BAN V £ TRAT TU* THE Gidl
Mgt trong nhung van de ndi bat, thu hilt sir quan tam cua thd gidi hien nay la vin de Trgt In the giai nidi. Su sup dd cua che do xa hdi chu nghTa d Lien Xd va cac n;.rdc Ddng Au gan 20 nam tnrdc day da pha va trat tir hai cue, keo theo sir dao ldn ldn tren mgi phuong dien ciia the gidi. Trong qua trinh lim kiem va sap xcp lai trat tu, the gidi da va dang trai qua nhung bien dgng rat phirc tap. Cd nhieu cau hdi ldn dang dat ra: The gidi nay se di dau? Trat tir the gidi sc hinh thanh theo hudng nao? Va trong trat tir mdi dd. lieu y chi va nguyen vgng ciia cac dan tdc cd dugc tdn trgng hay khdng?
1. "Trat tv" va "mat trat ty"
Trat tu the gidi dirge ngudi ta quan niem nhu tieu chi ca ban dmh doat quan he qudc te. la sir sap dSl dam bao cho ddi sdng thC' gidi cd the binh dn. cd to chuc. Dd la sir chip nhan hoac bugc phai chap nhan thirc trang da cd va se cd cua thd gidi. Trat tu nay
' Bdi vii'l trich lir kit qua nghien ciru cua de Idi Clip nhd nm'rc "Mum ihirc vi' thai dgi nguy nay" do ldc gid ldm clni nhiem.
G S . T S . Vu V a n Hien dugc xac lap bang cac hiep djnh, quy udc, luat le chung nhat cho cac boat dgng chinh trj, quan sir, kinh te, ngoai giao tren trudng qudc te. Sir xac lap do cd the thdng qua con dudng bao lire hoac khdng bao lire, sfl dung sue manh quan sir hoac thoa hiep ve kinh te.
chfnh trj. Vi vay. trat tu the gidi thudng phan anh tirong quan lire lirgng giua cac qudc gia va he thdng nha nirdc; giira cac giai cap ca ban va cac lire lugng chinh trj, kinh te chu yeu; giua cac td chuc. cac phong trao chfnh yeu cd anh hirdng ldn den cgng ddng qudc t^.
Hanh trinh cua nhan loai qua cac giai doan khac nhau ciia ljch su da cd nhirng trat tu khac nhau. Nhirng trat tir chi mang dung y nghTa toan the gidi khi cac nirdc da cd sir hieu biet va cd quan he vdi nhau. Con ngirdi .\a xua sdng mdng mudi. chi cd nhiJng "trat lu" cua cgng ddng ngudi d lung dja gidi nhal djnh. Xa hgi phong kien cd "trai lir" cua sir cat cu lung vimg. tflng lanh dja hoac sau nay la lirng qudc gia. Chii nghTa tu ban ciing cd cac qudc gia - dan lgc phat lrien manh me, cd nhu cau viran .\a. md rgng lhi tnrdng va anh
NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (111).2009
hudng ciia nd. Khi tu ban chau Au khai thdng sang chau My. xam nhap chau A, chau Phi, cung la liic trat tir the gidi thirc sir hinh thanh vdi sir thdng tri cua chu nghTa tu ban.
Da cd mgt thai "Mat trdi khong bao gid lan tren dat nudc Anh"; cd thai ky phan chau Phi cua Phap rgng menh mdng dugc chia ra 17 dan vj hanh chinh va nay la 17 nudc; Con phan chau Phi cua Bi la nirdc Daia ngay nay, vdi dien lich bang tat ca cac nudc Tay Au cgng lai. Cung vao thdi diem dd, ca chau A, cac nudc My Latinh deu khdng thoat khdi vanh dai thugc dja cua cac the lire thirc dan phuong Tay. Vay la, lrong thdi ky ljch su lu khoang cudi the ky XVIII den dau the ky XX, trat tu the gidi do chii nghTa de qudc.
thuc dan ap dat. Phai den gan giira the ky XX, sau Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, vdi viec Lien Xd ra ddi, khdng ngung ldn manh.
chien Ihang phai xit. giai phdng mgt phan chau Au, the gidi mdi dugc .\ep dai lai trat tu hai cue.
Quan niem ve trat lir the gidi, nhu da ndi d tren, cung chi mang linh tuong doi. Nd la tuong doi va cd nghTa rgng, nghTa hep.
Ndi theo nghTa rgng la "trai tu" thd gidi, xet lu xa xua nhu tren vua dd cap ddn. Trai tu lhi gidi cdn dugc su dung theo nghTa hep nhu trat tu kinh le, qudn sir, chinh lri, vdn hod. Iruyen thdng... ciia the gidi. Trat tir the gidi la cai vCia djnh hinh vua khd djnh hinh, vua cu the vua truu Urgng va tuong ddi, vi
ljch su da bao lan Ihay ddi Iral tu. nghTa la the gidi khdng chi cd trai lir ma cd ca "mk trai lu".
"Mat trai tu" ciia the gidi d mirc nhd, cirdng do thap la nhung vu dung do khu virc hoac lrong mgi nudc. mgi viing. Dieu dd da va dang dien ra thirdng xuyen, ldi muc, neu cd su thong ke lai thi ihay rang the gidi chira that sir binh on vi chua bao gid im lieng Sling. Nhung bieu hien ciia dang "mat trat lir"
nay mudn hinh mudn ve. Cd the dd la xung dot bg lgc, sac lgc, ton giao; la xung dot vc lanh thd. ve lgi ich kinh te giua cac qudc gia... "Mat trat tu" cudng do cao, pham vi rgng ldn la nhung xao Iron cd tac dgng tdi viec phai dieu chinh hoac thay ddi trat tu the gidi. Hai cugc chien tranh the gidi la vi du dien hinh ciia loai "mat trat tu" nay. Nhung da la nhung hien tugng "mat trat tu", thi dii cudng do thap hay cao, pham vi hep hay rgng, cung thuang bidn thien theo hudng:
tich cue va lieu cue. Tfnh tich cue ciia cac hien lugng nay the hien d chd, chimg anh hudng cd Igi cho hoa binh, hanh phiic chung ciia nhan loai, gdp phan lam cho the gidi cong bang, on djnh hon. Nhiing cugc each mang tu san dien ra d Anh nam 1688, d Phap vao cac nam 1830. 1848, 1871 va dac biel la cugc Cach mang xa hgi chu nghTa ihang Mudi Nga nam 1917 lhuc sir la nhung hicn Urgng "mil irat tu" cd y nghTa lich cue. lo ldn cho sir phat trien ciia xa hgi loai ngudi.
Cdn chieu hudng tieu cue ciia nhirng hien khdng con, nhung khong phai vi the ma da tugng "mat trai t u " la d chd gay khdng khi het nhung ldi de dga cua cac the luc cudng cang thang. dung duang nhirng hanh dgng quydn ddi vdi nai nay, nai khac; dau da hk bao ngugc. vo trach nhiem ciia cac the lire nhung xung dot cue bg; dau da ngung viec hieu chien, cue doan cua nhung cai dau ndng chay dua mua sam vu khi. Bgn lai siing xua bong ham mudn dimg bao luc tren the gidi. nay van mong cho simg khdng ngiing no.
Viec hai qua bom nguyen t u nem xudng hai Chua het, viec nghiem trgng nhat ciia quan lhanh phd Hirdsima va Naga.xaki cua Nhal he qudc te hien nay la mgt sd the lire de qudc Ban Ifong Chien tranh ihd gidi t h u Hai ro phan dgng dang lhuc hien chien luge "Dien rang la khong can thiet, vi khong cd cugc bien hoa binh", muu toan .\oa sd cac nudc xa iham sat tot dinh, chien tranh sau dd cung se hgi chii nghTa cdn lai. Dieu dd chung Id rang, dugc giai quyet. hanh dgng'do chi gay hau Chien tranh Lanh nhu kieu trudc la khdng qua tan khdc ddi vdi nhan dan Nhat Ban va con nua, nhirng bdng dang ciia nd van lap Id lam day dut mai luong tri nhan loai ma thdi. vdi mgt sac thai mdi cd ve do "lanh" hon va t r^' I' ' ' I U ' - CO ve " m e m " di, nhung khdng kem phan 2. Co l u a va co k h o i • & & K Sir van dgng va phai trien khdng ngirng
ciia the gioi la vong luiin chuyen giua Irgi lir - nidi Irgt lir - Ircji lir nidi. Khi trat tir cu bi do va. khdng phai bao g i d nd ciTing cuon theo lat ca nhung gi da co trong nd vi yen to ciia trat tu cu CO khi con ton tai dai dang. Nhin nhan ve vice do v d trat tir hai cue vira qua, ngoai nhung hau qua ciia no, dc thay, con cd nhieu
i .X , , , , J , , . . • , - , "Lhe ["idi na\ dep biet nhudng nao. ban hay van de kho ihay hon ma nguai ta con tiep tuc o , .i o . J
, , , . , , .1 . . . i , . nhin .\em!". The gidi cua chimg ta qua that tranh luan. Nhieu nguai cho rang, hai cue ° ,
. i , , , „ . i , , , - , X. .,'- dep vd cimg. nhirng van con nhieu lua va sup do lhi Chien tranh Lanh cung het. Ve "^ °
, , > , , khdi. Cd lira, mdi cd khdi. Trong vd van hien logic hmh lhuc la va>, nhung cung nen co , , ' , „ , . i 1 , u tuong phiic tap ciia the gidi vao luc "mat Iral cach nhin than trgng hon. Chien tranh Lanh • ' ^ ' '
quyet Net. Mdt dieu nua cung can thay: Trat tu hai cue cua the gidi da do va, nhung cugc dau tranh giai cap van ton tai, the hien tren nhieu mat cua ddi song the gidi. N h u vay.
loai ngudi, nhat la o cac nudc theo dinh hirdng xa hgi chu nghTa, khdng nen la la canh giac.
M g t bai hat tieng Nga cd cau rat hay:
t u " ha> ca khi co "trat l u " , cd the khai quat mgt so nggn "lira" gay khdi nhu sau:
vira qua thuc chiit la cugc ddi dau X d - M y . Ici cugc cha\ dua vCi trang den kiet sue cua ca
hai phia va khong khi cang thang bao triim. * Quyen lire. Day la thu "lua" dau bang.
Ddi tugng dang sg nhal ciia M y la Lien X d Ong Pdn Kennodi (Paul Kennedy), nha .\a
NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (111).2009
hdi hgc ngudi My cho rang, cac nudc tren thd gidi thudng phat lrien khong deu. Dd la quy lual. Va do phat trien khdng deu, nen mgt sd nudc vugt trdi thanh cudng qudc thudng hay nay sinh nguyen vgng mudn lay cudng quyen de ap dat ngudi khac theo y minh. The la the gidi lai phai duong dau vdi lhdi ham quyen lire dd. Ket cue cung ihudng Ihay la cac nudc de quoc lan lugt bj nhan loai cho cac bai hgc nhd ddi, cdn mgt sd de qudc thi da vTnh vien bj ljch su chdn viii.
* Ddu iranh giai cdp. Ljch sfl phat lrien ciia xa hgi loai ngudi (tru xa hgi cgng san nguyen Ihuy) la ljch su dau Iranh giai cap - mgt dgng lire phat trien cua xa hgi. Va cung chinh cac cugc dau tranh giai cap da gdp phan manh me vao viec sap dai lai trat lu the gidi. Nhung cugc each mang tu san tac dgng manh me vao viec sap dat lai trat tu the gidi.
Nhung cugc each mang tu san kieu cu hay nhung cugc each mang dan chu tu san kieu mdi do cac Dang Cgng san va Dang Cdng nhan lanh dao, thuc sir la nhiing yeu Id quan trgng lam cho the gidi tien dan tdi Iral tu lien bg hon.
* Cdng bdng. Cdng bang la muc thudc ung ,\u qudc le. Do the gidi cdn nhidu didu thieu cdng bang, nen de dam bao cdng bing, nhieu khi cac dan lgc phai lidn hanh diu Iranh gay go quyet liet va gian khd chdng lai bgn cudng quyen ap bflc. Cugc diu tranh dd thudng la ciia cac dan tgc thugc dja chdng
ach nd djch ciia chii nghTa de qudc. va muc lieu cua nd cung chieu vdi nhiem vu bao ve lgi ich dan tgc va dau tranh giai phdng. Quan niem ve cdng bang va cugc dau tranh cho cdng bang nhu the, ddng nghTa vdi le phai chan ly. Tuy nhien, nhung cugc chien Iranh do chii nghTa de qudc gay ra de tranh nhau lgi ich, tranh nhau thugc dja, cung dugc reu rao la de dam bao cdng bang. Cdng bang kieu ay chi la loi tu duy ciia ke cudp va gay mat trat tir lieu cue cho the gidi ma lhdi.
3. Trat tu va dau tranh
Nam 1919, Uynxon, Tdng thdng thu 28 ciia My, lai Hgi nghj Hoa binh d Vecxay, da ap dat cac lieu chuan ngi bg ciia My bao triim the gidi ma cac ddng minh ciia My khi ay cd bat binh, nhung khdng dam phan irng lai. Nhieu ddi long thdng My sau dd deu diing ngdn ngfl hoac quan diem dd ciia Uynxon de neu rd muc tieu nam ggn the gidi, nhat la sau khi Lien Xd lan ra.
Hoa ddng vdi y ludng ciia cac long thdng My ke tren, cac hgc gia chdng cdng ndi tieng mgt lhdi cung cho ra ddi cac cudn sach cua minh: Risdt Nichxan vdi cudn Chdp lhdi CO.- ihdch lhuc ddi vdi Hoa Ky Irong ihe gidi mgi .sieu cirdng, Bredinxki vdi cudn sach Ngodi vdng kiem .wdl - sir roi logn loan cdu ben ihem ihe ky> XXI. Trong cac cudn sach nay, cac lac gia ddu hudng vao viec ban luan xem lam thd nao de My nim dugc the gidi vao tay minh.
Nhu va>. lrong ihd ky XX va nhal la cudi the k\ XX sip sang dau the ky XXI nay.
My da bao phen muon nha\ ra lam ba chii the gidi. Nhung chuong trinh khong che loan cau cua My khdng the thanh cdng vi cd nhieu luc can:
Mgi Id. My van la sieu cudng sd mgt, nhung quyen luc bj phan tan rat nhieu, phan lan ban ca lhdi con Iral tu hai cue. Sir phan tan bat ngudn tir: Trong long nudc My thi do chu nghTa biet lap mdi va xudng sue chua gugng day dugc ciia nen kinh te; Ben ngoai la do sir ly tan ciia cac nuoc dong minh trudc day.
Ilui Id, My van la nudc cd nen kinh te manh nhal the gidi, nhung sue manh ve kinh le va ky thuat cdng nghe ay ciia My khdng cdn nhu xua vi da bj hao kiet qua cac cugc chien Iranh d Irac, Apganixtan: cugc khimg hoang tai chinh loan cau ma M> la trung diem. Vay nen, ve mgt sd mat, nhieu nudc da vuon len ngang My hoac vugt My.
Da Id. qua trinh lien ket khu vuc d nhieu nai tren the gidi da lam lang sire manh cua cac cgng ddng khu vuc. lam md vai tro ciia My. Tnidc da>, cac Irung tam tu ban a chau Au Vii chau A can den My, nay khdng con Lien Xo. hg tu hoach dinh hudng di rieng, nen linh thd dang dao ngugc lai. My phai can den cac trung lam nay ban neu khdng muon bidn minh lhanh don phuang, cd dgc.
Bon Id. hien na> sd nudc tren the gidi da tang len, anh hudng, phu thudc lan nhau lang len va y chi dgc lap tir chii ciia cac nudc Cling tang len. Day la yeu td rat manh can trd cudng qu>en va cue quyen ciia bat ke ai.
Ro rang, y mudn cua My la mgt chuyen, con sir xep dat trat lu the gidi lai thugc ve ca cgng dong. chu khdng chi cd My. Trat tu the gidi se dugc xac lap, nhung se la trat tu nhieu cue. Cac dieu kien dam bao cho viec hinh lhanh trat tu mdi da ndi ro: 1. Nhirng xu the van dgng cua the gidi nhu xu the toan cau hoa, qudc te hoa, .\u the lien minh. lien ket khu vuc. xu the phuc hdi cua phong trao cgng san: 2. Cd nhieu nudc. nhieu trung lam dang tu khang dinh va ndi len khdng thua kem nhau va cang khong thua kem My nhu cac nudc thugc Lien minh Chau Au. Nhat Ban, Trung Qudc va cd the con niia; 3. Cac to chiic qudc le, dac biel la Lien hgp qudc ngay cang cd vai tro lo Idn trong viec giai qu>et cac vu vice cua the gidi; 4. Y chi va nguyen vgng chung cua dai bg phan cac dan tgc la mudn cd mgt Iral lu the gidi, lrong dd tieu chi co ban la binh dang, le phai, cdng bang, mgi dan tgc deu dugc tdn trgng. Dd la cac dieu kien cho mgt trat tir mdi sinh thanh.
Tuy nhien. de tien tdi va xac lap dugc mgt trat tu nhu vay, can cd thdi gian. Dd la mgt qua trinh lau dai, trai qua nhieu budc va phu thugc vao sir hgp tac, dau tranh cua tat ca cac dan tdc.
