<»'
BAN THEM VE PHONG T R A O CHONG THUE d n A l l N H NAM 1908
NGUVfiN TAT THANG'
P
hong triio chd'ng sUu thud d mien Trung nam 1908 la mgt trong nhQng sii kien ndi bat cua phong trao yeu nUdc chd'ng Phap d nUdc ta dau the ky XX.Day la mdt trong nhQng phong trao dau tranh chinh tri d i u tien cua q u i n chung nhan dan chd'ng lai sU thd'ng tri cua thiic dan Phap va phong kien tay sai ram rd va sau rdng nhat ke tQ khi thiic dan Phap xam lUdc nUdc ta. Phong trao chd'ng thue dien ra manh me vdi quy md rdng ldn, hinh thQc dau tranh phong phu, dgc dao chUa tQng cd d Viet Nam. Nha sQ hgc David G.
Marr da danh gia dd la mgt trong nhQng sQ kien tieu bieu cua vung Vien Ddng trong nam 1908 (1). NhUng thdi gian cudi cua phong trao khi lan ra tdi Nghe An, Ha Tinh va Thanh Hda thi cdn chUa dUdc chu y nhieu. Biii viet nay, chung tdi phan anh them ve pheng trao chd'ng thue tren dia ban Hii Tinh.
Nham phuc vu cho chUdng trinh khai thae thudc dia lan thQ nhat (1897-1914), tQ 1897 trd di, thUc dan Phap da thiic hien chinh sach sUii thue rat nang ne del vdi nhan dan Viet Nam. O Trung Ky, che do thud khda rat ha k h i c . D i u nam 1908, chi'nh quyen thiic dan ra nghi dinh tang 5%
thue dien. Thang 4-1908, lay cd phai dai thg le "TU tuan dgi khdnh" cho vua Khai Dinh, chinh quyen thUc dan tang them
30% cac mQc thue, ddng thdi cdn gia tang thue hang nam bat ke rugng td't hay xau, dinh nhieu hay ft... "Mac du dd cd nhdng Idi hda Id thue'se dUdc gid nguyen d mdc dd quy dinh nhUng den ndm sau thi thue lgi tdng vd nhdng ndm ke'tiep lgi cd tdng them deu deu" (2). "NgUdi nong ddn Viet Nam ludn coi quan thue nhU mgt tai deh" (3).
Chi rieng hai thQ thud dinh va dien, trung binh mdi nam ngUdi ndng dan phai nop 10 quan tien tUdng dUdng 100 kg gao (4). Thue mil qua nang, da gay nen sU cdng phan, bat binh trong nhan dan. Toan quyen Lannessan viet tren bao "NgUdi Dong DUdng" cung thQa nhan nguyen nhan dan den cac cudc bieu tinh "chu yeu Id do thue md qud ndng, vd nhUng cuge bieu tinh ddu tien dd nd ra d Trung Ky vi d day ngUdi ta tdng thue' nhanh nhdt nhUng lgi kem sdng sud't nhdt. Thue dd nang, lgi them cdch thu thue rdt phien phdc" (5). "NgUdi ndo cd nhieu thue thi hg gidnh nhau de nop trUdc cho dd bdt phi td'n; do vdy, cd cdch phdn hgng, phdn thd, quan thu thuelgi dUdc nhd them. Cd tien thi du de'n sau cung dUdc nop trUdc. Khdng ed tien thi du de'n trUdc cdng phdi chd sau (tien ddy Id tien hd'i Id) (6).
Ben canh dd, nan phu phen, tap dich d Trung Ky cung rat nang ne. Mdi nam mgt ngifdi phai mat 15, 16 lan di phu diid sdng, d i p dudng, md mang ben cang. Hg lai phai lam viec trong dieu kien an d tdi tan, khi
' Th.s. Khoa Lich sU - TrUdng Dai hgc Su pham Hue
Ban them ve phong trao chdng thue. 57
dm d a u k h d n g cd thud'c m e n , n h i e u ngudi da chet k h i di p h u .
T h a n g G i e n g n a m 1908, p h o n g t r a o d a u t r a n h chd'ng sUu t h u e nd r a d a u tien d h u y e n Dai Lgc ( Q u a n g N a m - Da N i n g ) , que hUdng ciia P h a n C h u T r i n h , s a u dd l a n r a ca t i n h Q u a n g N a m . T r o n g tac p h a m Cudc khdng thue d Trung Ky ndm 1908, H u y n h T h u c K h a n g d a viet.' "Nhdn ddn eac phu huyen trong tinh, khoai mo cdm gdi, qudn xdeh do mang keo tUng dodn ra Phd' (Hgi An) thay nhau ki d ngUdi ve, cdm tien giup nhau. Nhieu ngUdi bdn tdn: "d Phd',
toa sU dd ddng lam rdi, nay d phu huyen ndo vdy phu huyen ndy khdng phdi keo ra phd' nda" (7). T r o n g cdng dien giii T o a n quyen Ddng DUdng n g a y 31 t h a n g 3 n a m 1908, K h a m sQ T r u n g Ky Levecque mieu ta: "Mgt dodn ndm sdu tram ngUdi dd vUdt rao chdn, mgt hdm dd tim cdch trdn vdo vdn phdng cdng sU, yeu cdu trd tU do cho nhUng ngUdi cdm ddu bi bdt. Hg bi ddy lui bdng don gdy vd tU dd ddm bieu tinh ludn dong ngUdi, bi cdn lgi vd cdch Hgi An khodng mgt cdy sd (8).
TQ Q u a n g N a m , p h o n g t r a o l a n n h a n h r a ca T r u n g Ky: cac t i n h p h i a N a m cd Q u a n g N g a i , B i n h D i n h , P h u Yen; phia B i c cd ThQa T h i e n H u e , Q u a n g Binh, Ha T i n h , N g h e An, T h a n h Hda...
d H a T i n h , cac si p h u yeu nUdc va n h a n d a n da n h a n h c h d n g hUdng Qng cudc d a u t r a n h , ddi g i a m sUu t h u d . NhUng k h a c vdi cac dia phUdng k h a c , trUdc k h i p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u e n d r a , m g t s d cac si p h u l a n h dao p h o n g t r a o D u y T a n da bi b i t . Theo c h a u b a n t r i e u D u y T a n t h i t h a n g 11-1907, Tien si Ngd DQc Ke la ngUdi bi b i t d i u t i e n (9), rdi d e n Le V a n H u a n , D a n g V a n Ba, Ddc hgc D a n g N g u y e n C a n . NhQng ngQdi l a n h dao c h u chdt p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u d d H a T i n h la n h Q n g si p h u , hdi vien hdi Duy T a n t h e o xu hUdng b a o ddng n h u N g u y e n
H a n g Chi (10) d C a n Lgc va T r i n h K h i c L a p (11) d N g h i X u a n .
Khi p h d n g trad chd'ng t h u d nd r a d Q u a n g N a m , N g u y e n H a n g Chi kip thdi t h l d td t h d n g t r i ca ngdi cudc ndi day cua n h a n d a n Q u i n g N a m , ddng thdi keu ggi d a n N g h e - T i n h va cac t i n h l a n can dQng len chd'ng sQu t h u e . T h d n g tri cd doan viet:
"Nudc ta may chuc ndm nay bi bgn tham quan ngUdc hgi, hut mdu mu cua ddn, mgi thd thue dinh, dien, chd, mudi, rUdu, thU ndo cung ddnh rdt ndng, chi mud'n tdn hgi ngUdi cung gio'ng de ninh hdt ngUdi khdc md cdu gidu sang thoi. Ddi sd'ng cua ngUdi ddn cdng eo hep, khd khdn cho nen long ddn odn ghet cdng sdu sdc, bdng bdt, khong sao nen dUdc mdi gdy ra vu chd'ng sUu rdt ddng khen cua ddn Qudng Nam" (12).
Td t h d n g t r i n a y r i i k h i p m a y t i n h Bac mien T r u n g tQ ThQa T h i e n (13) den T h a n h Hda. N g u y e n H a n g Chi lien lac vdi Ngd DQc Kd, Le V a n H u a n . . . hgp b a n ke hoach cd ddng n h a n d a n dQng len d a u t r a n h , dng da dQdc sU tin n h i e m cua mgi ngUdi va trd t h a n h ngUdi chi h u y q u a n t r g n g cua p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u e d H a T i n h . "Ong Id ngUdi trUe tie'p van dgng vd cung Id tdc gid cdc ddn "khieu kien" dUa yeu sdeh..." (14).
H o a t 'ddng cua dng dUdc md ta n h u sau:
"Vdo khodng thdng 5-1908, Nguyen Hdng Chi gid lam ngUdi bdn que, di khdp trong tinh ddn td thdng tU do ong sogn thdo:
"Giac Phdp mUdn tie'ng bdo hg, ngUdc ddi ddn ta thiet Id qud Idml Mgt hgt Hd Tinh ta ddt xau ddn ngheo, sUu thue ngdy cdng tdng, cua ddn ngdy cdng kiet... Hdng nam nop xong sUu thue rdi, minh khdng cdn chiec do Idnh, bung khdng dUdc dn ccfm no, di ndi khdc tim dn, khd het chd ndi. Ne'u khong mdt ldn dUng day, td tinh keu ndi thi sUu thue hay cdn tdng mdi. Cd ngdi khdng md chiu chet, chi bdng vung day de tim loi
6S Rghien cun Ljch sir, sd 12.2009 sd'ng. Dinh lay ngdy 18 • 4 ndm nay (23-5-
1908) ddn chung cdc huyen keo len tinh, xdng vdo tod sd, ddi bd sUu thue..." (15).
O Nghi Xuan, ndi len vai trd cua Trinh Khac Lap. D i u nam 1908, nhiin cd mgt ngUdi tQ Quang Nam ra ban thud'c d Nghi Xuan ke chuyen phong triio chd'ng thue trong dd, Trinh Khac Lap da cung cac ban trong liing biin dinh va chia nhau di van dgng nhan dan trgng vung keo len huyen dau tranh. Cung vdi cac ndi khac trong tinh, phong trao chd'ng thud d Nghi Xuan bung nd dudi sU lanh dao ciia Trinh Khic Lap. Den d i u thang 5 nam 1908, nhan dan nhieu lang d huyen Nghi Xuiin da tap hdp tai chd Giang Dinh, dudi sU chi huy ciia Trinh Khac Lap, rdi cung nhau keo viio huyen bat giai tri huyen Le Tran Thuy vao tinh de dau tranh. Nhan phidn chd Dinh, hau hot nhQng ngUdi di chd dii tham gia nen doan bieu tinh da dung den hiing nghin ngudi. Doiin bieu tinh ctia nhan diin huyen Nghi Xuan di den Cdn Dd'ng (Can Lgc) thi gap mgt toan linh dich keo ra dan ap do Baybyllc chi huy. Ke dich da danh IQa q u i n chung rdi Idi dung luc mgi ngudi sd hd, chung bat Trinh Khac Lap va mgt so' ngUdi chi huy khac (16).
Cung vdi phong triio d ciic huyen khac, phong triio chd'ng thud cua nhan dan Can Lgc lai \aing len manh liet vao mua he 1908. Cuoc bieu tinh cd den nam, sau tram ngUdi do Nguyen Hiing Chi d i n dau, chu ydu lii ndng dan ngheo d cac tdng, huyen r i m rd keo ldn huyen li, tinh li neu yeu sach ddi giam sUu thue cho diin ciiy vi mua miing that thu, ndng d i : . ddi khd. Tai huyen dUdng Can Lgc, vion Tri huyen Nguyen Doiin Van hdi: "Ai bdy cho cdc anh Idm viec ndy?" Diin ddng thanh dap: "Bam quan ldn, Tdn thd". Quiin chung hd reo, niio ddng c l cdng dUdng, yeu ciu Tri huyen cung dan vd Tda xin giam thue. Nguyen
Doan Van sd qua, bd trd'n (17). Thuc dan Phiip phai phai hai dai dgi thugc trung doan 4 khd' dd Bic Ky tQ Nam Dinh vao Vinh de dan ap phong trao. Canh quan cua giam binh Gaillard chan doiin bieu tinh va vay bat Nguyen Hang Chi cung sau ngUdi khac d huyen Can Lgc, trong dd cd Ngd DQc Ke (18), BQi Phiet, Vd Tinh ...
O Ky Anh "hUdng Ung Idi keu ggi ciia Nguyen Hdng Chi, cdc nhd Nho dd van dgng mgt so' ddng bdo d 2 xd Hd Trung, Dan Du (xd Ky Vdn, Ky ThU bdy gid) td chdc bieu tinh, hudng dng ddn ngheo Can Lgc, Thgch Hd keo vdo xin sUu d tinh ly"
(19).
0 DQc Thg, trUdc canh sUu cao, thue nang, nhan dan nhieu xa trong huyen da cung cac si phu Le Van Huan, Pham Van Ngdn, Le Van Can ddi ndn cdi, mang tdi rach, mac ao q u i n rach keo vao thi xa ddi giam thud. Cac cudc bieu tinh cd den hang tram ngudi. Nhan dan cac lang Ddng Thai, Yen Vudng, Trung Le, Ddng Khe, Van Xa...
keo di khii ddng tien vao thi xa Ha Tinh ddi giam thue. Dam ddng dan chung vdi tieng hd dgng trdi da khie'n ke thu hoang sd. De ddi phd, thUc dan Phap thi hanh mgi bien phap dan ap phong trao chd'ng thue. Chung truy lung, bat bd nhQng ngUdi lanh dad, nhQng ngUdi bi tinh nghi nhU: Pham Van Ngdn, Le Van Huan (20), Pham Van Than.
Ngciy 25-8-1908, T u i n phu Ha Tinh la Cao Nggc Le (21) chu tga phien tda xet xii nhQng ngUdi yeu nudc. Dudi ban tay bao tan cua Cao Nggc Le nhieu ngUdi bi ket an tu hinh nhu Phan Dinh Hieu (cen Phan Dinh Phung), P h a m Van Ngdn (ngUdi xa Trung Anh), Le Vo... xii phat nang cac lang Ddng Thai, Yen Trung va Yen Nhan, mdi liing phai nop 50 ddng bac Ddng DUdng vi tgi quan ly dan chUa chat che.
Nam sau, cd Cii Trac, Nho San, KI Long, Tu Kien, Cii Trinh, Hoang Xuan Hoanh, Le
Ban them ve phong trao chdng thue.. 59 Vd, Nguyen Tu Than (sau cudc chd'ng thue,
can tgi bao ddng) cung bi day ra Cdn Dao.
Lf Ha Ldi, Nho San, Ki Long, Tu Ngdn, Nguyen Tu Than chet d ngoai dao, cdn may ngUdi khac man han mdi dUdc tha ve (22).
Cung thdi gian tren, cac cudc bieu tinh cung nd ra d cac huyen Hudng Sdn, HUdng Khe, Cam Xuyen. Giae su T r i n Van Giau nhan dinh: "Phong trao chd'ng thue khi de'n Nghe - Tinh lgi edng trd nen quye't liet, bien thdnh nhUng cudc bgo dgng" He cdng xa thi cdng mdt dd, nhUng de'n Nghe - Tinh thi phong trao bien thdnh vd trang khdi nghia"
(23).
Cac cudc bieu tinh chd'ng thue d Ha Tinh dien ra kha r i m rg, keo dai tQ thang 5 den thang 8 nam 1908. TrUdc sQc dau tranh cua quan chung, bgn hUdng ly d nhieu dia phUdng sd hai, khdng dam dd'c thuc thu thud. Thuc dan Phap va trieu dinh nha Nguyen luc d i u lung tung, nhUng ngay sau dd da thang tay diin ap dap tiit phong trao.
"Chung bdt giam hdng logt ngUdi. Nhieu si phu tham gia lanh dgo phong trao nhU: Le
Vdn Huan, Nguyen Duy PhUdng, Pham Vdn Ngdn" bi ddy ra Cdn Ddo" (24).
ThUc dan Phap quy ket tdi cho nhQng ngUdi dQng d i u phong trao Duy Tan de giai tan trUdng hgc, ddng cQa hdi budn, b i t bd cac si phu cai each. "Nhieu nhdn vdt ten tudi bi xd chem, nhU Trdn Quy Cdp, Nguyin Hdng Chi, Le Khie't... Ddng hdn Id sd bi ddy di Cdn Ddo, nhU Phan Chdu Trinh, Huynh Thuc Khdng, Trdn Cao Vdn, Dgng Nguyen Can..." (25).
Nguyin Hiing Chi va Trinh Khic Lap, nhQng ngUdi lanh dao chii chd't cua phong trao trong tinh, deu bi ket an tU hinh.
Trinh K h i c Lap bi chung ket an "tgo yeu thu yeu ngdn" rdi dua ve chem d chd Giang Dinh. Nguyen Hiing Chi bi hanh quyet sau thanh Ha Tinh vdi an "Khich bien ddn
lUdng", beu dau hai dng ngay tai que nha de uy hiep tinh t h i n nhan dan.
Cam phuc trUdc sU hy sinh anh dung ciia Nguyen Hang Chi, si phu cung nhan dan Ha Tinh da bi mat dem thi the cua dng ve td chQc an tang cho dng. Mac du bi ke thu dim ap, khung bd da man, song nhieu ngUdi vin bf mat tdi dU le truy dieu. Hien nay, d Ha Tinh, trong nhan diin van cdn nhieu ngUdi nhd cau ddi cua mdt si phu dUdng thdi thUdng tide va cam phuc hai dng (26).
Phong trao chd'ng thud phat trien manh d Ha Tinh. Ke thQ dung mgi thu doan dan ap phong trao. Song khdng chi biio chi Ddng DUdng ma c l biio chi Phap cung hoan toan giau kin vu nay. Cho den khi tinh hinh da dn dinh, td Nguyet san "La Vie Coloniale", sd'70 ra ngay 1-7-1908 mdi dUa ra mdt mau thdng tin, nhUng sU that da hoim toan bi bdp meo: "Tinh hinh Trung Ky"
Chfnh quyen Ddng Dudng thdng bao, theo bao cao cua Kham sQ Trung Ky, tinh hinh kha quan tai cac tinh Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, ThQa Thien Hue, Quang Tri vii Ddng Hdi. Mdt phan ddi khd' dd dUdc gQi tQ Da Nang ra Ha Tinh de phdng trUdc chQ that sU d Hii Tinh chUa cd cudc bieu tinh nao" (27).
Tdm lai, phong trao chd'ng thue nam 1908 bat d i u tQ huyen Dai Lgc. Luc dau chi la mdt cudc bieu tinh phan ddi nhQng ngQdi da tQng nhan tien dut Idt trong viec phan bd ngUdi di xay dap con dudng r i i da tQ huyen len tinh. Ddn thang 3-1908 thi phong trao chd'ng thue dUdc hinh thiinh vdi nhieu cudc bieu tinh ldn trong lich sU Viet Nam. Rdi sau dd lan nhanh k h i p cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung. Ram rd nhat la cac tinh Quang Nam, Quing Ngai, Binh Dinh, ThQa Thien Hue, Ha Tinh, Nghe An, Thanh Hda... Cac tinh cdn lai, tuy khdng cd nhQng cudc bieu tinh chd'ng thue nhUng cQng cd nhieu hinh thQc ung hd phong trao (28). NhU the, mdt cdn Id'c ao at, het tinh niiy den tinh khac.
70 Rghien c m i Ljch sit, s d 12.2009
khie'n c h i n h q u y e n thUc d a n p h o n g k i e n h o a n g m a n g cao do. L i n d i u t i e n t r o n g lich sU each m a n g can d a i Viet N a m , d a y la n h Q n g cudc b i e u t i n h Idn c u a n d n g d a n . P h o n g t r a o dUdc d i n h gia nhU "Mdt hien tUdng dgc ddo trong phong trdo ndng ddn nUde ta hdi ddu theky XX" (29).
P h d n g t r a o chd'ng t h u e cua n h a n d a n H a T i n h n a m 1908 la m g t cuoc d a u t r a n h cdng k h a i , t u p h a t . M a c dQ bi t h a t b a i , n h U n g p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u d d H a T i n h da budc c h i n h q u y e n t h u c d a n ndi t a y t r o n g n h i d u l i n h vUc. P h o n g t r a o d a t h e h i e n t i n h t h i n va n a n g luc d a u t r a n h c u a n h a n d a n k h d n g bao gid g i i m s u t t r o n g cdng cudc d a u t r a n h g i i i p h d n g d a n tdc, d d n g thdi nd c u n g bdc Id n h Q n g h a n che k h i chQa x u a t h i e n mgt giai cap l a n h dao t i e n t i e n .
P h o n g triio chd'ng t h u e n a m 1908 lii mdt cudc ndi day rgng ldn vii m a n h me cua ndng d a n Hii T i n h vdi n h Q n g phUdng thQc d a u t r a n h mdi me nhU d a u t r a n h c h i n h tri, bieu t i n h , ddi cac q u y e n ldi k i n h te h a n g ngay, cac quyen tU do d a n chu tdi thieu. TQ ngi d u n g den h i n h thQc, p h o n g t r a o t h e hien a n h h u d n g cua cudc v a n dgng Duy T a n d T r u n g Ky. "Tinh thdn ddn chu, y thUc ddn sinh khi dd thdm sdu vdo y thUe cua nhd;:
ddn thi sUc mgnh quat khdi khdng gi cd the ngdn can ndi Vu "Ddn bien Trung Ky" ndm 1908 dUdc du ludn ditdng thdi coi la dinh
CHU THICH
(1), David G, Marr, Vietnamese anticolonialism, Los Angles, 1971, tr. 185,
(2). E,Jolly, Nhiing sU viec a Trung Ky, bao Avenir du Tonkin (Tudng lai Bdc Ky), so 3934, thang 4 nam 1908.
(3). Joseph Buttinger, Vietnam: A Dragon Em - batted, "Volume I'From colinialism to the Vietminh, Frederick A Praege, New-York, 1967, tr.
53.
cao cua phong trdo Duy Tdn phdt sinh trong hodn cdnh dy" (30). Cd t h e ndi, cac si phu tien bg n h u Le V a n H u a n , Ngd DQc Ke, T r i n h K h i e L § p , N g u y e n H a n g Chi... la n h Q n g ngQdi khdi xQdng va l a n h dao xua't s i c cua p h o n g t r a o . K h i p h o n g t r a o da p h a t t r i e n s a u r g n g t r o n g q u i n c h u n g ndng dan t h i p h o n g triio da t a o n e n nhQng cd hdi c h i n h tri do p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u d dem lai n h u n g r a t tiec la nd c h u a dUdc tiep tuc sU d u n g t r o n g thUe te. D u n g n h u n h a n dinh ciia GS. D i n h X u a n L a m : "Cd mdt diem nQa c i n dQdc n h a n m a n h , dd la nhQng cudc bieu t i n h chd'ng t h u e d H a T i n h nd r a mudn, nhUng r a t q u y e t liet va dac biet la cd sii c h u a n bi tQ trUdc, chQ k h d n g tQ p h a t nhQ d Q u a n g N a m , Q u a n g Ngai. ThUc r a dd chi la be m a t cua m d t a m mUu khdi n g h i a dd cac d a n g vien Duy T a n hdi t r o n g t i n h chii tri.
TQ d i u n a m 1908, t r o n g luc d ngoai nUdc ( N h a t B a n va T r u n g Qud'c) thUc d a n P h a p d a n g r a o r i e t tim each d a p t a t phong trao Ddng D u t h i cac thii l i n h Duy T a n hdi d N g h e T i n h d a c h u a n bi liic lUdng, d a n h up cac t i n h t h a n h d day, d a n h t h a n h N g h e An, t h a n h H a T i n h , cd ke h o a c h cUdp t r a i linh, p h a nguc giai t h o a t cac t u n h a n . Ket qua la do td chQc long leo n e n cac cd hgi chfnh tri m a p h o n g t r a o chd'ng t h u e da tao n e n da k h d n g dUdc Duy T a n hgi sQ d u n g cd ket qua"
(31).
(4). Dinh Xuan Lam, D6 Quang HUng, Phong trdo chdng thue ndm 1908 d Nghe - Tinh, Tap chi Nghien ciJu Lich sii, so 2-1980, tr. 30.
(5), Trdn Van Giau, Dinh Xuan Lam, Hoang Van Lan, Nguyin Van Su, Dang Huy Van, Lich sii can dgi Viet Nam, TSp 3, Nxb, Giao due. Ha Noi, 1961, tr. 164.
(6), Phan Chau Trinh, Dong DUOng chinh tri ludn, in tron^ Phan Chdu Trinh - Cuoc deli vd tdc
Ban them ve phong trao chdng thuc... 71 phdm, Nxb. T h a n h pho Ho Chi Minh, 1987, tr.
201.
(7). Hoi n h a van, Thd vdn Huynh Thuc Khdng, Nxb. Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1994, tr. 78.
(8). Le Thi Kinh, Phan Chdu Trinh qua tdi lieu mdi, Nxb. Da N i n g , 2001, tr. 156.
(9). N g u y l n The Anh, Phong trdo khdng thue mien Trung ndm 1908 qua cdc chdu bdn trieu Duy Tdn, Bo Van hoa va T h a n h nien, Sai Gon, 1973, tr.
131.
(10). Nguydn H a n g Chi la mot ngUdi lanh dao xua't sdc trong phong t r a o chong t h u e cl Ha Tinh nam 1908. Ong sinh n a m 1884 d lang Ich Hau, Can Loc, Ha T i n h t r o n g mot gia dinh Nho hoc yeu nudc. Ong la ngUdi t h o n g minh, h a m hoc hoi, co chi khi va giau long yeu nUdc. Tuy con it tud'i nhUng ong da tim doc nhieu sach A - Au va cac thd van yeu nUdc, dac biet la thd P h a n Boi Chau, Nhd vay, tinh t h d n yeu ntidc va thUdng yeu n h a n dan ciia ong ngay cang difdc cung co' va p h a t trien,
(11). Trinh Khdc L a p sinh nam 1869 cl lang Dong Hoi (Xuan T h a n h , Nghi Xuan), la mot nong dan yeu nudc, t h o n g minh, h a m hoc hoi, ra't co uy tin doi vdi n h a n dan trong vCing.
(12). N g u y l n H a n g Chi, Td thong cdo ve viec ddn Qudng Nam chd'ng sUu, chu Hdn, ban dich luu triJ tai Ban Nghien cUu Lich sii D a n g tinh Quang Nam, tai lieu so l.IIIA.
(13). N g u y l n Q. Thdng, N g u y l n Ba The, TU dien nhdn vgt lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoa, Tp, Ho Chi Minh, 1997, tr, 533,
(14), Trong bai Phong trdo chdng thue d ThUa Thien - Hue ndm 1908 cua n h a nghien ciiu Nguyen Hiiu C h a u P h a n (in trong tac phdm Phong trdo khdng thue cda nong ddn miin Trung Viet Nam ndm 1908 vd sU tham gia ddu tranh cua anh Nguyin Tdt Thdnh (Chii tich Ho Chi Minh) tgi ThUa Thien Hue do Bao t a n g Ho Chi Minh Thifa Thien Hue xua't biin n a m 2008) co doan viet: "Mof lanh tu tre tudi ndi tie'ng khdc Id Le Dinh Mgng.
Mong ra ddi sau khi cha Id Le Dinh Mgi chet vi tgi theo hich Cdn Vuang. Mgng hgc gioi, thich nghien cUu tdn tha, hogt dgng trong Duy Tdn Hgi ciia
Phan Bgi Chdu. Mgng hay Idm bgn vdi nhUng thanh nien co y chi, nhUng ngudi hieu biet vd dd moc ndi dugc vdi Nguyen Hdng Chi, ten thudng ggi Id Khod Ndi tU Hd Tinh vdo. TU ndm Mdu Thdn (1908) phong trdo khdng thue a cdc tinh phia Nam Hue bdng no lan rdt nhanh den Hue. Ddn ldng Dg Le ke lgi rdng, liic do cd mgt ngudi ten Khod Ndi noi gigng Hd Tinh theo chdn Le Dinh Mgng ve a lgi xdm giUa ldng Dg Le loan truyen nhiiu tin ve phong trdo chdng thue ciia nhdn ddn Qudng Nam,
Qudng Ngdi."
(15). P h a n Dinh Budi (chu bien), Lich sii Hd Tinh, Sd Giao due - Dao tao Ha Tinh xua't ban, 1998, tr, 25.
(16). Dinh Xuan Lam, Do Q u a n g Hung, Phong trdo chdng thue ndm 1908 d Nghe - Tinh, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sii, so 2-1980, tr, 31-32,
(17), Nguyen The Anh, Phong trdo khdng thue miin Trung ndm 1908 qua cdc chdu bdn trieu Duy Tdn, Bo Van hoa va T h a n h nien, Sai Gon, 1973, tr.
137.
(18), Cao Ngoc L l que d T h a n h Hda, von la hoc tro va la chau ciia To'ng Duy Tan (Ngifdi lanh dao cuoc khdi nghia H u n g Linh - T h a n h Hoa). Khi cuoc khdi nghia tha't bai, Tong Duy Tan a'n tren mot h a n g nui roi nhd ngUdi bao cho Cao Ngoc Le tim each tie'p te. Khong ngd vdi ban cha't xao quyet,' Cao Ngoc L l da bao vdi P h a p bdt Tong Duy Tan de linh thudng. H a n h dong ba't n h a n , ba't nghia cua Cao Ngoc Le ddi ddi hi n h a n dan Thanh Hoa phi bang, cho de'n hien nay trong n h a n dan vdn cdn lUu t r u y e n cau: "Vo dia khd mai Cao Nggc Li; HUu thien bdt td Tdng Duy Tdn" (Khong co da't chon cho Cao Ngoc L l ; Ciing trdi song mai Tdng Duy Tan)
(19). Dia chi huyen Ky Anh, Ha Tinh, 1996, tr.
7 3 .
(20). Ngo Dtfc Ke (1878-1929) con trai Thi lang Bo L l Ngo Lien (Ngo Hue Lien), Hieu Tap Xuyen, ngudi lang Trad Nha, h u y e n Thach Ha, Tinh Ha Tinh. Dau Tien si khoa T a n Svfu trieu T h a n h Thai (1901).
72 Rghien cmi Lich sit. sd 12.2009
Ngo Dtic Ke k h o n g ra lam q u a n , d nha lap pho' buon, md trUdng hoc va lap t h u xa. N a m 1907, trudc khi phong t r a o xin xau b a t ddu, ong bi an sat H a Tinh luc ba'y gid la Cao Ngoc Le b a t giam d tinh, roi day ra Con Dao den n a m 1921 mdi tra ttf do. N a m 1924 ra Ha Noi chii trUdng bao Hiiu T h a n h t a p chi. Den n a m 1929 ong ma't tai Ha Noi, tho 51 tud'i,
(21), Huynh Thuc Khdng con ngUdi vd thd vdn, Phii Quo'c vu k h a n h Dac t r a c h van hda xua't ban, Sai Gon, 1972, tr. 78.
(22). Le v a n H u a n (1875-1929), ngUdi l a n g Lac Thien, phu Ddc Tho, t i n h Ha Tinh, biet hieu la Lam Ngu. N a m 31 tuoi ong t h i d a u giai Nguyen khoa thi Hudng trUdng Nghe An, nen tuc t h u d n g goi la Giai H u a n , N a m 1908, ong bi b a t va bi day ra Con Dao vi da t h a m gia vao cac phong trao ddu t r a n h cho'ng P h a p , nha't la phong trao chd'ng t h u e .
Ve da't lien, n a m 1926 ong d n g cd vao Vien Dan bieu T r u n g Ky, n a m 1927 td chdc Nghi vi§n, t h a n h lap D a n g P h u c Viet (sau doi la Tan Viet), Nam 1929 bi P h a p bdt giam tai Ha Tinh, Trong nguc ong mo' b u n g til tiet,
(23), Trdn Van Giau, Su phdt trien tU tudng d Viet Nam (he y thUc tu sdn vd sU thdt bgi cua no trUdc nhiem vu lich sd), Nxb, Su t h a t , Ha Noi, 1975, tr. 33,
(24). Ban Cha'p h a n h D a n g bo Dang Cong san Viet Nam tinh Ha Tinh, Lich sii Dang bg Hd Tinh, TI (1930 - 1954), Nxb, Chinh t n Quoc gia, 1993, tr, 62,
(25), T r d n Ba De, Lich sit Viet Nam tU 1858 den nay, Nxb, Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Noi, 2001, t r , 6 5 ,
(26). Cau ddi khoe T r i n h Khdc Lap:
- Nhdn tii giai tien sinh, tuy sUu thue vi kim nhat chi dgi vdn di ho tudc long thon, yet nhuc hg, nhi bdt ndng hg.
- Co sd vi liet si, tri thuyet huyet vi hdu lai chi tuang kiet qud, dUdng kinh oa vg, dau khd ton, diec bdt tdt ton.
Nghia la:
- Ai cdng nhu tien sinh, ddu sUu thue Id vdn de to ldn ngdy nay, cgp nuoi, rong nhai, cd muo'n xud'ng ciing khong the xuo'ng
- XUa ggi bdng tiet si, biet mdu sdt Id ke't qud tot dep mai hdu, chdu kinh, ech gian, ddu co con cUng khong cdu con.
Cau do^i khdc Nguyen H a n g Chi:
- Bdt due thu tdc thu, khdu due ngdn tdc ngon, phien phien khd di tdi, nhdn cdch dd tdng tdn hgc xudt.
- Vdn qudn the vi the, vdn qudn td vi td, khdn khdn hd vi gid, huyet ngdn todn vi qudc ddn lUu.
Nghia la:
- But muo'n vie't thi viet, mieng mudn reo thi reo, phdi phdi ddng yeu thay, nhdn cdch ren nen tU hgc mdi.
- Hoi con vdn chUa con, hoi vg vdn chUa vd, khdng khdng lam sao vdy, mdu tUcfi tuon chay vdi dong bdo". Thed tai lieu ve phdng trad cho'ng thue d Ha T i n h luu d Bad t a n g Ha 'Rnh,
(27). Bulletin A d m i n i s t r a t i t de L a n n a m , anee 1908, N° 9. L u u t r d tai U B N D T h d a Thien Hue.
(28). Bao t a n g Ho Chi Minh Thifa Thien Hue, Phong trdo khdng thue ciia nong ddn mien Trung Viet Nam ndm 1908 vd sU tham gia ddu tranh cua anh Nguyin Tdt Thdnh (Chii tich Hd Chi Minh) tgi ThUa Thien Hue, Nxb. T h u a n Hda, Hue, 2008, tr, 105,
(29). D i n h X u a n Lam, Do Q u a n g Hdng, Phong trdo chdng Thue ndm 1908 dNghe - Tinh, bdd, tr.
34.
(30). H a i Ngoc T h a i N h a n Hda, Xu hUdng canh tdn - phong trdo Duy tdn - sU nghiep doi mdi (tU giiia the ky XIX de'n cuoi the ky XX), Nxb. Da
N i n g , 2005, tr. 102.
(31). D i n h X u a n Lam, Phong trdo cho'ng thued Trung Ky ndm 1908 - Qud trinh phdt trien vd cdc ddc diem. T a p chi Nghien cUu Lich sit, so' 10-2009, tr, 5,
