CAC YEU TO A N H HUONG TOI VIEC HOAN THIEN Kl THUAT DAY HOC CUA GIAO VIEN
TtiS, HA MINH P H l / O N G '
B
at kenghe nao trong xa hdi deu ddi hdiphai cd nhi/ng ki thuat nhat djnh de dam bao chat lupng, hieu qua cua nghe. Day hpc (DH) la nghe dac biet, cung cd nhiing kl thuat rieng biet. Vi vay, giao vien (GV) mudn hoan thanh nhiem vu DH vdi chat lupng va hieu qua cao nhat ddi hdi phai nam vasi?dungthanh thao cac ki thuat day hpc (KTOH).Tuy nhien, quan niem ve KTDH van chua dupe thdng nhat, viec phan biet giira KTDH vdi phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) va kinang day hpc (KNDH] can dupc iamrdhon. Ngoai ra, nhieu nghien cuu mdi ehl dung laidviee dua ra mot sd KTDH CO ban, chua iam ro cac nhan tdchuyeu anh hudng ten KTDH cua G V Vi vay, liep bjc nghien cuu li luan ve KTDH la can thiet dephat trien li luan DH va nang cao chat lupng, hieu qua hoat ddng DH cua GV.
1. Hien nay, cd rat nhieu each tiep can va quan niem khac nhau ve KTDH. Theo Tii dien Giao dye hoc, KTDH\a 'long the phuong phap su pham cua nha giao due dung detmySn thu nhung kien thdc (thong tin) va giup cho phat trien nhan each hoc sinh (HS)"{ 1).
Cac tac gia Nguyen Hihi Chau, Vu Qud'c Chung, Nguyen Thj San dua ra quan niem: "KTDH la each G V xi/ii cac khia canh hoac to chdc cac budc khac nhau trong phuang phap hoac qua trinh hudng dan cua minh"[2). 0 day, cac quan diem deu cho rang KTDH la ki thuat tien hanh boat dpng DH cua GV, hay chu the cua KTDH la GV, Trong khi dd, tac gia Tran Ngpc Lar cho rang: "KTDHia nhung thao tac. hanh dong cu the cua GVvaHS trong cac tinh hudng van dung PPDH nhdm dai dugc muc dich DH"{3). Theo quar niem nay, KTDH la klthuat tien hanh hoat ddng daycuaGVvaklthuat lien hanh heat ddng hpc ciia HS. Tuy chua ddng nhat ve quan niem, nhung cac nha nghien cdu deu cho ring chu the ciJa KTDH gdm ca GV va HS (day la quan niem phu hop, bdi xua't phattdmdiquan he tuong tac giife ngudi day va ngudi hpc trong qua trinh DH); KTDi^ la tdng the nhirng thao tac, hanh ddng cua GV hoac GVvaHS khi van dung cac PPDH vao qua trinh DH nh&m dat dupc muc dichDHda xac djnh.
(ki 1 • 9/2013)
Nhuvay, KTDH khdng ddng nhat vdi PPDH, trong mpt phuong phap cd nhieu KTDH, ngupc lai, mot KTDH cothedupe sudung trong nhieu phuang phap khac nhau. Trong bai viet nay, chting tdi ehi ban den KTDH cila GV trong qua trinh DH.
2. DH la hoat ddng dac thii eua GV, dupe lien hanh trong nha trudng qua cac gid hpc tren Idp va ngoai Idp. Thyc chal eiJa hoat dpng DH la GV to ctiuc, dieu khien qua trinh nhan thdc cua HS nham thyc hien tdt nhat eae nhiem vuDHdaxacdinh.De lien hanh hoat dong DH cdhieu qua, doi hdi GV tren casd nam chac muc dich, npidung DH, dac diem cua HS, phai biet van dung linh hoat cac phuang phap va hinh thuc tochuc DH, Tren cosd nghien cuu thuat ngi/ki thuat va each tiep can KTDH dudi gdc dp ban chat ciJa quatrinh DH, theo chung tdi, khainiem ATDWcdthehieu nhusau: "KTDH la tohg hap cac thao tac, hanh dang cu the duac GV su dung mot each kheo leo vao qua trinh DH nham to chuc va dieu khich cd hieu qua hoat dong nhan thuc cua ngudi hgc". KTDH khong phai la cac thao lac, hanh ddng rieng le, cung khong phai la spcdng lai mptcach don gian cac thao tac, hanh dpng cua GV, ma la tong hpp cac thao tac, hanh dpng eua GV trong qua Irinh DH, Detao thanh KTDH ddi hoi eae thao tac, hanh ddng eua GV phai nam trong mpt chinh the, Ihdng nhat, cd mdi quan he chat che, hd trpva bdsung cho nhau cOng hudng vao viec tien hanh cac hoal ddng DH mpt each c6 hieu qua.
KTDH khdng phaila KNDH, dusy phan biet giua KTDH va KNDH chi mang tinh chat tuong ddi. Theo GS. Tran Ba Hoanh: "KNDH ndi tdi kha nang thuc hien cd ket qua mot so thao tac hay mgtioat thao tac cua mot hanh dong giang day bang each lua chon.
van dung nhdng ththiic, nhung each thdc va quy trinh hgpli"{3}.Q\eru gidng nhau giua KTDH va KNDH la ciing noi den eae thao tac, hanh ddng eua GV si) dung trong qua trinh DH va deu hudng vao thyc hien cdhieu qua hoat ddng DH, Tuy nhien, chiing khac ' Hoc vien Chinh trj, B6 Quoc phong
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nhau dchd, KTDH la eae thao tac, hanh ddng cu thd"
eua GVsudunglrong quatrinh DH,cdn KNDH la kha nang van dijng cac tri thdc, kinh nghiem supham cQa GV vao qua trinh DH dupc the hien qua cac Ihao tac, hanh dpng, KTDH la CO sdde hinh thanh KNDH, ddng thdi khi KNDH phat then lai la CO sddeGV thyc hi^ned hieuquacacKTDH.
3, KTDH cdvaitrdra'tquan trpng, quyet djnh chat lupng DH cua GV. Delhyc hien doi mdi GD-OT theo tinh than cua Nghj quyetdai hdi Dang toan qud'c Ian Ihi} XI: "Del mdi can ban, loan dien nen giao due Viet Nam theo hudng chuan hda, hien dai hda. xa hgihoa, dan chii hoa va hoi nhap qudc fe''(4), G V phai khdng ngdng phat then, hoan thien cac KTDH cua minh.
Quatrinh dd ludn chju sutae ddng cua nhung yeu to chu yeu sau:
1) Muc tieu dao tao cua nha trudng. Bay la yeu id ddng vai trd quan trpng, quyet djnh d§n kel qua hoan thien KTDH cua GV; ludn quy dinh ndi dung DH, PPDH, che udc cac hoat dpng DH cua GV va HS. Xuat phat tu muc tieu dao tao, ndi dung va PPDH trong cac nhatrudng hien nay rat phong phu, da dang ddi hdi ca GV va HS phaind lye rat Idn veiri Iuc va the lye mdi dap ung dupc, Oe to chuc va dieu khien tdt qua trinh nhan Ihuc cua H S, G V phai cd cac KTDH tuang dng vdi tung npidung va PPDH (hay GV phaicd mpt he Ihdng KTDH phong phii va da dang). Vi vay, GV phai nd Iuc, cd gang cao dp trong quatrinh hoan thien KTDH de dap ung vdi yeu cau GD-OT trong linh hinh mdi
2) Pham chai va nang li/c ciia GV. La chu the lien hanh hoal dpng hoan thien KTDH, nen pham chatva nang lUc cua GVanh hudng rat Idn den chat lupng, hieu qua ren luyen KTDH. Neu GV cdpham chatva nang lye tdt thi qua trinh hoan thien KTDH se thuan ipi va ngupc lal.Oe hoan thien KTDH, GV can nhan thuc diing dan ve vai trd cua KTDH vasycan thiet phai hoan thien KTDH.Dieu nay se giup GVcd ylhtJc ren luyen vatyren luyen trong viec chiem linh tri thuc, kixao, kinh nghiem supham ndi chung va KTDH ndi rieng d mpi liie, mpi noi (day la yeu to quan trpng, vi tri thuc, kinh nghiem cung nhu KTDH khdng phai ty nhien ma ed, nd dupc hinh thanh va phat trien trong quatrinh hpc tap, ren luyen ctia mdi chii the). SythuSn thuc KTDH tile thuan vdiylhuc ren luyen vatyren luyen cua mdi GV. Neu nhan thuc khdng tdt, GV se khdng the vupt qua khd khan, gian khd, khdng kien tri hoan thien KTDH cda minh (hoan thien KTDH la qua IrinH lau dai, khd khan ddi hdi
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GV phai cd y chi, kien tri, ben bi mditharih cong|.
Mud'n lam dupe dieu dd, mdi GV phaicd thai dp, dpng ca diing d i n va linh yeu vdi nghd su pham, ludn cd i(hal vpng vuon len de tu hoan thien minh vemoimat.
KTDH la he thdng cac thao tac, hanh dpng cu the cua GV sii'dung trong qua Irinh DH; la quatrinh G V phat huy vd'n tri thuc, kinh nghiem da cd de thi/c hien hieu qua hoat ddng DH trong mpi hoan canh khac nhau. VI vay, GV phai ed vd'n Ui thuc, kinang, klxao vakinh nghiem nhat djnh vehoatddrg DH.
Nghia la, GV phai nim dupe trithi/evechuyp£i nganh, li luan DH, cac dieu Iden delien hanh hoat ddng DH;
ddng thdi cd kha nang van dung kien thuc cung nhu kinh nghiem cua minh vao qua trinh DH nhanh chdng. Ket qua hoan thien KTDH phu thupc rat Idn vao ke hoach ren luyen KTDH va kha nang thyc hien ke hoach dd nhu the' nao ciia GV. Viec xay dyng ke hoach hop ii, khoa hpc, phu hop vdi kha nang cua GV, dieu kien etja nha trudng, yet cau cua thuc tien va quyet tam Ihuc hien Iheo kehoach vdi quy trinh chat che, hop li se giup GV hoan thlln KTDH thuan Ipi.
3) Mdi trudng su pham cua nha truong.Qua trinh hoan thien KTDH eua GV ludn dien ra trong cac nha trudng. Do dac Ihii cua tung trudng khac nhau ve mdhinh dao tao, dieu kien cosd vat chat nen qua trinh DH d mdi trudng ciing ed nhung dac diem rieng ehi phdi, anh hudng den qua Irinh hoan thien KTDH cua GV, Mdi trudng giao due !a mot trong nhii'ng yeu td anh hudng tdi qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien pham chat nhan each, nang lUC eua mdi ngudi, Vi vay, trong qua trinh GV hoan thien KTDH, ndu xay dung dupc mdi trudng supham thuan Ipi se gdp phan Ihiic day qua trinh hoan thien KTDH ciia GV thuan Ipi hon. Od la, mdi tn/dng supham ma cac can bp, GV dupc tao dieu kien thuan Ipi ve thdi gian, tai lieu, casd vat chat: la moi trudng ma dpi ngu can bp, GV cd chat lupng cao, cd nhifng chuyen gia gidi, dau nganh; cd co sd vat chat, phuong tien ki Ihu^t phat Irien.
KTDH la mdt Irong nhiing bpphan quan trpng cau thanh tai nghe su pham ciia GV. Ngay nay, dephat trien vanangcao chat iupng GD-OT, ratcannhutigGV Vila ed tam, vda cd tai. Tardc nhiem vy dd, tat ca GV phai khdng ngung ren luyen, hoan thien minh vd moi mat, trong dd cd KTDH. Vi vay, viec nhan thdc dung;,
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