KINH TE
THACH THlfC TRONG XUAT KHAU CA PHE TAI VIET NAM HIEN NAY
I NGUYEN TH! LAI - DO THj MY HIEN
TOM TAT:
Xua't khau ca phe trong nhiJng nam vffa qua vdn difde xeni la nganh "xffdng song", ddng gdp Idn trong tdng kim ngach xua't khd'u nong san eua Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, vdi vide thie'u thffdng hidu Idn, thid'u quy trinh san xua't che' bidn dat chuan de dap ffng ydu c^u tai ede nifde nhdp khd'u dang la nhffng rao cdn Idn trong xuat khau ca phd cua Viet Nam. Tff nhffng nghien ciJu ban dau ve tinh hinh xua't kha'u ca phe trong nhffng nam vffa qua, nhom tdc gia ehi ra nhffng khd khan trong qua trinh xud't kh^u ca phe, tff do gdi y nhffng chinh sdch day manh phat tridn xua't kh^u ed phd trong thdi gian tdi.
Tff khda: Xua't kha'u ca phd, Viet Nam, thach thffc, kho khdn.
1. Gidi thi$u
Tang trffdng, phat trien ndng nghiep luon la vd'n dd dffde Ddng vd Nha nUdc quan tam trong suo't thdi ky cong nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dd't niTdc, du'a dd't nUdc ta trd thanh mot nffdc ddn gidu, nu'dc manh, xa hpi cong bang, dan chu van minh. Nong nghiep nu'dc ta trong nhifng nam qua dd dat dffde nhffng thanh tiTu nhd't dinh ddc biet la sif phdt tnen cua cd phe, cay trdng difdc xem la "xffdng so'ng"
cho doanh thu cho nganh Cd phe. Theo Cue Trdng trot, didn tich ed phd Viet Nam dat trdn 664.000 ba, san Iffcfng cd phd dat trdn 1,5 trieu ta'n nhdn/nam; ca phd Robusta chie'm dien tich Idn (93%), con lai la ca phe Arabica. Ca phe Viet Nam dffde xud't khau sang trdn 80 qudc gia va viing Idnh thd. Nam 2018, Tong cue Hai quan Viet Nam dd cdng bd^ nffdc ta xud't kha'u hdn 1,8 tridu td'n vdi kim ngach xud't kh^u dat 3,5 ty USD, chid'm 14%
thi phan va hdn 10% gia tri ca phe nhan xua't kha'u todn cau, dtfng thff 2 sau Brazil.
Nganh Ca phd Vidt Nam dang du'ng thff hai the' gidi ve san Iffcfng va gid tri xua't khd'u ea phe. Theo Dd dn phat tnen ngdnh Ca phd ben viJng dd'n nam 2020, se cd khoang 80% sdn Iffdng ea phe xua't khd'u trffc tid'p cho cac nha tieu thu, cdc nha rang xay nffdc ngoai, khdng qua khau trung gian. Ddy la
thdch thffc doi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau ca phe nhdn Viet Nam.
2. Thffc trang xua't khau ca phe trong giai doan 2010 - 2018
Theo sd'lieu tffTongcucThdogke, ttf nam 2010 dd'n ndm 2018, moi nam trung binh nffdc ta xua't khd'u khoang bOn 1.500 nghin td'n ca phe xud't khd'u, gia tri trung binh xud't khd'u rdi vao khoang tren 3 ty USD. Tuy nhidn, tri gid sdn Iffdng xud't khd'u ed phe nifdc ta tang giam khong ddng deu, til nam 2010 de'n nam 2012, gia tri xua't kha'u ca phe d nffdc ta tang lidn bac tff 1,76 ty USD ndm 2010 len tdi 3,68 ty USD vdo ndm 2012. Theo VICOFA, trong thdi diem nay dien tich va san lu'dng ca phe khong cd bie'n dpng manh, ca nffdc co tren 140 doanh nghidp xua't kha'u, trong do cd khoang 20 doanh nghiep nffdc ngoai co may moc hoac cd quan dai dien d Vidt Nam va khoang 4 doanh nghidp hang dau ca phd 6 Viet Nam la TCT Cd phe Viet Nam, Cd phe 2/9, XNK Intimex, va Tap doan Thai Hoa. Day la thdi diem ma nganh Ca phe Viet Nam kbuye^n khich cac nha dau tff vao linh vffe ed phe rang xay, chd' bie'n hoa tan nhff Nestle, Vinacafe Bidn Hoa, Cd phd Trung Nguyen.
Nam 2015 Id nam nganh Ca phe bi tdc dpng bdi bien ddi kbi hau khie'n nang sud't, chd't lu'dng ca
TAP GHJ CONG THiriTNG
phd giam. Nidnvu 2014- 2015, san Iffdng cd phe giam khoang 26% so vdi nidn vu tru:dc. Nguydn nhan do tbdi tie't thay ddi, ban ban nghiem trpng trong thdi ky cd phe phat tridn, mffa de'n sdm khi thu hoach, cd phe ra hoa khong tap trung. Nham cai tao dien tich cay ca phe gia cdi vd vifdn ed phd cd nang sua't tha'p 1,5 ta'n/ha, theo De an Tdi canh cua B5 Ndng nghidp vd Phdt trien nong thdn tff ndm2014de'nnam2020, dien tich tai canh cay ca phe cua 5 tinh Tay Nguyen la 120 nghin ha. Tuy nhidn eho den nay, cdng tdc tai canh tai cdc dia phffdng trdn dien ra chdm, chffa dap iJng dffde kd' hoach de ra tai De dn. De'n nam 2017, xud't khd'u ca phe dat 1,44 tridu ta'n vdi kim ngach 3,244 ty USD, giam 19% ve lifdng va 2,7% ve kim ngach so vdi nam 2016. Gia ca phe the'gidi etingnhufgid cd phd tai thi tru'dng trong nu'dc bie'n dpng dao chieu lien tuc vdi bidn do hep nhffng nhin chung vdn giff xu hffdng tang, gia ca phe xua't kha'u binh qudn ndm 2017 dat 2.250 USD/td'n, tang manh 20,1% so vdi nam 2016. Mdi day nha't theo so' Iidu cua Bo Cong Thffdng vffa cong bd thi ndm 2018 xud't khau caphd ctia nffdc ta dat 1,882 trieu td'n tri gia 3,544 t^ USD tdng 20,1% vd Iffdng vd tang 1,2% ve tri gid so vdi nam 2017, san Iffdng ca phe Viet Nam nien vu 2018/19 giam khoang 20% so vdi dff kie'n trffdc do do anh hu'dng cua bien ddi khi hau ndm 2018 va dien tich trdng cd phd gidm khoang 6%
trong ndm 2017 va nam 2018 do chuyen doi cdy trdng (Bp Cdng TbiTdng. 2018).
vd chid'm 38% trong tdng kim ngach xud't khau ca phd cua ca nu'dc; dat 749.231 td'n, tri gia 1,34 ty USD, so vdi nam 2017 tang 19,1% vd lUdng nhu'ng giam 1,5% ve kim ngach. Trong kho'i EU, xua't kha'u sang Dffc nhieu nha't chiem tren 34%, dat 260.475 ta'n, tifdng dffdng 459,03 trieu USD; xua't sang Italia chie'm 18%, dat 136.157 ta'n, tffdng dffdng 245,25 tndu USD; xua't sang Tay Ban Nha chiem 16%, dat 122.063 ta'n, tffdng dffdng 219,22 tridu USD. Tie'p theo do la thj tru'dng Ddng Nam A chie'm 13% trong tdng Iffdng va tdng kim ngach xua't kha'u cd phd cua ca nffdc; dat 243.270 ta'n, ffi gid 467,38 tridu USD, tang manh 102,5% ve lu'dng vd tang 71,3% ve gia tri so vdi ndm 2017 (Bp Cong Thifdng, 2018).
Nhin chung, ea phe xua't khau trong nam 2018 sang da so' cdc thi tnfdng tang kim ngach so vdi ndm 2017; trong dd, xua't khau tang manh d cac thi trifdng sau: Indonesia tdng 343,6% vd lu'dng va tang 273,3% vd kim ngach, dat 62.320 td'n, tifdng dffdng 123,55 tridu USD; Nam Phi tang 145% ve Iffdng va tang 109% ve kim ngach, dat 10.073 tan, tifdng dffdng 17,3 trieu USD; Hy Lap tdng 139,5%
ve lu'dng va tang 96,4% vd kim ngach, dat 13.646 td'n, tu'dng dffdng 23,82 tndu USD; NewZealand tang 124% ve Iffdng va tang 78% ve kim ngach, dat 2.253 tan, tifdng dffdng 4,2 trieu USD. Ngifdc lai, xud't khau ca phd sut giam manh d cdc thi trffdng nhif: Thuy Sy giam 47,5% vd Iffdng va gidm 51% ve kim ngach, dat 244 tan, tifdng dffdng 0,49 , trieu USD; xuat Bieu do 2.1: So lifdng va gia trj xuat khdu cd phe ViSt Nam
trong giai doqn 2010 - 2018
3500 3000 2500 2000 176 15D0 • 1000 • 5C0 •
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2717
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• Ca phd ITriSu USD) • CS ph6 (Nghin tan) 1780
1 1 1442 1
316 2017 2 3
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31S
Theo so' lieu thong kd ciia Tong cue Hai quan thi EU la thi trffdng tieu thu nhieu nha't cac loai ca phe cua Viet Nam, ehid'm 40% trong tdng lu'dng
sang Singapore cung giam 40% vi Iffdng va giam 50,7% ve kim ngaeb, dat 1.263 ta'n, tffdng difdng 3,55 tridu USD;
Mexico giam 7%
ve lifdng va giam 24% vd kim ngach, dat 33.406 tan, tffdng dffdng 55,9 trieu USD (Bo Cdng Thffdng, 2018). (Bang 1).
Tuy xua't khau nam 2018 tdng so vdi nam 2017 nhmig nhin chung mat hang cd phd eua Viet Nam vdn con gap nhidu va'n de trd ngai nhff ngay cdng co nhieu doi thu
86 So 9 - T h a n g 5/2019
KINHTE
Bdng 1. Thj trffdng xua't khdu ca phe nam 2018
Thi trudng
Totig Idm ngach Bile My Italia lay Ban Nha Nhat Ban Nga Philippines Algeha Bi Indonesia Thai Lan Trung Quoc An Do Anh Han QuSc Malaysia Phap Mexico Australia BaLan Bo Bao Nha Hy Lap Israel Ha Lan AiCap Nam Phi Romania Canada Oan Mach New Zealand Singapore Campuchia Thuy Sy
Nam 2018 LUdng (tan) 1.S7S.27S 260.475 182.576 136.167 122.063 105.119 90.418 82.656 74.120 75.129 62.320 59.800 44 282 58 019 63 794 32.379 36.809 39.194 33.406 20.435 14.284 17.051 13.646 8.969 10.620 12.649 10 073 4.427 5 458 2.391 2.253 1.263 422 244
Tn gia (USD) 3.537.535.962 459.031.259 340 221.901 246.253 945 219.217.377 206.000 470 185 765 363 158 670.722 132.478.045 130.825.543 123.553.997 109.972.102 109.540.270 95.691.744 95 650.636 70151.724 69.098.812 67.735.998 55.897 095 39.469.787 33.815.898 30.444.293 23.822.679 22.820 544 21.874 974 21.845.475 17 300.971 12.559.760 10 610.283 4.328 230 4 197.013 3 552 121 2 533 949 489.853
+/- so vdi nam 2017 (%)*
Liidng 30,25 16,98 -0,07 8,55 19,88 17,16 97,35 58,08 38,75 16,06 343,59 94,37 58 35,67 52,4 -7,77 80,14 18,02 -6,98 72,84 20,09 37,99 139,53 38,54 0,48 49,2 144,97 8,13 -3 100,25 123,96 -40 -17,42 -47,53
Tn gia 9,04 -3,67 -16,31 -9,66 -0,77 -1,8 59,14 42.64 15,21 -4,59 273,31 51,23 29,12 12,05 20,6 -14,67 48,91 -1,68 -23,95 38,34 4,84 14,19 96,42 6,6 -14,09 26,95 109,02 4.37 -19,38 64,87 78,08 -50,67 19,04 -51,08 Ngudn:Tinh todn tU sdlieu cua Tdng cue Hdi quan
canh tranh, chi phi van chuyen eo nhidu bid'n dpng, xud't khau cd phe dang tho ciia Viet Nam chie'm tdi 90%, trong khi ty le ca phd chd bie'n sau, gid tri gia tang cao chi mdi chie'm 10% trong tdng san Iffdng cd phe nhan, chffa tao ra nhieu gid tri gia tdng cho san pham, chifa tao ra chudi san xud't sau. Theo y kie'n ttt cac chuyen gia, nd'u tinh theo gid xud't kh£u tai cang Vidt Nam thi mdi td'n cd phe hien chi cd gid trdn dffdi 40 tridu ddng, trong khi neu che bien sau se ed gia ffi gia tdng cao nhd't tff 70 - 100 tridu ddng/td'n.
Ngoai ra, cdc doanh nghidp chifa quan tdm tdi cac quy trinh bao quan, che'bid'n, tbi trifdng tidu thu, bao bi, san pham va ca thffdng hidu ddn dd'n rd't nhidu thidt thoi khi xua't khau ca phd vao cdc thi trffdng tidu thu Idn trdn the gidi.
3. Mdt sd' giai phap ndng cao gia tri xua't khau ca phe Viet Nam
Thd nhd't: Can ndng cao chdi litang cd phe d khdu thu hog,ch, phdi say, phdn loai.
Mot trong nhffng nguyen nhan anh hffdng dd'n chat Iffdng ea phd nhdn xua't khiu nhif ky thudt trdng trpt vd thu bai chffa to't, tinh trang thu hai ddng loat ca qua xanh, qua non cdn khd phd bie'n; cd sd vat chat phuc vu sd chd'bao quan ed phe cdn thie'u thdn, ed ehd gia thu mua ed phd tffdi chffa khuye'n khich ngu'di san xuat quan tdm de'n chd't lu'dng, nhd't la khdu thu
So9-Thang5/2019 87
TAP CHi CONG THIftfNG
hoach, phdi say, phdn loai. Chinh vi vay, cdn trien khai nhffng bien phdp ddng bp nhff thu hut cac doanh nghidp chd bie'n cd phe dau tff vao cac vung trdng cay ca phe trong diem, tdng cffdng cong tac khuydn nong, khuyen khich ngffdi ddn ap dung cac ky thuat dam bdo cac tieu chuan trong khdu thu hoach, phdi sa'y, phan loai. Chinh phii can day manh thu hut d^u tff tit nffdc ngodi vd vd^n, khoa hpc cong nghd de xay dffng cdc nhd may che' bidn phuc vu eho xua't khau.
Thd hai: Xdy ddng thUdng hieu cd phe Viet Nam.
Xu hffdng ngffdi tidu dung tren the'gidi luon sff dung ede san pb£m cd thffdng hieu va cdc cbi dan dia ly nhu" thifdng hieu ca phd Budn Ma Thuat.
Trong khi difa vao ddnh gid mdi ddy ciia Bp Cong Thffdng thi mde dii la thi tru'dng cung ed'p ca phd Idn nha't cho Han Qudc, nhuYig rat it ngffdi ddn nu'dc nay bie't de'n thffdng hidu ca phe Viet Nam, hoac mdt so' it ngifdi tidu dung bid't ra't it de'n mot vai thifdng hieu ca phe Viet Nam. Chinh vi vdy c^n phai tich cffc day manh xdy dffng, qudng bd thifdng hidu ed phd Vidt Nam thanh san pha'm qud'c gia tren toan cau. Bp Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe ndn phdi hdp vdi Bp Ndng nghiep va Phdt tridn nong thon trinh Thu tu'dng Chinh phii phe duyet Dff dn xay dffng Ca phe Viet Nam la san pham quo'c gia vd sau dd Iffa ebon doanh nghiep de trien khai thifc bien; Khuye'n khich phat trien cac thu'dng hieu tff nhdn ve ed phd di difa ra thi tru'dng the' gidi.
Thii ba: Day manh lien kit chudi gid tri.
Lien ket chudi trong ca phe hien nay van cdn nhieu yd'u kem nhu': td chu'c ciia nong ddn tff cac id, nhdm hay hdp tac xa cdn yd'u; doanh nghidp che' bie'n, xud't khau ca phe chii ye'u thu mua qua trung gian; san xud't khdng lidn ke't hoac lien ke't long leo, thid'u kiem soat chat lifdng, tidu chuan ky thudt; cd che thu mua, phan loai chifa tao dgng liic cho ndng dan cai thien cha't Iffdng ca phd trong thu hai, sd che'. De d^y manh sff lien ket thi can phai tang cffdng tridn khai cae dff an chia se, chuyen giao kid'n thffc tai vung thife dia. Md rdng he thdng cd sd dff lieu, giam sat vung trdng ca phd dffa trdn ffng dung cdng nghe thong tin, day manh truyen thdng de gdn ke't 4 nha: Nhd nong - nhd khoa hpc - nha doanh nghiep - nhd nffdc vdi muc dich khi ndng ddn mud'n tang quy md san xud't, cd d^u ra, thi trffdng dn dinh; Doanh nghiep xua't khau xay dffng dffde thffdng hieu va di sdu vao ehe'bie'n san ph^ra khi cd vung nguyen lieu theo tidu chuan;
Chinh phu can phdt tridn ben vffng nganh hang cd phd thdnh nganh hang nong san chu Iffc.
Thd tii: Bay manh tien dg tdi canh cay cd phe.
Theo tinh toan eua WASI (2017) tbi cd khoang 198.000 ha ca phe trdn 20 ndm tudi eua Viet Nam chid'm 30,8% tdng didn tfch, Cd khoang 79.000 ha ca phd gia cdi da dffde tdi canh trong khoang thdi gian tff nam 2010 - 2016. Nhff vdy trong nhffng nam tdi, hdn 120.000 ha didn tich ca phd gid cdi can chuyen ddi bode trdng thay the hodn todn va can phai cd khodng 140.000 - 160.000 ha gid c6i trdn 20 nam mdi phdt sinh do trdng thdm vao giai doan 1996 de'n 2006 (Tru'dng Hong, 2019).
Cd khoang 87% didn tich ca phd Vidt Nam dffde trdng tff trUdc ndm 2000. Theo tinh todn ciia Vidn Khoa hpc ky thuat nong lam nghidp Tay nguyen (2017) thi dien tich ca phd trdn 20 nam tudi ciia Viet Nam (tinb de'n nam 2016) co khoang 198.000 ha chid'm 30,8% tdng didn tich. Trong vdng 7 nam trd lai day (2010 - 2016), da co khoang 79.000 ha ca phe gia cdi da dffde tai canh. Nhif vay, dien tich ca phe gia coi can trdng thay the hoac chuyen ddi trong nhffng nam tdi hdn 120,000 ha. Trong 5-10 ndm dd'p theo (2017 - 2026) se co khoang 140 000 - 160.000 ha gid c5i trdn 20 nam tudi phat sinh do trdng vao giai doan 1996 den 2006. Ddy se la thdch thffc Idn cho Viet Nam dd'i vdi vide tid'p tuc dam bao san lu'dng va giff vffng vi the' xud't khd'u nhffng cung la cd hpi de nffdc ta nang cao nang sud't, cai tie'n chat Iffdng, tang tinh canh tranh ciia cac san pham ca phe tren thj trifdng thd' gidi WASI (2017). Dd giai quyet va'n dd nay cin giiip nong dan tid'p cdn dffde cac loai gidng cay trdng mdi trdn sd sd nghidn cffu ciia cac nhd khoa hpc trong va ngoai nffdc dffdi sff dpng vien khuye'n khich, hd trd ciia Chinh phii.
Thd ndm: Van dung nong nghiep 4.0 vdo trong nudi trdng vd phdt trien cdy cd phe.
Nong nghiep 4.0 la vide sd hda cac boat dong sdn xud't kinh doanh tff ndng trai de'n che' bien, marketing va tidu dQng. Ndng nghiep 4.0 gidp tao ra cdc ndng sdn chd't lu'dng, nang sua't cao ngay ea trong cac dieu kien khong dffde thudn ldi. Dieu nay, giiip lam tang cha't Iffdng san ph£m cua ca phe Viet Nam. Viec dffa ndng nghidp 4.0 vao trong nudi trdng va phdt trien cay ca phd can Iffa chpn cac cong nghd phii hdp, gan vdi trinh dp ddn tri ciing nhff nang Iffc kinh td'- xa hoi cua tffng dia phffdng, tao ra nhffng chudi gia tri cao cho san pha'm •
So 9 - T h a n g 5/2019
KINH TE
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O :
/. To Kim Hong (2016), Su bien ddng gid vd khd ndng canh tranh cua cd phi Viet Nam xud't khdu tren thi trUdng thi'gidi, Vdn Hien University Journal of Science.
2. Tong cue Thdng ki, Niin gidm thdng ke cd nUdc cdc ndm 2010: 2014, 2016; 2018.
3. Bo Cong ThUdng, Bdo cdo ve xud't nhap khdu nam 2018.
4. Tdng cue Hdi quan Viet Nam, Thdng ki Nhd nudc ve hdi quan do'i vdi hdng hda xuat nhdp khdu ndm 2018.
5. Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt tnen Ndng thdn Viet Nam, De dn Phdt trien ngdnh Cd phe ben vUng di'n ndm 2020.
Hd Noi (2014)
6. Truang Hong (2019), Dien tich cd phe gid cdi Viet Nam cd xu hudng ngdy cdng tdng, Viin Khoa hoc ky ihudt nong 1dm nghiep Tay Nguyin.
Ngay nhan bai: 16/4/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sffa chffa: 26/4/2019 Ngay cha'p nh^n dang bai: 6/5/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
1. ThS. N G U Y I N T H I L A I Trffffng D^i hpc Kinh td' - Lu^t 2. TS. D 6 THI MY HIEN Trffffng Cao dang Kinh td'Dd'i ngoai
CURRENT CHALLENGES TO VIETNAM'S COFFEE EXPORTS
• MA. NGUYEN THI LAI University of Economics and Law
• Ph.D. DO THI MY HIEN College of Foreign Economic Relation
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, coffee has been Vietnam's important agricultural export product, greatly eonffibutingto the total export turnover of Vietnam's agricultural exports. However, the lack of well-knovi'n trademarks for Vietnamese coffee products and standardized processing and manufacturing processes are major barriers to Vietnam's coffee exports. Based on previous researches about the situation of Vienam's coffee exports, this article presents the difficulties in Vietnam's coffee exports, thereby proposing policy recommendations to promote the country's coffee exports in the future.
Keywords: Coffee exports, Vietnam, challenge, difficulty.
