: tieu thu nudc cd hieu qua, tai sir dung nude thai lam nudc rira ve sinh va tudi cay, luu trCrva sir dung nudc mua.
- Thai chit thai ra mdi trudng xung quanh ft nhit.
giam thieu cac ngudn thai cua cdng trinh (khi thai, nudc thai, chat thai ran).
- Mdi trudng trong nha xanh: mdi trudng khdng khf trong nha trong saeh, he s l trao doi khdng khi tuai mat dat yeu cau ve sinh; khdng bj dn rung; Be mat trong nha khdng bj dpng sUdng, ngung tu am, vat lieu khdng bj am mdc; he thdng cdng trinh ve sinh, xi tam hoan chinh, dat tieu chuan mdi trudng, bao dam sire khde va tien nghi.
3. Tieu chl thii' 3: Giao t h d n g d d thj xanh Giao thdng dd thi xanh Id mdt tieu chf rat quan trpng eua dd thj xanh.
Cac tieu chf danh gid giao thdng dd thj ben vimg, giao thdng dd thi xanh la:
a. Quy hoach dd thi va xay dung he thing giao thdng ben vOng vi mat mdi trudng
Do ha tang giao thong kem, ach tic xay ra thircing xuyen
- Quy hoach khdng gian dd thi hgp ly: (bd trf khu d, khu lam viec, khu trung tam dich vu - thuang mai, khu nghi ngoi gidi tri, cac trudng hpc, cac benh vien...) de giam bdt nhu c l u di lai ciia nhan dan. ^
- Quy hoach he thing ha ting ky thuat giao thdng van tai thda man nhu cau giao thdng di lai. Cd 3 ehi tieu quan trpng: (1) l y le tong dien tfch giao thdng tren tong dien tfch ciia dd thi; d cac dd thi hi§n dai tren t h i gidl ty le nay la 15 - 25%, con d Ha Npi la 7,8%, dTP. Hd Chf Minh la 7,5%; (2) Ty le dien tfch d i t danh cho cac bai dd xe: hien nay dien tfch bai do xe eua Ha Npi chi c h i l m khoang 0,3% dien tich d i t xay dung, trong khi d cac TP phat trien tren the gidi, hp thudng danh dien tfeh d i t eho cac bai dd xe tdi 3- 6%; (3) Ty letting c h i l u dai dudng km tren 1 km' dien tfeh dd thj, 6 ndi thanh Ha Ndi ehi dat 3,89 km/km^
d npi thdnh TP. Hd Chf Minh ehi dat 3,88 km/km^
Do quy hoach giao thdng khdnghpp ly nen dTP Hd Chf Minh hiien ed 160 diem un t i e trong do ed 60 diem iin t i c nang. 6 Ha Ndi hien nay ed tdi 124 diem iin t i c giao thdng. Trong djp ky niem 1000 nam da k h i c phuc mpt s l diem hien cdn 91 diem iin tac, trong dd cd khoang 33 diem thudng xuyen iin tac.
b. Phat trien he thing giao thdng cdng cdng, di xe dap va di bd
Phat trien giao thdng cdng cdng (xe bus, xe dien, tau hda, xe dien nglm...): chl ed phat trien giao thdng cdng cpng (tren 4 0 % nhu c l u di lai) thi mdi dat chi tieu giao thdng dd thj xanh. Theo tai lieu bao cao ciia Lee Schipper, Le Anh Tudn, Hams Orm (2008) thi vdo nhOng nam 80 the ky trude giao thdng edng cpng d Ha Ndi da phuc vu d i e lue eho viee di lai ciia nhan dan, den nam 1995 giao thdng cdng cpng hau nhu sup do, thj phan dudi 1 % , den nam 2005 giao thong edng cpng da phuc hdi, chiem 6,7%. Dubao neu tinh hinh dau t u c h o giao thdng cdng edng dien bien nhu hien nay thi thj phdn giao thdng edng cpng ciia Ha Npi se dat 14,5%, neu cd dau t u manh vao giao thdng edng edng thi thi phan giao thdng edng cpng se dat 30% vdo nam 2020. Hien nay GTCC ciia Ha Npi, TP Hd Chi Minh vd ede TP khae ehi la xe buyt.
Ha Ndi ed khoang 1000 xe buyt hoat dpng tren 79 t u y i n , nhung chi dap img < 10% nhu e l u di lai eiia ngudi ddn. C h i t lupng xe buyt Ha Ndi r i t kem cung Id 1 ngudn gay d nhiem khdng khi r i t Idn. Cue Dang kiem thdng 10/2009 kiem soat 59 xe buyt thi 34 xe khdng dat yeu e l u ve khi thai (chilm 57,6%).
- 7aq diiu kien cho ngudi dan dd thi di bdvadi xe dap. N I U di bang xe dap va di bd thi khdng phat thai chdt thai d n h i i m khdng khi; N I U di b i n g xe may, xe d td eon thi se phdt sinh c h i t thai d n h i l m khdng khi tinh tren ddu ngudl se g I p 15-20 lan so vdi di bing xe bus.
c. Thit chat din cac tieu chuan mdi trudng cd lien quan va kiem tra, kiem soat de cudng bdc thi hanh.
- vi tieu chuan chit lugng khdng khf xung quanh:
Cdc tieu ehuan chat lupng khdng khf xung quanh da dupe dp dung d nhieu nudc chau A tu nhung nam ciia thap nien 90 the ky trudc, cdn d nudc ta mai d i n ndm 2005 mdi ban hdnh tieu chuan tuang t u nhu ho.
B A N V E P H A T T R I E N XAY D l / N G . . .
- % •
*- He thong thoat nifcic yeu k6m " - ^ - vi tieu chuan khf thai cua xe d td: nhieu nudc chau A da dp dung tieu chuan EUR02 trudc nam 2000, d nude ta quy dinh dp dung tir 2007 cung chii y l u d l i vdi xe mdi, cdn ddi vdl cac xe dang hoat ddng thi chua bat budc.
- vi tieu chuan ham lugng sulfur trong diu diesel:
a nhilu nude chdu A da dp dung tieu ehuan < 500 ppm tir nhimg nam trudc 2000, cdn d Viet Nam thi nam 2007 mdi ed quy djnh dp dung, trong tuang lai g i n nhilu nude se quy djnh mure tieu chuan giam xudng < 50ppm.
- Nang cao chat lugng xang: d nude ta da sir dung xang khong pha chi, nhung de dat dupe tieu chuan Euro 4 ve chat lupng xang thi nude ta it nhdt phdi mdt 6-10 nam niJa.
- Nang cao Octane cua xang (d nhiiu nudc chau A da thuc hien td2007), gidm bdt ede c h i t dung mdi doc hai; pha ethanol vao xang, sdn x u i t vd sir dung dau Diesel sinh hpe.
d. Cai tiin cdng nghe san xuit xe
- Phat trien cdc loai xe d td, xe mdy it d n h l l m ho^c khdng gay d n h i l m dd thj: xe chay dien, phdt then xe chay bang khi hda Idng (LPG), khi tU nhien nen (CNG), ethanol, d i u sinh hpe;
- Cai ti§n ddng ca d td de t i l t kiem nhien lieu;
- 6 eae nude EU d i n nam 2010 gidi han mire tieu thu nhien lieu ddi vdi xe con chi la 5 lit/100km (khi diing xang) vd 4,5 lit/100km (khi dimg d i u diesel).
e. Xay dung he thong cic tram kiem tra ngudn thai cua xe vi tram bao dudng sda chda xe
- Tat ea cac xe d td, xe may djnh ky 6 thdng hoac 1 nam mdt ldn phai qua kiem tra khi thai, xe dat tieu chuan thi dupe e l p g i l y hodc tem luu hanh. Cdc xe khdng dat tieu chuan phai dua vdo tram bao dudng va sira chira xe va dupe d p g i l y hodc dan tem luu hanh tai cdc tram bao dudng ndy.
- Thuc hien thu phi khi thai giao thdng vd khuyin khich giam khi thai giao thdng.
- e l m hodc giam luu lupng xe d khu vuc trung tam thdnh phd.
4. Tieu c h i thi? 4: Cong nghiep xanh
Cdng nghiep hda tao dpng lue cho dd thj hda, ngupe lai dd thj hda se hd trp cho phdt trien cdng
nghiep. Ve mat khdng gian, ede khu edng nghiep va ede khu dd thj thudng nam gan nhau, mdi trudng dd thj thudng bj tae dpng eiia d nhiem edng nghiep. San xuat edng nghiep se phat thai ra nhilu chat thai khf, c h i t thai Idng va chat thai r i n , lam cho moi trudng xung qu_anh bj d n h i l m , trong dd cd mdi trudng do thi bj d nhiem.
VI vay mudn bao dam dd thj xanh thi phai phat trien cdng nghiep xanh vdi cac tieu chf ca ban nhu sau:
- Sir dung nang lupng, nguyen vat lieu co hieu qua cao, tire la tieu thu nang lupng, nguyen vat lieu, nude cap it nhat, phat sinh c h i t thai ft nhit, san xuat ra cac san pham nhieu nhat.
- Phat trien cdng nghiep phat thai carbon thap;
- Cai tien qua trinh cdng nghe san xuat theo hudng san x u i t sach han;
- Thue hien ehu trinh tai sir dung, tai che chat thai trong nganh san xuat cdng nghiep de giam thieu chat thai thai ra mdi trudng.
- Sir dung nang lupng sach, nang lupng tai tao thay the cho nang tupng tir ddt nhien lieu hda thach.
S.Tieu c h i thu" 5: Chdt lUdng mdi tru'dng d d thj xanh
Cdc dd thj xanh phai dat dupe chat lupng moi trudng xanh, sach: mdi trudng khdng khi xanh sach;
mdi trudng nudc xanh sach; mdi trudng dat (bao gdm ca chat thai ran) xanh saeh va khdng bj d nhiem dn rung.
- Mdi trudng khdng khf xanh sach la mdi trudng khdng khi ed ndng dp cac chat d nhiem ea ban (bui TSP, PM10, Pb, khi SOg, CO va hai xang d i u ) d i u thap han trj sd tieu chuan cho phep;
- Mdi trudng nudc xanh sach: Mdi trudng nudc (sdng ngdi, ao hd) trong dd thj phai dat chat lupng mdi trudng xanh saeh, ndng dp cac chat d nhiem ca ban trong mdi trudng nudc mat (BODj, COD, DO, TSS, pH, tong N, tong P, tong Coliform...) deu t h i p hdn trj sd tieu ehuan eho phep, he sinh thai da dang dudi nude dupe bao tdn vd phdt trien.
He thong xif ly nu'dc thai lac hau
- Quan ly chit thai rin tit: Bao dam 100% c h i t thai r i n sinh hoat, ehdt thai rdn edng nghiep, chat thai nguy hai phdt sinh trong dd thj dupe thu gom, phan loai, van chuyen an toan, tai che, tai sir dung va xil ly thai bd dung ky thuat an toan ve sinh mdi
NGUdl XAY DUNG SO THANG 1&2 • 2011
B A N V E P H A T T R I E M ^ * ^ PUlMG—
trudng.
- Ve sinh dudng phi ludn luon sach: Dudng phd, via he eiia dd thj sinh thdi thudng xuyen dupe giiir gin ve sinh, quet dpn sach se, trong cdc ngdy ndng ndng hanh khd dupc tudi nudc rira dudng sach se.
6. Tieu chi thi? 6: Bao tdn canh quan thien nhien, danh lam t h i n g canh, cong trinh van hoa, Ijch su"
Dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thai can phai bao t i n canh quan thien nhien, danh lam thing canh, cdc edng trinh van hda, Ijch sir eiia dd thj, phuc vu dde luc cho truyin thing sinh hoat tinh thin, sinh hoat vdn hda va tham quan ciia nhdn dan dd thj cung nhu khdch vdng lai va khdch du Ijch.
7. Tieu chl thi? 7: Cong ddng dan cir do thj s6ng than thien vdi moi tru'dng
Cdng ding dan cu eiia dd thj xanh cd nhdn thirc cao va cd y thire tu gide sdng hda hop vdi nhau, dde biet Id img xii ed van hda trong tham gia giao thdng va sing than thien vdi mdi trUdng tU nhien.
III. THUAN LOI VA TRd NGAI CUA XAY DUNG 0 0 THj XANH 6 NUGfC TA
Trong chien lupc vd quy hoach phdt trien he thing dd thj eiia nude ta den ndm 2020 vd tdm nhin den nam 2030 edn thilu djnh hudng phdt trien dd thj sinh thai, dd thj xanh, dd thj thich img vdi biln ddi khi hdu;
trong thue te eung ehua xdy dung dUdc bd tieu chi ve dd thj xanh, chua cd cdng trinh nghien ciru, khao sdt, danh gia phan loai cdc dd thj nudc ta theo cdc tieu chi dd thj xanh. Tuy rang, mdt sd khu dd thj mdi d Hd Npi, TP. Hd Chf Minh vd mdt s l dd thj Idn khdc dd cd cdc khu dd thi mdi da dUdc quy hoach va xay dung theo hudng tiem can vdi md hinh khu dd thj xanh, khu dd thi sinti thdi.
Phdt trien dd thi xanh d nudc ta cd mdt sd dilu kien thuan Ipi va cdc trd ngai nhu sau:
1. Cac thuan \q\
- Dd thj hda d nudc ta chdm hon dd thj hda trung binh cua chdu A khoang 15-20 nam, di sau cdc nudc phdt trien tren 50 ndm, do dd ed thuan Ipi la cd the hpc tap, rut kinh nghiem phdt trien dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi ciia cdc nudc de dp dung vdo nudc ta;
- Cai tao cdc dd thi hien cd thdnh cac dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi Id viec khd hon rit nhilu iln so vdi viec quy hoach xay dung cdc khu dd thj mdi Id cdc dd thj xanh. Hien nay, cung nhutudng lai 30-50 ndm tdi d nudc ta se phdt then rit nhilu khu dd thj mdi, ddy Id mdt thj trudng rdng Idn de phat trien dd thj xanh.
- Nudc ta ed dilu kien khi hdu nhiet ddi ndng am.
Id mdi trudng thudn Ipi de phdt trien khdng gian xanh dd thj vd phdt trien cdng trinh kiln true xanh;
- Ludt Bao ve mdi trudng (2005), Chiin Iuac BVMT quic gia (2003), Djnh hudng Chiin lupc phdt trien bin vung d Viet Nam (Chuong trinh nghj su21 ciia Viet Nam) vd cdc van ban phap ludt khdc v l BVMT ciia nudc ta diu dd djnh hudng rdt rd rdng phdt trien dd thj d nude ta Id phdt trien dd thj bin vung ve mat mdi trudng.
2. Cac trd ngai
- Trd ngai Idn nhit trong viec phdt trien dd thj xanh
Rac va phe thai con ttiy tien xa ra iJu'clng pho d nudc ta hien nay Id ha tang ky thuat vd ha tdng xa hpi ciia dd thj nude ta cdn rdt thip kem, dde biet la he thing cdng trmh giao thdng, he thing cdng trinh cdp nudc, he thing cdng trinh thodt nudc vd xii ly nudc cdn rit lac hau, he thing khdng gian xanh cdn rdt nhd be.
- Mdi trudng khdng khi, mdi trudng nudc matva qudn ly chit thdi rin d cac dd thj dang bj d nhilm, cd ndi dd bj d nhilm nghiem trpng, trong khi tilm luc diu tu kinh phi vd ky thuat de gidi quyet cdc vin d l d nhilm mdi trudng burc xiic d cdc dd thj nUde ta edn bj han chl;
- Nudc ta d i t hep rigudi ddng, thudc loai nudc co mat dp dan sd cao nhit tren t h i gidi, quy ddt de phdt trien do thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi bj han chl, ddi hoi phdi cd nhilu sdng tao de quy hoach, xdy dung dd thj xanh, dd thj sinh thdi phii hpp vdi dilu kien nude ta;
- Dpi ngu chuyen gia quy hoach xdy dung vd quan ly dd thj xanh, dd thj sinti thdi cua nudc ta cdn it ve s l lupng, cdn y l u kem v l trinh dp, ke cd ly thuyit va thuc hdnh, tu duy vd phuang phdp quy hoach xdy dung va quan ly dd thj van chua doi mdi, van ndng ve tu duy vd phucmg phdp truyin thing.
*D'4n tich cay xanh cong c6ng dd thj bao gom: cong vien, vifdn hoa, vUdn dao, vUdn bich thao..., cay xanh tren di/dngphd, cay xanh chuySn dung (cich ly ve sinh cdng nghiSp, phong h6, vUdn ddm.
vudn nghign cdu).
TAI LI|U THAM KHAO
1. Pham Ngoc Dang, Pham Thj H5i H^. B^n vd xay ddng dd thi sinh thii d nddc ta. Tap chi "Kidn tnJc ViSt Nam". s6 4/2002.
2. Pham Ngoc Oang. Phit trien dO thi Viet Nam bdn vdng ve mat mdi tnfdng. Tap chi "Quy hoach x§y difng", so 32(7), nam 2008.
3. Pham Ngoc Oang. Phit triin dd thj ben vdng va thich nghi vdi bidn ddi kill hiu d VietNam. Tap chi "BSo vf Moi tnrflng" s8 8/2009.
4. Pham Ngoc Bang. Bin vd cic giii phip phit triin giao thdng dd thj xanh d ni/dc ta, Tap chi "NgUfli xay di/ng", s6 11/2010.
5. Hoi aeng cong trinh xanh Viet Nam (VGBC) - He thdng dinh gia cdng trinh bdn vdng. Di/ thSo ngSy 10/5/2008.
6. OS Tii Lan. Phit triin nhdng miu xanh cua thinh pho. Tap chl "Quy hoach xay di/ng", s6 46/2010.
7. Lfi Thj Bich Thuan. Cic hd thdng dinh gii kidn tmc xanh trdn thd gidi Tap chi 'Xay di/ng va Oo thj". SB 11/2010.
8. Mike Douglass, Oai hpc Tong hop Hawaii, Hoa Ky. Thanh phd sdng tdt trong ky nguydn toin cau. Tap chf "Quy hoach xay dung"
s6 10/2009.
