NGHltN c t r u - T R A O DOI
X A
BAN THEM VE NOI HAM KHAI NIEM PHAT TRIEN BEN VQNG a NUaCTA HIEN NAY
ThS MAI THI H 6 N G LI£N*
P
hat trifi'n bfin vung la muc tifiu hudng tdi, Ifi xu hudng chu dao cua moi qufl'c gia, dan tf c, Ifi van de mfi cac nhfi lanh dao, cac nhfi hoaeh dinh cbeio Iirpc, cac cb'nh phu dac biet quan tdm.Dfi'i vdi nudc ta, xufi't phat tii ti'nh dac thii vd didu kifin ty nhifin, vd lich sir, vd kinh tfi', cb'nh tri, van hda, xfi hfli, Dang ta lufin coi trong quan difi'm phat trie'n va chu truong xay dyng chie'n luoc phat trie'n bdn vung. Vdn kien Dai hfi Dang lan thir XI tifi'p tue khang dinh: "Phat trien nhanh gdn lidn vdi phat trien ben vung, phat tridn bdn viing Ifi yfiu cdu xuyfin suot trong cbe'n luoe'^
Thudt ngir "phat trie'n ben vihig" xud't ben Ian dau tifin trong Hfi nghi Qufl'c tfi' vd mfli trubng o Stockhom (Thuy Dien) nfim 1972 vdi npi dung coban la gdn phat trifi'n vdi viec bao ve mfli trubng sfi'ng cua con ngubi. Nam 1987, khai nifim nfiy dupc phd bifi'n rf ng rai nhb Bao cao "Tuong lai eua ehiing ta" eua Uy ban Qufi'c te vd moi tnrong vfi phat tridn the gidi (WCED). Dd la "sy phat trien cd the dap ung nhu eau bfin tai mfi khflng anh huong, tdn hai dfi'n nhiing kha nang dap ung nhu c^u cua cac the'hf tuong lai; la sy kfi't hpp hfii hba giua sy phat tridn kinh tfi'hifu qufi, xa hpi cfing bang vfi mfli tnrong dupc bao vf, giirgin"^.
* Hgc viin Chinh tq - Hinh chinh khu vi/c III
Vdi y ngba dd, Hfi ngb Thupng dinh ve mfii trubng va phat tridn dupe Lifin Hpp qufi'c td chuc oRio de Janeh-o (Brazil) nfim 1992 da thfing qua Chuong trinh Nghi sy 21 {Agenda 21) ve cac giai phap phat tridn chung cho toan the'gidi, Nam 2002, Hoi nghi Thupng dinh o Johannesburg (Nam Pb) dd tong ket 10 nam the gidi thyc bfin cbfin lupc phat trien ben viing va dua ra cac quyfi't sach Hfin quan dg'n cac vdn dd nude, ndng lupng, sue khoe, nflng ngbfip vfi sy da dang sinh thai. Trfin CO so do, cae qudc gia eo the linh hoat soan thao, dieu chinh cbfi'n lupc phat trifi'n vfi dinh hudng hpp tac tofin edu nham bao vfi mfii trubng sfi'ng cua minh.
Nhu vdy, khi xac dinh khai mf m phat trie'n bdn viing can nhan manh, dd Ifi qua trinh phat trifi'n ed sy kfi't hpp chat che, hpp ly, hfii hba giua ba mat cua sy phat trie'n - phat trie'n kinh te', phat trien vfin hda - xa hfii vfi bao vf mfii trubng.
Do dd, tinh bdn viing trong sy phat tridn phai dupc thfi' bfn 0 ca ba kb'a canh:
M0t Id, hen vung trong phat trien kinh tfi'. Dd la sy phat tridn hfii hba giua tfing truong kinh te vdi phat
1. Dang Cdng sin Viit Nam: Vin kiin Dai hdi dai biiu toAn quiciin thdXI. Nxb CTQG, H. 201 i, tr. 98.
2.BiocioTuang(aicua(^ungta°cuaH6idSngThigidivi mdi tn/dng vi phit triin (WCED) cua Uin Hep quic, 1987.
tr. 43.
NGHlfiNCirU-TRAODOl trien vfin hda - xfi hpi, vdi vife sir dung hifu qufi cac
ngudn tfii nguyfin tbfin nbfin, khoa hpc - cflng nghf vfi mfli trubng sinh thai. Phat trifin kinh te'mfi khflng chu y de'n eac vfi'n dd vdn hda, xfi hfi, cb' chu trpng lpi ich trudc mfit mfi qufin di Ipi ieh Ifiu dfii hay chi bifi't dua vfio cac ngudn vfl'n (vfi'n ty nhifin, vfl'n vfit chfi't, vfi'n con ngiriri, vfi'n xd hfi...) sfin cd mfi khflng bifi't phfit huy, phat tiifi'n tidm nfing vfin hda, dd Ifi sy phat trifi'n khflng bdn viing, sy phat tridn "khfip khidng", "If ch l^c".
Hai Id, bdn vihig trong phdt trie'n vfin hda - xfi hfi.
Dd Ifi viec xfiy dung mot xd hfi cd ndn kinh td tfing truong nhanh, bdn vung vdi thd chd chinh tri dfin chu, fl'n dinh, dua trfin ndn tfing vfin hda tifin tifi'n, dfim dfi ban sde dfin tf c. Phat trie'n vfin hda - xd hpi Ifi dfng lye, Ifi "ndn tfing" ddphat trie'n kinh te'. Neu lam md't di hay Ifim suy dfl'i, mai mpt cac gia tri vdn hda - xfi hpi cd ngba Ifi lfim giam di tinh ben vung, tinh fi'n dinh trong phat trie'n kinh te.
Ba Id, ben vung trong bao vf mfii trubng. Didu nfiy dbi hoi con ngubi trong cac boat dong sfl'ng cua minh khfing duoc lfim 6 nhiem, lam suy thoai va gay tfl'n hai de'n mfli trubng ty nhien vfi xa hpi. Do dd, cac ehinh phu phai ed eac dfl'i saeh phu hpp trong viec su dung, tai tao eac dang tfii nguyfin tbfin nben, xiirly cae ngufl'n phe thai nhdm tao lap mflt mfli trubng sinh thai lfinh manh, mfi o dd con ngubi duoc giai phdng, phat trie'n ty do, hfii hba, sang tao. Mfli trubng Ifi "cai nfli" nufli duong con ngiroi, nhung neu con ngubi khflng biet bao vf, gm giurnd, t b den mpt liic nfio dd, cb'nh mfii trubng se huy hoai dbi sfi'ng cua con ngubi.
Ba kb'a canh nfiy cd mfi'i quan hf bifin chiing tuong hd va thue day lan nhau. Nfi'u nhuxem phat trifi'n kinh tfi', vfin hda - xfi hfi vfi bao vfi mfii trubng la didu kifin can cua phat trifi'n bdn vimg, t b dieu kifin du cb'nh Ifi sy phat tiie'n dd phai vim dap ung dupc hf thfl'ng lpi ieh, nhu eau ciia con ngubi o bfn tai vira khflng phuong hai dfi'n nhu eau, lpi ich eiia cac thdhfi tuong lai.
Tir dd, cd the be'u "phat trie'n ben vung" Ifi qua trinh trong dd xd hfi - nhfi nudc va cflng dfin tao ra nhung dieu kif n kinh te', cb'nh tri, vdn hda - xa hfi vfi mfli tnrong sinh thai de dam bao cho con ngubi - trung tdm cua sy phat trie'n ngfiy cang dupc ty do sang tao hpn trong vific lam ehu tben nbfin, lam chu xfi hfi, lfim chu ban than vi nhung nhu cdu, lpi ieh ehinh dang cua minh, ddng thbi bao dam khflng lfim tdn hai dfi'n nhu edu, lpi ich cb'nh dang cua cac the'he mai sau.
Vdi gdc dp tie'p cdn nfiy, khi ndi de'n phat tridn b&
vimg, it nhd't phfii dd cfip dfi'n ba nhdn tfi' co ban. D^u tifin Ifi con ngubi. Con ngubi o dfiy vira ton tai vdi tit each ca nhdn, viia tdn tai vdi tucach cf ng dong; via li con ngubi sinh hpe, con ngubi cb'nh tri - xd hfi, viialii con ngubi cua nhdn thuc vfi hfinh dpng, con ngubi vua Ifi muc tifiu, vira Ifi dfng luc cua su phat tridn. Tidp theo Ifi vife td chuc vfi quan ly xd hfi. Dd tdn tai vi phat trifi'n, con ngubi sfing thfinh xfi hfi vfi lufln tim kifi'm, thu nghifm, lya ehpn eac each thiic quan lyxft hfi khac nhau nhdm thifi't Ifip mft thd chfi'cb'nh tri hpp Iy, hifu qua, tap ra eae tidn dd vd kinh tfl', chinh tri, vfin hda, xd hfi vfi mfii trubng, bao dfim cac quyln ty do, dfin chu cua con ngubi. Tinh b f u qua va tinh chinh dang cua thd chd chinh tri phy thuf c trudc hSt vfio cac chii thd quydn luc (nhfi nudc, dang cam quyen...) va sau dd Ifi eae yeu tfi'anh huong ddn vai trb eua nhan tfl'quydn luc (phd'm chd't, nfing lyc cua td chuc hay ca nhfin ngubi cdm quydn, t b e t che vfi cochd vfin hfinh cua bp may quydn lyc, sy tac dfng eua eac quan U quyen lyc - eae dang ehinh tri, eae td chuc chmh tii-A hfi, cae nhdm lpi ich hay vai trb vfi mue dp tham ^ cua qudn chung nhfin dan vfio cfing viee nhfi nudc - sa hfi...). Cufl'i ciing Ifi ta't ca nhihig hoat dpng nay, set den eiing, nhfim thoa man cac nhu cau va lpi ich chM dang eua con nguoi vi muc tieu phat tridn vfi phat tridn bfi'n viing obfin tai vfi tuong lai. Ba nhfin tdnfiy tdn tai bifn chting tao thfinh mpt chinh the thd'ng nhd't, trong dd sy phat trifi'n ty do, tofin dif n cua con ngubi Ifi muc tieu cufl'i ciing ciia sy phat trie'n bdn vihig, nd cung Ifi nhfin td quye't dinh den tinh dn dinh, ben vung trong qua trinh phat trie'n eiia nhdn loai ndi chung, ciia timg quoe gia, ddn tflc ndi rifing.
Tir sy lap bdn dd, phai changchung ta cd thenh^
b e t tieu e b danh gia sy phat trifi'n bdn viing thfii^
qua cac thfinh td eo ban sau dfiy:
Thti nhdt, mfit ndn cb'nh tri fi'n dinh, hpp ly, hifu qua - ndn cb'nh tri dfin chu b f n thyc. The ehddi&illi tri dfin chu Ifi the ehd vira cd "tuyen bfl'phap Ifidiwc g b nhan trong Hifi'n phap) rdng, "ta't ca quydn luc thuf c vd nhfin dan", vira eo "eo che* dd nhfin dfin thpc bfn quydn lfim chu, thong qua vific ludt hda eac quyen con ngirtii, quydn cfing ddn, quydn ddn ehu vfi vdn 4 ddn ehu hda trong dbi song xd hfli. Didu nfiy chui^t^
xdy dyng nhfi nudc phap quydn Ifi yfiu cdu tdt y P trong thd ehe cb'nh tri dfin chu b f n dai, boi le ty do 38
NGHlfiNCUU-TRAODdl cbnh tri vfi dan chu c b cd the cd o nhung qufl'c gia ma
0 dd cac quan hf xd hfli dupc dieu chinh bfing phap ludt. Phap lufit Ifi thude do cua ty do vfi hf thfl'ng phap ludt cfing hofin tbfn (cd chfi'tfii eu thfi') t b cac quydn ty do, dan chu cua con ngiroi cfing dupc dam bao.
Thii hai, tfing truong kinh te gan lidn vdi dfin chii, cflng bang vfi tifi'n bp xd hfi. Tfing truong kinh te Ifi yeu cau can ban cua phat tridn ben vung, Ifi ndn tang tao ra nhung difi'u kifin dap ung nhu edu vfit chd't cua con ngiroi. Song, bfin canh nhfitng nhu eau sinh hoc, eon ngubi cbn cd nhimg nhu cau xa hfi - nhu cdu dupc ty do, nhu cau huong thu vfin hda, huong thu cai mdi, cai dep... Do dd, giai quyfi't tfl't eac vd'n dd xd hfi, ban chd nhimg mat trai, nhihig tifiu eye do su phat trifi'n kinh tdmang Iai, bao dam cho eon ngubi dupc huong cac gia tri ty do, ddn chu, cfing bdng vfi tifi'n bfi xfi hfi chinh Ifi CO so tao nfin sy hfii hba, ti'nh bdn vimg trong sufl't qua trinh phat trie'n.
Thd ba, van hda ngfiy cfing phong phu, da dang, dya trfin ndn tang ehfin, thifin, my. Vfin hda la ndn tang tinh than, la linh hdn cua dbi sfing xa hfi, Ifi muc tieu va dfng lyc cua sy phat trifi'n. Vfin hda Ifi sue manh nfi sinh tao nen ban sac va sue song cua timg qufi'c gia, ddn tfie. Do vay, viec xdy dung vfi phat trie'n ndn van hda tifin tifi'n, ddm dfi ban sac ddn tpc o nude ta ben nay Ifi nhdm khfing ngung nang cao dbi sfi'ng vfin hda, xdy dm^ nep sfl'ng mdi cho quan chung nhan ddn, tao ldp ndn tang tinh thdn vung chde dd hfii nhap vfi phat trifi'n bdn vimg. Mft qufl'c gia neu cd sy tdng tnrong ve kinh te nhung lai bi nfi dich vd van hda t b khd cd thd phat tridn bdn vung, nhd't Ifi trong thbi dai giao luu vfin hda, thflng tin da cbdu bfin nay.
Thiitu, mfli trubng sinh thai dupe sir dung, bao tdn vfi phat trien lfinh manh. Didu nfiy dbi hoi cac cb'nh saeh phat tridn kinh te', van hda, xfi hfi phai thdn tbfn vdi mfli trubng. Do dd, cae ehu the cb'nh tri k b xdy dimg cac dd an, cb'nh sach phat tridn kinh tfi' - xd hfii phai xem xet de'n cac yfi'u tdmfii trubng, ddng thbi phai can nhac ky lirong nhimg Ipi ich kinh te'mfi dd an dd mang lai ciing nhu nhiing tae dflng cua nd (ca tieh cyc vfi tieu eye) dfl'i vdi xd hfi va mfli tnibng sfl'ng cua con ngubi (ea trong bfn tai vfi tuong lai). Tir dd, cd nhiing bifn phap tfl'i uu dd khac phuc nhimg anh huong tifiu cue, gdp phan gin giir, cai tao vfi phat trifi'n lanh manh mfli tnrong sdng. Dieu nay phu thuf e ra't nbe'u
lupc) cua cac chu the cdm quydn vfi y thire bao vf mfii trubng ciia mpi ngubi dan. Tang tuong kinh tfi'Ifi nen tdng cua phat trifi'n bdn vung, nhung ne'u tdng truong bfit chd'p mpi hdu qua vd vd'n dd mfli trubng thi dd la sai Idm nghiem trpng mfi ta't ca cac qufl'c gia, dfin tf c fit se bi tra gia trong sufi't qua trinh phat trie'n.
Thu ndm, con ngubi ngfiy cfing hofin thien nhdn each, ty do, hfii hba, sang t^o. Dfiy Ifi muc tieu cufl'i ciing cua phat trifi'n bdn vung - mft sy phat tridn vi con ngubi, cho con ngubi, giai phdng tofin dif n con ngubi. Chinh trong qua trinh phat tridn dd, con ngubi ngfiy cfing dupe ty do hon, cfing hofin tbfn nhdn each, cang thuc sy Ifim chu. Hoat dfng sfl'ng cua con ngubi o bfn tai mdi khong lfim tfl'n hai dfi'n didu kifn sfl'ng ciia cac thdhe mai sau, mdi bao dam fi'n dinh vfi phat trifi'n bdn vung.
Nhu vfiy, phat trien ben viing Ifi su van dpng ed dinh hudng ciia mfli qufl'c gia, ddn tf c tren con dubng dat tdi muc tifiu tfing tnrong kinh tfi', fi'n dinh cbnh tri, trong sach hda, lanh manh hda mfli trubng tu nben vfi xa hpi, dan chu, cfing bang, nhdn vdn. Hay ndi theo each ndi ciia Dang ta: "Ddn gifiu, nudc manh, ddn chu, cflng bang, vfin minh"^.
Dd thyc bfin muc tifiu dd, Dai hfi Dang toan qufl'c ldn thu XI dfi cu the hda "Chiin liayc phdt triin bkn vung" 0 nudc ta vdi nhihig npi dung co ban: 1. Phat trie'n bdn viing vd kinh tfi', giu vung fl'n dinh kinh te'vi mfl, bao dam an mnh kinh tfi'. Day manh chuyfi'n dich CO eaii kinh te, chuyfi'n doi mfl bnh tang truong, coi chfi't luong, nang sufi't, bfu qua, siic canh tranh Ifi uu tien hfing dau, ehii trpng phat trien theo cbdu sdu, phat trifi'n kinh te' tri thiic; 2. Tdng truong kinh te' phai kfi't hpp vdi phat tridn van hda, thyc bfn tifi'n bf va cfing bdng xd hfi, khflng ngimg ndng cao chait lupng cufe sfl'ng cua nhfin ddn; 3. Phat trifi'n kinh tfi'- xd hpi phai lufln coi trpng bao vf vfi cai tbfn mfli trubng, chu trpng ung phd vdi bifi'n ddi kb' hfiu; 4. Phat trie'n ben vung Ifi CO so phat trien nhanh, phat trifi'n nhanh dd tao ngufl'n lyc cho phat trifi'n ben vihig. Phat tiien nhanh va ben vung phai lufln gfin chat vdi nhau trong quy hoach, kfi'hoach va cbnh sach phat trie'n kinh td - xd hfi; 5. Phai dac bift coi trpng giu vung dn dinh cbnh tri - xfi hfii, tfing cubng qufi'c phbng, an mnh, bao vfi vung chac dfic Idp, chu quydn, thong nhd't vfi tofin
NGHlfiNCiru-TRAODOI
ven Ifinh tho de bao dam cho dfit nude phat tridn nhanh vfibdnvung^.
Cd the ndi, nhirng nfii dung nfiy dd thd hifn kha ro net nhihig quan difi'm truyen thfl'ng vfi quan difi'm mdi eua Dang ta ve phat trien bdn vung nhdm tsio lap nhung tidn de vung ehde ve kinh tfi, ehinh tri, vfin hda, xa hfi trong thbi ky qua dp di Ifin chu nghia xfi hfi 0 nudc ta. 0 ddy, chung ta cd thd rut ra nhCtng nhfin xet sau:
- yfi'u tfi'fl'n dinh cb'nh tri - xfi hfii, dam bao an ninh, qufl'c phbng, giir vting dfic Ifip, ty cubng, ty chu dupe xem Ifi tien de, Ifi didu kifin tien quyfi't de phat trifi'n nhanh vd ben vihig. Ho cb'nh Ifi Iy do tai sao trong sufi't tifi'n trinh each mang. Dang ta bfin coi dfc ldp ddn tpc vfi chu ngba xd hfi Ifi spi cb do xuyfin sufl't, Ifi ngon ebbach chifi'n, bach thfing eua ddn tf c, Ifi hai yfi'u tfl'khfing thfi'taeh rbi, Ifi tien de tdn tai cua nhau - giu viing dpc ldp de di Ifin chu nghia xa hpi vfi xay dyng chu ngba xa hgi Ifi dieu kien de bao vf vimg chdc ndn dfle Ifip dfin tf e.
- Cbfi'n lupc phat trie'n ben viing dd dd cap mpt each kha toan dif n ve vife giai quyet hfii hba cac mfl'i quan he xd hfii: giiia phat trie'n nhanh vfi ben vung, giiia tang ve so' lupng va ndng cao cha't lupng phat trifi'n, giua phat trie'n theo cbdu rf ng vfi phat trie'n theo cbeu sau, giua phat trie'n kinh tfi' vdi vific giai quyfi't cae vdn de van hda, xd hpi va bao vf moi trubng...
- Van de trpng tfim, muc tifiu co ban eua cben lupc phat trifi'n nhanh va ben vung Ifi tap trung vfio nfing cao chat luong phat trie'n, ddc bift la phat trifi'n tofin dif n con ngiroi vfi chdt lupng sfi'ng cua eon ngubi, khflng c b othe hf bfn tai, ma ca cac the hfi tuong lai.
Vfin dd dat ra Ifi, lfim the nfio de dat duoc muc tieu phat trie'n ben vung? Hay ndi each khac, nfi'u coi phat trien ben viing la mft bai toan ed 3 ngbf m: tfing truong kinh tfi', tifi'n bf, cflng bang xfi hfi vfi bao ve mfii trubng, t b lfim sao cho 3 nghiem dd tuong thich, hfii hba vdi nhau. Didu nfiy dbi hoi phai ed vai trb cua nhfin tfl' cb'nh tri. Van dd Ifi nen cb'nh tri nfio vfi cb'nh tri phai lfim nhu thfi' nfio de tac dfng tich cue dfi'n sy phat trie'n, bao dam phat trie'n nhanh va be'n vung.
Trong thbi dai ngfiy nay, the che'cb'nh tri hpp Iy, beu qua, cd vai trb thuc dd'y sy phat trie'n nhanh vfi ben vung la the chd cb'nh tri ddn ehii ben thyc, dupc dua trfin ba try eft co ban Ifi kinh te' t b trubng, nhfi nudc phap quydn vfi xfi hfi dan su. Dfi'i vdi nudc ta, thd
chd ehinh tri dya trfin sy tfip trung cao dp vd kinhf vfi chinh tri dd phat huy hfi't tac dung va hpfin thfinh tfl't vai trb eua minh trong sufl't thbi ky cben tranh chfl'ng thye dfin, dfi'qufl'c vfi giai doan ddu xdy dung, tai thifi't dfi't nudc. Trudc nhiing thay dfi'i trong quan hf qufi'c tfl', ciia xu thd tofin edu hda vfi hfi nhfip dbi h | Dfing ta phdi dfi'i mdi tu duy trong vife hoach dinh dubng Ifi'i, chifi'n lupc phat trifi'n, xem ddi mdi kinh te Ifi trpng tfim, Ifi khdu then chfl't dd timg budc ddi moi vfi hofin thifn hf thfl'ng chinh tri theo hudng dfin din vfi phap quydn, xdy dung ndn dfin ehu xa hfii e h u n j ^ dap irng yfiu cau phat trifi'n cua dfin tf c vfi thbi dai Trong thbi ky cfing ngbfip hda, bfn dai bda dfit nuo^
nfi'u nhu vife phat tridn nen kinh tfi' thi trubng dinh hudng xfi hfi chu ngba dupc xem Ifi ndn tang cfin ban, thuc day tdng truong kinh tfl' dd phat tridn nhanhrt ben viing; vific xfiy dung vfi hoan tbfn nhfi nudc phap quydn xfi hpi chii nghia la dieu kifin e ^ tbfit, vuatt CO so phap Iy dd bao vf cac quydn ty do, dfin chu, viia de dieu chinh cae moi quan he xd hfli, khfic phuc nhdng mat trai cua nen kinh te'thi trubng, t b viee tham gia tich cyc, chu dflng cua quan chung nhdn dan vao cta^
vific nhfi nudc, vfio mpi linh vuc kinh te', ehinh tn,i hda, xa hfi, an mnh, qufl'c phbng la Tih^n td^bao di cho sy phat trifi'n ben vung o nudc ta bfin nay. Bah^
eft nay ed md'i quan hf bifn chung, tac dpng iSn nhao.
Nd dupe xem nhu "kieng ba ehfin" eiia cben lupc phat tridn bdn vung. Ne'u nhu tuyet dfi'i hda chan nfiy, xem nhe ehfin khac hode tho o vdi td't ca cac chdn, thi t^t yfi'u se dan de'n sy venh, khdp kblng, sy tri trf trong sufi't qua trinh phat trifi'n, se tao nfin mflt su phat trifi'n thifi'u ti'nh hfii hba, fi'n dinh vfi bfi'n vung, tham e b Ifi phan phat trie'n, gdy ra nbdu hdu qua ma cac the hf mai sau phai tra gia. Ddy Ifi van de mfi khfing it cac qufi'c gia, dfin tf c trfin thd gidi, ke ca nhiing nudc phat tridn dfi mfic phai sai Idm trong sufl't qua trinh hoach dinh vfi thuc ben cbe'n lupc phat tridn, nbftia trong vific giai quyfi t hfii hba vfi'n dd tang truong kiii)|
tevqi cac vd'n dd xd hfi vfi mfli trubng sinh thai. S 0 nude ta qua hon 25 nfim thyc bfin dubng iSi doi mdi. Dang vfi Nha nudc ta dfi lanh dao nhdn dfin ta dat dupc rfi't nbdu thfinh tyu quan trpng. Tir mpt nin kinh te tfip trung, quan lifiu, tri trfi, lam phat pb ma, dudi sy Ifinh d^o cua Dang, ehiing ta dd chuyen doi
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NGHlfiN CUU-TRAO DOI kha thfinh cfing sang ne'n kinh tfi'thi trubng dinh hudng
xa hfii chu nghia vdi miie df tfing truong kinh te' kha nhanh, tir nam 2001 dfi'n nfim 2010 dat tfic dfi tfing truong binh qudn la 7,26%/nam vfi rifing nam 2011 GDP binh quan ddu ngubi dat 1.200 USD^ tao Ifip ndn tang kinh te viing chac, ndng cao dbi sfl'ng vdt chd't, tinh than cho nhan ddn. De tao didu kif n thufin lpi eho nfi'n kinh tdthi trubng phat trifi'n, Dang ta eiing ehu truong timg budc doi mdi hf thfi'ng chinh tri, mfi trpng tdm Ifi xdy dung vfi hofin thifn nhfi nude phap quydn xd hpi chu ngba, nham bao dam cho Nhfi nudc ta thyc sy tro thfinh "cf ng su^ ciia nen kinh te thi tnrong, mft mat, tao hanh lang phap ly, thuc dd'y nen kinh td thi trubng phat trifi'n manh me, bao vfi eac quydn lpi hpp phap cua ngubi ddn, mat khac, khdc phue tfli da nhung mat trai mfi nen kinh tfi' thi trubng mang Iai, gdp phan giiirvihig dinh hudng xd hoi chu ngba. Cling vdi viee phat trie'n kinh te, Dang va Nha nudc ta dac bift quan tfim dfi'n vific giai quyfi't cac vfi'n dd xfi hfii vfi mfli trubng, xem dd Ifi mot trong nhung nbem vu quan trpng cua Dang. Boi le, xet de'n ciing, muc dich cua sy ngbfip dfi'i mdi Ifi de xdy dyng va bao vf To qufl'c, Ifi de phat trifi'n vfi chain hung ddn tf c. Id de phung sy nhan dan. Nhung ket qua dat dupc trong vific giai quyfi't vific lfim, xda ddi, giam ngheo (trong 5 nfim, tu 2006 - 2010, da giai quye't cho 8 trifiu lao dfing, ti If that ngbf p o thanh thi giam cbn dudi 4,5%, ti le hp ngheo giam cbn 9,5%)^, thuc b e n phong trao ddn on dap ngba, chinh saeh an sinh xa hfii, cb'nh saeh vdi ngubi vfi gia dinh cd cflng, thyc b f n quy che ddn chu ocoso, cfing tac ddn sfl', kd hoach hda gia (Mnh, bbh dang gidi, phong trfio tofin dfin dofin ket xfiy dung dbi sfi'ng vfin hda okhu dan cu:, phong trao xanh, sach, dep... Id nhdm hudng tdi xfiy dung xd hfii Vifit Nam ddn chu, cfing bfing, van minh - mpt xd hfi mfi o dd moi ngubi ddn de'u Ifi chu the cua quydn luc, ty giac, chu dpng tham gia vfio cfing vife cua Nhfi nudc vfi xfi hfi.
Tuy nbfin, bfin canh nhiing thanh qua to ldn dd, o noi nfiy, noi khae, o linh vuc nfiy, iTnh vyc khac vdn cbn nhihig han chfi', nhung khd khan, nhung bd't cdp cdn phai khac phuc. Viec giai quyfi't nhung tfin tai dd cd thd tro thfinh thbi co hay thadi thuc dfl'i vdi con dubng phat trie'n be'n vihig cua dfin tf c Ifi hofin toan phu thuf e vfio ban llnh Idnh dao cua Dang. Mpt dang cam quydn cd nfing lyc lanh dao Ifi phai bifi't chdp lay thbi CO, vupt qua tiiach thue, bifi'n cac thach thiie thanh
thbi comdi dd phat trie'n. Song, dd thyc hifin dupe dieu nfiy can phai cd su ung hf, sy tin nhiem cua qudn chiing nhan dan, tuc la Dang phai tao Idp dupc co so xfi hfi trong dfin, tao I$p dupe long tin cua ddn. Do vay, mpi dubng loi, chinh sach ciia Dang phai mang tinh khoa hpc, xud't phat tir thyc tien, dap ung nhu cdu, lpi ich chinh dang cua nhdn ddn, phii hpp vdi xu the tie'n bp eua nhdn loai vd thbi dai. Chie'n lupc phat trifi'n nhanh vfi bfi'n virng mfi Dang ta xac dinh va cu the hda trong Van kif n Dai hpi Dang ldn thu XI la nham dap ung yfiu eau nfiy. Dd Ifi mft trong nhung nhifim vu quan trong dbi hoi phai cd su hpp tac, ddng thuan, thfl'ng nhd't ciia toan dang vfi toan ddn ta trong vific thuc bfin ddng bfi nhung hf giai phap coban sau:
- Ndng eao nfing lye Idnh dao vfi sue chie'n dd'u cua Dang, ddc biet la nang lyc hoach dinh dubng Ifl'i phat trifi'n dd't nudc, phat trifi'n kinh td- xa hfli, trong dd can tap trung, chu trong xay dung va hofin thien thfi' chfi' kinh te' thi trubng dinh hudng xa hpi ehii ngba, tao ldp nfi'n tang de tang truong kinh td ben viing.
Dang ta la dang duy nha't cam quydn. Mpi chu truong, dubng Ifl'i eua Dang cd dung dan hay khflng, cd di vfio thyc tien, cd hpp Ibng ddn hay khfing Ifi hofin tofin tiiy thupc vfio nang lyc Idnh dao vfi sue cbfi'n dd'u cua Dang, mfi trudc hfi't la ndng lyc ra quye't sach cbnh tri, tir khdu hoach dinh quyfi't sach cho dfi'n khdu lanh dao to' chiie thyc bfn quyfi't sach. Didu nfiy dbi hoi Dang phai khflng ngimg ty do'i mdi, ty cbnh don, ty ndng eao tdm tuduy cbfi'n lupc cua mmh, thye sy la trach nbem, Ifi dao due, Ifi luong tdm, la tri tuf cua ca ddn tfic. Trong giai doan ben nay, de bao dam vai trb ldnh dao cua Dang, dap ung dupc yeu eau phat trie'n ben viing, can phai tdng cubng xdy dyng dang trong sach, vung manh ve tutuong, cb'nh tri vfi td chiic; tifi'p tuc dfi'i mdi, kien tofin td chuc, bf may cua Dang, nhd't la to chuc CO so dang; khong ngimg nang cao chd't lupng dang vifin, ca vd trinh dp, nang lyc vfi phd'm chd't dao dire each mang, chfl'ng chu ngba ca nhdn; ndng eao b f u qua cflng tac can bp, cflng tac kidm tra, giam sat cua Dang, eoi trpng bao vf cbnh tri nfi bp; dfl'i mdi phuong thuc Idnh dao eua Dang, dac bifit Ifi trong mfi'i quan hf vdi Nha nude, vdi Mat trfin vfi cac td chuc cb'nh tri - xd hpi, bao dam cho cae thfinh tfl' dd phat 5. Sdd. tr.20.
NGHlIlN c t r u - T R A O DOI huy vai trb chu dflng, tich cyc, tinh hieu lyc, hifu qua
trong tofin bfi hf thfl'ng chinh tri.
- Xfiy dung vfi hofin thifn nhfi nudc phap quydn xd hpi chu nghia cua nhfin ddn, do nhfin ddn, vi nhfin ddn, vira bfio dam cho nhfi nude dd tuong thich vdi ndn kinh te thi trubng dinh hudng xd hfli chu nghia, vira thfit sy tro thfinh hfinh lang phap Iy dd phat trifi'n xfi hpi ben viing va bao vf cac quydn, Ipi ich hpp phap cua ngubi ddn.
Xfiy dyng nhfi nudc phap quydn Ifi yfiu cdu td't yfi'u cua the che'chinh tri dfin chu hifn dai. Dfi'i vdi nudc ta, vific tifi'p tuc xdy dung vfi hofin thifn nhfi nudc phap quyen xa hfi ehii ngba, bao dam tfi't ca quydn lyc thuf c ve nhdn dfin Id mft trong nhiing didu kif n cdn thifi't de xdy dyng nen dfin ehu xd hfi ehu nghia nhdm hudng den sy phat trien ben vung, dap ung nhu cdu eua dfin tf e vfi thbi dai. De phat huy hon nua vai trb quan ly cua Nha nudc, dac biet Ifi quan Iy ndn kinh tfi thi trubng dinh hudng xd hfii chu ngba, trudc he't, can ndng cao nhan thuc ve xdy dyng nhfi nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia. Dd Ifi sy hieu biet diing dan vd vai trb, chuc nang quan Iy, dieu hfinh cua Nhfi nudc, vd tinh tfl'i thupng cua phap lufit, vd the che', co che'van hfinh sao cho bao dam nguyen tdc tat ea quydn lyc thuf c vd nhdn ddn vfi quydn luc nha nudc Ifi thflng nhd't, cd su phdn efing, phfl'i hpp vfi kifi'm soat giira cac co quan nhfi nude trong vife thyc bfin quyen lap phap, hfinh phap va tuphap... Dong thbi, tifi'p tlie do'i mdi to chuc, hoat dfng cua bfl may nha nudc theo hudng tinh gpn, hieu qua, cflng khai, minh bach, dan chu, phap quyen, thyc hfinh tie't kiem, kien quyfi't phbng, chfl'ng tham nhiing, ldng phi; xdy dyng dpi ngu can bf, cflng chuc trong sach, ed ndng lire, dap ung yeu cau trong tinh hinh mdi.
- Nang cao trinh dp dfin tri, trinh df vfin hda dfin chu, van hoa phap quyen eho quan chung nhdn dan dd hp phat huy y thuc phap ludt vfi ndng luc thyc hanh dfin chu trong vific tham gia vfio cflng vife ciia nhfi nudc vfi xa hfi. Trfin co sodd phat huy sdu rfing nhiing yfi'u tfi'nfi lyc, nfi sinh, tich cyc hfi nhdp de khang dinh vi the cua qufl'c gia, ddn tf c trong xu the' phat trifi'n cua thbi dai, bao dam sy phat trien bdn vung o nudcta.
Tao lap thdi quen sfi'ng va lfim vife theo Hifi'n phap vfi phap b a t , phat huy nang lye thyc hfinh dfin chu cho nhan dfin, thue bfn dan chu hda trfin mpi linh vuc
cua dbi sfl'ng xd hfii ehinh Ifi tao Ifip ndn tang cfin ban dd phat tridn va phat tridn ben viing. Boi 16 ddy Ifi nhiing ydu tfi' cdn thifi't dd tao nfin tinh b f u qua, tiiih tich cyc, chu dpng tham gia cua xd hpi ddn sy, cua cflng ddn vfio cflng vife eua Nhfi nudc vfi xd hfi, thuc hifn chiic nfing kifi'm tra, giam sat vfi phan bifin sd hfi dfl'i vdi dubng Ifl'i, chu truong cua Dang, cb'nh each, phdp ludt cua Nhfi nudc vfi dfi ngii can bf, cflng chifc nhfim phat huy nhung mdt tich cue, nhiing thbi cp, thufin lpi, nhiing tfi'm gupng difi'n bnh tifiu bidu, ddng thbi ngfin ngira vfi khfic phuc nhiing mat tifiu cue, nhung nguy CO lfim dd'y liii sy phat trifi'n cua ddn t^c. Mudn vfiy, trude hfi't, cdn phai thubng xuyfin ndng cao su nhfin thuc, sy bdu bidt khoa hpc cho qudn chung nhfin dfin vd cac Iinh vuc cua dbi sfl'ng xd hfli, vd vdii dd dfin chu, phap quydn, vd bfi'n phfin, trach nbfm, nghia vu cua moi cfing dfin de ho bdu ro vai trb lfim chu" va la chu" dat nuoc cua minh. Sau dd, tie'p tuc tao Ifip codid de nhdn ddn thue bfin quyen lfim ehu, thfing qua vife dfl'i mdi tfi' chiie vfi phuong thuc hoat dfng cua Mat trfin Tfi' qufi'c vfi cac to chiic cb'nh tri - xfi hpi, bao dam ti'nh dfc lap tuong dfl'i cua cac thfinh tfi'dd trong vife thue bfin ehue nfing ddn chu dai dien, giam sat n phan bifin xd hfli. Ddng thbi, tridn khai sdu rpng, phat huy beu qua cua phap lfinh ddn ehu ocoso, tao dien kif n cho nhfin ddn cd y thuc vfi thdi quen thuc himh dfin ehu, khde phuc tmh trang dfin chu bnh thuc, dfin chu qua trdn, ty do vfl chmh phu... Thyc bfin tot nhiing van de nfiy sfi phat huy dupc mpi ngudn lyc trong dan, tao nen sue manh nfli lyc de phat trien, dap imgiu thd phat trie'n bdn viing cua ddn tfle vfi nhfin loai.
Tdm lai, phat trien bfi'n vung dd, dang vfi sfi tnr thfinh mpt xu the' td't yfi'u eua thbi dai ngfiy nay, la sy lya chon cua nbdu qufl'c gia, dfin tpc trfin thd gidi Dd Ifi sy kfi't hpp hfii hba vfi bfi'n viing giiia cac yfi'u tfi kinh te' - xfi hfli - mfli trubng, giita thfi'hfi hflm nay TO cac the' hf mai sau trong sufl't qua trinh phat trifin nhdm bao dam cho con ngubi - trung tfim cua sir phat trie'n ngay cfing dup^ ty dp, cfing cd didu kifin phat trie'n tofin difin nhfin each. Tren thye tfi', chidn lupc phat trifi'n nhanh vfi ben vung mfi Dang vfi nhan dan ta dang thyc hifn Ifi mot trong nhung phuong thue hun hifu de bao dam cho nudc ta tifi'p tuc phat trifi'n, vung budc di Ifin chu nghia xd hfii, thyc hifn muc tieu "ddn gifiu, nudc manh, ddn ehu, cflng bfingi van minh".
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