No Il_Mar2019|Sd 11-Thang 3 nam 20r9|p.40^y
T A P C H t K H O A H O C DAI H O C T A N T R A O ISSN: 2 3 5 4 - 1431 http //tckh.daihoctantrao.edu vn/
Kieu loai khong gian nghe thuat dac trrnig trong cac phtfomg thiic du- bao (khao sat trong van xuoi tu- sir trung dai Viet Nam)
Trdn Thi Thanh Nhi"
"Tnrdng Dat hoc Supham Hue Email: Thanhnhdhl^gmatl.com
Thong tin bai viet
Ngdynhgn bdi- 06/8/2018 Ngdv duvet ddng- 10/3/20)9
Tir khod:
Du bdo;. diem bdo; vdn xudi tir syr; phong thuy;
klidng gian nghi ihual.
Tdm tat
Cac phuang diQc du bao la cac each thuc eon ngudi thuc hien de Uen lieu ve luong lai sap den Nd khdng ehi xual hien Irong ddi song van hoa ma cdn trd thanli mdt chat heu dac biet cQa van hpc de phan anh cudc sdng va huyen tai ndi dung tac pham Trong van xudi tu sy: trung dai Viet Nam, mdi khdng gian nghe thuat dgc trung se ed nhQng kieu du bao lieu bieu va khdng gian xual hien du bao thudng ta khdng gian thieng nhu den chua, dan, khdng gian dam mau sac phong thuy, khdng gian xuat hien trong du bao la khdng gian vu hu, giac mo.
L Mtf dau
Theo hch sQ van hoa the gidi cho thay nguven nhan nay sinh cua du bao la do sQc san xuat con ngudi cdn thap kem. cudc song phu ihudc vao tu nhien khdng phai Sue nao cung sudn se NhQng that bai, nhflng bat trac da day bao, thdi thuc con ngudi phai cd nhflng bien phap de thoat khdi nhQng chuyen ay Dieu duong nhien. tnrdc mdt su kien dien ra hel can phai du kien trudc, phdng ngQa nliQng chuyen khdng hay Tu dd, diem bao cd vai trd quan trong vdi cudc sdng.
dd la nhQng ldi mach bao den iQ the gidi vd hinh khien ho dan dan cham chu quan sat nhQng diem bao trudc, thu thap chung lai va neu chung khong tu phat nay smh vao Ihdi diem ngudi ta can den chung thi con ngudi vdi sQc sang tao vi dai nghi ra hang toat cac phuang phap du bao de bo sung vao Cdc phuong thirc d\r bdo Thuat/ phuong tliQc/ each thuc du bao cd Ihe xem la phuong phap ed he thdng nham cau true lai rdiQng khia canh ciia ihuc lai ma be ngoai trdng rdi rac va ngau nhien saa cho chung cd the mang den mpt cai nhin sau xa va loan dien cho viec lien doan luong lai Cac phuong thuc du bao rai da dang, phong phu, tuy diudc vao dac diem neng mdi nen van hoa ma mdi cpng dong, dan tdc se cd nhQng phuong thuc neng Q
phuong Dong, ngudi ta lien hanh du bao tuong lai qua mdt sd phuang thQc nhu xem mai riia, xem que Dich, xem tudng so, xem diem tneu, xem phong thuy, xem trach cat, xem tQ vi NhQng phuong thuc du bao duoc cac nha duoc cac gia van xudi tu su trung dai Viet Nam (VXTSTDVN) su dung trong tac ph3m a ca phuong dien ndi dung va hinh Ihuc tac ph5m Mdt trong nhQng van de thu vi dang nghien cuu v6 cac phuong thQc du bao trong VXTSTDVN la iQ khdng gian nghe thuat Khong gian nghe thuat la hinh thuc ton tai cua hinh luong nghe thuat, giup ngudi doc kham pha linh ddc dap cung nhu nghien cQu loai hinh cua cac hinh tupng nghe thuat Vi vay khdng the tach hinh lupng ra khdi khdng gian ma nd ton tai NhQng kieu du bao dac tnmg se xuat hien trong nhQng kieu ioai khdng gian nhat d|nh Ban vk vin de nay cac nha nghien cuu Dinh Phan C^m Van, Tr^n Nho Thin, Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan trang cac cdng trinh [16], [15], [9] da ban dgn DiSm gap nhau cua nhQng cong trinh nay la xem giac mo nhu la mdt ki^u khdng gian heu bi^u d6 b i d vk luong lai Tuy nhien. cdn n h i k v^n de v^ khdng gian du bao chua duoc cac hoc gia quan lam
TT.T\'hi, No ll_Mjr2019|p 40-49
2. Noi dung
2.1. Cdc kieu khong gian dac trung thuang xudt hi^n cac phuang thirc du bdo
2.1.L Chita, den, mieu. am. qudn - khong gian iking nhdn tgo cdu nhdn than y
Xual phat iQ ndi so hSi nhQng sQc manh bi an va bat kha che ngu cua thien nhien, mem kinh ngudng, biel tm nhCfng anh hung cd cdng lao vdi cdng dong, mem hn v^ su tpn lai cda linh hon, su phii tro sau khi chet Clia cac bgc anh hnh, va ndi ao udc duoc tiep xuc vdi the gidi sieu nhien ngay chinh noi c5i Iran ma con nguoi da tao nen rat nlneu khdng gian thieng
Den mieu hong y nghia bieu tuong cua van baa the gicii la hinh anh phan chieu ctia the gidi thanh than, nd nhu the la nhQng phien ban the gian cua cac mill goc hen trdi, dong thai chiing cung la hinh anh Clia vQ tm. Den mieu la nhQng cdng trinh con ngudi xay dtrng de cung hien thanh than. Templum (den thd) nguyen thuy cd nghia la khu vuc tren trdi ma vi thay boi chuyen giai cac thien trieu, trong do phan nhieu la giac mo Vay nen, day la khong gian duoc lua chon de cau mong Cau mdng la viec cau mong cac the tuc sieu nhien hien hnh trong giac ngu de phan bao nhQng dieu quan tam, hoac quyet dmh nhQng viec lon. Ngudi ta cau mdng bang each den khdng gian thieng nhu den, chiia, lam le bai trudc khi di ngu va suy nghT, hen luong, chii tam cau khan than thanh bao cho minh gap mong lanh, tranh mdng dQ Trong VXTSTDVN.
molip cau mdng lap lat trong nhieu tac pham Da sd cac nhan vat \i nho sinh sJip vao cac ky thi, muon biet tien do Clia minh nen vao den, chua ciiu mdng nhu dng Nguyen Tho Xuan. Thuong thu Nguyin Duy Thi, cu Thai Te, Nguyen Trai Thdng qua giSc mong cua ban than hoac ngudi ben canh ma ho bill trudc tucmg Iai do dat Clia minh Dac biet cd nhQng khdng gian thieng CO mtic dich chuyen biet cho viec eSu mdng nhu den Tran Va, den De Quan "NliQng ngudi hpc trd thudng den den Da Quan, lam tl cau mdng, xm ngai bao Qng cho biet nhQng su nghiep ve sau" {Pham Tir Hu len
^licfi Then Tao). Den chiia la khdng gian thieng tren mSt dat. duoc xem nai cu ngu cua eac vi than nen nd la dia diem nia con ngudi cd thd tinh cd duac tiet Id hoac QUOC bao tnrdc nhQng thdng hn iQ trdi cao. ihien dinh i^thig thong tin nay thudng hen quan den cac su kicn hch sii, sir thay doi tneu dai, viec len ngdi ciia cac vi
™a {Ong Le Trdi, Tmy^n ngirdi nghia phu d Khodi
Chdu. Viel Lam xudn thu) Khong gian nay cd pham vi tac ddng den ddi tuong cdng dong nhu den thd Phung Hung Pham trong Uidn cd viec so hai hoac vui mQng thi trudc da cd di nhan ban dem dSn bao cho ngudi hao trurdng biet Moi ngudi cho la thSn, lap mieu d phia lay phii Dd hd ma cung, cau tanh mua, khdng cd dieu gi la khdng hnh ung {Bd cdi dai vtrang)
Khdng gian Den • Chiia trong quan mem ngudi Viet, chua chang phai chi hudng ve coi hu vd xa xdi, hen quan den nhQng .s(r h e n cpng dong ma cdn hudng ve nhan sinh. ea nhan, du bao ve dnh yeu, nhan duyen va su smh sdi phat tnen Den chua vi the la nm cSu duyen, Tu Uyen nghe ddn den Bach Ma rk thieng, ben den mat dao {Cudc gap go ky la d Bich Cdu). Va cung la noi cau ty, cha vien tdng ddc hiem hoi ve dudng con cai, ben cau tu d chua lang, chiem bao thay cd ngudi dan minh ldi mdt noi tren cao cd ngudi ngdi klii luong oai nghiem bao ngudi hSu cho dng mpt dQa con Irai (JCem ludng xirong) Mc Hoa Vien hiem mudn cau tu d den Thien Vuong Ho Tay la Ddng Thien Vuong hnh mieu, ban dem mo Ihay vuon trang cam tay, du tuan rdi sinh (I'tit Nam ki phimg su luc) Dia diem, khdng gian thieng cau lu gan vdi md dp giac mdng nham muc dich chp thay ngupn goc xuat than cua nhan vat Phan lon, nhQng nhan vat duoc Ihanh nhan xuat hien Irong mdng mang cho ngudi cau lu deu cd nliQng diem di thudng, khac ngudi (con tlian, con Phat)
Ddn - khdng gian cau dao, cau ciing Neu den, chiia la khdng gian mang tinh chat cd dinh, cd san duac xay dung trong mdt khdng gian dan cu, dia ly nhat dinh phung Ihd Phal hoac cac vi than cd ten tudi, cac thanh hoang bao tro gin vdi cac nghi \l c^u cimg dmh ky, thudng xuyen Ihi dan la khdng gian duoc thiet tap khi xay ra. nay sinh tinh huong cap bach can den can su phu tra cua thanh than. Lap dan thudng hen quan den nhQng su kien lon cua cdng ddng nhu Qi6u chinh. dep giac, md rdng bd coi, cau mua gid thuan hoa, cau sieu giai oan hoac cd the hen quan din ca nhan nhu chQa benh. trit la Khdng phai ai ciing cd the ddng ra lap dan, phai la ngudi cd dQc cao vong trong, dung dau qudc gia hoac nhQng bac cd su tu tap, giac ngd mdi cd Ih^ dang dan Hinh thuc chinh cua cac Id nay la tap dan. ngudi cau phai an chay, trai gidi thanh lam Irul xa tie! moi due vong Neu long thanh cam ddng dSn dSl irdi thi se cd su hi6n hnh. bdo mdng Khi Hau Canh lam loan, vua Luong Tneu Ba Ticn ve BSc, uy quyen cho tmVng Duong San didng 4 1
TTTKiu No n_Mar2019|p40-49
ITnh quan ngu thi Quang Phuc trai gidi, lap dan giQa cham, dot huong het ldng cau khan {Tneu J'tet vuang vd Ly Nam De), de chong giac, thep y kien cQa cac quan su la chang gi bang xm dem Long quan dem am binh den gmp Vua nghe theo ben cho dung dan le, thap huong kinh can cau xin sudt ba ngay Cudi cung hdi noi mua lo sam chop, bdng thay mdt cu gia cao han sau thudc, mat den bung Idn, rau tdc bac pho, ngoi d nga ba dudng, ndi cudi ca imia {Tniyin Ddng thien vuang)
De mieu la khdng gian thi cac tac gia tnmg dai it khi mieu la vao thdi gian ban ngay ma thudng la ban dem Khdng gian than ihieng trong cac cau chuyen thirdng hien ten vdi net chung nhal la den nen sang trung Anh sang cua den nen chinh la bieu hien cua Thanh than [6, h 296], nam trong Qudng y ngliTa bieu tuong cua IQa, no tuong trung cho nhan thuc true giac [6, tr 545] la bieu tupng than thanh chu yeu cua dao thien [6, tr 545]. nam trong Irudng ngliTa cua anh sang nd la luong Irung cho su can thicp cua cac than hnh tren Irdi iren khap ihi gian, each Ihich dang nhat de than Imh thuc hien than kliai la hang anh sang [6. tr 15] Cac nha tam ly va phan lich da nhan thay nhQng hinh anh sang lang gan vdi nliQng van ddng di kem Iheo la cam giac sang khoai, cdn nliQng van dong di xudng, tlii cd nhung hinh anh den toi gan vdi chung, kem theo la mdt cam giac so hai Cac nhan xet nay khang dmh rang anh sang tuong tnmg cho su phal tnen cua con ngitdi bang viec nang minh len - con ngudi tim thay su hai hoa d tren cao - cdn bdng tdi, cai den tutmg Irung cho mdt trang thai tram uat va lo sa
2 12 Khong gian md md vd sir boi bd, cdi lao. phd huy phong thuy
Trong phong thuy luon coi trong hudng Quan mem vc phuong vi trong phong thuy rat il dung Nam, Bac, Ddng, Tay de bieu thi ma da so diing trudc. sau, trai, phai de bieu th( Cach dung tu hnh de bieu thj phuang VI da xuat hien rat sdm trong sach co thdi Tien Tan ndi den noi tang dia, thanh long d ben trai, bach ho d ben phai, chu tudc d dang trudc, huyen vu d dang sau, lay tQ hnh de dai dien clip bdn phuang vi Duong nhien iQ hnh d day tuong trung bdi the nui Tu hnh toa tran. cd cam giac ddi xirng sang trong da trd Ihanh mdt loai khuon mau cd hihi Qong phong thiiy, tlie la cac dinh nui hudng ve huyen vu phai cui dau, eac nui d hudng chu tudc phai nhu nhay mua hoat bat.
cac nui d hudng thanh long phai nhdp nhd hen tuc, cac nui d hudng bach h6 phai phu phuc m£m mai, nhu vay th^ nui mdi la mdi trudng tdt Su thanh dat cua con chau ddng ho Nguyin Canh la nhd id lien duac lang vao huvel cd hudng lAl long mach keo tQ ddng nam d^n tay bac Ban than Tliupng Ihu NguySn Van Huy va con chau dng d^u dd dat. hiln vmh hon ngudi la do md l6 ticn duac tang vao huyet phuang vi dSc dia' Mo dat ngdi phuong Cdn (Dong bac) trdng phuong Khon (Tay nam) {Tmyin mo td d 1 'inh Kiiu) Den thd Pham Ngu Lao dupe cac nha plmng thuy deu khen la noi duong hach tot V5 VTnh Tien, ludi tre da lam nen khoa hoan, nhQng ky- lao d Irong lang deu ghen ghet, viec gi cung de nen khdng cho du, dng mdi ban vdi dan xoay mieu than ve hudng bSc, xong dau day, lap dan chieu hon, roi nhay xudng sdng ma the rang Lang nay da coi khinh khoa hoan thi ve sau khdng nen cd nQa Tu khi Vo cdng mat, hoc trd trpng lang khong may ngudi dd dat duoc nQa Khoang nam Binh Ngo, Dmh Mill lang xoay mieu than ve hudng cu, nhung trong lang lai bi dich tai hai, dan khdng duoc yen, danh lai phai d l ve hudng bac {Phgm Ngu Ldo) Mieu than quay vc hudng bac trong quan mem la hudng xau da anh hudng den khoa van cua ca lang Ben canh viec chon duac mot ngdi dat tdt thi lap hudng Ihuc cd hen quan ldi van may cua mpt con ngudi Pham Duy TrT la hoc trd Clia Tran Van Pham, Duy TrT duac thay cho ngdi dat tdt, thay phan den nam Mid se phat dai khoa.
Van Pham diem huyet lap hudng xong thi quay ve, nhung Duy TrT Iai mdi dng thay dia li Trung Qudc den kiem tra lai de an toan, thay dia li lap hudng khac, rdi dng dem md tdi tang Pham Van khdng biet da ddi hudng, tu tm vdi kmh nghiem va hoc vdn cua minh ve ihuat phong thuy nen da tuyen bo- "'Trang nguyen nam nay se ve tay Duy TrT, la hoc trd cua tdi". khi vao thi hdi Duy TrT lai tmot Khi bi6t hoc trd thi hdng, hen den md xem lai "thay sai hudng'^ (10, tr 592] Pham Van danh xac dmh lai hudng cho hoc trd va bao tang Iheo hudng day, nam sau Duy TrT dd Trang nguyen, Pham Van qua la ngudi ed lai that Ngdi dat dy "long mach den IQ vi Tan va ung vao vi Ton. chin khue chau phia tnrdc, huyet d khe su6i nhd, mot mo dSt nhd len chinh giQa each huyet rdt gdn", Trdn van Pham d l theo hudng dd thi qua nhien din khoa trung tuyin Ngdi dat nay ngay tmdc cp ngudi phe binh rSng "Nui xa Xiic Khe chay quanh v l phia Ddng, cd thl hi vong dd dai eao" Trong Truyen Le Cdnh T udn - ;,/,„ chip
r-r.7".A7H/No 11 Mar 2019|p 40-49
tmyin Quang Bi. Thuc Hien, Thieu Dinh, Hoang Phuc von la ngudi cao kien, bao vdi hpc trd rang "An Nam da cd Uianh chiia xual hien phuang vi Khon Nudc Nam se lai ve tay nguoi Nam, ma la cung chdng bao lau ciing sS ve nudc Sao hai con khdng di theo thanh chua ma lap cdng danh" [10. tr,524]. Hudng nam trong quan ni?m bap gid cung la hudng lanh, vi the, nguoi lai hay dianh chua diudng xuat phat iQ phuang nay. "Bdy gid cd mpi vi chan nhan ho Le, IQ mien lay nam xuat hien, chang nen khuyen hai con bin chi di Iheo VI ay" {Tmy?n ngudi nghia phu a Khodi Chdu)
Khdng gian, the dat anh hudng din hinh dang, nghe nghi?p, hpa phuc eon ngudi Hoang Phiic khi bj bit nhan xet ve van menh cua minh va eua Nguyen Triii dua Qen die ma cua Id lien {Ong Le Trdi) Qua nhien Hoang Phuc sau dd dupe tha sdm cdn sau nay Nguyin Trai mac nan chiu an tru di lam tdc Nang Ichieu, nghe nghiep ca nhan cung la do khdng gian phong thiiy tot Nhd duong trach nha d ciia Tham liaa Dinh Luu canh mii Than Ddng, nui nay hinh dang giong qua cau cho nen dng da cau rat gidi {Thdm hoa Dmh Luu) Cdn Trau Canh cd chd d phia tmdc cd may mau ruong cao hinh gidng chile ban dao cat thuoc, cho nen ndi tieng ve nghe lam thudc {Chuyin Trau Canh dxd Tir Tram) nen sau nay duoc danh gia nho cd cong chQa benh cho vua. VI the khi gap hoa cd the diing khdng gian phong thuy de cai tao tinh hinh Quang Bi d Trang Quoc 18 nam, ngudi nha nhd ldi d|n Clia Hoang Phuc ben dao chan con ngua (noi huyet dat), ong mdi duoc v l {Tmyen Le Cdnh Tudn - phu chep Iniyin Quang Bi. Thdc Hiin, Thiiu DTnh) Co nhQng khdng gian lam nen d l vuang NhQng ngoi mg kieu "quan son cung phuc" {Cac nui chdu lai), CO die lam duoc mdt ddi de vuong {Tniyin md td o Tinh Kiiu) nhung cd nhiiu tmdng hop huyel d noi dl thirdng, khdng phai do cac the nui quay quan lai (Iheo ti thuyet) ma d ngay tren mSt dat, noi binh dia nhir tmcmg hop ngdi mo to nha ho Tran {Ngdi md ho
^™«) Cd Irudng hop di thudng hon nQa la huyet dai mo d ngay dudi mrdc {Dmh Tiin Hodng ki) Khdng gian dia Imh nhu the dc sinh nhan kiet, tam nen su nghiep phi thudng. vly vung bon phuong NhQng wiong gian nay lam nen ngdi vua chua, vi thl nhQng be toi CO tham vong chdn hen phdn vao dd deu tanh nhiing hau qua nang n l nhu hudng hop Tham lung
"guycn Cdng Hang rdt duoc Tnnh Cuong tin dung lai Ptiai chet (1723) vi Trmh Giang, tdi goc la tang ma
vao kieu dat cQu long cd co dQc con chau duoc lam vua Nguyin Cong Hang len dem hai cdt td tien lang vao huyet ddt Cuu Long, hi ngudi ta Id cao bi chiia Trmh ngam sai vien Trdn quan Van quan cdng dao huyet chdn sdng {Chuyen throng ihu ho Nguyin)
Chuyen pha, cai tao, boi bd khdng gian (long mach) Phuong phap bd cuu phong ihiiy cd thl dan thuy tu khi, sach Thiy long kmh ghi "Thuy tich nhu son mach tni, thuy vdng veo thi khi mach ngung tu, phia sau cd sdng chay vdng la ddt vinh hoa, phia tmdc cd ao ho la nha phu quy Ta hQu bao hoc liQu linh tich kim tu ngoc" Mdt sd lang mac tiln hanh din nudc.
dao ao d nhQng vi tri khac nhau nhdm lu tai, Irir la hoac de cd loi cho khoa giap, trong cay gay rung viec trdng cay cd tac dung ngan gid lu khi. bao ve cho smh thai cua tieu mdi imdng, lam cho canh quan thl hien rd phong phu vs noi dung va sinh co, xay thap chdn sat hoac thap hung van van Nha Trdn khoi Ihiiy dao de cai tao long mach: Vua Tran xem sam thu cua ngudi khach phuong Bdc trayen lai cho con chau mang sang ndi ngdi md phat tich d Thai Dudng nay sdp het thinh, can phai khoi thdng thuy dao, thi mdi giQ duoc lau dai Vua Tran tm ldi ay, ben chieu theo hoa dd d sam thu dao mdt thuy dao IQ sdng Cat xa Phu Xuan di vao. quanh den xa Thai Dudng {Ngdi mo ho Trdn) An Vuong biet trong kieu dat nha minh cd cau "Tmyen duoc tam ddi thi va ndi len iQ trong tudng vach" nen mdi bay cudc xay dung d Cd Bi de y i m tru {Nguyen Cdng Hang) Trong Hoan Chdu ki ke truyen Ke quan cdng Phan Ngan thay md to de d nui Ludng Kien la noi cd hinh dang ngudi bi chat ddu
"cd hat vai ma khdng cd dau" trong Idng lo lang. ben mang hau le di ddn mdt thay thuat sT cao tay ve, nhd xem dl xem tai chd dat ngdi md Nhin the nui. quan sat khi mach, thay dupc chan hinh, thuat sT ndi ' the dat rdt quy, se sinh ngudi kiln cudng, chi dang liec la dau niu Id xuong, tai va khdng phai la nhd cd the nho mdt cay cii mdc cd canh nhanh cong queo dem trdng tren nui, gidng hinh dau ngudi Nhu vay Ihe sa mach se dan da duoc lu bo Khi viec cai tao nay hoan Ihanh dt se lam nen nghiep vuong ba Xudt phat dicm Clia nhQng hanh ddng tren la do quan mem con ngudi sinh ra idy hinh thl iQ cha me nen khi khi mach di chuyin Irong huyel mach, boi bd cho xuong col Con chau tQ dd ma cam Qng duoc hoa phuc Tu dd duoc phiic loc vTnh tnnh, van vat hda smh Neu long mach bi iriet, luong khi khdng nudi duang diroc xuong cdt
43
T.T.T.NIn /No 1 l_Mar 2(119|p 40-49
Luc dd, xucmg cot se khd muc, giong nhu cudng hoa bi cat thi nhQa khdng nudi duoc hoa qua thi hoa qua sg bi hu nhu tmdng hop long mach nha Tran bi cat dut nen nha Tran hi mdt vao tay rdia Ho Tuong tu, long mach cua nha Tay Son bi cdl thi con chau cQng bi yeu the Sau dd nlia Tay Son mdt ve tay nha Nguyin Chinh vi vay Qong dan gian cd cau "giQ nhu giQ ma Id" chinh la d l bao ve su tmdng tdn. thinh vuong cua ca ddng ho va xa hon nQa la bao ve su tmdng ton cua mdt tneu dai, mdt qudc gia.
2.2. Cdc kiiu khdng gian xudt hien trong cdc phuffng thuc du bdo
2.2.1. Khdng gian vU tru
Ploat dpng du bao co thl dien ra vdi mpi tang tdp ngudi Irong x3 hdi, d nhilu khdng gian khac nhau hen quan den cac khia canh phong phii cQa ddi song Tuy nhien, khi di vao sang lac van hoc, nhat la van hoc tmng dai Ihi do chm anh hudng van hoa thdi dai, quan mem, phuong thuc sang tac ma cac tac gia se chi lua chon nhQng kilu loai phuong IhQc du bao, nhan vat, khdng gian ma hp cho la lieu bieu nhat Khi mieu ta, ke ve nhom nhan vat Thanh nhan, quan tu, cae nlia van thudng dua vao cac yiu td du bao Mdt trong nliQng yiu td, phuang dien quan trong eua thi phap la nhan vat la khdng gian nghe thuat Khdng gian nghe tliuat Ueu bilu cho kieu nhan vat nay la khdng gian vu tra Dieu nay hoan loan de li giai vi theo quan mem van hda trayen thong phuang Ddng, la nhQng con ngudi dac biet duoc vQ tm, trdi dat sinh ra, duoc trdi dat cho mdt cai tai, duoc trdi die la ddt chd, sinh ta da cd y, la su chung due khi tdt dep cua nui sdng de cd cdng danh su nghiep Irong chon dai cac Quan mem nay duoc cac tac gia tmng dai nhac den nhu Ly Te Xuyen viet "Cac than von cd pham loai khdng ngang nhau. cd vi la tmh tuy cua nui sdng, cd vi la nhan vat kiel iinh, khi the rung m c luc duong thdi, anh hnh Ida rpng den doi sau", Ngd Giap Dau cung khang dinh
"Nudc Viet ta tu lap qudc, son ky thiiy tu, dia hnh nhan kicI, so vdi cac nudc trong loan cau, thuc la anh vT dac biet, co nhien la khdng chiu nliudng ai roi Chung due eai chinh khi lai, iQ dd xual hien nhieu ddng than ky. song lam bac danh tudng. chet lam bac danh than. Iam bac del nghTa. lam bac tnnh hel, chinh khi cua cac bac ay bang bac vdng quanh vdm trdi xanh, hoac la tan ra ma thanh lien phong thanh dao cdt cung deu luu Quyen bdt hu ve sau" Tu each nhin
nhan, quan mem nhflng nhan vat phi pham la nhQng con ngudi vu tm, cac nha nghien cuu nhu Tran Dinh SQ, Trdn Nho Thin. Tr^n Ngoc Vuong. Qong cac cdng trinh ve van hoc tmng dai cung da chi ra kieu khdng gian dac tmng gdn vdi nhan vat nay la khong gian vu tm
C phdn tren, chung ldi da chi ra cac kilu khdng gian heu bieu xual hien y i u to du bao. trong do cd khdng gian phong thuy Khdng gian phong thuy ciing chinh Id mpt kiiu ddc tnmg ciia khdng gian vu tm, cd thi xem dd la mpl vu ini, niu sdng thu nhd Dac tmng Clia nd la su kit hop hai hoa cua nudc va nui non tao nen sinh khi, md to hen chon vao day thi con chau duoc thien phu dia tai, giang son chung tu khi (trdi phu bdm, dat chd che) tai nang, ldi lac nhu ngdi ddt Clia nha Pham Duy TrT "chin khue chdu phia tmdc, huyet d khe su6i nhd, mpl md ddt nhd ten d chinh giQa each huyet rat gdn" {Chuyin Trgng nguyen Pham Duy Tri), cdn "phia tmdc cd "dn phu thuy dien" (cai an ndi tren mat nudc) Iam lien an, phia sau cd "dan phuong ham thu" (chim phuong dd ngam thu) lam hau cham"
{Truyen Ti ludng xd Md trach) NhQng bilu tuong xuat hien trong khdng gian nay thudng gan vdi ddng vat ton quy de du bao ve tuong lai tot dep eua con chau, Trong khdng gian vu tru, ngoai khdng gian phong thuy d phia dudi mat dat thi khdng trung, tren cao ciing duoc cdc tdc gid chit y miiu id de thi hin sir hin linh ciia cdc nhdn vdt Than nhan xuat hien tren khdng tmng am phu cho nhQng Iran danh da duoc bao tmdc kit qua thang loi trade do "Tran danh d sdng Bach Dang, dung la tren khdng tmng cd tieng ngua xe" {Bd Cat dai vuang) Nhan vat tai phep cd the dl lai tren khdng trung ma chan khdng cham ddt nhu tren khdng Irung ma di vao cung {Sir than di ciia Minh Khdng) Dao nhan vdn la ke tuu chon Tmh tao bao tmdc cho Thien Tich (von la Qa dong thuong de) v l nan 0 Tdn va din cQu giup, xudt hien- "mdt cd xe may bay den dung dQng lai d tren khdng Qung. hai ben cd ngpc nQ, tien dong chdu hau rdt nghiem liic"
{Chuyin ga Trd dong gidng smh). Trong Mahabharaia, nhan v5l Yuhilira trnng Iran giao chien da ndi ddi khiln xe chang "cho din gid phiit dy vln bay each m5l ddt b6n insa va khdng h i cham ddt. ngay lap tuc ha xu6ng chay tren ddt" vi tQ xua din gid Chang dQng tach neng ra khdi cai ihl gi6, ddy nhQng d6i tra, nay ddt nhiln thuoc v l coi trdn Nhdn vdt ddng bdc. Ihdnh nhdn, quan lir Irong cdc du bdo vi hp. bao
44
r.r.r.ATii/No Il_M.ir20l9|p 40-49
gid ciing irong tu the ldm chii khdng gian mpl cdch bao sang, lung hoanh vdy vimg nhu cau ndi cua Lv Ong Trong: "Ngudi ta d ddi cd trang chi, nen nhu chim loan chim phuong, cat canh mdt cai bay xa van dam, sao lai cd the chiu d l ngudi thda ma, lam nd le cho ngudi sao?" {Hi?u Uy Uy Mdnh Anh Liet Phu Tin Dpi Vuang), va cau tho cua ngudi thay du bao cho ngudi hoc ho thanh su Ihuc Phong du lan li thien do hi?p/ Khdng du tieu lieu canh nhat chi (gid thua mudn dim hdi cdn hep/ sao chiu cung chim chien chien tranh gianh mdt canh {Thdm hoa VO Tdn Su) Tuy Idiong duoc xep vao nhdm thanh nhan, quan iQ vi 'neu xet ve gidi dnh, day la nhdm truyen chu yiu viet ve ngirdi dan ong" [15. tr 14] nhung vdi chi khi cua ba qua diuc khdng thua kem bat cit ngudi dan dng nao iren ddi khi mudn chinh phuc khdng gian rpng Idn cua Ihien ha mucn cuoi gid d^p sdng, chem ca kinh Idn d bien dong, quel sach bd cdi, ciiu dan ra khdi canh chim ddm" chii khdng chiu bd minh trong khong gian nho hep ciia nft nhi thudng tinh. "ha lai bat chudc nguoi ddi Clii ddu khom lung lam ty thiep cho ke khac, cam tam phyc dich d trong nha u?" [10, tr. 83]
Khong gian cpng ddng thiin ha chinh Id nai de hp thi lii?ii tai ndng Vien ngpc bich vd trong giac mo me Mai Thiic Loan duoc giai thich. "ngpc bich nhan d tay hoi nhien roi xuong dat vd tan, ban tung toe, cd tieng keu vang vang, do la cai y heng tam vang day, chan dong ngudi ddi" {Huong Lam Mai de ki) Khdng gian vil ini thudng xudt hien khdng chi trong khdu khi md con de tai nhieu trong tha vdn ciia nhO-ng nguai ddc biet ma sau ndy hp se Id rirang cdl nudc nhd hodc chii nhdn cua ddt nudc vua Ly Thai To thua be co ldi, Ihay hoc Iroi lai bdt ndm xuong dat ben lam bai tho rang Qdi lam chan goi ddt lam nem/ mat Irdi mat trJng soi vao cua so cho ta ngu/ dem khuya khdng dam duoi chan dai/ so lam do son ha xa lac. [11. tr 641] Nhan viec danh trang tien, ngudi hoc Ird bi ba hang nudc bdt lam mdt bai kinh nghTa. Hai cau tho ngan trong hoan canh oai am nliung cho thdy duoc ndi Itrc tham sau ciia ngudi hoc trd Dai hiln doi thdi nhan ngon, so siic gia cu, so phal tat hodng da Cat sd ky CIT, lat sd phat an ddc nhi bdt hodng tai (dai hiln ndi vm didi nhan, sue lich nhilu thi phal ra phai rdng Vi rSng sue lich da nhilu thi phal ra khdng rdng khdng duoc) Khoa dy qua nhiln ngudi hPC trd np dd lien sT K h i o i hi|n ra d van tQ Ma ba hang m a u
^^S la ngudi biet chQ chQ khdng phai hang tdm
thudng [I L tr 637] ChQ vilt ra d l xem bdi cung phdn nap Ihl hien udc mudn duoc ganh vac giang son Can khon nhal tm {CS qudi boc su Iruyen) Khdng gian duoc miiu td vdi nhirng dau heu tot tanh lir tren cao ntiu mua Idnh, huang tham ngot vd ddc biit la dnh sdng Nguyen Giam sinh liic mdi sinh ra anii sang do day nha Ngudi nlia tudng chay nha, den khi nhin kT mdi bill la hap quang {Tmyen Nguyin Giam smh a La San) cdn Lam san thuc he chep ve Le Lai la khi sinh ra cd anh sang dd day nha, mui huong ia khdp xdm Nhu vay, khdng gian vu Iru xuat hien trong cac phuang thQc du bao gan vdi nhan vat dang bac thudng cd: Rdng, cao, duoc mieu ta vdi nhQng so sanh vdi cac ddng thuc vat ton quy, hiin ngap anh sang Nhan vat khdng nhd be lac long trong khdng gian dd ma nguoc lai d vi the lam chu, bao quat, cd sQc anh hudng den khdng gian
2 2 2. Kliong gian gidc mo
TQ lau giac mo cd mdt y nghTa to Idn ddi vdi con ngudi O Al Cap cd dai ngudi ta quy cho giac mdng mpl gia In lien bao dac biet Thuong dl da sang tao ra nhQng giac ma de chi dudng cho loai ngudi, mot khi ho khdng cd kha hang nhin thay tuong lai, mdt cuon sach mmh Qilt viet NhQng giao sT doc ehQ, nhQng thay tu vilt chQ va nhQng Ihay doan mdng giai thich tai cac den mieu y nghTa ciia hirdi tuong mdng mi, dua vao nhQng bi phap luu tmyin iQ Ihdi dai nay sang thdi dai khac Thuat doan mdng duoc thuc hanh d moi nudc Ddi vdi tdt ca nhQng Ihd dan Bac My, chiem mdng la dau hieu ldi hau va quyet dmh cua kmh nghiem "NhQng gidc mo la nguon cdi cua moi dien l l , chung dn dinh su lua chpn giao sT va xac nhan pham chdt phdm chdt thuat sT, tQ noi dy phat sinh ra y hoc. ten ma ngudi ta dat cho nhflng dua con ciia minh va nhOng kieng ky. chiem mdng xep dac nhQng cudc chiln tranh, nhQng cudc di san, nhQng an tu hinh va nhQng vien tro can duoc dem din. ehi cd chung mdi xuyen thung duoc dem toi cua thl gidi ben kia. chiem mdng cung cd Imyin thdng nd la con dau cua phap chi va quyin uy" [I. Q 165] Trong Tir diin bieu nrang vdn hod thi gioi da chia gidc mdng thanh sau loai sau I C h i e m m d n g l i e n l n h a y giao huan, mdt su bao Irudc it nhieu up md v l mdt nguy bien da qua.
dang xay ra hoac se din. ngudn gdc eua cua nhQng gidc mdng nay diroc quy cho mdt sQc manh tren Qdi 2 Gidc mdng trayen phap nhdm dua Iinh hdn sang the gidi ben kia bdng mdt tn thirc hay mdt hanh trinh
45
T.T.TKhi No U_Mar20l9|p 40-49
tudng luong 3 Chiem mdng thdn giao each cam, lam cho y ngliT va tinh cam cua nliQng con ngudi hoac nlidm ngudi xa each hen thdng dupc vdi nhau 4 Chiem mdng Imh Ihi chuyen con ngudi vao the gidi linh tudng 5 Chiem mdng Iinh tinh, cho phep la doan dinh va danh uu tien cho mdt trong ngan kha nang 6 Chiem mdng than thoai, sao lai mdt mau gdc lon nao dd va phan anh mdt moi lo au co ban cua ca nhan loai [6, tr 165 - 166] Gidc mo vdi tu each kinh nghiem thdn bi, ed mdt tdm quan trong cue ki to Idn trong con mat cua phan lon nliQng ngudi nguyen thuy Ngudi did dan chi nghT den viec khai thac nhQng kinh nghiem cd duoc trong luc ngu bang nhQng kinh nghiem ed duoc trong luc tliQc Chinh vi the ma
"NhQng In giac cd dupc trong giac mo cd gia In khach quan khdng kem gi nhQng Iri giac khi d trong trang thai thQc" [1. tr 132] va "Gidng nhu cac kinli nghiem dy (kinh nghiem thdn bi), gidc mo la mdt buoc hep xuc trac tiep vdi ca nhan trong the gidi vo hinh nliung chi dien ra trong giac ngQ Ay v^y tr^ng thai dd la mdt cai chit tam thdi khi nliQng ngudi chet xudt hien trong mdt giac mo, ngudi dang ngu cd cam giac ve su hien dien cd that cua ngudi chet dd Anh ta nhin thay ho, nghe thay tieng ndi cua ho, trd chuyen vdi ho den mQc dot khi luc IhQc day anh la se ndi anh ta da di tdi xQ sd Clia nliQng ngudi chet va k l lai nhQng gi anh la nliin thdy va biet duoc" [1, tr 134 - 135]
Trong van hpe, khdng gian gidc mo phan anh tri tudng tuong phong phu cua nha van v l thl gidi. noi moi khat vong ve hanh phuc, cdng ly duoc thuc hien de bu dap nliQng thieu hut cua hien thuc cudc song Khdng gian giac mo la su md rdng khdng gian cua nlia van so vdi khdng gian ddi thuc ma co sd cua nd la iQ nhQng mem tin chiu anh hudng cua Ion giao vi
"Trong y tliQc ngudi tmng cd, the gidi vang theo mdt so dd khdng gian duy nhat dudng nhu bao gdm lat ca va nit ngan moi khoang each, d day khdng cd quan diem ca nhan ve mdt doi tuong nay hay ddi tuong khac, ma dudng nhu chi cd cai nhan thirc sieu thl gidi, mdt cai nhin tdn giao ddi vdi thuc te" [8, tr 455|
Khdng gian nghe thuat trong van hoc tmng dai ndi chung. irong cae phuong thuc dy bao ndi neng chiu ardi hudng tong hop cua nhieu ddng tin nguong, tdn giao, Qiet hoc ma Qong dd noi bat la Nho giao vi Dao giao Trong dd. sQ dung md hinh duoc dua tren trat tu va thu bac. lay dao dQc de ptian chia thQ hang, vi ihe cua con ngudi trong xa hdi cua Nho giao Thiel che
Nho giao anh hudng vao trong khdng gian nghe thuat tmng dai thl hien d chd moi khdng gian diu duoc sap dat theo trat tu ton li Theo tmc dpc khdng gian duoc phan chia sdp x i p dua Q-en lieu chuan hanh xQ Nho giao NhQng nhan vat cd phdm chat dao due nhu tieu chudn cua bac quan tu thi liic chil di duoc len trdi cdn nhQng ke hanh xQ Q-ai luan thudng thi se xuong dia nguc chiu day doa "Trdi doi tap vdi dat, than doi lap vdi qujf la chu nhan cua cdi dm nguc, khai mem thuong duoc kit hop vdi nhQng quan mem cao thuong, trong sach, thien, cdn khai niem ha thi mang sdc thai khdng cao thuong, thd id, d o day, ac. Tucmg phan giQa vat chdt va tinh than, giQa the xac va linh hdn cung chua dung nguyen tac giQa thuong va ha NhQng khai mem khdng gian gan lien vdi kJiai niem luan li va Idn giao" [4. tr 76] Theo true ngang, khong gian dupc phan chia thanh cac khdng gian thieng va khdng gian thl tuc khdng tach re ma cd su dinh hen, kit ndi "Viec xay dung khdng gian than thieng trong sy kit noi vdi ngoai vi thl luc cd anh hudng den cdu true tudng thugt Cac nha van t m y i n ki Iudn lam clip ddc gia cua ho thoang nhan ra mdt md hinh ton lai bi an hay sieu hinh dang sau cac su kien mang dam mau sac ihyc te, va md hinh nay cd xu hudng chong lai lirdi hop ly va chu nghia hien thuc ro rang thdng qua cac su kien hch su cd that" [9, tr 55] Va Dao giao d hfi thong nhan vat xuat hien trong khdng gian nhu Ngoc hoang thupng de, thai thuong lao quan. Nam Tao Bdc Dau, eac vi lien, Ticn La Dpng Tan (Mdt trong bat lien), cac coi khong gian. . Dao giao chia cac hoat ddng con ngudi lam 3 the gidi "kia su viec trong trdi dat khdng the nao han dinh duoc trong coi u hiln cd ba bd phan hen quan vdi nhau Tren la tien, giifa la ngudi, dudi la quy Ngudi thien thi hda tien, tiln bi biem Qich lai trd thanh ngudi Quy bdt chudc ngudi, ngudi bdt chudc tien, xoay vdng qua lai, cu vay ma suy Ddy la su each biel nlio nhd giQa coi u va cfii hiln" (Than Tai Xuan, Dao giao va t m y i n ki ddi Duong. Tap chi Han Ndm. (4), 1998). hoac "trong khoang trdi ddy bao Qng luan hdi, chi cd hai loai thien va ac Ngudi cham tam thien, tuy hay cdn sdng, ten da ghi d De Dinh Ngudi hay lam ac. khdng do, chit din an da ghi d dia phu" [10. tr 253] Coi tien trong quan mem phuong Ddng g6m 36 tdng trdi. 10 chau 3 dao trong do cd 10 ddng lien, 36 ddng thicn nhd va 72 phiic dia NhQng khong gian nay duoc xudt hien qua khdng gian giac mo
46
T.T.TNhi No ll_Mar2019|p40-49
Khdng gian Trdi, Thien dinh Bang gidc mo, con ngiroi CO the tam rdi bd the gidi Iran gian de len trdi - the gidi Clia thien dinh, Ngoc Hoang, cac vi chu tien Su doi lap cQa khdng gian "h-di" - "ddt" trong y thuc ngudi tmng co cd y nghia tdn giao dao due "Trdi la nm chon cua cudc song cao thuang, vTnh cuu, li tudng ddi lap vdi dat la noi cua cudc song tdi ldi va tam bo Clia con ngudi. Ngay tren cdi dat cung cd nhQng noi than thieng, nhQng nai chinh va nliQng noi ta, nhOng nm tdi ldi .Viec dat tdi dnh thanh cung duoc y thuc nhu su van dpng trpng khdng gian duong sdng cung CO the thanh thanh va duac len thien dudng cdn ngudi toi loi thl hi day xuong hoa nguc Vi tri khdng gian Clia con ngudi phai tuong xung vdi v( the dao dQc (statut) cua no [4, tr 78] Trong chuyen phieu du len Iren, Pham Tii Hu di diam cac Ida nha tren thien dinh Toa Tich DQc la noi d cac vi hen thda sdng cd ldng yeu thuong moi ngudi, klidng keo ban, ham hinh, Tda Thuan Hanh la noi d cac tien thud song hieu thuan, biet bao boc, san se nhau trong klid khan, Tda Nho than cho nhihig danh than d, klioang nam tram nam lai cho giang sinh Cach bo tri khdng gian, each phan chia tam gidi nay theo Mdentinsky la "kit qua cua cap ddi lap Iren/duoi, tiep dd la kit qua cua nhiing dac tinh khac biet gifta am gidi la noi tni ngu cua ma quy va thuong gidi la noi smh song cua cac V) than va sau dd la nliQng ngudi duoc tuyen chon sau khi chit" [8; Q- 285]
Khong gian Thien dinh trong gidc m o la mdi Ihl gioi long lay duoc xay dung bdng nhQng vang bac, ngoc nga, chau bau. bau vat tran quy khdng sao k l xiet "toa nha xay bdng vang simg sQng, cQa ngoc rong md Qong mam ngoc luu ly dung day, trong be ma nao dung day dan Nao Diem La t n l u cong cay ngoc, nap Dpng Dinh dang h i n ngpc trai. loan dd quy gia kJ la" {Van Cdl thdn nir) f 10. h 465], "nhOng hire tuong bac bao quanh, cQa Idn kham Qai ldng lay, hai oen CO nhflng toa lau chau dien ngoc, vdng vac sang nhir ban ngay. sdng Ngan bin Sao, dm ap idy ddng Inrdc, gid thom phung phuc, duam ngat huang hien, hoi lanh thau da, anh sang chdi mdt" [10, h 254]
{Chuyin Phgm Tir Hu len choi Thin Tdo). cd rgudi tu tai den cau mdng d din mdng thay cd mdt ngudi dan den mot nm la Cung TQ Thanh, d tren tdng trdi, each tran gian 80 van dam "cua van gac lp rdt la long 'ay.bon mat toan la thuy tinh, trong buc rem cd dat mot tam binh phong van mau, cd man vde theu, huong n sire niTc choang vang ca ca mdt thay cd mot vi Ihoms
ddi mu van hong.minh mac ao vang sim. ngdi d phia trong binh phong Ben chd ngdi dy cd eac con gai Ire tuoi va ddng tu thi nhi, dung xung quanh ta hOu, ngudi cam cai quat che can bdng vang, ngudi cam doi giay Iheu canh chim thuy, ngudi bung tram ngoc, ngudi cam long hoa, oai ve nhu mdt v i d l vuong" [10.
tr 445 - 446] {Cudc gdp ga ki la a Bich Can) NhQng hinh luong thudng xudt hien trong khdng gian nay la anh sang, vang bac, chau bau, ngoc nga, huong thorn diu hudng din y nghTa bilu tuong v l su giau cd. trudng cuu va thanh thdn Y nghTa tuong tmng cua anh sang duoc phat smh lu viec con ngudi quan sal thien nhien "Ba Tu, Ai Cap, tdt ca nhQng nen thdn thoai deu gan cho than hnh mdt ban chdt sang lang" [6, h. 15] Trong truyin thuylt dao Hdi, anh sang trade het la bilu tuong cua thanh than. Kinh Goran viel "Chua la anh sang cua trdi va dai" [6, tr 16] Cac nha tam ty hoc da phan tich nhQng hinh anh sang lang gdn vdi nliQng van ddng di len kem theo la cam giac sang khoai, cdn nhQng van dong di xudng, thi cd nhQng hinh anh den toi gan vdi chung, kem theo la mdi cam giac so hai Cac nhan xet nay khdng dmh rang anh sang tuong tmng cho su phat tnen ciia con ngudi bang viec nang minh len - con ngudi tim Ihay su hai hoa d cac dicm cao - con bdng loi, cai den thi tuong trang cho mdt Irang thai tram uat va lo so [6. tr 16] Bac va vang la chat heu cua nhQng ngdi nha the gidi thanh thdn, trong dd bac la bieu tuong cua su trong sach vi trang va lap lanh "Nd la anh sang trong sach, nhu die la duoc thu nhan va phan hdi bdi mdt tmh thl trong suoi, nhu la su Irong vdt cua nudc, nhu anh sang phan chieu IQ guong. nhu su dng a cua kim cuong. nd gidng nhu su trong sach cua luong tam. su trong sang ciia y dmh. su chan that, ngay Ihang cua hanh ddng" [6. Ir 44] Cdn vang va anh sang la bieu tuong cua tn thuc, la ban chdt duong, su bat tu, cung la bilu tupng cua su lay u l va Ihien khai Trong trayin thuylt Hy Lap vang thl hien mat trdi va loan bd bieu tuong Clia mat trdi phi nhieu, giau cd, thdng tn; tmng tam cua nhiet nang - Unh yeu - bilu tang, cdi nguon anh sang - tn thirc - toa r^ng [6. Ir 978] Va ngoc nga chau bau mang ddy nang luang vii tru, bieu tuong cho mat Irdi, mat trang. cho su \'uong gia, su vTnh cuu.
cho su hoan hao vdi nam dire tinh sieu viel lu tam, trong sang, vang am, bdt bien, thanh khiel Theo sach Li ky, ngoc bieu hicn cho phan lon phdm chdt dao dQc hao lam, cdn trong, chinh tmc, thanh tin va cung
r.r,r.A7ii/No ll_Mar 2l)19|p40-49
la bieu hien eua Q-di va ddt, cua due hanh va con dudng dgo dQc NliQng bieu tupng tren xudt hien Irpng khdng gian thien dinh deu hudng den y nghTa mieu ta cai tuyet mi, tuyet dQc va sy tmdng hdng vTnh cQu
NhQng chuyen viln du Irong mdng len trdi bao gid, nhan vat thudng nhan duoc nhQng dy bao ldi lanh nhu thl cu dd dat {Chuyen Phgm Tir Hu ten chat Thiin Tdo, Cupc gdp ga ki Ig a Bich Cdu), sinh con cd nguon goc than tien {Chuyin nir thdn d Vdn Cdt.
Thdnh Tong hodng de), sdng tho {Chuyin gd trd dong gidng smh) Nhu vay. khdng gian thien dinh xuat hien trong mdng gan vdi cac phuong thQc du bao phan anh khat vong duoc bay cao vuon xa thoat khdi cudc sdng hdn tuc d l song vdi cudc sdng phdng khoang, tu do, no dii, tmdng thp va cdng bang, hanh phuc, linh yeu Khdng gian ihiln dinh dupc nhac den trong cac phuong tliQc du bao nhu la nai trd ve chdn cu cua nhan vat la trich lien xuong tran Iam nhiem vu, ngay trd vl cung la eai chet cua ho hoac la noi den eua nhflng nhan vat thien luong {Cd ]'oi, Tien qudn chiia.
Mdi ddng chu lay dupc gdi thdn. Nam tneu cdng nghiep dien ch, Chuyin ngudi hit nir a An Ap ) the hien khat vong tai sinh bat tQ mang mau sac Nho giao va Dao giao .
Khdng gian am phu NliQng bieu tupng khdng gian cua ngudi trung co chu yeu ed dnh chdt luong tmng nhimg khai niem sdng va clill, thien va ac. tQ thien va toi ldi, tien va tuc duoc thong nhdt vdi nhQng khai mem thuang va ha, vdi nhflng xu sd nhdt dmh tren ddi va nhQng bo phan nhdt dinh cua khdng gian thl gidi, chung cd nhQng toa do dia hinh hoc [4. tr 82] Thl gidi dia ngyc trong quan mem ciia nhan loai la thl gidi cua ngudi chet. bdng toi. ma quy va su tning phat.
Trong khdng gian gidc mo khdng gian nhan vat khdng chi md rdng len hdi cao ma cdn di xuong thl gidi dudi thap la am phu Khac vdi khdng gian trdi ddy mau sdc tuoi sang va anh sang Iran ngap, dm ap Ihi am phu duoc mieu la vdi bdng toi phu ddy, khdng khi u am, lanh leo, ghe ran, khdp noi ddy nhQng hinh cu trQng phat ke cd tdi Ngd Tu Van dot din "dem benh cang nang them, rdi thdy hai ten quy sQ din bdt di rat gap. keo ra ngoai thanh ve phia ddng Di den mia ngay din mdt toa dinh Idn. xung quanh cd thanh sSl cao voi den may chuc tmcmg Hai ten quy den ndi vdi ngudi canh cong, ngudi cardi cong di vao mdt liic rdi tmyin chi rang Tdi sau ac njng, khdng duoc du vao hang khoan giam Ndi rdi xua tay bao di ra phia bdc Dang
phia bdc tuc la con sdng lon, tren sdng bdc mdt chiec cdu dai udc hon nghin budc, gid tanh sdng xam, hai lanh Ihdu xuong Hai ben ta hQu cau, cd den may van quy da xoa, diu mdt xanh tdc dd, hinh dang nanh ac.
Hai quy dung gdng dai thung Idn gdng trdi TQ Van"
[I I, h 240] {Chuyin chirc Phdn sir din Tdn Vien) Chuyin Ly tudng qudn Con trai la Ly Thuc Quan chung kiln cha bi xu a am phii- "Chim trong be ai, nen idy nudc sci nia rapt cho tinh due khdng sinh chilm mdng ciia ngudi. pha san cua ngudi vi suoi Iham dim nd. nen lay idy luoi tray Ihu moi mdt d l cho idng tham khdng ndi len nQa , pha mo ma cua ngudi, huy dao thudng vdi ngirdi mdt thit dd la su can rd khdng cd chQng muc nao nQa, dii sQ bang nhihig hinh cay kiem nui dao, nudc dong gay sat cung chua du thoa Vay nen chi ap vao nguc Cuu U lay day da chet idy ddu, idy dui liia ddng vao chan, chim cat mo vao nguc, rdn ddc cdn vao byng, tram luan kiep kiep, khdng bao gid dugc ra khdi" [10; tr 299] Trang nguyen hp Giap chua chet ma d3 mdng xuong am phu thay mdt cai gdng cum lo chd ngay minh xudng chiu tdi, con cai cung idn lual chet {Chuyin Gidp Trgng nguyin) (3 day, cung cd mdt cdng dudng xu an nhu d tran gian gom nhieu chQc sac dam nhan nhieu vi tri Quy dQ dl bdt ngudi vk am phu, quan xet xQ, nliQng vu an nghiem irong se duoc dua din cap cao hon d l dua ra ket luan sau dd dupc thuc thi . hoan loan gidng md hinh d duong gian NhQng cudc xu an trong khdng gian am phu lam mang y ngliTa su thuc thi cdng ly Dieu nay cd thl li giai nhu Levy Bruhl "Tam thuc Clia ngudi nguyen thuy khdng h i cd su phan biet giQa hai die gidi sieu nhien. vd hinh vdi ihe gidi liQu hinh, ty nhien" [11, tr,l36]. NhQng nhan vat duoc dua den khdng gian nay cd ca ngudi tat cd ca ke xdu Chuyen hanh trinh cua nhan vat xuong am phu thudng nhan duac du bao xdu nhilu hon la tdt' bj giam tho, con cai, gia dinh bi hoa, bi mdt chQc . Tuy nhieti, cung cd uhieu nhan vat nhan duoc nhieu du bao tdt lanh nhu duoc con cai, song tho, thang chQc, duoc giao cho mdt nhiem vu quan trong d mot cdi khac (ddng nghTa vdi gia tu cudc s6ng nhan gian) {Quan sang cot dm, Clmyin ctiirc Phdn su den Tdn Vien)
3. Ket luan
^ Theo su khao sat, gdn vdi mdi khdng gian la cac kieu du bao tieu bieu khdng gian smh hoat hien thuc dai thudng tap trang tdng hop cua cac phuong thuc du bao, khdng gian thieng nhu din chua, milu m . . A,.
48
TTTKht/Ho ll_Mar20I9|p 40-49
thudng xual hien phuong thiic du bao qua mdng hoac ien dong (tiep xiie hvc tiep hoac gian tilp vdi thl gidi sieu nluen). khdng gian mp ma, lang tam thl gidi cua ngudi chit diudng xuat hien kieu du bap qua xem phong thuy . Khdng gian xudt hien dy bao thudng Isp trung vao khdng gian thieng nhu din chua, khdng gian dam mau sac phong thuy. Khong gian dupe mieu la trong du bao la khdng gian vu tm va khdng gian giac mo.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Bmhl L (2008), "Kinh nghiem thdn bi va bilu tuong d ngudi nguyen thuy". Tap chi vdn hda nghe thudt, Nxb The gidi. Ha Npi,
2 Nguyen Khoa Chiem (Ngd Due Tho va Nguyin Thuy Nga gidi thieu) (2003), Nam triiu cdng nghiep diin chi, Nxb Hdi nha van, Ha Ndi
i Fazer .T. (2007) Cdng Vdng bdch khoa thu vi van hoa nguyen thuy, NXB Lao Dong
4 Gurevich A. (1996), Cdc pham irii vdn hoa ining CO, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi
5 Guiley R (2005), Tir diin ton gido vd cdc thi ngh^m sieu viel, NXB Tdn giao. Ha Ndi
6 Jean C , Gheerborant A (2002), Tir diin biiu liiangvSn hoa the gidi, Nxb Da Ndng
7 Luu Rai Lam Phong ihuy - Quan mem ciia ngirdi Tnmg Qudc vi mdi inrdng sdng, NXB Da Nlng, 2004
8 Mdetinsky M (2005) (Trdn Nho Thin. Song Mdc dich), Th phdp ciia huyin ihogi, Nxb Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Ndi
9 Nguyin Thi Kim Ngan (2014). Moi quan he giira vdn hpc ddn gian vd vdn hpc viil nhin lir gdc do dich chuyen khdng gian trong tmyin cd lich vd Imyen iriiyin ki J'lel Nam, Luan an Tiln sT NgQ van, Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi
10 Tran NghTa Tdng lap tiiu thuyet I 'lii Nam NXB The gidi, Ha Ndi, 1997
i I Tran NghTa Tdng lap niu thuyil \'iet Nam. lap 2, NXB Thl gidi. Ha Ndi, 1997
12 Trdn NghTa Tdng tdp liiu thuyil i'lii Nai N X B T h l g i d i . H a N d i , 1997
13 Tran NghTa Tdng lap niu thuyil Vtit\'ai.
NXB Thl gidi. Ha Ndi. 1997
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15 Tran Nho Thin (2008), Vdn hpc Viit Nam dudi gdc nhin vdn hda, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi
16 Dmh Phan Cdm Van (2000), "Cai ky trong lilu thuyet va Imyen ky", Tap ch Vdn hoc, (10)
, tap 1,
I. lap 3,
. lap 4,
Special spaceand place in divination systems (A Survey of Vietnamese Medieval Narrative Prose)
Tran Thi Thanh Nhi
Article info
Recieved.
Accepted.
10/3/2019 Keywords- Divination; warning signs; narrative prose;
fengsliut. art space
A b s t r a c t
Men use divination systems to predict future The divmation systems not only appear in social life but have also become a special ingredient in literature to reflect hfe and conveys the content of the literary work In the Vietnamese medieval narrative prose, each special space has typical divination aned the space or place where divination takes place tends lo be spintual one such as the church or pagoda, or feng shui place
