H DIEN DAN NGHI£N cCriL
TO CHUC KHONG GIAN KIEN TRUC KHU DU LICH SlljH THAI
BIEN OAO VUNG BAC BQ
HiKTSVuHolngAnh
Trong nhQng ndm qua, da cd nhilu cdng trinh nghiln ciiu khoa hpc v l phIt friln DLST d Vl|t Nam. Gidi KTS cQng ddng gdp nhilu nghiln cd^ phdt friln Du Ijch ndi Chung, tuy nhlln mdi tdp frung d cdng tie Quy hogch hodc nghiln cuu cle CO sd khoa hpc d l td chuc khdng gian kiln true dnh quan du ljch. Cd thl ndi, gidi khoa hpc rit tfch eye nghiln cuu v l DLST vdi cdc chuyin nglnh nhung so vdi nhOng gi dang tdn tgi trong cdc dy dn xdy dyng DLST v l ddc bl|t Id DLST biln dio vdng Bic Bd eho thiy cd mdt sy lung tung frong gidi sdng tic cdng nhdn thd'c chua dung din trong gidi diu tu cQng nhu sy Idng ldo cda nhl quin ly. Cd thl di khip elc tfnh tO' Quing Ninh, Hii
Phdng din HI TTnh diu nh$n thiy noi nIo cQng ddi dIo tilm ndng eho phIt friln DLST v l noi nIo cQng cd ft nhilu mdt vii dy In DLST da v l dang dupe diu tu.
Nhung mOt dilu rit Ig II d c dilm dd diu dupe xdy dgng na nl gidng nhau (cQng ed nhl sin - mli II, cQng ed bin ghi gil d y , huou, nai ddng dO...) v l nhQng noi nhu thl sy khIe bl|t ed thl d l nh|n nhlt
Id Tin ridng ttmg khu kdm thim tu "...Du lich sinh thdi...' Khi tryc tilp sinh hogt frong ttmg khdng gian kiln friic nhiing noi ndy thi qui khd khdn d l ndi vdi nhau ring dang dtgi mdt khu DLST. An tupng nhlt II hinh inh ngdi nhd sdn vCing Tay Bic phii oin minh chdng dd d c fr|n gid biln, d l rdi nhQng mli Id hit dd xic xo duQC thay bing d c mdi tdn xanh dd - hit sCrc phin d m .
Cin phdn tfch ky hon hidn frgng vl nhOng 1^ do tgo ndn sy khdp khiing dang tdn tgi frong tdng dy dn DLST biln dio d khu vyc Bie BO hi|n nay. Cd diy du elc nguyin nhdn chu quan v l khlch quan
CONG TAG QUY HOACH DIST CHOA DOOC QUANTAMflONGMQC
Vdi d e dja phuong ed tilm nang nhung Igi khdng liy DLST lam frpng tim quy hogch chung, chua xdc djnh dd la nglnh kinh t l ehfnh. Mdt sd quy hogch phdt friln du ljch khdng cdp nhdt kjp thdi xu thl phdt triln cQng nhu thj hilu do cdng tac dy bio v l dlnh gid chua chfnh xac, chua diu tu nghiln cCru diy du v l khdng
6 6 So 10-2011
Du hch sinh th^i (DLST) dang 1^ xu hudng ph5t tri^n tfch cue v^ b^n vOng m^ da s6 c^c qu6c gia quan tam. Vdi c^nh quan thi^n nhien ky thU cUng b^ d^y van h6a v^ Ijch sCr hSng nghin nam, Viet
Nam cd th^ manh ndi trOi di phat tri^n ITnh vuc n^y. Nhi^u du ^n DLST duoc tridn khai xay dung khSp cac vung tCf trung du, midn nui din ddng bSng, bidn dao... va da dat duoc cac gia tn nh^t djnh. Tuy nhien, trong s6 cac khu DLST bidn dSo 6 Bic BO hi^n nay lai chua duoc danh gia cao vi khOng dap Ung cac tieu chf cCia n6. MOt trong s6 nhOng tdn tgi b^t cap la kh^u Td chUc khdng gian kidn trUc trong cac khu DLST vCing bidn dSo chua thd hien duoc net sinh thai dac trung din ddn su
khap khidng, Idn xdn, sao chdp nham chan. V^n di nay r^t can thidt phai duoc thao luan va phan tfch mdt each th^u dao, lam tidn di cho cac nghien cufu chuyen sau hon trong cdng tac thidt kd va
sang tac cac khdng gian DLST.
Ip dgng d c k i t qui nghiln cdu khoa hpc da cd. (Da ed nhilu d l tdi nghidn cuu v l Ha Long nhung d l sii dgng k i t qui dd r i t ft chfnh vi t h l nIn cd t h l din nay du Ijch Hg Long vin chug phdt triln xung t i m vdi g i l trj tilm ndng. Ody Id mOt sy lang phf sin phim frt t u | ddng thdi dlnh m i t eo hdi phdt triln).
Phin Idn ede quy hogch ehi tilt dy In DLST mang tfnh cgc bd, d l cao Ipi feh nhl diu tu din din nhilu sy friing Igp djch vg chuc ndng, khdng cd ylu td ddc trung cua tung khu. NhCrng khu vyc cdng cdng vdi nhOng quang trudng, thim cd, vudn hoa Idn; cac phdng friln lam, bio ting khdng dupe chu frpng diu tu frong khi phdng nghi nhd hang, kios thi qui nhilu.
Cdng tae thim djnh, phe duypt va quan ly quy hogch du Ijch cua eo quan chuc nang chua chdt che, frdch nhipm vdi gia frj tdi nguydn khdng eao, loi Idng frong quan 1^ (Tai xa dao Quan Lgn huypn Van Ddn - Quing Ninh da cd mOt cdng ty du ljch chdt phi hang trdm cay phi lao frong rung t i l sinh d l liy mdt bing xay cdng trinh khiln ngudi dan dja phuong len an mgnh me).
KHONG GIAN KIENTRUC KHU DLST
CHUAMNGHIENCOUKY LUONG
Xuit phIt tif mpt xu hudng Igp quy hpgch d l ddi phd vdi thu tgc xin duylt du an ndn vide td chuc khdng gian kiln friic khdng dupe quan tdm nghiln cii'u thiu dIo. Khdng gian su' dung (cdng nang) da bj thilu sdt nhO'ng cUiic ndng chu dgo ed tfnh chit dgc thd cua DLST ddng thdi kiln triic einh quan cung bj xem nhe, nhilu dy dn td' bd d ylu td thiln nhiln. Din khi triln khai xay dung du In, chu dau tu tu thay ddi eo d u cung nhu khdng gian theo >^ dd chO quan (Mdt sd dy an DLST d huydn Vdn Ddn, Quing Ninh).
Khdng gian cinh quan v l hinh thiic kiln tnic d e hgng mgc cdng trinh treng mOt sd dy In DLST dupe xdy dyng thep nhO'ng thilt k l mang ndng tfnh hinh thdc, cdp nhdt cdc legi miu cdng trinh thep nhilu trudng phll kiln triic khIe nhau dem v l dp ddt che cdng trinh. Chinh nhOng clch tu duy Idi thdi cGa mOt sd ngudi xdy dgng dd Idm mit v l phi vd cdc d n h quan thidn nhiln ciia chfnh noi Idm DLST. CQng chfnh theo clch Idm ndy md cdc vdt lidu tgo nen cdng trinh bj tuy tidn sii dgng, khdng he khai thie dupe nhung thu vd cd cda dja phuang (nha gd mai la bj lam dgng dem su dgng trin lan va coi dd la sinh thai, hogc cu dap g i l cay gia dOng vdt d l ndi rang dd II thien nhiln).
Mdt sutdn tgi khd khac phge nhat dd Id cdc khdng gian ciia mdt sd khu DLST da tao ndn mOt khoing ngan each hoan toln vdi ngudi dan dja phuong. Cac nha dau tu hiu nhu r i t ft quan tam din cac tgp tgc sinh hogt vdn hda cua ngudi ban dja, chfnh vi t h l eung khai thie dupe nhQng gia tri vdn hda dan gian trpng vide hinh thdnh cdc sin phim che khu DLST.
Q U A N L Y V A KHAI T H A C S O DUNG TAI
NGUYEN T H | £ N N H I £ N C O N N H | I U B A T
CAP
MOt ddc dilm ndi bdt ciia d e khu DLST biln die Bie BO II cd mdt biln k i t hpp vdi d e ddi niii sdt bd hede cac die Idn nhd. Chfnh dja hinh se tgp ndn nhOng khdng gian einh quan ed dgc dilm khIc bidt m l ft khu DLST noi khIe cd dupe. Tuy nhidn, d c nhl diu tu mdi chf khai thac mdt biln phge vu tam, boi thuyin md chua nghiln ciiu sdu d l tgo ra cdc tour khdm phi dudi Idng bien hodc leo niii bdng rdng cCing kham pha cude sdng ngudi dan bin dja. Cung cd the xdy dung ngay trong nhO'ng xdm
chii mOt vii dilm du ljch se tgo nIn mOt tdng t h l khdng gian du Ijch r i t sinh dOng.
DLST r i t d n thilt cle hogt dOng bio tdn vd phge hdi mdi trudng, hi$n nay cle hogt dOng ndy r i t ft dupe quan tdm thdm chf ed nhQng nhd diu tu dang tam phd hoai thidn nhiln d l xdy dung.
Dilu nay khdng nhOng trdi vdi tfnh chit ciia DLST ma cdn tu c i t di con dudng phat triln. (j mOt vai du In phai chuyen chd eat tu noi khac v l d l tgo ndn bai tam nhdn tao thl eOng ed noi chat pha c i mOt vat rung phi lao de xay nha nghi (Quan Lgn - Van Don).
Cdn nhiSu han nhQng bit c$p vi hi^n tr^ng td chirc mOt khdng gian kiin tnic DLST bi4n dcio viing Bic BO. trong gidi han bdi viit chua th4 niu h^t dugc. Vin d l (l$t ra Id dn khic phge nhOng tdn tai dd d4 phit triin mdt cic bin vOng. Mdt sdnhOng diSu cin quan tim nhit dd li:
Thu' nhat - Th6fng nhlft khai niem ve Du ljch sinh thai
Du ljch sinh thai la logi hinh du ljch dua vao khai thdc cac gia tri ttr nhien gin vdi ban sac van hda dja phuong, cd giao dgc mdi trudng, ed sy tham gia v l hd trp phdt triln cdng ddng, ddng gdp nd lye cho bao tdn vd phat trien bin vung.
Tuc la dieu kien d n v l du de xac djnh Khu DLST la: dya v l cac ylu td thidn nhidn, cinh quan tu nhidn de tgo dupe khdng gian hll hda vdi mdi trudng sinh thai; k i t hpp vdn dgng v l khai thac cac ylu td van hda bin dja d l hinh thanh nen d c dac dilm khdng gian dgc trung cda tiing khu du Ijch; Cd su tham gia cua cdng ddng dja phuong trong viec song song vdi phIt triln kinh t l , DLST d n dupe gan bd mdt thilt vdi d c mgc tieu phat triln xd hdi bang d c h thOng qua hogt dOng du Ijch gdp phin giao dgc bio vd mdi trudng, hd trg cdng ddng ddn cu ban dja cd thdm eo hdi
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K ] DIEN DAN NGHIEN CljrU
cung phat frien; Phii bio tdn dupe cdc dilu kidn thien nhidn vdn hda sin cd d l phat triln bin vOng.
Thii- hai: Danh g i l dung nhD-ng tiem n i n g DLST bien d i o vung Bic
Bo
Khu vyc ranh gidi du Ijch ciia vung Bic BO gdm cdc tfnh tu Quing Ninh, Hii Phdng, Thdi Binh, Nam Djnh, Thanh Hda, Nghp An din Hd TTnh (3). Vdi ddc dilm cd bd biln frai ddi khoing hon 1.500km vdi d n h quan thidn nhidn dpp; da dgng sinh hpc; bin sic vdn hda ciia nhilu tOc ngudi dang sinh sdng,...
noi ddy chua dyng r i t nhilu tilm ndng cho phdt friln DLST, cg t h l Id:
Cdnh quan thifen nhffin: Vung cd nhieu Ipi t h l cho phdt friln DLST Id Quang Ninh, Hai Phdng: Vjnh Hg Long ndi tilng hai lin dupe cdng nhdn Id di san the gidi,; vjnh Bai Tu Long k l bdn vdi canh quan cdn gin nhu nguydn so:
rCmg qudc gia Ba Mun, Dao Khf; hang Ban Sen, hang Soi Nhu; bai t i m Minh Chau, Ngpc Vung, Spn Hao, Quan Lan;
Cac vung san hd day biln khu vuc Dao Tra Ban, dao Cd TO - noi ddy cd r i t ly tudng cho phat trien DLST.
Dam Cd xa Dai Blnh huyen Dan Ha la mOt noi quanh nam cd sd lupng Cd ddng din hang vai nghin con sinh sdng;
dac biet khi din mua chim di cu khu vyc nay trd ndn vd cung nao nhipt vdi sd lupng tang dOt bien va rat nhilu chiing Ipgi den tgp trung sinh sdng. Ben canh do he sinh thai rimg ngap mdt khu vyc nay cung rat phong phii d l khdm phd vd nghidn ciiu v l thien nhien.
Dao Cat Bd: Id khu dy tru sinh quyln rOng hon 26.000 ha, vdi 2 vung 151 (bio tdn nghiem ngdt va khdng cd t i c dOng cua con ngudi), 2 vung dpm (cho phdp phat trien kinh te hgn ehl song k i t hpp vdi bao tdn) v l 2 vung chuyin tilp (phdt triln kinh tl). Khu dy trO sinh quyen Cit Ba la vung hOi tu diy dii c l rung mua nhiet ddi tren dao d l vOi, rung ng|p man, cac ran san hO, tham rong vd d$c biet la h | thdng hang dOng.
Vung cd it Igi thi cho phit triin DLST li Thii Binh, Nam Djnh, Thanh Hda. Hi Tfnh:
MOt sd noi cd Bai tam mac du dpp phge vu du Ijch nghi mat, vui choi tren bien (Cdn Vanh Thai Blnh; Sim Son Thanh Hda; Cua Ld Nghp An; Thidn
Cim Hd TTnh; Trd Cd Quing Ninh).
MOt sd noi khIc chju Inh hudng tilu cyc ciia ddng chly tii d e ciia sdng llm nude biln khdng trong sgch, bdi t i m nhilu biin phu sa (Ddng Chdu T.Blnh;
Quit Ldm, Hdi Thjnh - Nam D|nh), m$c diu vdy nhOng noi ndy igi cd ddng ngudi ddn bin dja sinh sdng cung vdi nhOng tdp tgc lao dOng hIng ngdy sd Id nhOng gid fri khdm phi cho khlch du lich trong hogt dOng DLST.
Di tfch ljch siir, vSn hda: CIc Di chf khio cd gin lidn vdi khu vyc ven biln v l trdn cdc dIo: Vung Quing Ninh (hon 40 dja dilm): Hang Soi Nhg; Hd Gilt;
Thoi Gilng,...hinh thinh ndn nhiing biic tranh v l d c nIn vdn hda Hg Long, NIn van Hda Soi Nhg, ... dlnh diu sy xuit hiln v l phdt friln ciia nhdn logi; Vung Hii Phdng cd mOt sd dja dilm: Cdi Bdo - Cdt Bd.
CIc di tich vdn hda, ljch su: Din Cua Ong, Chua Cdi Biu, Dlnh Quan Lgn - Vdn Ddn, Quang Ninh; Din Bd Di, Chiia
Long Tudng - Dd Son, Hii Phdng; Din DOc Cude - Sam Son, Thanh Hda;...
ZAc sinh hogt mang d^m chdt vdn hda bdn dfa: Nhilu le hOi truyin thdng.
Id hOi dan gian gin liln vdi t i t c l cdc dia phuong ven biln va khu ddn eu trdn dIo: Ld hOi Quan Lgn QN; L l hOi Tra Cd - QN; HOi Chpi Trdu - HP... Cdc tdp quin sinh sdng gdn liln vdi nghi nghilp mang ddc thu riing bidt : Lang Chdi Ciia Van - Hg Long vdi cudng sdng todn bO trdn mdt biln; Ddn trin DIo vdi cdc logi hinh lao dOng dlnh bit Hii sin (Cdu myc, dlnh e l din; b i t Sd sung...); Cdc sinh hogt mang bin sic vdn hda ddn tOe ciia nhilu tOc ngudi (elc tfnh cd thinh phin ddn tdc dOng: Quing Ninh ed 21, Thanh Hda cd 07...).
Thur 3: Cdc ti§u chi cStn hurifng tdri khi T 6 chCrc khdng gian ki^n true m$t Khu DLST bi^n ddo vung
Bdc BQ
Khai thdc tdi da Ipi t h l v l cinh quan thiln nhidn ddc bi|t Id sy hda hpp giQa mdt biln eung cdc dio Idn nhd frong cdc vjnh dpp. Tgn dgng dja hinh d l dua vdo d c cdng ndng phu hpp ,tuy|t ddi tudn thii nguyin t i e bio v | mdi trudng khdng pha hdng b i t ky mdt y l u td ty nhien cd g i l trj ndo. Khai thie tilm nang cdn I n chiia trong Idng biln noi ed nhung vung san hd (Cd Td, Quan Lgn...) d l md rdng khdng gian du ljch tgo ndn
siic hip din ddc bi|t.
Nghiln ciiu diy dii v l phdn tich ky cle d|c dilm ddc trung vdn hda bin dja d l cd duoc mOt y tudng khdng gian cOng nhu phong clch kiln triic dgt dupe g i l tri thim m^ ddc bi|t. Nghiln ciiu elc ddc dilm kiln triic ddn gian vd truyin thdng ciia dja phuong d l friln khai I p dgng trong sing t i c . Vung biln dIo cd nhilu d c ling chii, cude sdng ciia ngu din cOng ed nhQng fruyin thdng r i t khIe bidt cin quan tdm trong vi|e xdy dyng hinh tupng khdng gian vl cinh quan.
DLST Id sy g i n bd giQa du khIc vl ngudi bin dia d l cung hd trp phIt triln bin vOng ndn sy g i n gQi d l giap luu chia s l trong elc sinh hogt Id mdt dilu khdng t h l thilu khi td chiic khdng gian DLST. Khdng gian giao luu sinh hogt cdng ddng Id mOt thinh phin phii dupe quan tdm ddc bi|t trong elc khu DLST.
TCf nghidn ciiu nhOng phong tyc t|p qudn cua eOng ddng ddn eu ( ddn chii ven biln hodc ddn tdc thilu sd bin dja) tim ra dupe ede md hinh td chiic khdng gian cdng cdng hede nghf ngoi cho du khdch. Ody se la mdt ylu td quan frpng tgo nIn ddc dilm cho ttmg khu DLST biln d i o cua vung Bie Bd-
LOiKtr
Ndm 2(X)9 Tdng cgc du ljch Vi|t Nam da xdy dgng Chiln lupc phIt friln du lich ttr 2010 din 2020 v l t i m nhin din 2030, frong dd khing djnh: "Du Ijch biln vdi nhOng t i l m ndng m l nude khic khdng cd Id mdt frong ba ylu td tgo thdnh cdc sin phim du ljch" Qua vide phdn tich mdt sd vin d l td chuc khdng gian kiln triic cdc khu DLST biln dio vung Bie Bd, tdc g i l mong mudn gdp thim mdt y kiln chii quan frong vi|c hinh thdnh mdt nghiln ciiu diy du, chi tilt eho phdt friln DLST bien dio frIn dd't nude Vi|t Nam. MOt qudc gia ed hon 3.600km bd biln vdi mudn vin canh quan thidn nhidn tuypt dpp vide phai friln bin vung logi hinh DLST r i t car d e KTS, gidi sing t i e v l d c nhl khoa hpc quan tdm nghidn cuu mdt clch eh tilt hon. Thilt nghT td chu'C dupe mpl khdng gian kiln true cho DLST bien die ed g i l trj ddc sic se gdp phin r i t Idr vdo thdnh cdng chung cua hoat dOnj DLST.
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