Hgi nghi Khoa hgc kv mem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10 2010
MO HINH QUAN LY TONG HOP VUNG BO BIEN 6 VIET NAM AN APPROACH TO THE INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT MODEL IN VIETNAM
Tran Dire Thanh, Nguyen Hiru Cir Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien Tom tat:
Md hinh dinh huang qiidn ly tdng hgp viing ven ba biin dugc xdy dung tren ca sa khoa hoc vd thirc tien ciia Viet Nam vd cdc nirac trong khu vuc. Md hinh nhdm ddp irng nhu cdu huang tai phcit trien ben vung, phii hgp vai thue trgng vd du bdo vi tdi nguyin, mdi tnrang vd kinh ti - xa hdi, ddi hdi phdi phii hgp vai ludt dinh vd thi chi ciia Viet Nam.
Muc tiiu ca bdn ciia md hinh Id xdy dung vd van hdnh chuang trinh QLTHVBB nhdm sir dung hgp ly, bdo vi tdi nguyen vd mdi tnrang, bdo tdn tu nhiin vd vdn hod, ngdn ngira vd phdng tranh thien tai, dung hod cdc mdu thuan
vd ddm bdo Igi ich cdng ddng, hudng tai phdt triin bin vung trong dieu kiin hdi nhap vd hgp tdc qude ti. Md hinh dugc dua trin cdc quan diem vd tiiu chi xdc dinh, gdm cdc chirc ndng vd cdc nhiem vu thich irng. Md hinh da xdc dinh dugc chii thi vd phuang thirc, phgm vi qudn ly vd ddi tugng qudn ly.
Theo md hinh, QLTHVBB a Viet Nam Id qudn ly nhd nirac, tap trung vd thdng nhdt. Hdnh ddng khung, cdc vdn de uu tiin, chiin Urge vd ki hogch thue hien Id nhirng ndi dung ca bdn ciia md hinh. Viec td chirc thue hien QLTHVBB dugc dua trin nin tdng ca cdu td chirc qudn ly phdn cdp theo ba cdp ca bdn Id trung irang, viing vd dia phuong (cdp tinh vd dudi tinh). Qud trinh QLTHVBB dugc thue hien thdng qua cdc chu trinh, mdi chu trinh gdm ndm birac. Xiiyin sudt cdc chu trinh Id cdc chuang trinh hogt ddng, trong diim hoac hd trg. Mdi hinh ciing bao gdm tndt sd gidi phdp, cdng cu thue hien vd cdc hogt ddng gidtn sdt vd ddnh gid theo cdc muc tiiu vd ndi dung dugc xdc dinh.
Abstract:
Towards the sustainable developpment, an integrated coastal zone management orienting model has been proposed based on Vietnam 's conditions and lessons frotn regional countries in compatibility with coastal resources potentials, coastal environment and socio-economic situations as well as current
institutions and policies.
The model is aimed at implementing an ICZM programme for the sustainable use of resources, environtment protection, cultural and natural conservation, natural hazard response, harmnisation of beneficial conflicts of use and enhancing the quality of life for communities in the context of intergration into the world economy. Based on specified points of view and norms of functions and relevent tasks, the model has indicated the managers, the way and objects of management and the scale of management.
The model, in which ICZM in Vietnam is identified as a centralised and unified pattern of the state management, contains a frame for actions, prior issues, action plans and strategy. Such an ICZM model can be implemented at central, regional
or local levels in the process of five stage cycles with programmes of both prior and relevent activities. Implementing measures and tools, monitoring and evaluation are included in this model.
1. Mddau
Quan ly tdng hgp (QLTH) vung bd bien (VBB) la mot chuang trinh tao dung nham quan ly tai nguyen \aing bd bien, cd sir tham gia lien ket ciia tit ca cac nganh kinh te bi tac ddng, cac co quan chinh phii va cac td chuc phi chinh phii. QLTH viing bd bien dugc coi la quan ly lien nganh, da muc tieu va da Igi ich, la chia khoa ciia phat trien bin vung viing bd biin. Thue tl tdn tai mot sd phuang thirc quan ly VBB khac. Tuy nhien, da so cac nha khoa hgc va cac nha quan ly thira nhan rang QLTHVBB la phuong each tiep can tot nhat hudng tdi phat trien ben virng [7].
Dai bd biin Viet Nam cd tai nguyen phong phu cho phep phat trien nhieu ITnh vuc kinh tl quan trgng. Day la noi tap trung va cd mat do dan sd cao, nhieu dd thi Idn va tdc do dd thj hoa xay ra kha nhanh lam gia tang dan sd co hgc, co sd ha tang phat trien manh lam tang nhanh ap lire doi vdi tai nguyen, mdi tmdng va gia tang mau thuan Igi ich, cd khi gay gat [18].Vi vay, QLTHVBB d Viet Nam la mot nhu cau can thiet Han mudi nam qua, QLTHVBB da dugc nghien cim va triln khai thi diem tai mot sd de tai, du an [1,12, 21]. Tuy nhien, co sd ly luan va mot md hinh nguyen tac cho QLTHVBB trong dieu kien Viet Nam van cdn la mot van de can nghien cim va hoan thien. Dua vao ket qua ciia de tai cap nha nude KC.09-13/06-10 "Luan chirng khoa hgc ky thuat ve md hinh quan ly tdng hgp va phat trien ben viing dai ven bd tay Vinh Bac Bg", cac tac gia nghien cim bd sung va phat trien thanh mot md hinh djnh hudng cho QLTHVBB d Viet Nam.
2. Co* sd khoa hoc va thyc tien
De xay dung co sd khoa hgc cho xay dung md hinh dinh hudng QLTHVBB d Viet Nam, phai xem xet va danh gia toan dien hien trang va du bao cac van de ve t\x nhien, tai nguyen, mdi trudng, kinh te - xa hgi, co sd phap ly va xem xet nhu cau QLTH dinh hudng cho phat trien ben viing. Tuy nhien, co sd ly luan va thue tien quan ly tdng hgp viing bd bien the gidi [9, 22, 23, 24] va trong nude [17, 21] het sire quan trgng cho viec xac dinh md hinh.
QLTHVBB la mot qua trinh phat trien lien tuc nham dat dugc sir phat trien ben viing, bao gdm danh gia toan dien, xay dung muc tieu, quy hoach va quan ly he thdng ven bd bien va tai nguyen - mdi trudng, cd xet den cae yeu td truyen thdng, van hoa, lich sir va mau thuan Igi ich sir dung. QLTH quan tam den bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trudng trong mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, giam thieu d nhiem, dung hda mau thuan Igi ich va phat trien ben virng [5,6,9, 24].
Sau gan bdn th^p ky, QLTHVBB da thu dugc nhiing kit qua nhat dinh va mot so nude da dat dugc ket qua tdt d quy md qude gia, dam bao tang trudng kinh tl nhung van bao ve dugc tai nguyen va mdi trudng nhu Thuy Diln [10] hay Singapor [2]. 6 Ddng Nam A, Philipines la nude da tien hanh nhilu cae du an QLTHVBB, trong dd du an vinh Batangas thue hien tren co sd tu chu - tu quan dugc coi la mot md hinh kha thanh cdng [3]. Nhung md hinh Ha Mon (Trung Qude) mdi dugc coi la thanh cdng nhat trong khu virc. Vdi sir ho trg cua hoat dgng QLTHVBB, tir 1994 GDP thanh phd nay hang nam tang 9 - 15% ma khdng suy giam chat lugng mdi trudng [4, 15].
Tuy nhien, nhieu no lire QLTHVBB chua thue sir ben viing, trudc het do thilu y chi chinh trj hoac do yeu ve cam ket ciia cac cap chinh quyIn ve chinh sach, luat phap va ngudn lire de ho trg va duy tri hoat ddng cua QLTH. Thir hai, do mau thuan giua cac dan vi tham gia tao nen sir ran nirt, thieu no luc phoi hgp lam han chi hieu qua lien ket cae ben cd Igi ich trong viec ra cac quyet dinh va chinh sach. Thir ba, do su thay ddi ve chinh quyIn ca d cap quoc gia va dia phuong, nhat la d cac nude da dang, da nguyen chinh tri, khi ma cac dang chinh trj mdi thang cir khdng chip nhan chuang trinh QLTHVBB da cd [14]. Ngoai ra, trong nhieu trudng hgp, sir tham gia ciia cdng dong cdn mang tinh hinh thirc va phong trao, chua gdp phan tao ra ddng lire cho QLTHVBB.
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc k\- niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010
Nhilu nai, QLTHVBB chua dugc coi la each qimn ly chii dao, vi khd thanh cdng, khd cd kha nang tdn tai "tu minh" do cac nhuge diem phat sinh tir each thirc quan ly hanh chinh tap trung. Cach quan ly nay dugc coi la tao ra chinh sach mdi tmdng ddng nhat tai tat ca cac viing cua mot dat nude, thilu xem xet nhiing dac thii dia phuong vdi su da dang, phuc tap ve kinh te, van hda va xa hdi. Nd hinh thanh nen khudn phep nang ne, han che kha nang sang tao va nang ddng ciia chinh quyen va cdng ddng dja phuang. Do vay, quan ly VBB phi tap tmng dugc coi trgng han vdi cac md hinh "qimn ly theo nganh", "ddng quan ly" hay "quan ly dua vao cdng ddng". Luat 22/1999 the hien rd y chi chinh tri ciia Indonesia la phi tap tmng quan ly VBB va tang cudng vai trd cdng ddng trong quan ly tai nguyen [11]. Thai Lan tir lau quan tam den quan ly VBB, nhirng thudng vdi phuang thirc ddng quan ly hoac quan ly dua vao edng ddng.
6 Viet Nam, tilp can QLTHVBB bat dau tir dh tai cap Nha nude KHCN.06-07
"Nghien cmi xay dung phuang an quan ly tdng hgp viing bd bd bien Viet Nam gdp phan dam bao an toan mdi tmdng va phat trien ben viing" do Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng bien chii tri trong 1996 - 1999 [12]. Mot sd du an thi diem sau dd da dugc thue hien nhd hd trg ciia mot sd nude va td chirc Qude te [21], Thanh cdng nhat cd le la du an tai Da Nang (2000 - 2006) nam trong khudn khd chuang trinh khu vuc ve quan ly mdi tmdng cac bien Ddng A (IMO/GEF/PEMSEA) ma giai doan hai da dugc ndi tiep tir 2009. Du an Viet Nam - Ha Lan (VNICZM) giai doan 2000 - 2006 dugc thirc hien d ba diem trinh dien Nam Dinh, Thira Thien Hue va Ba Ria - Vung Tau [8]. Du an hgp tac vl QLTHVBB Ha Long do lUCN Viet Nam, Bd Thiiy san va UBND tinh Quang Ninh thirc hien trong khudn khd hgp tac vdi Td chirc Khi tugng va Dai duong qude gia (NOAA, Hoa Ky) qua hai giai doan 2003 - 2004 va 2006 - 2008 [13]. Gan day nhat la du an QLTH cac hoat ddng tren dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai (IMOLA) do FAO tai trg tir nam 2005 va hien dang tiep tuc d pha hai. Chi rieng du an Quang Nam (2005 - 2008) la md hinh QLTHVBB cap tinh dau tien do cac chuyen gia trong nude xay dung va thirc hien theo kinh nghiem tir Da Nang.
Dii cdn nhiing han che nhat dinh, cac hoat ddng nay da cd nhirng ddng gdp quan trgng ve phd bien kien thirc, nang cao nhan thirc va tich luy kinh nghiem QLTHVBB. 0 mire do khac nhau, cac dir an deu chu y den thu thap, danh gia va xay dung co sd dir lieu va phd bien thdng tin, xay dung co sd vat chat va nang lire quan ly tir viec thanh lap va hoat ddng ciia van phdng, cac nhdm chuyen gia va tu van, md cac ldp tap himn ngan han, cir can bd hgc tap, tham quan nude ngoai v.v... Sir tham gia ciia cdng ddng da dugc quan tam, dii cdn hinh thirc nhieu hon la thue chat. Cac ke hoach hanh ddng va chuang trinh mang tinh chien luge da dugc quan tam, mac dii mdi ehi cd bdn dja phuang cap tinh la Thira Thien Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam va Nam Dinh thdng qua dugc chien luge QLTHVBB. Cac du an da uu tien trien khai mot sd hoat ddng hd trg quan ly: Du an IMO/GEF/PEMSEA d Da Nang nhan manh den ngan ngira d nhiem; Du an VNICZM da im tien quan ly thien tai (xdi Id bd bien, dang cao muc bien v.v...) va bao ve dat ngap nude; Du an lUCN/ NOAA chu y den cac khu bao tdn bien vdi sir tham gia ciia cdng ddng. Du an IMOLA/FAO ve quan ly cac hoat ddng thuy san tren dam pha v.v...
Do dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi, cd nhiing khac biet nhat dinh trong viec ap dung md hinh QLTHVBB d cac nude. Viet Nam cd thi chi thuan Igi cho QLTHVBB, ben canh nhiing ket qua tiep can khdi dau dang ghi nhan, cdn nhilu tdn tai va khd khan phai duong dau. Tir nhan thirc den thue hanh hieu qim la ca mot chang dudng, can din y chi chinh trj ciia cac cap chinh quyen tir trung uong den dia phuang, mot co sd ly luan viing chac phii hgp vdi dieu kien thue tien va sir nd lire, kien tri vi sir phat triln bin viing cua dat nude.
3. Nhirng nguyen tac co" ban cua mo hinh
Quan diim. Md hinh dugc xay dung tren 3 quan dilm ca ban: phai cd hieu qua, mang tinh tong hgp va hai hda va viec thue hien phai dam bao Igi ich cho cdng ddng.
Tiiu chi. Md hinh cd 5 tieu chi: dam bao phat trien ben viing; gdp phAn thiic day phat trien kinh te; dam bao bao ve mdi tmdng, bao tdn tu nhien va van hoa; dam bao an ninh qude phdng; phii hgp va gdp phan dieu chinh td chirc lanh thd, quy hoach tdng thi phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.
Chirc ndng. Md hinh cd 6 chirc nang ca ban: chirc nang san xuat; du bao va ke hoach hda; dieu chinh va bd sung; td chirc, tap hgp va lien ket; tuyen tmyen va giao due; giam sat va danh gia.
Muc tieu: sir dung hgp ly, bao ve tai nguyen va mdi tmdng, bao tdn tu nhien va van hoa, ngan ngira va phdng tranh thien tai, dung hoa cac mau thuan va dam bao Igi ich cong ddng, hudng tdi phat trien ben viing trong dieu kien hdi nhap va md rdng hgp tac qude te.
Nhiem vu ca bdn: Xay dung he thdng thdng tin va co sd du lieu phiic vu QLTH; Xay dung he thdng bd td chirc, ca sd vat chat va nhan lire cho QLTH; De xuat de dugc thdng qua cac chinh sach va quy che nham tao hanh lang phap ly; Xay dung chien luge, ke hoach quan ly va he thdng ban dd quy hoach cjuan ly; De xuat va thue hien cac du an trien khai; Thu hiit va tap hgp sir tham gia cua cdng ddng va cac ben cd Igi ich; Giam sat toan bg qua trinh QLTH ve phuang dien quan ly hanh chinh, dieu kien viing bd bien de dieu chinh va djnh hudng quan ly diing hudng va hieu qua; Danh gia toan dien cac hoat ddng QLTH ve hieu qua va han che, nhirng dieu chinh can thiet de hoan chinh va nhan rdng md hinh.
Chii thi vd phuang thirc qudn ly: Chu the la cac co quan quan ly Nha nude. Phuang thue quan ly la thdng nhat va tap tmng, cd sir tham gia ciia cdng ddng va cac ben cd Igi ich.
Quan ly bang luat dinh, quy che va chinh sach, cd sir van ddng, tuyen truyen va giao due.
Phgm vi quan ly: phia luc dia gdm cac huyen ven bien va phia bien co ban tinh den dudng dang sau 30m hoac 50m tuy dieu kien dia phuang. Quy md quan ly viing bd biin gom ba cap CO ban: Cap tmng uong; cap viing (Bac Bd, Bac Trung Bd, Nam Trung Bd va Nam Bd) va cap dja phuang. Tinh hoac thanh phd true thudc trung uong dugc coi la don vi co ban cua QLTHVBB cap dia phuong. Trong nhirng hoan canh va tmdng hgp cu thi, cd thi tdn tai cac dan vi QLTHVBB cap nhd hon tinh, hoac dan vi QLTHVBB tiiu viing, gdm mot sd tinh.
Vi du, viing bd bien Bac Bg, tii' Quang Ninh den Ninh Binh cd thi gdm cac tiiu viing Quang Ninh - Hai Phdng (Ddng Bac) va Thai Binh - Ninh Binh (Chau thd sdng Hdng hien dai). Cac dan vj QLTHVBB nen td chirc theo don vi hanh chinh, Uiy nhien, trong mot so tmdng hgp, cd the td chirc theo cac dan vi tu nhien nhu mot hai dao, mot viing vinh, dim pha hay mot cira sdng thudc ve hai hay nhilu hon cac dan vi hanh chinh [20].
Ddi tuong quan ly: tai nguyen, mdi tmdng, thien tai va cac hoat ddng kinh tl - xa hdi lien quan.
4. Khung hanh dong va nhirng van de u-u tien 4.1. Khung hdnh dgng
Khung hanh dgng la co sd xac dinh khudn khd hoat ddng cua mot chuong trinh hoac du an QLTHVBB, nham bam sat muc tieu da xac djnh, phii hgp vdi dieu kien thue tl tai dia phuang va cd tinh kha thi. Viec xay dung khung hanh ddng can cir vao hoan canh tu nhien va du bao bien ddng; hien trang va dinh hudng trien kinh te - xa hdi; hien trang va xu thi dien bien tai nguyen; hien trang va xu the dien bien mdi tmdng va thien tai; co sd phap ly; mau thuan Igi ich sir dung. Dai bd bien Viet Nam cd khdng gian lien quan den 28 tinh va thanh phd true thudc trung uong, ed pham vi van de va ddi tugng quan ly rat rdng. Mat khac, khung hanh ddng QLTHVBB cho mot qua trinh quan ly rat dai, tuang thich vdi mot sd chu ky. Vi
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ki' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010
vay, ndi dung va cac van de trinh bay trong khung chung kha rdng. Tuy theo cac chu trinh cu the va cac cap, don vi quan ly cu the ma can cu the hoa cho cac hanh ddng trong khung.
Khung hanh ddng cho QLTHVBB d Viet Nam bao gdm sau nhdm hoat ddng quan trgng va chu chdt dam bao cho sir thanh edng: 1- Tang cudng the che, chinh sach nham tao hanh lang phap ly va co chi cho cac nha quan ly trong viec ra quyet dinh; 2- Xay dung nang lire QLTHVBB; 3- Xay dirng cac chuang trinh hanh ddng mang tinh chien luge; 4- Xay dung va thue hien cac chuong trinh, du an hoat dgng quan ly trgng diem; 5- Xac lap co che dau tu tai chinh ben vung; 6- Xay dvrng co che tham gia cua cdng ddng, cac ben cd Igi ich sir tham gia cua cac nha khoa hgc.
4.2. Nhiing vdn de uu tien cho qudn ly tong hffp viing ba bien
Qua trinh QLTHVBB d Viet Nam se dugc thue hien tren cac quy md khdng gian khac nhau theo cac cap do phan viing quan ly va phan ky khac nhau tiiy hoan canh va ca hdi tirng vLing, dia phuang. QLTHVBB khdng the thirc hien ddng deu mgi nhiem vu vao mgi liic va mgi nai, ma can cd sir uu tien theo khdng gian va thdi gian.
Kit qua nghien cim cho QLTHVBB Bac Bg [19] cho ba giai doan 2011-2015 ; 2016- 2020 va 2021-2025 da xac dinh dugc nam \an de u'u tien la: 1- Quan ly va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien; 2- Quan ly, ngan ngira va phdng chdng d nhiem va cac sir cd mdi tmdng;
3- Bao tdn tu nhien va da dang sinh hgc; 4- Quan ly, ngan ngira, phdng tranh thien tai; 5- Giam thieu mau thuan Igi ich Cac im tien dugc xac dinh cu the theo thdi gian va cac khu virc cu the (bang 1).
Bang 1. Cdc vdn di uu tien theo giai dogn cho QLTHVBB Bdc Bd TT
1
2
3
4
5
van de ^""~~--.^.,_^
Quan ly va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien
Quan ly, ngan ngira va phdng chdng d nhiem va cac sir cd mdi trudng
Quan ly, ngan ngira, phdng tranh thien tai
Bao tdn tu nhien va da dang sinh hgc
Giam thieu mau thuan Igi ich
Vung Bac Bo
1 2 3 A
A B C
B C A B
C D C A
D
B D D
E E E E
Tieu viing Dong bac 1 2 3
A A B B
B C A A
D D D C
C B C C
E E E E
Thanh pho Hai Phdng 1 2 3
A A B C
B C A B
D D D A
C B C D
E E E E Ghi chii. A, B, C, D, E: Thir tu uu tien thdp dim cdc thai ky 2011 - 2025; A, B, C, D, E: Thir tu ini tien thdp dan trong cdc giai dogn 1(2011 - 2015); 2(2016 - 2020) vd 3(2021 - 2025).
Vj tri uu tien ciia cac van de cd sir thay ddi qua cac giai doan phan ky ciia ca qua trinh tuy thudc hoan canh tu nhien, tiem nang tai nguyen, nhiing de doa tir tac ddng mdi tmdng - thien tai va ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
5. To chiic thirc hien quan ly tong hop vung bd bien 5.1. Cache to chirc
Td chuc bd may hoat ddng QLTHVBB d Viet Nam, d cap tmng irang dirng dau la Uy ban Dilu phdi QLTHVBB Qude gia vdi Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tardng (Tdng cue Bien va Hai dao Viet Nam) la co quan dau mdi, vdi sir tham gia ciia cac bd nganh khac. Dudi sir dieu hanh ciia Uy ban Dilu phoi QLTHVBB Qude gia cd van phdng Tdng hgp va bdn van phdng QLTHVBB theo viing: Bac Bg (tir Quang Ninh den Ninh Binh), Bac Tmng Bd (tir Thanh Hda din Thira Thien Hul), Nam Tmng Bd (tir Da Nang den Binh Thuan) va Nam Bg (tir Ba Ria - Viing Tau din Kien Giang). Van phdng Tdng hgp cd vai trd ket noi QLTHVBB cac viing.
Cac van phdng viing cd trach nhiem xay dung chiln luge, ke hoach va cac chinh sach; quan ly va dilu hanh he cac hoat ddng cua chuang trinh QLTHVBB viing minh thdng qua Ban Dieu phdi va Van phdng QLTHVBB cac don vi cap tinh.
6 Tmng Qude, ed hai md hinh td chirc quan ly, theo nganh (Thugng Hai) va theo dia phuang (Ha Mdn), trong dd md hinh quan ly theo dia phuang the hien tinh im viet [15]. Ban dilu phii QLTHVBB cdp tinh, thanh phd trirc thudc Taing uong do mot phd chii tich UBND tinh, thanh phd lam tmdng ban, true thudc UBND tinh/thanh phd va chiu su quan ly theo nganh dgc ciia van phdng QLTHVBB viing. Van phdng cap tinh giiip ban dieu phdi thirc hien cac hoat ddng QLTHVBB cua tinh, thanh phd vdi su tham gia cua cac nhdm tu van, nhdm chuyen gia, cac sd nganh, cac dia phuong quan, huyen, cac td chirc khoa hgc, cac hdi xa hdi - nghe nghiep va cac td chirc phi chinh phii va dac biet la cd sir tham gia ciia ben cd Igi ich.
Bg TN va MT
BQ KH va CN
BQ KH va DT
• Bo NN va PTNT
VSn phong chuong trinli
QLTHVBB BacBO
Uy ban dieu phoi quoc gia
QLTHVBB
van phong chuong trinh
QLTHVBB Bac Trung Bp
Van phong chuong trinh
QLTHVBB Nam Trung BQ
Van phong chuang trinli
QLTHVBB NamBp
1
Van phong tong hgp
1
Duan QLTH VBB Quang Ninh
i
D\r an QLTH VBB
Hai Phong
1
Duan QLTH VBB
Thai Binh
1
Du an QLTH VBB
Nam Dinh
1
Duan QLTH VBB
Ninli Binh
Hinh 1: Ca chi td chirc ba cdp di xudt cho QLTHVBB a Viet Nam
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky mem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010
UBND tinh/thanh pho
Ben CO Igi ich
van phdng chuang trinh QLTHVBB viing
4 • r Ban dieu phoi die an
Nh6m tu van Nhom chuyen gia
Van phdng dg an
I
Cac quan/huy?n
Cac hoi, to chijc phi chinh phii
I
1 'Cac to chiic khoa hgc
Cac to chirc tuvan
Hinh 2: Ca che td chirc di xudt cho QLTHVBB cdp tinh a Viet Nam 5.2. Chien luge, chu trinh vd cdc buac trong chu trinh qudn ly tong hgp
cac chien luge can xay dung tuong irng theo cac cap QLTHVBB. Dd la chien luge qude gia, chien luge cho tirng viing va chien luge cho cac dia phuang cap tinh. Se rat thuan Igi neu lan lugt chien luge cap cao dugc soan thao va quyet dinh tmdc. Tuy nhien cac dia phuong cd CO hdi cd the thirc hien QLTHVBB neu cd co hdi, khdng may mdc chd dgi sir hoan thien chien luge d cac cap cao hon. Hien tai d Viet Nam chua cd Chien luge Qude gia va chien luge cae viing. Thii tudng Chinh phii cd quyet dinh sd 158/2007/QD-TTg phe duyet
"Chuang trinh quan ly tdng hgp dai ven bien viing Bac Tmng Bd va Duyen hai Trung Bd den nam 2010 va dinh hudng den nam 2020". Chuang trinh it nhieu mang tinh chien luge vdi cac phan CO ban: quan diem chi dao; muc tieu (tdng qimt va cu the den nam 2010); pham vi (khdng gian va thdi gian); nhiem vu va cac giai phap thue hien. Kem theo quyet dinh cd danh muc cac du an thue hien chuang trinh den nam 2010.
Trong qua trinh thirc hien cac dua an thi diem, mot sd tinh, thanh phd da thirc hien viec xay dung va phe duyet chien luge QLTHVBB cho dja phuang minh nhu Da Nang (2001), Thira Thien Hul (2004), Nam Dinh (2004) va Quang Nam (2008). Cae chiln luge nay khdng ehi khac nhau ve ndi dung do cac van de dugc uii tien theo dia phuong, ma cdn khac nhau ve each tiep can va dinh dang khung. Chien luge cac cap can cd tinh phii hgp va thdn^
nhat tir cap tinh len cap viing va tmng uang. 0 cap nao thi mdi chien luge ciing can neu bdi canh ra ddi, quan diem, nguyen tac, muc tieu, pham vi khdng gian va thdi gian, ndi dung, giai phap va td chirc thirc hien QLTHVBB. Ndi dung cua chien luge can the hien dugc khung hanh dgng va cac nhiem vu uu tien cd phan ky theo thdi gian. Chien luge ciia mot dan vi cap tinh can dugc xay dung trong budc hai, phe duyet trong budc ba ciia chu trinh dau tien QLTHVBB eiia tinh dd va cd the chinh sira trong cac chu trinh tilp theo.
Tinh chu trinh la dac tmng ciia qua trinh QLTHVBB, cd 5 budc [16] hoac sau budc [14]. QLTHVBB dugc thue hien theo cae van dk uu tien theo tirng chu trinh va cac budc hoat ddng quan ly, thdng nhat theo muc tieu chung cua quan ly cSp viing va cdp qude gia, nhung cd dac thii rieng theo cac dia phuang.
Tiln trinh quan ly tong hgp viing bd bien d Viet Nam
Buac \.*
Khai dau Buac 5.
Danh gia
Buac 4.
•• Thue hien
Xay dung ke hoach Buac 3.
Thong qua chinh thue.
Chu trinh 1 Chu trinh 2 Chu trinh 3
Qua trinh QLTHVBB d Viet Nam dugc dk xuk theo khung ba chu trinh nam nam dinh hinh va chuyin sang quan ly nha nude dn dinh va thudng xuyen. Vi du, d viing bd bien Bac Bd, chu trinh 1 cd thi du kiln vao cac nam 2011 - 2015; chu trinh 2 vao cac nam 2016 - 2020 va chu trinh 3 vao 2021 - 2025.
Moi chu trinh QLTHVBB gdm nam budc co ban. Budc 1 "Khai ddu " nham .vac dinh muc tieu, dinh hudng chuang trinh va td chirc xay dung bd may, co so vat chat quan ly chuang trinh; Budc 2 "Xdy dung ki hogch " nham .vay dung chien luge, ke hoach va nhiing nhiem vu uu tien ciia chuong trinh, dl xuat nhung chinh sach, quy dinh nham tao hanh lang phap ly. Budc 3 ''Thdng qua chinh thirc'' dc co dugc sir cam ket cua cac cap chinh quyen, lien kit cac ben cd Igi ich va su tham gia ciia cdng ddng va xac dinh dugc ngudn tai chinh ben vung. Budc 4 "'Thirc hien", trong dd thirc hien cac nhiem vu da dugc xac dinh, phe duyet cd kem theo giam sat va giao due, Uiyen tmyen. Budc 5 "Ddnh gid" nham danh gia hieu qua, tac ddng ciia QLTHVBB. dilu chinh nhiing thay ddi va de xuat chu trinh mdi.
5.3. Cdc chuang trinh trong diem qudn ly tong hgp
Nhiing \kn de uu tien qimn ly cua qua trinh QLTHVBB can dugc ca cau theo cac chuang trinh trgng diem ho trg cho qua trinh quan ly tdng hgp. Mdi chuong trinh cd vai tro trgng diem khac nhau d cac chu trinh khac nhau. Vi du, ddi vdi QLTHVBB Bac Bd [19], chuang trinh 1 trgng diem d chu trinh 1; chuang trinh 2 trgng diem d chu trinh 2 va chuong trinh 3 trgng diem o chu trinh 2 (Bang 2).
Chuong trinh
1. Quan ly, sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien va bao tdn van hoa, tu nhien, da dang sinh hgc
2. Quan ly, phdng tranh d nhiem, thien tai va cac sir cd mdi tmdng.
3. Tang cudng the che, chinh sach, nang cao nhan thirc va trach nhiem, sir tham gia va hd trg cdng ddng
Chu trinh 1 (2011-2015) Trong diem
Hd tro Ho trg
Chu trinh 2 (2016-2020)
Hd trg
Trong diem Ho trg
Chu trinh 3 (2021-2025)
Hd trg
Hd tro Trong diem
Bdng 2. Cdc chuong trinh vd chu trinh QLTHVBB Bdc Bd
Hgi nghi Khoa hoc kv mem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10'2010
5.4. Gidi phdp vd cong cu thue hien
D I dat dugc muc tieu va ndi dung QLTHVBB, can sir dung ddng bg cac giai phap thirc hien nhu: 1- Quy hoach va dieu chinh quy hoach; 2- Xay dung ca che td chirc va tang cudng nang luc quan ly; 3- Nang cao y chi chinh tri va tang cudng the che, chinh sach; 4- Tao dung ca che hd trg va tham gia cua khoa hgc va cdng nghe; 5- Dau tu tai chinh ben viing; 6- Giao due, tmyen thdng, lien ket tham gia ciia edng ddng va cac ben cd Igi ich; 7- Hgp tac qude te v.v. Trong dd, dau tu tai chinh ben vung la giai phap cue ky quan trgng, dam bao sir phat triln hi lire cua QTHVBB.
Cac cdng cu hd trg thue hien bao gdm hai nhdm. Nhdm cac cdng cu ky thuat bao gdm:
cdng cu tmyen thdng va quan ly dien tir; cdng cu vien tham va he thdng tin dia ly; cac cdng cu danh gia mdi tmdng (danh gia hien trang mdi tmdng - phan tich dan xuat ngudn - ap lire - hien trang - tac ddng - irng xir (DPSIR), danh gia tac ddng mdi tnrdng, danh gia mdi tmdng chien luge); he thdng quan trac va canh bao mdi tmdng va tai nguyen; he thdng tin irng phd su cd mdi tmdng. Nhdm cac cdng cu kinh te - xa hdi bao gdm cac cdng cu kinh te (thue va phi mdi tmdng, giay phep phep mdi tmdng, he thdng dat cgc - hoan tra, ky quy tai nguyen va mdi tmdng, trg cap mdi tmdng, kiem toan mdi truang v.v.); cac cdng cu luat phap va chinh sach va cac cdng cu giao due va tuyen tmyen.
5.5. Gidm sdt vd ddnh gid thue hien
Giam sat QLTHVBB nham phan xet cac mdc cua chuang trinh qua ket qua ciia hoat ddng quan ly va xac dinh dieu kien vimg bd bien de cd dieu chinh cac hoat ddng can thiet va phat hien, canh bao cac van de tiem nang can giai quyet. Hoat ddng giam sat gdm hai nhdm la giam sat hoat ddng hanh chinh QLTFIVBB va giam sat dieu kien viing bd bien, bao gdm thue trang va bien ddng tai nguyen, mdi tmdng va cac yeu td kinh te - xa hdi chiu tac ddng cua quan ly. Viec td chirc thue hien giam sat bao gdm xay dung va thue hien chuang trinh giam sat; td chirc mang ludi hoat ddng giam sat va cdng cu giam sat; td chirc he thdng xir ly, phan tich thdng tin giam sat va ca che sir dung ket qua gmm sat va eo che cung cap tai lieu giam sat.
Hoat ddng danh gia nham xem xet hieu qua, tinh thiet thue va cac tac ddng cua QLTHVBB, nhiing tdn tai, nay sinh trong qua trinh quan ly. Viec danh gia can dat den cac de xuat chinh sira cho mot chu trinh mdi tiep tuc va de xuat nhan rdng kha nang ap dung cua md hinh. Cach thirc danh gia bao gdm tu danh gia do nhiing ngudi chu tri va tham gia hoat ddng quan ly thue hien va danh gia tir ben ngoai do cac td chirc, chuyen gia ngoai chuang trinh, du an d trong nude va ca quoc te cho y kien.
6. Ket luan
Hon mudi nam qua, QLTHVBB d Viet Nam da cd nhiing budc phat trien dang ghi nhan ve ca ly luan va thue tien. Mac dii deu cd muc tieu chung bao ve tai nguyen - mdi tmdng va hudng tdi phat trien ben viing, nhung cac hoat ddng nghien cim va trien khai dugc tiep can tir cac ngudn cac nhau nen nhan thirc va each thirc tien hanh tai cac du an thi diem van cdn nhieu diem khac biet do it nhieu chiu anh hudng cua cac tu van qude te.
QLTHVBB la quan ly nha nude, thdng nhat, tap tmng va can cd mot khudn khd chung phii hgp vdi he thdng the che va luat dinh ciia Viet Nam. Vi vay, can cd mot md hinh dinh hudng cd the ap dung cho ca ba cap tmng uang, viing va cap tinh.
Md hinh dugc de nghi nay, tmdc hit phai dua vao ca sd khoa hgc ciia QLTHVBB, ca ban nhung khdng giao dieu, phai xem xet din nhiing kinh nghiem thue hanh da cd cua cac nude trong khu vuc va cua Viet Nam va phai dugc dat trong dilu kien viing bd biin Viet Nam vl hi nhien, tai nguyen, mdi tmdng va kinh tl - xa hdi. Tir md hinh dinh hudng mang tinh nguyen
tac chung nay, cd the trien khai cac md hinh cu the vdi cac cap bac va kliu virc cu the cd sir khac biet ve cac van de lira chgn uu tien, mirc do chi tiet cung nhu kl hoach va tien trinh thue hien.
QLTHVBB la mot qua trinh lau dai, qua nhieu chu trinh va md hinh thue hien nd ludn dugc dilu chinh qua trai nghiem, phan lap theo tien trinh va dac thii cap bac, viing mien.
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Hgi nghi Khoa hoc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10 2010
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