50 Tuyen tap HiJi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C V£ SINH HOC BlfiN VA PHAT TRI^N B £ N VLTNG
DE XUAT QUY HOACH, KE HOACH QUAN LY KHU BAO TON VUNG BIEN DAO THUYEN CHAI, QUAN DAO T R U C J N G SA
Do Cong Thung
Viin Tdi nguyin vd Moi truang biin, Viin Khoa hpc vd Cong nghi Viit Nam
I. MO DAU
Dao Thuyin Chai cd toa dp trung tam 8°1 r 0 0 " N - 113°15'21"E thudc quan dao Trudng Sa la khu vyc cd nhieu tiem nang bao tdn mirc dp da dang sinh hpc cao, ngudn lgi phong phii. Dac biet la ran san hd vdng kin vdi difn tich fren 100 km" la ran dien hinh cho ca mot vimg Bien Ddng rpng Idn. Bao vf ran san ho vong Thuyen Chai khdng chi cd gia trj qudc gia ma cdn mang ca tam cd qudc te. Cac ket qua nghien cuu ciia de tai: ''Ca sd khoa hpc xay dyng cac khu bao ton bien quan dao Trudng Sa "tir nam 2006 den 2008 da xac djnh tiem nang bao ton cua khu vyc nay rat cao vdi 25 tieu chi thupc 8 nhdm tieu chi de cong nhan khu bao ton bien ciia lUCN nam 1991. Cac ket qua nghien cim frong 5 nam gan day deu canh bao mirc dp suy giam cua cac hf sinh thai, quan xa sinh vat dang ngay cang the hifn rd net. De bao \'f khu vyc dac bift cd da dang sinh hpc cao nhu dao Thuyen Chai la het sire cap bach. Bai \iet dudi day se cd gang lam ro quy hoach, ke hoach quan ly khu bao tdn bien Thuyen Chai vdi cac chuc nang nhifm vu cu the.
Cac tai lifu, tac gia sir dung frong bai vift nay, mpt phan la tai lieu cua tac gia, nhung phan dang ke thudc ve cac nha khoa hpc Vifn Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien.
n . THOI GIAN, DIA DIEM VA PHlTOfNG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 1. Thdi gian, dia diem khao sat
Dao Thuyen Chai da dugc khao sat 2 dgt cimg vdi 9 dao khac thudc quan dao Trudng Sa;
dgt 1 tir ngay 20/3 din 10/4 nam 2007 va dgt 2 tir 2/4 - 6/5 /2008. Tong so 9 mat cit tir Bic xudng phia Nam dao da dugc khao sat chi tiet (bang 1). . .
Bang 1. Toa dp cac diem khao sat khu VLPC qu4n dao Tru'd'ng Sa (thang 4/2007)
STT 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9
Ky hieu mat cat MCI
MCll MClll MClV MCB1 MCB2 MCB3 MCA3 MCA4
Toa dp 8°16'07"-113°21'19"
8°16'44"- 113°2r36"
8°13H4"- 113°20'117"
8°12'236"- 113°19'059'' 8°04'24"- 113°13'19"
8°04'38"-113°13'25"
8'=05'10"-113°13'41"
8°09'19"-113°16'50"
8°10'42"- 113°17'27"
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC BlfN VA B A O TON 5 ]
Dii tugng khao sat gdm: mdi trudng nude bien, tram tich, dia hinh, thyc vat tren can, rong biln, CO bien, thyc vat phii du, dpng vat phii du, ddng vat day, san ho, ca bien. nguIn lgi sinh vat va quay phim, chup anh: cac canh quan sinh thai, cac loai smh vat dac hiru hoac quy hilm 2. PhiroTng phap dieu tra khao sat
Dilu fra da dang sinh hgc theo Quy pham difu tra Tdng hgp bien cua UBKH va KTNN nam 1981 va cac hudng dan nghifn ciru ciia cac td chirc qudc te chuyen nganh bao ton va da dang sinh hgc nhu UNEP (Nairobi,10-1993); Gurianova(I972); Winkinson (1994). Ndi dung co ban cua cac phuong phap nay la chia cac khu vyc nghifn ciru thanh cac kieu sinh canh khac nhau. Sir dung may dinh vj ve tinh thiet lap cac tuyfn khao sat. Diing cac khung djnh lugng, may lay mau, sir dung thg lan chuyen nghifp quay phim, thu mau, v.v.
Thiet lap cac khu bao tdn theo cac tieu chi ciia-IUCN (1991) va hudng dan ciia Bd Thuy san (nay la Bd Ndng nghifp va Phat trien Ndng thdn). Ranh gidi quan ly cua khu bao tdn dupe xac djnh dya vao ranh gidi phap ly dugc xac djnh qua ket qua nghien ciru chi tiet ciia khu vyc. Cac moc quan trgng nhat dugc dat d dinh hoac tifp difm ciia da giac. tao bdi ranh gidi tu nhien va ranh gidi phap ly. Trong pham vi ciia khu bao tdn lai dugc chia thanh nhieu vimg chirc nang khac nhau nhu: viing ldi, vimg dfm va viing chuyen tiep. Tir mdi vimg Idn lai cd the chia tiep thanh cac tieu viing nhd df de quan ly va sir dung.
Mau nude dugc lay d cac tang khac nhau bang may lay nude Van Dom va phan tich cac thdng so theo cac phuang phap chuyen nganh
Mau tram tich day dugc thu bang cudc lay tram tich, thu thap mau cd khdi lugng 200 - 300 gam va phan tich thanh phan ca hgc theo cac cap hat khac nhau.
Dja hinh day bien dugc quan frac fryc tiep nhd sy trg giup cua thiet bi lan sau ket hgp vdi quay phim, chyp anh dia hinh ngam. Cac ky thuat vifn tham, GIS, giai doan sd, md hinh GIS vdi cac phan mem khac nhau.
HI. KET QUA NGHIEN CtTU L Y nghia khu bao ton Thuyen Chai
Tir cac ket qua nghien ciiru, cd thf dy kifn nhirng lgi ich kha nang ve chinh trj doi ngoai ve kinh te va khoa hpc ve bao tdn vimg bien dao Thuyfn Chai nhu sau:
- Lgi ich vf bao tdn thien nhifn: day la lgi ich ca ban ciia vifc thiet lap mgt khu bao tdn thifn nhien d Trudng Sa. Cac ket qua da khao sat cho tdi nay, mgt mat cho thay gia trj ve sinh thai canh quan da dang sinh hpc va tai nguyen thien nhien cua vimg quan dao. Bao ton thien nhien Trudng Sa ndi chung va Thuyen Chai ndi rieng se cho Vift Nam (va ca cho qudc tf) bao vf dugc mpt canh quan sinh thai dao san hd ddc dao, lam phong phii canh quan sinh thai bien ben c^nh canh quan sinh thai bien ven bd, nang cao gia trj da dang sinh hpc bien nude ta. Trong khu vyc bien Ddng Nam A day ciing se la mpt trong nhirng khu bao ton bien viing khai dau tien frong hf thdng khu bao tdn bien khu vyc. Trudc mit khu bao ton biln Thuyen Chai (Trudng Sa) dugc thiet lap se cd tac dyng bao vf, phat frien dugc quan xa sinh vat bien ran san hd va vimg bien quanh dao, hifn dang chju nhieu tac dgng tir con ngudi. Day cung la mpt kho dy triJ tai nguyen vimg bifn khai, dac bift la cac ran san ho dac trung d Trudng Sa, ca san ho, riia bien, frai khdng Id, co bien. Ve mat tai nguyen sinh vat, khu bao tdn biln nay cung se gdp phan bao vf mdi trudng sinh san, ngudn gidng cua nhieu loai ca ndi viing khai ngudn lgi hai san quan trpng cho ca viing bien Ddng.
52 Tuyen t?p Hpi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C VE SINH HOC BI^N VA PHAT T R I E N B E N VLfNG
- Lgi ich kinh te, khoa hpc: khu bao tdn thien nhien Thuyen Chai (Trudng Sa) khi dugc thiet lap neu dugc dau tu phat trif n se cd the trd thanh cac hoat ddng nghien cuu khoa hpc va du ljch sinh thai ddc dao cho ngudi tir dat lien cd nhu cau. Ve nghien ciru khoa hpc cd the xay dyn^
cac fram thyc nghifm sinh hpc trong dieu kifn viing khai, viing sau bien nhiet ddi Ddng Nam A hifn dang dugc quan tam. Vf du Ijch cd the td chirc cac tour du ljch sinh thai biln vdi nhung dieu kifn kT thuat sinh boat mdi la, mao hiem chac chan se thu hiit dugc khach du Ijch dac bift la gidi tre
- Lgi ich chinh frj ddi ngoai: Trong tinh hinh chinh frj hifn nay d Trudng Sa, van df tranh chap chii quyfn vimg dao cdn dang difn bien, thi sy tang cudng sy hifn difn ciia chii quyen qudc gia dudi mgi hinh thirc deu dang dugc cac nude het sire quan tam. Vi vay nf u ta td chuc dugc cac boat dpng ngoai quan sy nhu kinh te, khoa hpc, van hoa... se thu dugc nhieu Igi ich ve chinh frj, ddi ngoai... Neu cac boat dgng nay cd sy tham gia ciia ca ngudi nude ngoai tat nhien vdi nhirng dieu kifn an toan mpi mat lgi ich nay se cang tang gap bdi. Ve mat qudc te, mpt boat ddng van hoa d vimg bien nay ciia nude ta, nf u tien hanh cd ket qua va dugc su iing hd, hoac chi it la khdng gap phai chdng ddi ciia cac ben khac, cd the la budc khdi dau gdp phan tao mpt quan hf khong ddi djch cang thang, giam bdt chi phi quan sy phii hgp vdi tinh than bp luat ung xir trfn Bien Ddng, tien tdi mpt giai phap uu vift hon cho viing bien, ddng gdp vao sy hgp tac phat trien cua cac nude frong khu vyc.
2. Cof sd khoa hoc thiet lap khu bao ton Thuyen Chai
Ca sd khoa hgc xac djnh tiem nang xay dyng khu bao tdn bien dao Thuyen Chai dugc danh gia thdng qua 25 tieu chi cua 7 nhdm [9] la nhdm tieu chi sinh thai, tieu chi kinh te, xa hdi, dja sinh vat, tinh ty nhifn hoang sa va tinh thyc thi (bang 2).
2.1. Nhdm tieu chi sinh thdi
• Dieu kifn tu nhien
Bao gom 4 tifu chi dau la vj tri dia ly, dja hinh, khi tugng thuy van, mdi trudng nude. Dao Thuyen Chai cd dieu kifn ty nhien ca ban la thuan Igi cho sy duy fri va phat friln khu bao ton bien. Thuyen Chai la khu vyc cd vj tri dja li thuan lgi, la cau noi giira dIt liln vdi trung tam Biln Ddng, nai tap frung cac bai hai san Idn ciia Bien Ddng. Nai day tap trung nhilu loai sinh v$t quy hiem nhu Trai tai tugng, Hai sam mit, riia bien, Hai sam vu va ciing la khu vyc thudng hay cd hang dan ca heo (khoang 100 con) xuat hifn d day. Thuyin Chai cung la nai cd cac ran san hd vdng, cac tham cd bien Idn nhat Quan dao Trudng Sa. Thuyin Chai cung nim tren tuyln du ljch sinh thai ciia trung tam du ljch Trudng Sa. Thuyen Chai cdn la mgt trong nhirng trung tam Idn cung cap ngudn gen cho toan Bien Ddng. Khdng nhirng vay, v l tuong lai, do cd dja hinh, dja mao da dang, kha nang thau rira nude tdt lai khdng chiu anh hudng ciia khoi nude ven bd, tao ra mpt mdi trudng trong sach, on djnh la tifn de phat trien, bao vf va phuc hdi cac hf sinh thai diln hinh, cac loai quy hiem.
• Da dgng sinh hpc vd nguon lai sinh vgt
Vung bien dao Thuyfn Chai la khu vyc cd mirc dp da dang sinh hpc cao trong so cac dao tien tieu viing Quan dao Trudng Sa. Cimg vdi hang tram hon dao khac tao thanh mpt khu vuc cd mirc dp da dang dac bift cao, mpt trong nhii'ng khu dy trir nguon gen Idn ciia bien Viet Nam. Mirc do da dang d day dugc the hifn d sy hifn difn va phat tnen ciia cac he sinh thai difn hinh, sd lugng loai Idn, ke ca cac loai quy hiem va cung la nai tap trung cac bai hai san Idn ciia Bien Ddng.
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC B l c N VA B.AO T O N 53
Bang 2. Ma tran cac tiem nang bao tdn bi4n Thuy§n Chai TT
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 II 8 9 10 III 11 12
IV 13 V 14 VI
15 VII 16 17 18 19 20 21
Tieu chi Hien trang
Nhdm tiiu chi sinh thdi VjthI
Dja hinh
Khi tugng, thuy van Mdi trudng nude Cac hf sinh thai dac thii Da dang loai
Cac loai quy hifm Nhdm tieu chi kinh te Ngudn Igi sinh vat
Nai sinh cu, bai gidng sinh vat Cd kha nang phat frien du lich
Tam cd qudc te Da dang
Nhift ddi, gid miia, nhifu bao man, dn dinh
san hd ran vong tam cd the gidi, HST cd bien
Cao
Nhieu, tam cd qudc te
Ngu trudng danh bat Idn ciia Bien Ddng
Thuyen Chai la bai gidng Idn cua Bien Ddng
Nam tren tuyfn du lich Qudc te Nhdm Tieu chi xd hoi
Sy dong thuan xa hdi
Y nghTa dam bao an toan quoc gia, quoc te
Tdm quan trpng ve dia sinh vgt Khu vyc dja sinh hpc
Xac djnh la Trung tam kinh te quan dao Trudng Sa. Sy ddng thuan cao
Bao vf an ninh, chu quyen qudc gia dam bao sy dn djnh tai nguyen ciia Bien Ddng
Tay Thai Binh Duong, dien hinh cho cac dao giira bien khai
Nhdm tieu chive tdm quan trpng khoa hpc Cd tam quan frpng dac biet ve
khoa hgc
Nhdm tieu chi tinh tu nhien nguyin sa
Tinh hoang sa
Hf sinh thai san hd dien hinh, tam cd qudc te
Van giir dugc hifn trang Tieu chi ve tinh thuc thi
Danh bat huy dift Danh bat bang hoa chat
Khai thac san hd
San bat cac loai quy hiem Budn ban hang my nghe 0 nhiem hiru ca
Min
dimg cianua gay me ca
khong CO hifn tupng khai thac Thudng xuyen cd dan lan bat Trai tai tugng, Hai sam, 6 c dun
Budn ban vd dc va frai tai tugng 6 nhilm NH3 va NH4
Danh gia tiem nang 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3
3
3
3 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1
54 Tuyen tgp HOi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC VE SINH HOC BltN VA PHAT T R | £ N B £ N VLTNG
22 23 24 25
6 nhiem dau
0 nhiem kim loai nang Kha nang chap nhan Kha nang bao vf Tong so
Cao ban gidi ban cho phep Khdng
Dugc nha nude va chinh quyen sd tai img hp
Nam giira khu vyc cd quan dpi Vift Nam canh giir
-3 3 3 3 46 HST ran san hd ddo Thuyin Chdi
- Hinh thdi rgn: Dao Thuyin Chai la mpt dao san hd dang vdng (atoll) hinh thudn dai, doan giua phinh to dm lay mpt lagoon. () mat phia ddng va bac dao ddc thoai deu dfn dp sau 15 - 20m sau dd dot ngpt tang cao vdi gdc nghifng len den 70-80 dp. San hd phat frien manh d dp sau tir 4 m den 20m. C3 chd cd dp ddc Idn san hd cimg it dan thay vao dd la san hd simg, hai mien, cd Idng ngdng. 0 khu vyc giira dao phia tay (mat cat III va IV) cung cd cau fruc tucmg ty nhung cd phan khac vdi hai mat cat trudc la giira ddi mat bang va sudn ddc dugc ngan each bdi gd ran (reef crest) nhd cao sau dd den sudn gdc cd dg nghieng rat Idn. Cac mat cat d phia Nam dao cd dg ddc nhd, thoai deu den chan ran, chan ran kha bang phang la cac vyn san hd chet dp sau 10-15m.
- Phdn bo cua san ho: Dao Thuyen Chai dugc hinh thanh dya tren sy tich tu cacbonat canxi tir xuong ciia san hd tao ran, trai qua hang nghin nam ciing vdi sy phat frien thjnh vugng cua san hd mdi tao nen dao Thuyen Chai nhu ngay nay. Vi vay san hd cd d hau het mpi nai phia ben ngoai dao, tir mat nude den dp sau 50-60m. O phia trong lagoon chu yfu la cat, san hd chi phan bd ven mep lagoon, tren mgt sd ddi san hd va mgt sd dam nhd nam rai rac dudi nfn day hd d dg sau 6 - 10m.. Cac dac frung: day la dao san hd vdng kep kin dai gan 30km, chd rpng nhat 6km, bao quanh mpt hd nude bfn trong cd cac ddi ngam san hd rat ddc dao. Sinh vat rat phong phu, cd tham co bien phat trien trong hd va fren vimg frieu. Ran san hd Dao Thuyen chai cd ddi mat bang rat rgng va ndng, tren do cd nhieu cac khdi da san hd Idn nhd len khdi mat nude den 50cm khi trieu cao, chung xep thanh day dai, cd nhifu d mat phia ddng cua dao. Day cd the la ca sd tao nen mdng cho sy tich tu tram tich va cac vat lifu bdi lang va nang dan dp cao. Ddng thdi cac tang da nay cd tac dung chan sdng de cac vat lifu dd khdng bj trdi di. Vi vay, neu bao vf dugc cac ran san hd phat frien tuai tdt thi sy hinh thanh dao ndi la cd thf xay ra trong tucmg lai. Ddng thdi kifu ran vdng khdng cd d vimg ven bien Vift Nam nen vifc bao tdn chung de phuc vy cac muc dich nghien cuu, giao due va du ljch rat cd y nghTa.
- Thanh phan loai san hd: Tir ket qua thu thap dugc frong cac nghien ciru trudc day va ket qua khao sat vao thang 4/2007, 2008 da thdng ke dugc tdng sd 299 loai san ho dugc phat hifn tai dao Thuyen Chai, trong do bp san hd cung cd 273 loai (thudc 62 giong 14 hp) chilm 90,3% Cau tnic khu hf san hd d Thuyen Chai cung tuang ty nhu Nam Yit vdi so lugng loai cua hp Acroporidae nhieu nhat - 88 loai, tifp den la Faviidae vdi 65 loai va dung thir 3 la hg Poritidae - 26 loai. Chi 3 hp nay da chiem den 65,5% tdng sd loai cua toan dao, nhu vay 11 hp cdn lai chi chiem 34,5% sd loai. Tdng sd loai, san ho mfm cd 12 loai, san hd simg cd 8 loai, san hd thuy tiirc cd 3 loai va bd san hd xanh chi cd mgt loai [1,2,8].
- Dp phii san ho: dp phu san hd d Thuyen Chai nhin chung thudc loai trung binh din kha.
Cac ran phia Bac dao thudc vao ran kha (dp phii 51 - 57% san hd sdng) va phia nam dao thudc loai trung binh (35 - 38% san hd sdng). [2]
He sinh thdi co biin
Dao Thuyen Chai cd kha nhieu cd bien phat trien. Theo cac ket qua khao sat, d dpc theo day Lagoon ciia dao deu cd cd bifn phan bd. Difn tich phan bd vao khoang 350ha vao loai cao
Tieu ban: DA DANG SINH HOC B | £ N VA BAO T C N 55 nhit ciia 9 dao da dugc khao sat. Phan tich 21 mau vd bien thu dugc tir cac chuyin khao sat noi fren va kit hgp vdi cac mau vat thu dugc tir trudc, da thdng ke dugc 7 loai, 5 chi, 2 hp thupc bp Hydrocharitales, ldp mpt la mam (Monocotyledoneae), nganh Hat kin (Angiospermea) phan bo tai quan dao Trudng Sa. Trong so nay, cd bdn loai da dUgc tim thay d Thuyin Chai gIm loai Ualophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata, Thalassodendron ciliatiim. Cac loai cd Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassodendron ciliatum phan bd dudi do sau tir 2 - 7m .
Dp phu ciia cd bifn: 30 - 70%. So sanh vdi cac dao mien Trung va mien Nam khac cho thiy dp phii ciia cd vich Thalassia hemprichii a dao Phu Quy dat tir 10 - 80%, d Cdn Dao: 15 - 20%.
Dp phii ciia cd xoan Halophila ovalis a dao Phu Quy dat tir 10 - 20%, d Cdn Dao: 15 - 25%. So sanh vdi mpt so bai cd bien ciia cac nude nam ke Bien Ddng tuong ddi gan quan dao Trudng Sa cung cho thay dp phii ciia cd bien tai Thuyen Chai thudc vao loai cao cua khu vyc [8].
Da dang lodi
Ket qua khao sat nam 2007-2008 va cac khao sat trudc day da xac djnh dugc 943 loai thuy sinh vat phan bd d dao Thuyen Chai. Sd loai san hd 299 loai, ddng vat day 228 loai, ca ran 153 loai [3,4,5,7] (bang 2).
Bang 2. Da dang loai sinh vat dao Thuyen Chai
Nhom SV R. bien Co bien TVPD DVPD SVD San ho Ca
Riia bien, thii bien
Chim bien Tong s6
So loai 78
4 84 77 228 299 153 10
10 943
Ty 1^ % 8,27 0,42 8,90 8,16 24,17 31,70 16,22 1,06 1,06 100
Cdc lodi quy hiim
- Than mem: Oc dun dye: Tectus pyramis, Oc sir mat trT: Cypraea argus; Oc su tu du:
Cypraea turdus, Oc sir cura Mauritia scurra, Oc sir Trung hoa Cypraea chinensis, Oc tii va Id td: Cymatium lotorium, Trai tai tugng maxim Tridacna maxima, Trai tai nghe: Hippopopus hippopus, Trai tai tugng: Tridacna crocea. Ban mai quat: Pinna vexilium; Trai ngpc: Pinctada margaritiferra, Oc anh vu: Nautilus pompilius, Myc nang van hd Sepia pharaonis [7].
- Cac loai chim bien quy hifm: nhu Hai Au mat trang (Calonectris leucomelas), chim Difn bung trang (Sula leucogaster), Nhan mao (Sterna bergii), Nhan frang (Gygis alba).
- Cac loai ca bien: Ca toan dau Chimaera phamtasma, Ca mii spc frang Anyperodon leucogrammicus, Ca budm hai mau Centropyge bicolor, Ca budm mom dai Forcipiger longirostris, Ca chim hoang de Pmacanthus imperrato, Ca chim xanh nap mang tron - Pygoplites diaci^nthus, Ca bang chai axin - Bodiamis axilaris, Ca bang chai dau den - Thalasoma lunare. Ngoai ra con ca heo 2 loai, riia bien 2 loai chua dugc djnh ten chinh xac [7].
56 Tuyln tap Hgi nghj KHOA HOC TOAN QU6C VE SINH HOC BifeN VA PHAT TRifeN B £ N VLfNG
2.2. Nhdm tieu chi kinh te
- Nguon lai: Lien quan mat thiet den ngu trudng danh bat Idn cua Bien Ddng nhu ngu trudng Thuyen Chai, la nai cd ngudn Igi ca Idn nhat ciia Viet Nam.
- Nai sinh cu, bdi giong ciia sinh vgt: Cd the thay khu vyc ven cac dao Trudng Sa Idn, dao Thuyen Chai nai cd sd loai dat cao nhat vdi 31 taxon d Trudng Sa Idn va 15 nhdm taxon d Thuyen Chai. Sy cd mat cua hau hft cac hp tdm, ca cd gia trj kinh te cung nhu chi thj sinh hpc cho RSH d cac khu vyc dao nay nhu ca Bang Chai, ca Md, tdm Hiim. Mat dp ngudn gidng cao, dat den 323.3 ca the/1 OOm^, cao hon bin so vdi cac dao khac. Cac bai gidng thudng phan bd tren cac ran san hd ciia dao.
2.3. Nhdm tieu chive xd hpi
- Su dong thuan xd hpi: hifn tai, xa Thuyfn Chai thudc huyfn dao Trudng Sa van la xa sdng bang tien trg cap ciia chinh phii, nhung ve tuong lai, huyfn dao Trudng Sa dugc xac djnh la trung tam phat trien kinh te Idn viing Quan dao Trudng Sa, Khu vyc bien cd lien quan mat thiet den ngu trudng khai thac Idn ciia Bien Ddng. Vifc bao tdn ngudn lgi nhan dugc sy ddng thuan cao ciia dja phuong va cpng ddng.
- Y nghTa dam bdo an todn: Dao Thuyen Chai nam trong quan the quan dao Trudng Sa d vdng ngoai cua hf thdng dao Bien Ddng, cd y nghTa to Idn ve kinh te - xa hdi, bao vf an ninh va chii quyen qudc gia. Khu bao tdn Bien Thuyen Chai cdn la mpt phan quan trpng trong vifc giiir gin sy dn djnh ve tai nguyen bien cua Bien Ddng. Dac bift ran san hd vdng Atoll rgng tdi tren 180 km^ day la ran vdng Idn nhat khu vyc. Vi vay, khu bao tdn bien nay khdng chi mang gia trj tam cd Qudc gia ma cdn mang gia frj quan trgng cd tam cd Qudc te.
2.4. Nhdm tieu chi ve dia sinh vgt: Ddng vai trd quan frpng. Quan dao Thuyen Chai nam trong viing dja sinh vat Tay Thai Binh Duong, viing C tinh Indo-Polynesia (theo Hayden-Ray-Dolan, 1984). Vimg bien Thuyen Chai la khu vyc dien hinh cho cac hf sinh thai bifn dao xa bd Vift Nam, nhift ddi dien hinh. Nai day chua dyng cac ngudn gen quan trgng khdng chi cho vimg bien Viet Nam ma cdn cho ca vimg Bien Ddng.
2.5. Tieu chi tdm quan trpng ve khoa hpc: Thuyen Chai la nai cd ran san hd vdng (Atoll) dien hinh cua Vift Nam va ca tam cd the gidi. Day ciing la nai cd cac tham cd bien cd difn tich Idn va dp phu cao tuong duong vdi cac nai khac thudc viing bien Ddng Nam A. Cung la nai chira dyng cac ngudn gen quy hiem tam cd khu vyc (ca Heo), trai Tai tugng, mgt sd loai chim bien 2.6. Tieu chi tinh tu nhien, hoang sa: khu bao tdn bien Thuyen Chai, tuy da cd cac tac ddng ciia con ngudi lam anh hudng den sy hoang sa ciia khu vyc. Nhung do vj tri xa bd nen cd nhilu khu vyc van giir dugc ve hoang sa ban dau.
2.7. Tieu chive tinh khd thi cua viec thiet lap khu bdo ton bien Thuyen Chdi
- Cac hinh thirc khai thac huy dift nhu danh bat bang thudc gay me, diing den qua cdng suit, san bat cac loai quy hiem, budn ban hang my nghe tir cac san pham la sinh vat bien.
- O nhiem moi trudng: d nhifm san pham dau md
- Khu \TJC nam trpn trong vimg kiem soat ciia Viet Nam. Lyc lupng vu trang tren dao, cu dan xa Thuyen Chai cd dii nang lyc de bao vf khu bao tdn nay.
Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC BigN VA B A O T O N 5 7
3. Phan viing chuc nang nhiem vu khu bao ton bien Thuyen Chai
3.1. Vi tri: Khu bao tdn bien Thuyen Chai each thanh pho Nha Trang khoang 250 hai ly va co toa dp'dialy trung tam :8"53'00"- in^SO'OO"
- Dien tich: 401.760ha; vimg ran 150.000ha. Ran chim; viing nude bao quanh: 251.760ha.
3.2. Kieu logi khu bdo ton bien
Khu bao ton bien Thuyfn Chai dugc xac djnh thudc kieu loai Vudn Qudc gia biln).
3.3.. Muc tiiu qudn li cua khu bdo ton bien ndy Id
- Bao vf cac canh quan ty nhien, dac sac cd tam cd qudc gia va quoc te nhu cac hf sinh thai san hd, co bien, giira bien khai.v.v. Muc tieu bao vf de phuc vu cho cac muc dich du Ijch, giai tri va hoat dpng khoa hpc, tin ngudng va duy tri ngudn gidng cho khu vyc bien Dong.
- Duy fri ben virng ton tai cua fren 900 loai ddng thyc vat bien ciing vdi nhieu loai quy hiem, dac bift quy hifm nhu ca Heo, Riia bifn, Trai tai tupng, 6 c Anh Vii nhim dam bao tinh da dang va ben viing ciia khu hf sinh vat va mdi trudng sinh thai.
- Gop phan thiic day cac hoat dpng tham quan du ljch vi muc dich giao due van hoa va giai tri nhung khdng vugt qua ngudng cho phep, dam bao duy tri khu bao tdn d trang thai ty nhien hay gan ty nhien.
- Duy tri tinh hoang sa ciia dja hinh dia mao nham dam bao sy hoang sa vdn cd ciia vimg ldi.
- Khuyen khich nhu cau sir dung cac dang tai nguyen lau dai ciia cgng ddng dan cu nhung phai dam bao khdng gay tieu eye ddi vdi muc tieu bao tdn tinh nguyen ven ciia cac hf sinh thai.
- Loai trir va ngan chan cac boat ddng trai vdi muc tieu ciia khu bao tdn bifn.
3.4. Phdn viing chirc ndng
Dya tren ket qua khao sat, danh gia tdng hgp da dang sinh hgc va cac tieu chi de thiet lap khu bao tdn bien, chiing tdi de xuat khu bao tdn bifn Thuyen Chai dugc phan thanh 2 viing chinh: vimg loi, vimg dfm (xem hinh).
- Viing loi: Bao gdm khu vyc ran san hd ra den dg sau 50 m xung quanh dao Thuyen Chai, vdi ranh gidi la 150.000ha viing ran san hd, cd bien. Nhirng tieu chi dac trung trong viing Idi:
+ Khoang 90% sd loai ciia khu vyc dugc bao tdn sdng d khu vyc nay.
+ Chi sd da dang sinh hgc cao.
+ Co cac hf sinh thai dac thii nhu ran san hd vdng Idn tam cd khu vyc va the gidi, HST cd bien, viing tneu cung vao loai Idn ciia Trudng Sa.
+ Co cac loai quy hiem ban dja sdng d bifn bao ngu, riia bien, ban mai, trai tai tupng, chim bien, v.v.
+ Moi frudng trong sach, hau nhu chua bi d nhiem.
- Viing dim: Cd 1 viing dfm tir dp sau 50 m nude den dp sau khoang 1500m nude xurig quanh dao. Nhifm vu ciia vimg dfm la bao vf sinh canh cho cac loai ca Heo va bao ve tryc tiep cho viing loi. T6ng dien tich 251.760ha.
- Vimg chuyen tiep:
Khdng can thiet dat ra cho khu bao ton nay, do khdng cd sy khac biet giira cac viing nude tir 1500 m nude trd ra.
58 Tuyln tip HOi nghj KHOA HQC TOAN QUOC V t SINH HOC BI^N vA P H A T TRltN B £ N VJJNG
TV. KET LUAN
3.1. Khu vyc dao Thuyen Chai la khu vyc cd da dang sinh hpc cao, hf sinh thai san hd, cd bifn dai difn cho vimg bifn xa, cd gia trj khu vyc va qudc te.
3.2. Tifm nang bao tdn da dang sinh hpc cua dao Thuyen Chai la rat Idn (dat 18/25 tieu chi) nhung dang co nhung yeu td de doa den sy hoang sa ciia khu vyc vi vay, vifc thanh lap khu bao tdn d day la van de cap bach can nhanh chdng thyc hifn.
3.3. Phil hgp vdi dieu kifn ty nhien, da d^ng sinh hgc ciia khu vyc, khu bao tdn dao Thuyen Chai dugc xep loai cdng vien bien vdi 2 vimg chiire nang la viing ldi va dfm.
Jijuri 76M2*'i
Sc d6 khu bao tdn Thuydn Chai
Tieu ban: OA DANG SINH HOC BlfeN VA BAO T 6 N 59
V. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Lang Van Ken, Nguyen Huy Yet. 1996. Dan lieu ve thanh phan loai san hd da va ran san hd dao Thuyen Chai, quan dao Trudng Sa. Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va M61 trudng Biln, T.
Ill, Nxb KH&KT Ha Npi, trang 288-297.
2. Nguyen Dang Ngai, 2007. danh gia hien trang san ho va de xuat thanh lap khu bao ton biln quan dao Trudng Sa. Tap chi Bien Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc va Ky thuat
3. Nguyfn Nhat Thi, 1997. Khu hf ca san ho quan dao Trudng sa
4. Do Cong Thung, 2002. Ngudn lgi sinh vat bdn dao Da Nam, Sinh Ton, Toe Tan va Da Tay thupc quan dao Trudng Sa.
5. Dd Cdng Thung, 2007. Da dang.sinh hpc Quan dao Trudng Sa. Tap chi Bien Vift Nam, NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat
6. Dd Cdng Thung, 2007. Sinh vat day cac dao chu yeu thupc quan dao Trudng Sa. Tap chi Bifn Vift Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc va Ky thuat
7. Do Cdng Thung, Dam Dire Tien, Nguyen Van Quan va nnk, 2008. Bao cao ket qua nghien cuu ca sd khoa hpc xay dyng cac khu bao tdn bien quan dao Trudng Sa
8. Nguyen Van Tien, Dam Dire Tien 2000. Budc dau nghifn ciru cd bien d quan dao Trudng Sa. Tuyen tap bao cao, Hdi nghj Sinh hpc Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 7-8/2000.
9. Nguyfn Huy Yet, 1997. Thanh phan loai san hd ciing va cau tnic ran san hd dao Thuyfn Chai.
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Mdi frudng Bien, T. FV, Nxb KH&KT Ha Ndi, frang 299-313.
10. Bd Ndng nghifp va Phat trien Nong thdn, 2007. Quy hoach hf thdng cac khu bao tdn bien Vift Nam
11. lUCN, 2000. Marine and Coastal Protected areas. Pub. USED
PROPOSAL A N D PLANNING M A N A G E M E N T F O R P R O T E C T E D A R E A OF T H U Y E N CHAI ISLAND
Do Cong Thung
SUMMARY
Thuyenchai Island is located in the 8 ' ' i r 0 0 " N - 113°15'21"E and belonging of Truong Sa Archipelago. It has many potentials for Marine Protected Areas as high biodiversity, very rich resources. Especially, it is coral reef characteristic at the East Sea with the atoll type 100 km . The Protection of atoll from Thuyen Chai Island not only national but also intemational value.
Based on results of project scientific baseline for proposal of Marine Protected Areas at the Truong Sa Archipelago from years 2006 to 2008 is identified the high potent ion for reserves with 25 critena belonging of 7 lUCN critena groups (1991). The Marine Protected Area at Thuyen Chai Island is Marine Park category with surface 401760 ha (150,000 ha reef and 251760 ha under water)
