s o TAY THUAT NGtT KHOA HOC
MOT S6 THUAT XCU XHAX LOAI HOC VAX HOA TEN GQI THAN TQC
Xa hdi cd nhieu ngudi me vd xa hdi chi CO 1 ngudi me. Ten ggi than tdc mang y nghia gi?
Morgan vd loai hinh ten ggi thdn tgc lam cff sd ciia tien hoa luan '
Tieng Viet vd tieng Anh deu cd he thing tin ggi phdn biet bd vd chii bdc, me vd cd di, anh em mgt vd anh em hg. Tuy nhien trong tieng Hawai, ngudi ta sir dyng ten ggi md khdng cd su phan bilt nhu vay.
Ngudi phdt hien ra sy khac nhau nay trong ten ggi chi hg hdng giiia cdc xa hdi vd bdt ddu nghien ciiu loai hinh ten ggi than tdc chinh Id L.Morgan. Ong da ggi he thdng nhu ngdn ngu tieng Anh, tilng Viet Id loai mang tinh ghi chip, cdn he thdng nhu ngon ngii Hawai la loai mang tinh phan loai. He thdng mang tinh phdn loai ndy con dugc chia thdnh loai hinh Malay (he tiiong Hawai), loai hinh Torano- Ganowania (he thdng phdn biet tin ggi anh chi em hg), tren co sd dd Morgan da dua ra 3 loai hinh he thong ten ggi. Ong cho rang h? thdng ten ggi than tgc vira la phuong thiic nhdn biit quan he pha he, dong thdi vua la sy the hien tinh chat ciia to chiic than tgc. Vi du loai hinh ten ggi Malay dugc coi la bang chiing ciia sy tdn tai kiiu kit hdn anh chi em tiudc day, de tir dd tudng dinh ve tien hda luan trong dd lien kit ten ggi than tgc vdi che do gia dinh vd che do kit hdn.
Murdoch vd sdu logi hinh tren cff s&
ten gpi anh chi em hg
R.Lowie tiep thu mdt cdch phe phdn quan diim tien hda luan ciia Morgan trong sy chii y din ly luan ndi tai ciia he thdng' than tdc tir dd dua ra 4 loai hinh khac.
G.Murdock da tiep thu cdc loai binh ndy ciia Lowie va tren co sd thu thap mdt khdi lugng khdng Id cdc tu lieu dan tdc chi d khdp noi tren the gidi, dng da tien hdnh so sdnh, phan tich vd phdn loai thanh 6 kieu dang dya tren co sd ten ggi anh em hg nhu trong bang^'l Ong da coi loai hinh Eskimo Id ddc trung cho xa hdi song he, loai hinh Kuro Id ddc trung cho xa hdi mdu he, vd loai hinh Omaha (Trung My) la ddc trung ciia xa hdi phy he, tir dd dua ra nhiing nhan dinh ve tinh liln quan giira tin ggi than tdc vd td chiic xd hdi. Cdc loai hinh ndy so vdi nhiing nghiin ciiu tmdc dd thi chi tiit, tinh vi hon nen mang tinh cdch mang nhung vdn cdn thieu sdt d chd chi dya vdo ten ggi anh em hg lam tieu chudn thi van cdn nen ciing cd cho khdng tuong hgp niu xet trin todn bg he thdng tin ggi.
Phan tich quy tac dong dang
F, Lounsbury vd H.Scheffler da xip ten ggi than too vao vi tri phuong phap nhan biit than tdc thi hien quan he vi tri tren phd he, tii dd da phdt triin mdt phuong phdp phan tich dp dung todn bd tin ggi than tgc. Dd la phuong thirc phan tich quy tdc ddng ddng theo lap tmdng phdn loai than tdc dugc triin khai lay ban than ldm trung tam, trong khi ban than nhiing tir ngii cua ten ggi thi lai dugc phan loai nhu Id mgt he thdng ngdn ngil. Theo cdch phan
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf sdf4 (37) 2008 69
VQ Minh Chi
tich ddng dang, mdi tin ggi dugc dimg de chi mdt sd ngudi d cdc thi he khac nhau vd loai hinh than tdc gan nhat vdi ban than tbi cd y nghia trung tam ciia ten ggi dd (nhu F duge quy dinh Id ten ggi ciia Bd),
cdn cdc loai hinh than tdc khac Id thii phdi sinh tir tmng tam dd. Them vdo dd cdn quy dinh mdt vdi "nguyen tac co ban"
nhdm quy nhiing cai phai sinh ve y nghla trung tam.
Bang 1: Phan loai cua Murdock
Loai Eskimo Loai Hawai Loai Iroquoi Loai Sudan Loai Obama Loai Kuro
FZD=MBD (+)
-1-
+ - - -
CC=PC
-1- -1-
- - - -
cc=z
-
-1-
- - - -
PC=Z -
-1-
(+) - 0
<D
Ngoai ra
Nhung FZD=ZD, MBD=MZ, Nhung FZD=FZ, MBD=BD FZD: father'sister'daugbter; MBD: mother'brother'daughter, Z: sister
CC: cross-cousin, PC: parallel-cousin
=: CO y nghTa la ciing sir dung 1 ten ggi
+: khang djnh; -: phu djnh; (+) tmdng hgp thudng khdng the khang djnh nhung thong thudng la khang djnh
O : trudng hgp Murdock khong de cap Vi du ten ggi tama ciia xa hdi Trobriand chi FZS (con trai ciia chi em bd), FB (anh em bd) va b d (F). Y nghia trung tam cua tir tama ndy dugc coi Id F, Vd khi dinh ra nguyen tdc co ban Id theo
"nguyen tdc di nghieng" chi em ciia bd cd ten ggi gidng vdi me ciia bd (FZ -> FM) va theo nguyen tdc "nira anh em" thi con trai ciia me cd ten g gi gidng vdi anh em (MS -> B), cd the quy dugc ve F nhu sau:
FZS ^ FMS ^ FB ^ F, Phuang phap phan tich ndy giiip cho ngudi ta cd the ghi chip dugc he thdng ten ggi phiic tap ciia cdc xa hdi cd biet neu quan tam tdi su bien ddi dien ra theo su ket hgp mgt sd nguyen tdc cd gidi han da dugc nit ra.
Van de chua gidi quyit dug^c
Tir cho phe phdn quan ruem coi ten ggi than tdc cd quan h? vi tri trong pha he
giiia cdc cd nhan, E.R.Leach da xep cdc tir ngii cua ten ggi vdo vi tri pham trii xa hdi phan loai tap the con ngudi. Pham trii nay la quan diem coi sir hinh thanh, phan chia tap the (do tieu chuan xa hgi quy dinh) theo noi cu tni va xudt than, hodc quan he giua ngudi vd ngudi (dugc tieu chudn xa hdi quy dinh) theo quyin lgi vd nghia vy.
R.Needham ciing diing tren quan diim coi he thdng ten ggi la cdch phan loai con ngudi thi hien mgt pham trii vugt qua quan he pha he. Tren ca sd dd dng da lam rd tinh tuong thich giila tieu chudn phdn loai ciia he thdng ten ggi vd pham trii cd kha nang hay khdng cd kha nang kit hdn theo quy dinh vi hg hdng vd hdn nhan.
Tuy nhien, cd the ndi rdng tmdc su phiic tap rdc rdi cua he thdng ten ggi trong cac xa hgi ca biet da dang, su ddi lap giiia
70 NghlSn ctiu Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008
Mpt so thuat ngu"
nhdn manh quan be phd be bay nhdn manh pham trii van chua di den hdi kit.
THCn GIAN
Thdi gian nhu Id van hda cd rat nhilu each bilu dat vd van dl lich sir
Quan niem th&i gian khac nhau giira cdc ddn tpc
Trong nhdn loai bgc van hda, lien quan den thdi gian cd rdt nhilu cdch tiep can khac nhau.
Tmdc bit, trong cdc loai ngdn ngii khac nhau, each "dien dat thdi gian" cd sy tranh cai vl van dl che do thdi gian. Dieu nay cd le nhilu ngudi trong chiing ta se cam nhdn ro khi lan dau tien bgc the hien tai hodn thanh ciia tieng Anh. Day la mdt vi du ve sy khac nhau trong cdch phdn doan thdi gian trong tieng Anh vd tieng Viet. Hon nGa, B.Whorf dua ra ngdn ngQ ciia ngudi Hopi dan bdn xir My, de ndi rang ngudi Hopi khdng biet thdi gian mang tinh todn hoc md nhd vdt ly sii dyng, vi dy le ra phdi noi Id "Tdi da d lai 5 ngdy" thi ngudi Hopi lai ndi "Tdi da trai qua ngay thii ndm", vd kit ludn la tieng Hopi Id "ngdn ngii vd thdi gian". Mat khac, J.Mbiti lai dl cap den quan nilm thdi gian tmyen thdng cua ngudi Phi da den vd cho rang trong tieng Kanba he Bantu Id tieng me de ciia dng thdi gian dugc chia thdnh hai doan "qud khii rdt ddi" va "hiln tai", tren thuc ti la khong tdn tai thi "tiiong lai".
Quan ni^m th&i gian cua ngu&i Anh Theo E.R.Leach, ngudi Anh hien dai CO quan niem thdi gian lap lai vd quan niem thdi gian khdng lap lai nhung hai quan niem ndy hinh thdnh tren co sd hai
kinh nghilm khde nhau tham chi mau thuan nhau vl mat ly thuyet. Cai tmdc bit ngudn tir kinh nghiem mat trdi mgc va lan, bdn miia thay ddi, cdi sau hinh thanh trin CO sd kinh nghiem cudc ddi con ngudi bat ddu tir khi sinh ra, ldn len vd gia ylu rdi chit di. Tuy nhien, khai niem thdi gian nguyin thiiy nhat vd co ban nhdt, cd le la dya tren khdi niem "lap lai doi nghich vdi tinh diit doan ciia sy vat", tiic la kinh nghiem gidng y nhu mdt con ldc cd sy thay the nhau giiia ngdy vd dim, ndng va lanh, khd va udt. Day Id hien tugng ma con ngudi da trdi nghilm bang hinh thiic thay the giila thdi gian 11 hdi thieng lieng vdi thdi gian cudc sdng the tuc. Khdng can phai ndi thim rang, khdi niem thdi gian nhu vay la cai khac vl ban chat vdi khdi nilm thdi gian mang "tinh tryc tuyen" ciia nhdt than giao Sem tir sang tao budng tdi cham diit.
Quan niem th&i gian ciia ngu&i Nuer Tuong ling vdi sy khac nhau vl quan nilm thdi gian cd sy lap di lap lai hay khdng lap di lap lai, d mdt miic do ndo dd, theo E.E.Evans-Pritchard, trong xa hgi ngudi Nuer d mien Nam Sudan song song tdn tai hai loai thdi gian, mdt la loai mang tinh sinh thdi phan dnh dieu kiln ty nhien, mdt la loai mang tinh cdu tnic dua tren nhiing su kiln xa hdi. Thdi gian mang tinh sinh thai dugc quan niem hda bang hinh thiic phdn anh su khac nhau vl boat dgng sinh nghiep ciia ngudi Nuer cd lien quan mat thiit vdi sy chuyin ddi ciia ty nhien nhu miia mua vd miia khd vd sy tang hodc giam lugng nudc tuong iing, la sy lap di lap lai nhu mdt chu ky trong thdi gian 1
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sdt 4 (37) 2008 71
vo tVlinh Chi
nam. Mat khac, nhiing su kiln trong qua khir vugt qud 1 nam la sir chuyen ddi ciia ty nhien nhu lii lut, dich benh vd nan ddi, su kien trong ky lie nhu le nghi, cdng kich ldn do tap the ciia minh tien hdnh. Hen niia cdn xdc dinh thdi dai dd mdt cdch dai khdi trong su dl cap din sy lien quan tdi nhdm tudi tdc vd than tdc. Thdi gian mang tinh cau tnic ndy ddi vdi cd nhan thi khdng lap lai md dudng nhu la cdm gidc khdi niem thdi gian tien trien tir qua khil tdi tuong lai, nhung theo Evans-Pritchard thi thyc ra dd la chi Id do gidc. Bdi vi ddi vdi ngudi Nuer, khdi niem nay rat khd diln dat bdng con sd ma dugc xep vdo nien dai ky mdt each trim tugng bang mdi quan he giira sy viec nay vdi su viec khac.
Qud khir duffc ghi lgi bang phuffng tien ngodi chir viet
Rd rang trong xa hgi chua cd chii viet viec ghi chip lai sy kiln bang chU, y thiic lich sii sap xep cdc su kien ndy vdo nien dai ky khdng thi hinh thdnh, ngay c a vi mat dinh nghia. Tuy nhien khdng phdi vi the md ndi rdng hg hodn todn khdng quan tam den nhiing sy kien trong qud khii.
dilu ndy cd the thay rat rd qua trudng hgp cua ngudi Nuer. Tren thuc te, cd kha nhieu bdo cdo khac nhau ve cdc xa hdi cd nhiing phuong phap tai cau thanh lich sii,
"ky lie" ve qua khii bang nhiing tu lieu khac ngodi chii viet.
Vi dy, theo hgc gia Nhat Ban Fukui, trong xa hdi body cua ngudi Etiopia, tir tri thiic mang tinh di truyen hgc dan gian lien quan den mdu sac vd hinh dang than thi cua con bd, tir nhiing nghi le phun sHa lay dugc tir mgt con bd nhat dinh cd thi suy dodn dugc ddng chay cua lich sii theo boat ddng chinh phyc ciia tap the tu trudng.
Ngodi ra, viec gin giu ky lic thdng qua tmyen mieng vd nhiing am thanh khde, cdch di chuyen noi chdn va hdng ldi trong tl le, nguyen tdc ve co the, hon niia tii cd su trung bay vien bao tdng ciing cd thi nghien ciiu lich sir theo kieu nhan loai hgc tim hieu y thiic con ngudi trong qud khii.
Trong tuong lai tir nay ve sau, chdc rdng viec kit hgp giiia lich sii va nhan loai hgc se dugc thiic day hon mdt budc nua.
Vu Minh Chi
72 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008
