BAN VE CO CHE KIEM SOAT GIA DIEN
TS N G U Y I N NGOC T O A N *
Dien la mat hang thiet yeu doi vdi san xuat va ddi song nhan dan. Chi phi dien nang chiem mot phan quan trong trong gia thanh nhieu san pham hang hoa, dong thdi, gia dien cung anh hudng tdi mde song cac ho gia dinh, dac biet la cac ho gia dinh ngheo.
Do do, cung nhu mot so mat hang co tinh doc quyen cao khac, dien la mot trong nh ung mat hang chinh phu kiem soat gia. Tuy nhien, kiem soat gia dien nhu the nao, theo co che gi, de vda ngan chan vi$c lam dung vi the dgc quyen, vda tao dieu kien de dau tu, phat trien nganh dien dap dng nhu cau ngay cang tang cua dat nudc dang la doi hoi bdc thiet
1 . Khai quilt ve nganh di£n va dien bien dieu hanh gia dien
Nganh dien hien nay vl co ban van la mdt nganh dgc quyen trong truyen tai, phdn phoi va ban le didn vdi doanb nghiep doe quyen la Tap doan didn luc Viet Nam (EVN).
Hien EVN cd 03 tong cdng ty sdn xuat dien la GENCO 1, GENCO 2 va GENCO 3; 01 Tong cdng ty truyen tai dien quoc gia (NPT) duqe thanh lap tren co sd to chdc lai 4 cdng ty truyin tai didn; 5 tong cong ty kinh doanh dien nang den khach hang Id Tong cong ty dien luc mien Bdc (EVN NPC), Tong cong ty dien luc mien nam (EVN SPC), Tong cdng ty dien luc mien Trung (EVN CPC), T6ng cdng ty dien luc tp Ha Ndi (EVN Ha Noi) va Tong cdng ty dien luc Tp. Hd Chi Minh (EVN HCMC). Rieng khdu phat dien, hien nay da md cho cdc thanh phan kinh te
• Hgc viSn Chinh tii quoc gia Ho ChiMinh
khac tham gia va thuc te da ed nhieu doanh nghiep ngoai EVN tham gia san xuat dien td cdc nguon khac nhau, trong dd ed Tdp dodn dau khi Viet Nam PVN, Tap doan than - khoang san Viet Nam Vinaeomin, cde tdp doan nude ngodi, eae doanh nghiep khac trong nude. Cae nha may dien ngoai EVN bao gdm nhieu nha njay thuy dien nhd, mdt so nha mdy dien khi, mgt so nha may nhiet dien ehay than va 1 so co sd dien gid. Td nam 2007 den nay, gid dien da nhieu lan duoc dieu chinh, td mde binh qudn 842 ddng/kwh nam 2007 ien 1508 dong/Kwh nam 2013 - 2014. Muc gid dien eu the cho tdng doi tupng khaeh hang dung dien va tilng mde tieu thu dien cao hon hoac thap hon mde binh qudn tren.
2. Ctf che dieu hanh gia dien hien nay Giai doan trude 2011, gid dien dupe nha nude an dinh true tiep thdng qua cac Quyet S(5 14(5-2015) I TAPCHf KINHtevAQUAN Lt | 21
T H I / C T I I N - K I N H NGHIEM
dinh eua Thu tudng Chinh phu vd Thdng t u eua Eg Cong thucmg, chang ban, Quyet dinh 276/2006/QD-Ttg cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ngdy 04/12/2006 qui dinh gid ban Id didn binh quan eho cdc n a m 2007, 2008; Q u y l t dinh 21/2009/QD- Ttg cua Thu tudng Chinh phd ngay 12/2/2009 qui dinh gia ban le dien binh q u a n cho n a m 2009 vd 16 trinh 2 0 1 0 - 2012, Thong t u 08/2010/TT-BCT cda Bp Cdng T h u a n g qui dinh gia dien ban le n a m 2010, Quyet dinh so 269/QD-Ttg cua Thu tudng Ctiinh phu qui dinh gid ban dien n a m 2011,..Theo dd, EVN phdi tudn thd gid ban didn do Chinh phd phe duydt. Theo EVN, gid ban dien nay cd tinh bao cap, thudng xuyen thap hem gid t h a n h sdn xuat thuc t l cua EVN. EVN ed q u y l n kien nghi, de xuat Bg cong thucmg trinh Chinh phd eho phep dieu chinh gid ban le dien n h u n g quyen quyet dinh culi eung thude Thu tudng Chinh phu.
Vi the, gia ban ie didn khdng dupc dieu chinh thudng xuydn vd linh hoat t h e o b i l n dgng gid eua n h u n g yeu to eau t h a n h gid dien thucmg p h a m va ehi phi san xuat dien. Hinh thdc k i l m sodt gia true tiep n h u t h i nay khdng edn dugc dp d u n g d cde nudc phat trien do nd ed nhieu nhupc diem:
Mot la, hinh thdc dinh gia true tiep khdng eho phep dieu ehinh gid theo bien dpng thi trudng thudng ddn den cde d o a n h nghidp dde q u y l n thudng roi vao thua lo khi ehi phi san xuat tang cao k h i l n gia thdnh san xuat vuat gia ban Id qui dinh. Thuc t l , EVN cung lien tue keu thua 16 do phdi ban dien vdi gid thap mang tinh bao eap cho tieu dung vd sdn xuat.
Hai ia. viec dp gia khdng theo n h u n g hien ddng gia eua ede yeu to san xuat cau t h a n h Iam ndy sinh q u a n he xin - cho. EVN mu6n dugc dieu ehinh gid thi phai "xin" hay kien nghi Bg Cdng thucmg, Thu tudng Chinh phu dieu ehinh. Nhu vdy, doanh nghiep thay vi io t i l t kiem chi phi, gidm gia t h a n h se tieh eue
"xin" tang gia.
Ba la, viec tinh toan va ap gid dien cd tinh
bao cap m o t m a t khong khuyen khich s d d u n g didn t i l t kiem, hieu cjud. Mat khac, nd gay m e o md ca cau gid t h a n h san xuat, ca eau kinh te, khuyen khich eae nganh, ede don vi s d d u n g nhieu dien; t h u e hien bao eap ve gia dien cho nhieu n g a n h kinh te, nhieu d o a n h nghiep khong ehi trong nude ma ed doanh nghiep cd v6n nude ngodi.
Chinh vi n h u n g bat cap n a y n e n t d ldu Chinh phu dd cd d u k i l n 16 trinh ehuyen d l i p h u a n g phdp kiem soat gia dien, tien tdi kiem soat gid dien gdn vdi thi trudng.
Ngdy 1 5 / 0 4 / 2 0 1 1 , Thu tudng chinh phu ban h a n h Quyet dinh 24-2011/QD-Ttg ve dieu chinh gia ban dien t h e o c a che thi trudng. Theo Q u y l t dinh nay, gia dien dupe didu chinh Ichi eac thdng so dau vao co ban bien dpng so vdi thong so da d u n g de tinh toan gid dien hien hdnh, Neu cd cdc thdng so khac thay doi thi chl dugc xem xet dieu ehinh sau khi ed bdo eao quyet toan, kiem toan.
Thdi gian gida 2 ian dieu chinh toi thieu la 3 thdng. Khi gia nhidn lieu, ty gid ngoai td thay doi lam gid bdn dien binh qudn gidm 5% trd len thi Tap doan dien lue Vidt Nam (EVN) q u y l t dinh d i l u chinh gia ban dien giam t u a n g dng, dong tbdi bdo cao Bp Cdng thuang, Bp Tdi chinh giam sdt. Trudng hpp gia nhidn Ueu, ty gia t h a y doi lam gia ban dien tang so vdi gid hien h a n h khdng qud 5%
thi EVN duge phdp t a n g gid bdn dien tuong dng sau khi dang ky vd duqc Bg Cdng thuong chap t h u a n . Neu gia t a n g tren 5% thi EVN bdo cao Bg Cdng t h u a n g va gdi Bg Tai chinh t h a m dinh. Bd Cdng t h u o n g cd traeh nhiem t i n g hgp va trinh Thu tudng chinh phu xem xet. Hdng n a m , can cd so lieu quyet toan, kiem todn, ket qua t h u c hidn cdc chi tieu kinh t l - ky thudt cua EVN, Bp cdng thuong chu tri cdng Bd Tdi ehinh kiem tra, xae nhdn gia t h d n h sdn xuat kinh doanh cda EVN vd trdn ca sd do q u y l t dinh d i l u chinh gid bdn didn, trich quy binh I n gid didn t h e o quy dinh. Quy binh on gia dien dupc trieh t d gid ban dien va dupe tinh vdo chi phi sdn xuat
22 iTAPCHlKINHT^VAQUANLyi S6 14(5-2015)
kinh doanh dien nham mue tieu binh on gid ban dien.
Co che ki^m soat gid dien nhu vdy da eho phep gid dien dupe dieu chinh khi gia nhQng yeu to dau vdo co ban nhu gid nhien lieu, ty gid ngoai te thay doi Iam gia thanh san xult dien thay ddi. Ddy la mpt bude tien theo hudng thi trudng so vdi co ehe kiem soat gia dien bang dinh gid true tiep.
Thang 11/2013, Thu tudng Chinh phu ban hanh Quyet dinh 69-2013/QD-TTg qui dinh ve CO che dieu chinh mde gia ban le dien binh qudn de thay thi. So vdi Quylt dinh 24/2011/QD-Ttg, Quyet dinh 69/2013 ed mdt so diem mdi nhu sau:
- Tang thdi gian giQa 2 lan dilu chinh gia dien lien tilp toi thieu td 3 thang ldn 6 thdng de ddm bdo tinh on dinh tuong doi eda gid dien.
- Gid ban didn dugc dieu chinh dua tren bien ddng eua gid dien co sd.
- Mde tli thilu didu ehinh tang gia didn la td 7% trd ldn thay vi eho phep dieu ehinh mde gia dudi 7% nhu trudc. Khi gia ban dien CO sd tang td 7% den dudi 10%, EVN duge dieu chinh tang gia ban dien binh qudn d mde tuong Qng sau khi bdo cdo vd duge Bp cdng thuang chap thudn. Khi gia dien co sd tang td 10% trd len, EVN phai lap ho so phucmg an gia bdo cao Bp Cong thucmg va gdi Bp Tdi ehinh tham dinh. Sau khi ed y kien tham dinh, Bp Cdng thucmg trinh Thd tudng Chinh phd xem xet quyet dinh.
Theo Quylt dinh nay, kiem soat gia dien dang di theo hudng eda kiem soat gid xang ddu thdng qua bien dpng eda gia xang dau easd.
T\iy nhien, trdn thuc te, ke td khi ban hanh, gia didn bang nam van do Thu tudng chinh phd va Bp Cdng thuang qui dinh. Chua cd lan nao EVN gidm gia ban didn, cQng chua CO ian nao EVN dieu chinh tang gia dien thdng qua dang ky vd duge Bp Cong thuong ehap nhdn. Mae du ea ehe kiem soat gia dien theo Quylt dinh 24/2011/QD-Ttg va Quyet
dinh 69-2013/QD-TTg la mot budc tien so ven CO ehe an dinh gia dien hang nam, nd van kha so sai va ed nhieu ban ehe.
Mot la, thue ehat quyen quyet dinh gia dien vdn thupc vl Thu tudng Chinh phu va Bp Cdng thucmg. Do dd, gid cd dieu chinh theo thi trudng hay khdng van tuy thupc vao CO quan quan ly nha nude chd thue te chua cd CO che de gid tu dpng dieu ehinh theo biln ddng thi trudng.
Hai la, do thieu co chl tu ddng dieu ehinh gia bdn Id tbeo thi trudng nen quan he xin - eho vdn dupe duy tri. Doanh nghiep xin, ea quan qudn Iy eho. Dilu nay tilp tue kich thich doanh nghiep xin tang gia hon Id tap trung gidm ehi phi sdn xuat.
Ba la, chua rd cdng thdc tinh toan gia dien binh quan eo sd. Neu nhu gia xdng dau co sd ed edng thdc rd rang thi trong ca chl kiem soat gia dien hidn nay chua ed d^ edp din gid dien co sd tinh todn the iiao, dinh mde lpi nhudn eho doanh nghidp ra sao.
Bon la. viec tinh toan, kiem todn gia thanh san xuat dien vdn ehua thue hidn tot, chua tao dpng lue eho doanh nghiep tilt giam chi phi, ndng cao lgi nhudn DI nhien, vide tinh todn ehi phi, gid thanh, gid ca sd trong thi trudng dien phde tap hon nhieu so vdi thi trudng xdng dau do gia thdnh dien phu thude vao rat nhidu yeu to. Ben eanh gid cdc yeu to dau vao eua sdn xuat dien, gia thanh dien binh quan edn phu thude vdo eo eau nguon dien eanh tranh vd ea cau nay eung thay doi lien tuc.
Nguyen nhdn nhung ban che trong co che kiem sodt gia didn xuat phdt chd ylu td nhung di san cua co che ke hoach hda tap trung bao cap trudc day. Trude hit la tu duy cjudn ly theo kieu can thiep hanh chinh, "xin - eho", Nhd nude thay thi trudng quyet dinh mde gia ma nha nudc cho la hgp ly. Doanh nghiep mudn thay doi mde gid nay thi phdi de nghi nhd nudc dieu chinh. Mae du hien tai Nha nude ta da va dang hudng tdi xda bd dan tu duy quan iy ndy nhung eho din. nay.
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THl/CTIEN-KINH NGHIEIVl
no vdn con ton tai khd pho bien. Ben eanh tu duy can thiep hanh chinh la tu duy bao eap.
Nha nudc van ed xu hudng bao cap mot bd phan nen kinh t l thdng qua gid mpt so mat hang thilt yeu. Nha nude san sang dinh gia mpt mat hang thap hon gia thanh trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh nham cac mue tieu kinh te - xa hpi nhat dinh. Mat khde, cdng can eo thdi gian de chuyen doi kiem soat gid dien tQ co ehe dinh gid true tiep sang eo che kiem sodt gid mdi, trong khi kinh nghiem kiem sodt gid dien theo eae co ehe hien dai chua cd.
3. Giiki phap hoan thien ctf che Idem soat gia dien Thli nhat, phdi thay doi tu duy, nhdn thde vl su cin thiet, mue tidu va ea ehe kiem soat gia hien tai vdi eac mat hang thilt yeu va cd tinh ddc quyen cao, trong dd cd didn. Muc tidu cua kiem soat gid phdi la vda ddm bdo ngan chan cae hanh vi lam dung (juyen Iue thi trudng de tang gid, lam dnh hudng lpi ich cua ngudi mua va xa hpi, ddng thdi dam bdo doanh nghiep cd lgi nhuan hpp Iy va ed dpng luc tiet kiem ehi phi, ndng cao hieu qua boat dpng vd ehat lugng hang hda, dieh vu.
Thli hai. dieu ehinh ca ehe kiem soat gid dien theo hudng eho phep doanh nghiep dugc va phai tu dgng dieu ehinh gid dien theo nhdng thay doi eda gid co sd ma khdng can phdi xin phep ca quan quan ly nha nudc.
Hien nay, mac du ca ehe cho phdp doanh nghidp cd nhiing quyln nhat dinh trong dieu chinh gia dien nhung thuc chat, gid dien vdn do ea quan qudn ly nha nudc quylt dinh vide dieu ehinh. Vi the, gid dien thue ehat van dupc dinh gia true tiep, mac du co ebl kiem soat gid dien hi^n nay tren ly thuyet eho phep doanh nghiep cd the dieu chinh gid didn theo bien d6ng thi trudng. Tuy nhidn, ea ehe kiem soat gia nhu the nay ehi cd the dp dung kbi chi phi gid thanh eua ngdnh dien dugc minh bach va gid co sd dugc tinh toan chinh xde, hop ly.
Thli ba, de tinh todn ehi phi, gia thanh
dien ban le, gid dien ea sd cin phdi thanh lap mgt eo quan chuyen trach. So vdi gia xang dau eo sd, viec tinh toan gid dien co sd phde tap hon nhieu vi gid dien binh quan khdng ehi phu thupc vao gia cdc yeu to dau vdo nhu than, khi dot, dau diesel, gia didn nh$p khau,.. .ma edn phu thugc vao ca cau nguon dien. Cdc nguon didn td thuy didn, nhiet dien, dien khi, dien dau vd tuang lai Id dien nguyen td cd chi phi san xuat vd gia thanh khac nhau neu su thay doi ca eau nguon dien se tae dgng ldn den gia thdnh didn binh quan. Chlnh vi vay, can phdi ed mpt bp pbdn chuydn trdch tinh toan gia dien ea sd. Cdeh tinh, nguon so lieu, gia dien co sd cap nhat phai duge edng khai tren website de xa hpi ndm dupc va giam sat.
Thli tu, tinh todn lai cac dinb mde ehi phi, hao hut hgp ly eho nganh didn va xae dinh ky ban dieu ehinh dinh mde dd dai. Viec tinh toan lai chi phi hop ly eho dien bdn le se khdng chi gidp co quan qudn ly nha nudc xde dmh cdc dinh mde chi phi hgp ly ma edn giup xay dung 16 trinh dua gia dien tien den dua tren co sd thi trudng, xda bd bao cap gid didn (neu cd).
Tiiu" nam, can d^y nhanh qua trinh xay dung thi trudng phat dien eanh tranh, taeh phat dien ra Ididi cae khdu trong chudi gia tri nganh didn. Cu the, tach cac doanh nghidp phat didn (GENCO 1,2,3) ra kbdi Tap doan dien lue Viet Nam nbdm ddm bao tao ra thi trudng phat dien eanh tranh. Cae doanh nghiep phat dien eda EVN sau khi tdch se canh tranh binh dang vdi eae doanh nghiep phdt didn ngoai EVN theo nguyen tae dau gia cdng khai.
Thd sau, minh bach hda tit ca cde khau td san xuat, truyen tdi, phdn phoi va kinh doanh didn d l xd hpi giam sdt ehi phi, gia thanh dien, gia ca sd va cde ndi dung lidn quan den kiem soat gia dien.
24 iTAPCHrKINHT^VAQUANLV I S6 14(5-2015)
