T A M L i HOC - S I N H L l HOC L U A T U 6 l
TIM HIEU TINH TICH CUC HOC TAP CUA SINH VIEN DAN TUC THIEU SD
T R O N G P H U O N G T H U C D A O T A O T H E O H O C C H E T I N C H i n
• •
T
rong bdt ki hoqt ddng ndo, sir tich cue, say me cua con ngudi deu gop phdn to ldn cho sy thdnh cong. Hogt dgng hgc tap (HT) cua sinh vien (SV) cung vdy, sy tich cue, say me trong HT, ren luyen, nghien cuu khoa hgc se Id tien de quan trgng, quyet djnh den chdt lugng, hieu qua HT cua chinh hg.Trong 3 nam gdn day, theo chi dgo cua Bd GD-DT, Trudng Dgi hgc su phgm - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen (DHSP - DHTN) dang cd budc chuyen ft>
hinh thuc ddo tgo (DT) theo nien che sang hinh thuc DT theo hgc che tin chi. Hinh thuc nay ddi hdi SV cdn phdi tich cue HT nhieu han mdi cd the tiep thu, lTnh hdi dugc khdi lugng tri thuc dd sd d bgc hgc dgi hgc. Vdi SV ddn tdc thieu sd (SV DTTS), phuang thuc DT mdi nay it nhieu se gay ra nhung khd khan cho hg. Trudng DHSP - DHTN vdi nhiem vy chu yeu Id DT gido vien cdc cap cho cdc tinh trung du vd mien nui phia Bde, hien cd tren 30% SV Id ngudi DTTS dang theo hgc d cdc he DT khdc nhau. Vi vdy, viec tim hieu tinh tich cue hgc tap (TTCHT) cua SV DTTS trong phuang thuc DT mdi Id mdt viec Idm cdn thiet, gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng gido dye vd giang dgy d dgi hgc.
1. Khdi niem cdng cy
Thudt ngu «tinh tich eye" (TTC) theo tieng Latin Id activus, tieng Anh Id activity, dung de chi trgng thdi hogt ddng hay tinh chu ddng cua con ngudi.
Theo Tu dien tieng Viet (Hoang Phe chu bien, 1998), tich cue la chu dgng, hang hai, nhiet tinh vai nhiem vy dugc giao.
Tinh tich eye (TTC) theo quan diem cua nhieu nhd nghien cuu cd mat ty phdt vd ty gidc. Mat ty phdt cua TTC Id nhung yeu td ben trong, bam sinh, the hien d tinh td md, hieu ki, linh hogt trong ddi song hang ngay. Mat ty gidc cua TTC Id nhung trgng thdi tdm li cd myc dich vd ddi tugng rd ret, do dd cdn phdi hogt dgng de chiem linh ddi tugng
O ThS. PHAM VAN CUONG*
dd, the hien d dc quan sat, tinh phe phdn trong tu duy, tinh td md khoa hgc, v.v...
TTCHT ve thyc chdt la TTC nhdn thuc. «TTCHT la trgng thai sdn sang thyc hien nhiem vy, khai vgng hieu biet, co gSng tri tue va nghi luc cao trong qua trinh chiem linh tri thuc cua nguai hgc de giai quyet cac nhiem vy HT".
Trong phuong thuc DT theo hgc che tin chi, TTCHT bieu hien: Xuc cam HT: niem vui, sy sot sang khi thyc hien cdc yeu cdu cua GV, hang hdi trd ldi cdc cdu hdi cua GV, thich phdt bieu y kien cua minh trudc nhung van de neu ra, hay thac mac ddi hdi phdi gidi thich can ke nhung van de chua hieu rd; Chu y: the hien d sy tap trung chu y HT, Idng nghe, theo ddi moi hogt ddng cua GV; Su no luc y chi: the hien d sy kien tri, nhdn ngi, vugt khd khan khi gidi quyet cdc nhiem vy nhdn thuc, cd quyet tdm, y chi vuan len trong HT; Hanh vi: hang hdi tham gia vdo mgi hinh thuc cua hogt ddng HT nhu:
chudn bj bdi day du, hay gia tay phdt bieu y kien, ghi chep bdi cdn than...; Ket qua hnh hoi tri thuc: the hien d ket qua HT vd chdt lugng HT cua SV. Tren ca sd nhung tieu chi cua TTCHT d tren, chung tdi tien hanh nghien cuu tren 9 noi dung cdng viec ca bdn md SV hgc theo phuang thuc DT theo hgc che tin chi phdi thyc hien Id:
1) LTnh hdi tri thuc mai; 2) Ghi chep bai; 3) Chudn bi bdi trudc khi den lap; 4) Xdy dyng ke hogch HT; 5) Ldm viec tgi thu vien; 6) Thuc hanh chuyen mdn; 7) Ty hgc; 8) On tap, he thdng hda tri thuc; 9) Cdng tdc chuan bi vd ket qua thi, kiem tra.
2. Khach the, phuong phap nghien cuu vd ket qua
Khach the true tiep gom 83 SV DTTS nam thu nhdt (K45) tgi cdc khoa Todn, Ngu vdn,
* Tnrong Dai hoc sir pham - Dai hoc Thai Nguyen
Vdt li; Khach the nghien cuu bo trg gom 20 GV dang giang dgy tgi cdc khoa, lap dugc dieu tra; Phuong phap nghien cuu: nghien cuu tdi lieu, dieu tra viet, quan
sat, todn thdng ke..., trong do, phuang phap dieu tra viet Id phuang phap ca bdn nhdt, dugc su dyng vdi myc dich khao sat cdc mat, cdc khia canh khdc nhau trong TTC HT cuaSV DTTS.
Ket qua tong hgp dugc xu If tren bdng tfnh dien tu Microsoft Excel. De ddnh gid ve TTC HT cua SV DTTS, chung tdi phdn ra 3 muc dd:
l ) n C H T t d t ( x t u 2,4-3,0);
2) TTCHT trung binh ( x t u 1,7 -2,3); 3) TTCHT yeu, kem (xtu 1,0-1,6).
Bdng ?. TTCHT cua SV DTTS
de chap nhdn, de bdng Idng vdi nhung gi dd cd, it chju ddo sdu, tim tdi de md rdng, Idm rd nhung dieu minh cdn chua hieu (xem bdng 2).
Bdng 2. Mot so'yeu tddnh hudng den TTC HT cua SV DTTS trudng DHSP - DHTN
Yeu to anh huong SL % TB
Chu quan
1. Nang life HT con han che, ket qua HT chua cao 48 57,8 3 Chu
quan
2. Khong hung thu trong HT 45 54,2 4 Chu
quan
3. Chan ghet nganh nghe da chon va mong muon thi
vao nganh nghe khac 22 26,5 5
Chu
quan 4. Chua nhan thuc duoc viec hoc theo hoc che tin chi
can phai tich cue HT 62 74,7 2
Chu quan
5. Do ludi hoc, y lai, y chi vuot kho trong HT chua cao 72 86,7 1
Khach quan
1. Tinh chat phuc tap trong noi dung cac mon hoc 62 74,7 3 Khach
quan
2. Phuang phap giang day cua GV te nhat, bu6n chan 18 21,7 4 Khach
quan
3. Do khong co sy quan tam cua gia dinh va su quan li
chat che cua nha trudng 68 81,9 1 Khach
quan 4. Phong trao HT cua lop chua cao; su hop tac, giup
da cua ban be con han che 65 78,3 2 Khach
quan
5. Sir danh gia ket qua HT cua GV thudng khong
chinh xac, co su bat binh dang trong tap the lop. 8 9,6 5
Ndi TTCHT cua SV DTTS
dung Muc do tich cue HT Chung
cong 1 2 3 Chung
viec SL % SL % SL % X TB 1 30 3„1 36 43,4 17 20,5 2,2 3 2 59 71,1 17 20,5 7 8,4 2,6 1 3 31 37,3 40 48,2 12 14,5 2,2 3 4 15 18,1 33 39,8 35 42,1 1,8 5 5 15 18,1 30 36,1 38 45,8 1,7 6 6 42 50,6 27 32,5 14 16,9 2,3 2 7 17 20,5 32 38,6 34 40,9 1,8 5 8 20 24,1 40 48,2 23 27,7 2,2 3 9 25 30,1 32 38,6 26 31,3 1,9 4
* Nhdn xet: nhin chung SV DTTS ndm thu nhdt tgi trudng DHSP - DHTN cd TTC HT chua cao.
Trong cdc ndi dung cdng viec cua hogt ddng HT TTC HT d SV DTTS khong dong deu. Dieu do dugc the hien d muc dd chenh lech giua diem trung binh cao nhdt vd thap nhdt khd nhieu (0,9). Ndi dung cdng viec cd TTC HT cao nhdt dd Id «Ghi chep bdi" (x= 2,6); Cdc ndi dung cdng viec khong cd sy giam sat, kiem tra cua GV, cd van HT thi TTC HT thd'p. Cy the: «Ldm viec tgi thu vien"
(x= 1,7); «Xdy dung ke hogch HT" (x= 1,8);
«Tu hgc" (x= 1,8). Diem sd nay thudc muc dd trung binh nhung no lgi tiem can vdi muc dd yeu, kem. Dieu nay cho thdy sy thy ddng, y lgi, thieu tich cue, ty gidc trong HDHT cua SV DTTS. Tdm li
* Nhdn xet: Cd nhieu yeu td chu quan vd khach quan dnh hudng den TTC HT cua SV DTTS. Vdi nhdm nguyen nhdn chu quan, nguyen nhdn quan trgng nhdt Id «Do ludi hgc, y lgi, y chi vugt khd trong HT chua cao" (86,7%), vd «do chua nhdn thuc dugc viec hgc theo hgc che tin chi cdn phdi tich eye HT" (74,7%). Vdi nhdm nguyen nhdn khach quan, nguyen nhdn quan trgng nhdt dnh hudng den sy thich ung qua ket qua dieu tra Id
«Do khong cd sy quan tdm cua gia dinh vd sy quan li chdt che cua nhd trudng" (81,9%), tiep theo Id «Phong trao HT cua lap chua cao; Sy hgp tdc, giup dd cua bgn be cdn hgn che" (78.3%).
3. Y kien de xudt
- Ddi vdi moi GV, can ddi mdi mgnh me PPDH theo hudng phdt huy TTC, chu ddng, ty gidc cua ngudi hgc; tang cudng phdi ket hgp da dgng cdc PPDH nhdm phdt huy TTCHT cua SV nhu: dgy hgc neu vd gidi quyet vdn de, van dap tim tdi, thao lugn nhdm...; ung dyng mgnh me cdng nghe thdng tin vdo qua trinh dgy hgc; - Trang bj cho ngudi hgc nhung tri thuc ve sy cdn thiet cua TTC HT vd kT ndng ty hgc ngay tu khi mdi vdo hgc dgi hgc de cdc em cd khd ndng thich ung vdi hogt ddng HT theo hgc che tin chi vdi khdi lugng kien thuc ldn; - Dgy hgc phdi khai day dugc d ngudi hgc tinh cam vdi mdn hgc, vdi GV, tang cudng mdi quan he than thien giua GV - SV; xdc djnh (Xem tiep trang 52)
Tap chi Giao due so 2 6 2 <k. 2 • 5/201 D
Ti> su phan tich ket qua nghien cuu a tren, cho thdy tu duy kinh nghiem cua HS MN vd VDTTS dat duqc d mdc do cao han so vdi trinh do cua HS cdc vung mien khdc; song khd ndng thuc hien cdc thao tdc cua tu duy nhu: phdn tich, tong hqp, khdi quat hod, truu tuang hod cdn yeu. Ddng thdi, qua trinh nhdn thuc ciia hq cung bj chi phdi bdi cdc ddc diem khdc nhu: khd ndng ghi nhd cd chu dinh Id chdm, khd ndng tu dieu chinh ghi nhd cd y thuc cdn yeu.
3. Muc tieu chung vd van de xdy dyng chu de ty chon mdn Toan lap 12
Cdc chuyen de DHTC mdn Todn lap 12 duqc xdy dyng nhdm dap ung cdc yeu cdu sau day:
bd sung vd giup HS ndm vung chuang trinh trong SGK; ren luyen kT ndng gidi todn, ren luyen tinh tich cue vd ty gidc hoc tap cua HS; phdt trien tu duy, budc ddu ren luyen cdc kT ndng tu duy ndng cao (tinh mem deo vd tinh linh hoat cua tu duy);
mod man nhu cdu cua cdc ddi tuang HS khdc nhau nhu bd sung kien thuc cho HS yeu kem, dap ung nhu cdu hoc tap cua HS khd, gidi, tao tien de thuan lai cho HS cd the hoc len cao hodc di vdo cudc sdng lao ddng.
Viec thiet ke cdc chu de ty chon Id yeu cdu quan trong gop phan vdo ket qua cua DHTC ndi chung vd DH mdn Todn ndi rieng cho HS MN vd VDTTS.
Khi thiet ke cdc chu de tu chon cho HS khdi THPT, cdn cdn cu vdo mdt sd nguyen tdc sau:
- Phdi phu hqp vdi trinh dd, nhu cdu hoc tap, cdc dqc diem tdm li cua HS MN vd VDTTS. Cdc chuyen de DHTC cdn khdc phuc nhung diem yeu, phdt huy nhung diem manh trong tu duy cua HS, cu the nhu: chu de phai dam bdo sat vdi chudn kien thuc kT nang md Bd GD-DT da ban hanh;
cdc bdi todn vd kien thuc dugc trinh bay de hieu, khong su dyng bdi todn cd ldi van qua phuc tgp;
cdu hdi dua ra phdi cy the, khong nen su dyng nhieu cdc cdu hdi md.
- Phdi chu trong den tinh khd thi, nghTa Id cd the thyc hien duqc vdi cdc dieu kien DH hien tai md khong can thay ddi nhieu ve ca sd vdt chdt, quy thdi gian md Bd GD-DT cho phep.
- Phdi gay hung thu hoc tap cho HS, de thyc hien duqc muc tieu nay, cdc chu de DH cdn da dang, hinh thuc trinh bay dep. Ndi dung cua cdc chu de trinh bay theo chieu dqc cua van de, mang tinh phdn bde.
Tu nhung quan diem tren, chung tdi tien hanh xdy dyng he thdng cdc chuyen de ty chon mdn
Todn d THPT cho HS MN vd VDTTS tap trung vdo hai chu de chinh: + Chu de bam sat (ddnh cho HS cd hoc luc yeu). Ndi dung cdc chu de nay giup HS he thdng hod kien thuc, thyc hanh va luyen tap; + Chu de ndng cao (ddnh cho HS khd, gidi), ndi dung cdc chu de nay giup HS ddo sdu vd md rdng kien thuc.
***
Nhu vdy, DHTC Id mdt xu the tdt yeu cua nen gido due trong the ki XXI, DHTC giup moi cd nhdn cd the phdt trien tdi da ndng lyc cua bdn than trong qua trinh hoc tap. Do vdy, de viec DHTC co hieu qua cao, khi dp dung phuang phap nay phdi tinh den ddc diem tdm li, nhu cdu nhdn thuc vd dqc diem tu duy cua HS. •
(1) Pham H6ng Quang. Td chuc day hoc cho hoc sinh dan toe, mien nui. NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H. 2003.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vien Khoa hoc giao due Viet Nam. Buac ddu xdy dung mot so noi dung dgy hoc tu chon cho mot so mdn trong trudng trung hoc ca so (bao cao torn tat de tai khoa hoc cong nghe cap Bo B98-49-66), Ha N6i, 2001.
2. Pham Van Hoan - Tran Thiic Trinh - Pham Gia C&'c.
Giao due hoc mon Toan. NXB Gido due, H. 1981.
3. Nguyen Ba Kim. Phuong phap day hoc mdn Toan.
NXB Dgi hoc suphgm, H. 2006.
Tim hieu tinh tich cue...
[Tiep theo trang 25)
duqc ddng ca, muc dich HT dung ddn, tu do, giup SV DTTS hung thu HT; - Tang cudng vai trd cua ddi ngu cd vdn HT, tra li SV nhdt Id trong viec hudng dan, ddn ddc, kiem tra hoat ddng HT tren lap vd hoat ddng ty hoc.
***
Phdt huy TTCHT cua SV Id myc tieu ddi mdi PPDH cua Bd GD-DT. Hi vqng nhung ket qua nghien cuu nay se Id tham khao huu ich, gdp phdn cho viec xdy dung cdc bien phap tdc ddng hop li den SV DTTS, nhdm ndng cao chdt luang quan li vd DT d cdc trudng dqi hoc, dqc biet trong giai doan cdc trudng dqi hoc dang chuyen sang phuong thuc DTtheo hoc che tin chi.Q
(*) Khao sat tai Trudng Dai hoc supham - DH Thai Nguyen Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Xuan Thuc. "Ban ve khai niem tinh tich cue trong tam li hoc". Tap chi Tdm li hgc, so' 1 nam 2001.
2. Hoang Phe (chu bien). Tu dien Tieng Viet. NXB Khoa hgc xd hdi, nam 1998.
Tap c h i Giao due so 2 6 2 t k i a • 5/201 n
