Bieu tircmg troi flat
trong sang tac ciia Nguyen Cong Trir
Nguyen Nhir T r a n g '
' Vi$n Tir dign hpe vk Bdch khoa thu Vi6t Nam, Vi$n Han Iam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 20 thang 3 nSm 2019. Chip nhan d5ng ngay 5 th^g 5 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Trong van chuang Nguyen Cdng Tni, bieu lugng trdi dat da ttd thdnh ki hi?u tham mi lap di lap lai nhilu l§n va mang y nghTa phai sinh. Mgt mat, bieu tugng ttdi dat bilu trung cho khong gian xa hpi, khdng gian vay vung ciia ke sT; mgi khdc, bieu tugng nay con bieu tnmg cho khdng gian tam li, thi hien ttang thai vd noi nilm ciia nha tha trudc cupc ddi. Bilu tugng ttdi dat ttong sang tac ciia Nguyen Cdng Tni da gan Hen vdi hanh ttang va tam ttang ciia dng ttong suot cupc ddi day nhihig bien ddng.
Tw khoa: Bieu tugng, Nguyen Cdng Tni, trdi dat, van chuang.
Phan loai nganh: Van hpc
Abstract: In literary works written by Nguyen Cong Tm, the images of "heaven" and "earth" were aesthetic signals repeated many times, bearing a derivative meaning. On the one hand, they symbolise the social space, and the space where the Confucian scholar acted; on the other hand, they also symbolise the psychological space, showing the poet's moods and feelings towards life.
The images of heaven and earth in Nguyen Cong Tru's works were closely associated with his behaviours and moods throughout his hfe which w^s full of vicissitudes.
Keywords: Images, Nguyen Cong Tm, heaven and earth, literature.
Subject classification: Literature
1. M d dau
Trong quan niem cua Nho gido, trdi la ddng sdng tao, tao ra van vat, vil tru va mudn loai. Trdi cdn dugc gpi la Thugng de (ddng tdi Iinh, tdi cao dai dien cho sy cdng minh,
cMnh nghta). Ddi lap vdi ttdi la ddt (noi con ngudi vd mudn lodi sinh ra va tdn tai). Ngudi phuong Ddng Mdn coi ttgng mdi quan he mat thiet giiia con ngudi vdi ttdi vd ddt, cho ngn tii xa xua, ttong y niem dan gian, thien thdi - dia Igi - nhdn hda la
Nguyen Nhu Trang dieu kien can va dii de di den thanh
cdng. CMnh sy hda hgp ciia con ngudi vdi ttdi vd ddt la ban nguygn sinh tdn vd phat triln cua van vdt. Truong CMnh cho rdng:
"Muln thdu higu quan niem toan dien, phai tim vg nguon gdc Tam Tai. Theo do thi nhdn ddng vai ttd ttgng tam giua thien va dia. Co hdi thdng dugc vdi thien tM tdm mdi cd dudng tign thu; cd giao hod dugc vdi dia tM nhdn mdi cd cho dung. Khi ndi trilt li todn dien, tiic Id ndi vg con ngudi dd cd dudng loi hdi thdng giao cam, khdng phdi cd dgc niia" [2, tt.282]. Khdng phai ngau nMen ttong sdng tac cua Nguygn Cdng Tru, hinh anh ttdi dat lai xuat Men nMgu Ian, ed dgn 48 ldn Mnh dnh nay xudt Men ttong nMgu tde phdm khdc nhau, ttd thdnh mdt bieu tugng mang ki Meu tham ml. Bai vigt nay de cap den cdc bieu tupng cua trdi ddt ttong sang tac ciia Nguyen Cdng Tni.
2. Trdi dat bieu trimg cho khong gian vay vung ciia ke sT
Trong quan Mem Nho giao, vii tru, ttdi dat khdng cM la hinh anh cua khdng gian tu nMgn, ma cdn la mdt khdng gian bgn ngodi su vat Men tugng nhu sy tdn tai vdn cd. Id mpt khdng gian mang tfnh udc Ie, tugng tnmg. Nguyen Diic Man cho rdng: "Khdi niem "vu try" ra ddi ttong ddi sdng tinh thdn xa hdi Khdng giao nhu vdy Id cd y nghTa khdng gian xd hdi nMgu ban khdng gian dja If [2, tt.883]. Md ddu tde phdm Chinh phu ngdm, Ddng Trdn Cdn da viet:
"Thud ttdi ddt noi con gid bui/Khach ma hdng nhigu noi trudn chuyen/Xanh kia thdm tiidm timg tten/Vi ai gay dyng cho ngn noi ndy... " (Chinh phu ngdm).
6 ddy, ttdi dat khdng nen Mgu Id thyc thg cua via try vd ty nhign, "ttdi ddt ndi con gid bui" dugc hieu la sy hdn loan, bdt an
ttong xa hdi dang dien ra cupc chiln ttanh, vdi chet chdc va dau thuang. Nguyen Du vilt: "La gi bi sdc tir phong/Trdi xanh quen thdi ma hdng danh ghen" (Truyen Kiiu).
"Trdi xanh" khdng phdi la mot thyc thi vd tri vd giac ciia vii try, md hdm y vg khdng gian xa hpi vdi sy do ki cua "con tao" vdi con ngudi.
Trong sdng tac cua Nguyln Cdng Tru, cac menh dg hay cdn ggi la cac "ma" thdm ml nhu: "vii try", "ttdi dat" vd "bon bg" dd trd thdnh nhung bigu tugng, nd bilu trung cho khdng gian rgng ldn viia hiiu hinh lai vua vd Mnh, noi con ngudi cd thi thoa man khat vgng cong hign bet khd ndng ciia ban than. Khi hdnh dao, Nguygn Cdng Tni say me va dm dnh bdi ng cdng danh, nhd tho ludn dau dau mdt noi nigm vg sy tdn tai cua minh ttong coi ttdi ddt va cdi ngudi ta. Tuy nMgn, khdng gidng nhu nMeu nha Nho khac thudng giau minh chd thdi, hodc kMem nhudng, Nguyln Cdng Tni ngay tu kM nhdp cupc da xdc lap cho minh mpt vi thg vd cd tuygn ngdn rat ro rang vg cupc sdng vd sy nghiep cdng danh: "Da mang tigng d ttong ttdi ddt/Phai cd danh gi vdi nui sdng" (£>i thi tu vinh) [2, tt.55]. Cai khac ngudi d day chinb la cdch bdc Id ban than, nha tho dam ndi Ign nhiing suy nghT, tam tu vd khdt vpng ciia minh mdt cdch true dien, khdng e ngai hay chiu mot dp luc ndo:
"TMen phu ngd dja tai ngd/Thign dia sinh ngd nguyen hihi y" (Trdn ai ai di biet ai);
'Trdi dat cho ta mdt cdi tdi/Gidt lung ddnh dk thing ngdy choi" (Cdm ky thi tuu).
Trong tam thiic cua cdc nhd Nho, hp Mdn cd y niem ve dja vi cao quy cua minh, cd niem tin vdo tdi nang cd thg sdnh ngang ciang tam tai ttong vu try. Vi vdy, khi thg bien cai bdn ngd tiong sang tac van chuong, bg ludn thi Men hinh tugng "cai tdi" ttong khdng gian vii tin rdng ldn. Khdng chi y thuc rd vl ban than minh ttong cdi ttdi ddt, Nguyen Cdng Tni cdn coi sy ra ddi cua ban
than minh chfnh la do su hun due cua ddt trdi md ngn. Nho gia quan niem, ttong xa hdi ngoai vua la ddng tdi thugng cdn cd b i n hang ngudi, do la: sT, ndng, cdng, thucmg.
Dimg ddu ttong bdn hang ngudi nay Id ke sT, edc nha nho coi sy xudt Men cua rmnh trgn ttdn gian ndy Id sdn pham cua trdi ddt, la tinh hoa ciia vu try. Nguyen Cdng Tni quan niem rang, dat trdi va tao hod da ban cho dng sy sdng vdn la dd cd y gui gam vao con ngudi dng nhiing dieu ma ttdi ddt mudn thyc Men. Ong vdn thudng nhdc dgn ly tudng vd khat vgng cua minh qua menh dg ttdi ddt: "Vu tin chi gian giai phdn sy/Nam nhi dao tbii thi hao hiing" (Lugn ke sT).
Trong cam quan cua nha Nho tai tir ndy, ttdi ddt va vd try cd mdi tuang quan, gdn bd mat thilt vdi con ngudi; "Cdu tnic cua khdng gian tha ca ta thien nhien thdi tmng dai: thign nhien bao gid cung dugc td gom hai thanh phan trdi - ddt va dg trdng rong khoang giua (thdi hu). Cd thg cd cdc bien thg khac (xa - gan, trong - ngoai, cao - thap) nhung nguyen tac phan chia khdng gian thanh hai cyc, dg trdng d giiia van chi phoi tuyet ddi" [4, tt.33]. Trdi ddt tiong sdng tde cua Nguyen Cdng Tni khdng don thudn la mdt khdng gian hun hinh cu the niia, ma nd bigu trung cho hinh dnh ciia quoc gia, ddn tpc. Nha tho ty nhdn mpi viec dien ra trong vG tru nay cd lign quan dgn minh, va coi do la phdn su cua ke sT. Digu dd cho thdy, ttong tdm thuc cua Nguygn Cdng T n i ludn chiia dung y niem vg su tdn tai, vg vai tid cua con ngudi cd nhan ttong vu try.
Phong van hod Nho giao dd dnh hudng dgn bigu tugng vu try, trdi ddt trong quan niem thdm mT cua nha tho Nguygn Cdng Tni. Vdi dng, con ngudi sinh ra vd tdn tai ttong the gidi ty nhien, ttong vii tru bao la rpng ldn thi phai lam dugc dieu gi dd luu lai ten tudi cua minh trong trdi ddt. Dieu nay xudt phat tir tam thg cua ke sT mong muon nhap thg, mang tdi ndng va tri tue cua
minh lap cdng danh, ldm ngn sy ngMep:
"Da mang tiing d ttong ttdi dat/Phai cd danh gi vdi nui sdng/Trong cupc ttan ai at dg bilt/Rdi ra mdi bilt mat anh hung" (Bi thi tuvinh).
Ddi vdi cdc nha Nho tai tii, hinh tirgng vii tin, ttdi ddt dugc nhdc din nhilu Idn cdn do xudt phat tii chu thi sang tao, hg Mdn y thiic v l tdi nang, phdn sy cua minh ttong khdng gian rdng ldn d l thod chi vay vung, gdn chdc phan cua minh vdi nhiem vy cao cd ma ttdi ddt, vii try dd ban cho. Digu do Ii gidi VI sao trong sang tde cua Nguyen Cdng Tni, vii try dugc nhdc dgn nhu mdt menh dg Idn: vii try chiic phan ndi, vii try giai ngd phan su hay vii try ndi mac phi phdn su.
Nguygn Cdng T n i tiing vigt: "Tui giang son bdn b l cdng la nha/Ngn vuong thd ca ttong ttdi ddt Viet" (Bdn be Id nhd).
Cac nhd nho xua higu rd quan niem eua Khdng gido vg "Tir hdi gia huynh de", vi thg khdng phdi ngdu nhign nha tho lai tam niem "bon be cung la nhd" ma d do "nen vuong thd" dd dugc tdn tai trong ttdi dat cua nudc Viet. Ong xac djnh rd phdn su cua minh la chi khi ndo nhdn ddn dugc yen on, dat nudc dugc ygn binh thi ke sT mdi dugc ung dung, thdnh thoi. Nguygn Cdng Tni xac lap cho minh mgt cdch hdnh xu qua ttai nghiem cupc ddi, xac djnh minh dugc sinh ra va tdn tai dugc trong ttdi dat cung ddng thdi Id mac ng vdi cupc ddi. Hodng Nggc Hien limg nhdn dinh: "Nguygn Cdng Tni cdn cd nhiing san choi khdc: do la san choi vii try. Ong cd ndi den "cm mua mdc", den
"dao vi than" nhung trudc sau dng van nhdc dgn ldi hen vdi nui sdng, dgn sy mang ng vdi trdi ddt, den phdn sy cua minh ttong vii try "nhiing viec ttong ttdi ddt diu Id phan sy cua minh", phan sy lam trai la "chiic phan ttong vu try"" [2, tt.939]. Quan niem vg cude song nhu vay da cd dnh hudng, tac ddng den cac xu hudng thdm mi trong sang tac cua Nguyen Cdng Tni.
Nguyen Nhu Trang Ngay tir kM chua do dat Iam quan,
Nguyen Cdng Tni da td rd khdt vgng cua minh vl lap cdng danh, luu truygn ttong ttdi ddt. Ong da timg ty vjnh ve viec tM cir cua chiidi bdn thdn imnh, dng khat khao do dat dg tta "cdi ng cdm thu" (cdi ng cdng danh cita ke sT). Ong coi sy tdn tai cua bdn than minh ttong vii try bao la, ttong cdi ttdi ddt ndy thi phai luu lai cbo ddi rihilng gid tti ban thdn cd thi Idm dugc. Vi thg, con ngudi sinh ra tiong cdi ttdi ddt phdi dugc thoa man vdy viing vd pbdi ldm dugc digu gi do vira cd ich cbo ddi, vira thda cM nam nhi:
"Vdng ttdi ddt dgc ngang ngang dpc/Ng tang bdng vay gid gid vay/Chi lam ttai nam bdc ddng tdy/Cho phi siic vay viing trong bdn bg" (Chi khi anh hung).
Nguyen Cdng Tni nMn ttdi ddt theo tryc dpc vd chigu ngang, cau tha "vdng ttdi ddt dpc ngang ngang dpc" nhu mdt Idi khdng dinh chdc nich sy rdng ldn, mgnh mdng, vd cilng vd tan ciing nhiing khd khdn, gap ghlnh chdng chdt cua cupc ddi ma mdt dang nam nhi mudn khang dinh minh, mudn luu danh tMen cd thi khdng cdn cdch ndo khdc huge phdi xdng xao ttong hdnh trinh vay trd, tra vay "cdi ng tang bdng".
Theo cd nhdn, da la nam nhi tM phai biet Mng hoanh bdn phuang ttong coi trdi ddt, vdi Nguyen Cdng Tni cung vay, ttdi ddt dd ttd thanh mdt khdng gian rdng ldn menh mdng dg con ngudi thyc hien khat vgng, thi trign tdi ndng, thod man nhu cdu xudt thg va nhap the. Ong Id mdt ngudi ludn mudn dem sue manh vd tdi ndng cua ban thdn minh de vira giup ddi, viia lap nghiep. Tu tudng nay dugc hinh thdnh tir viec dng ludn y thiic minh Id ngudi cd tdi, khi mdi nhdp thg, dng say me hdnh dao, khdng thich an phdn thu thudng, ludn Idm mgi thii de thod cM nam nM: "Khi hao nMen chi dai, chi cuong/So chinh khi da day ttong ttdi ddt" (Lugn ke Sl). Ong cd y thiic thi tai vd do chinh Id chf kM ciia ke anh hiing (pham chdt thudng
thdy d mdt nha nho tdi tu). Ong khdt khao lap cdng danh, vd cdng danh ttd thdnh mdt noi am dnh Idn trong quan digm thdm nu cua dng: "Cd trung Men ngn diing trong tidi ddt/Khdng cdng danh thdi ndt vdi cd cdy/Chi tang bdng hd thi da nao khuay/Phdi hdm hd ra tai kinh tg" (Gdnh trung hiiu).
Vdn Id mdt nha Nho dugc hgc hanh noi cira Khdng san Trinh, nen d Nguyen Cdng Tni quan niem trung Mgu ttong mdi quan he giudng cdt: vua - tdi, cha - con da ttd thanh mdu myc, dign pham. Tuy nhign, d con ngudi dng lai chdy bdng khdt khao tan hign vd lap cdng. 6ng dd tim cho minh mdt con dudng de thod man khdt vpng lap cdng danh, thod man chi tang bong hd thi, dd Id viec tao nen nghiep ldn. Vi thg, khi ldm quan, dng khdng chi nhiet tam ttong viec giii yen bd cdi va yen dan, ma cdn chu ttgng phdt trign kinh tg, tao dyng co nghiep cho mudn dan sinh sdng va lam an.
Vdn hoa cua moi dan tgc deu dugc tich luy qua thdi gian vd khdng gian, nd da kgt thanh mdt quan niem sdng, bieu dat cd vu tru quan va nhdn sinh quan; vdn hod da ttd thanh sgi day kit ndi con ngudi lai vdi nhau mdt cdch bin vung. Trong tii tudng tupng cua Nguyen Cdng Tni, ttdi ddt cd Mnh dang rdt rd rang: "Du vudng ttdn tugng ddt tugng tidi" (Bon bi Id nhd). Quan niem trdi ttdn, ddt vudng la mdt quan niem tinyin thdng tii bao ddi nay cua ngudi Viet vd da dugc dng van dyng vao ttong cdu tho mdt each tai tinh, kheo leo. A.Ja. Gurevich nhdn djnh: "Su ddi lap ttdi - ddt ttong ^ thiic ngudi trung cd cd ;^ nghia tdn giao dao diic.
Trdi Id noi chdn cua mdt cupc sdng cao thugng, vTnh cuu, li tudng ddi lap vdi ddt Id noi cua cupc sdng tdi loi va tam bg ciia con ngudi. Cupc sdng d the gidi ben kia dugc quan niem cung cd cdt each vat chat nhu la thi gidi ttdn gian, ban niia, tinh chat bat bit va do dd nd thyc tai hem" [1, tr.78]. Trdi ddt la cdi rpng ldn mgnh mdng, bieu tnmg cho
khdng gian cua su sdng, sy san sinh, la mdi trudng sinh tdn cua van vdt ttong cdi ddi nay. Trdi ddt ciing la khdng gian van hod tam linb, chiia dyng tinh cdm, nigm tin vd khdt vgng cua con ngudi vg thg gidi sigu nMgn.
Trong sudt cuoc ddi va sy ngMep Iam quan, Nguyen Cdng Tni da ddc hgt sire minh tbi trien tdi nang, dng ludn dau ddu vg cdng danh sy ngMep va nguyen se "choi"
het rMnh vdi khdt vgng ay. Menh de "tidi ddt" da tid thanh mdt md tham mT ttong sang tac cua dng, nd dugc bigu tnmg cho mdt khdng gian vira thyc vira do; dd la khdng gian vira mang tinh ty nhien lai vira mang tinh xa hdi, mang theo tdm Ii vd khat vpng cao cd cua mdt nhd Nho chinh thdng.
3. Troi dat bieu trimg cho khong gian tam If
Nguygn Cdng Tni ludn nhin nhdn con ngudi cd nhan minh ttong thg gidi ty nhien vd trong kiep nhdn sinh cua eudc ddi. Nlu da so cdc nhd nho ducmg thdi thudng hay be tac, bi quan trudc thyc tai thi Nguygn Cdng Tni lai tim ra cho minh mdt con dudng rieng, lac quan va hdm hd budc di.
Van Id nhiing budc di theo quy trinh ciia ke sT (tu tiidn - tl gia - tri qudc - binh thien ha), nhung dng lai cd sy nhin nhdn vd hanh ddng theo mot phucmg thiic rieng. Tdng kit cd eudc ddi hoat ddng cua minh, Nguyen Cdng Tni (vdn Id mdt ke sT, mdt nhd Nho tai tii) da phai thdt len day tam ttang: "Vii try ngi mac phi phdn sy/6ng Hi Vdn tai bd da vdo Idng" (Bdi ca ngdt ngudng).
Trudc vii try va ttdi ddt rgng ldn vd tan, con ngudi du cd tdi bg den ddu thi ciing chi nho be trudc cuoc ddi, khdng vugt qua dugc dinh menh. Trong sang tde cua Nguyen Cdng Tni, nhieu ldn menh dl trdi ddt xudt Men vdi tu cdch la mdt khdng gian
tdm li dl nhd tho bilu Id nhihig noi nigm rigng tu, ddi kM dng ty nhdn thay so phdn cua minh do ttdi ddt dinh doat. Vil Dinh Trac cho rdng: "Nguyen Cdng Tni tnmg thdnh ed vdi Trdi Ddt vd Bdu Trdi, md l?d trung thanh vdi cd khdng gian va thdi gian.
NghTa Id dng sdng dung la mpt con ngudi vu try, ttong cude sdng vd ttong trudng ddi niia. Ddy cung Id dao Diing ciia Nho gia md tiidi" [2, tt.272-273]. Nguyen Cdng Tni vdi tu cdch Id mdt nha Nho, chiu dnh hudng manh me cua khdng gian van hod Nho gido, cho nen nhung sdc thai van hod ay da cd su tde ddng dgn quan digm tham ml cua dng, menh dg "ttdi ddt" xudt hien ttong bdi cdnh dy: "NghT su ddi them cdm ndi phii du/Ddnh hay ttdi ddt danh cho/Hai kho phong nguyet ngMn thu hay cdn/Cdn ttdi cdn nudc cdn non" (Vmh tiin Xich Bich).
Nguyen Cdng Tni y thiic rd ve ban than minh ttong cdi ddi ndy va ddnh cho ttdi ddt, non nudc su tdn ttgng Idn. Tuy nMSn, ttdi ddt theo each ndi cua rdia tho d ddy nen higu Id mdi quan he xa hdi ttong tam qu6c gia, dan tgc. Trong sdng tde vdn chuong Viet Nam thdi trung dai cimg da timg phd bien each ndi ndy, Dang Dung tung viet:
"Tri chu hun hodi pbii dja tryc/Tdy birdi vd Id van tMgn hd" (Cdm hodi) dl ndi vl khdng gian mgnh mdng, vg mdt con ngudi to Idn, dp u hodi bdo mudn xoay tine dat, keo sdng ngdn ba xuong rua gidp binh;
Nguyen Trai vilt: "Giang son nhu tac anh hiing the/Thign dja vd ciing sy bien da"
(Qud Thdn Phii hdi khdu). Non sdng thi mai mai tindng tdn, cdn con ngudi thi se mdt di, ttdi ddt vd ciing, vd ban diu biln ddi.
Nguygn Cdng Trd cung thudng ndi din ttdi ddt ttong sy ldng kgt vdi con ngudi, cd luc ttdi dat la cai cd de dng bigu dat tam ttang cua minh trudc Men thuc cupc ddi cbii khdng cdn Id sy md td ve nd nhu nhiing gi dang dien ra ttong Men thyc khdch quan.
Ngay cd khi dang mugn rugu gidi sdu,
Nguyen Nhu Trang mugn rugu tim mem vui tM Mnh dnh ttdi
ddt ciing hien ra nhu mdt noi am anh ddi vdi ngudi qudn tii khi chua thyc hien ttgn ven khdt vgng lap cdng danh: "Ben tai gdc tigng thi phi/Man ttdi CMIU ddt ddu khi ngang tdng/Mo mdng ttong cdi tdy huong"
(Mugn ruffu ldm vui). Nhd tha su dyng cdu thanh ngir "man ttdi chigu ddt" ttong ddn gian de dien td ve ndi Mem cua rigng minh;
dng vigt ve nhiing digu minh nMn thdy ttong cude ddi nay vdi tdm ttang cua mpt ngudi timg ttdi, Mdn lang nghe cude sdng, ttdn ttpng timg phut giay cua sy sdng, thdu higu can ke vg cude ddi: 'Tieng xdng xdnh day trong ttdi ddt/Than ciing thdng hudng nfia la ai/Long do nghi ciing nyc cudi"
(Vinh tiin). Trong quan mem thdm mT cua Nguyen Cdng Tni, dng van thudng coi ttdi ddt, non nudc nhu Id Ie sdng, nhung khi cude ddi bg tac, dng budng xudi de cho ddng cdm xuc ddng trdo: "Cdn gidi, cdn dat, cdn non nudc/Cd le ta ddu mai thi nay"
(Qudn tu cd cung).
Bgn canh ttang thai nhap thg, hudng tdm tieh cyc, say mg lap cdng danh su ngMep to Idn, Nguyen Cdng Tru cdn cd Iuc mang tam ttang cua con ngudi xudt the vdi ndi budn trudc thdi ddi: "Ci dn cdng tudng vl sau vdi/Gidi hay cdn cao, ddt hay day" (Vinh su ddi). Dii ttong hodn cdnh nao, dng ciing coi ttdi ddt nhu cdi sdng da dugc dii^ Mnh vd dn dinh, dng van dung cdu thdnh ngii dan gian "Gidi cao, ddt day" khdng phai nhu mpt ldi than thd ma ngudi ddi van thudng ndi, md nhdm dien td tdm trang cua chfnh ban than dng tiong cdi nhdn gian. Cuoc ddi day thdng ttdm, cd Mc khdn khd, hoan nan, gian nguy, bj day di, bi gidng chiic lien tiic da khign nha tho roi vdo tdm ttang cua mdt ke SI cd cung, nhung ttong dng van ludn sdn cd mdt niem tin vdo sy ddi thay cua ddt trdi de ngdy mai tuoi sang ban: "Hay xem gidi dat thdi lign ro/Dau ndng ddu mua cd mai dau" (Thi tinh den bgc). Cd khi ta bdt gap
tam ttang dgi chd thdi co dl tiii triln tdi nang, lap cdng danh sy ngMep: "Thdi hdng dpi ttdi binh tri da/Gap thdi vo canh se ra danh" (Vinh nhue). Vdi viec lap cdng danh vd tao dyng sy ngMep, Nguyen Cdng Tni ham hd la till, khdt vpng Id thi nhung dng ciing Id ngudi bilt dgi ca hdi, bilt chd tiidi, do cung la suy nght tfch cyc vd Men dai ttong thdi dai dng dang sdng.
Trdi ddt cdn Id each dl nha tho hg Nguyen ndi dgn sd phdn con ngudi, d do ttdi dugc coi nhu nguygn nhan cua nhiing dieu dn oan eudc ddi: "Mac ai chd dl dilu an odn/Chung cyc thdi chi cung tai ttdi"
(Cdch a ddi). Trong tdm tinic ddn gian ciia ngudi Viet Nam, dng Trdi Id vj thdn linh (than Trdi) ludn mang din cho con ngudi nhimg digu tdt lanh, vi thg kM nao bg tde nhat ngudi ta thudng kgu ttdi hodc kM than khd, than khd ciing kgu ttdi. Trong he thdng tu tudng Nho gia, ttdi Mdn la mgt pham trii quan ttgng, con ngudi xem ttdi ddt la chudn myc vd tdn siing nhu mdt dang tdi cao, thdm cM thdn thdnh hda va xem ttdi la vi chit thg sdng tao ra mudn loai vd lam chit vii try. Tran Nho Thin cho rdng: "Vdn dg nhin ttdi hay nMn dat chi Id hai thao tde cd y nghia kf Meu, tugng trung, thdng bdo vl tuong quan giiia bdn thdn "cdi tdi" vdi mdi trudng, bdi canh la mdt dang vd thiic nghe thudt" [4, tr.90]. Viec con ngudi diing giiia ttdi va dat md quan sat da ttd thanh mdt sdc thai van hoa mang tinh bidu tugng cM phdi sang tao nghe thuat.
Mang tdm trang cua ke sT khi muon hudng nhan, cdu nhdn, Nguyen Cdng Tni timg tim den trdi ddt nhu mgt menh dg de ndi vg kigp nhdn sinh cua con ngudi:
"Thign dia van vat chi nghjch lii/Bdng quang dm thdm thodt vyt qua/Kigp phu sinh chimg mgt gidc Nam Kha/Ndo ai chdc deo tien cudi hac" (Chd nhdn). Doi vdi dng, ngay ca ttdi ddt ttong cdi ddi ndy ciing Id quan ttg cho con ngudi va van vat. Nguyen
Cdng Tni tung dinh lugng cupc sdng tren ttdn gian cua minh theo thdi gian (ba van sdu nghin ngdy) vd khdt khao xoay vdn tao hod dl dugc rpng dat choi. Dd Id khi hudng tam nhap thi, cdn khi xudt thi ly tdm, dng ciing mang tdm trang budn cua ke sT trudc Men thyc cupc ddi [3]. Cd luc d dng, ngudi dgc cdn bat gap tam ttang an phdn thu thudng, khdng dua ganh vdi thdi cude, thdm chi dng timg cay dang thua nhdn "Cai cdng danh la cdi chi chi" vd cd luc dng mong mudn dugc hudng nhdn, hudng lac ttong tdm trang cua ke sT xudt thg.
Nguygn Cdng Tni vdn coi minh la ddng anh himg, nhung do la ddng anh hung khi da yen phdn, khi cdng danh dd lap, tdi ndng dd dugc khdng dinh. Tuy nhign, trong nhiing Mc an nhan, ng'im vjnh hay tron|
tdm ttang budn trudc cade ddi thi menh de
"ttdi ddt" cfing xudt 'uen nhu mdt klidng gian dl giai bay tari trang, hay dc gidi khuay ttong mdt thd, khac nhdt djnh. Vdn Phu Quang nhdn xet: "Thdng qua tho ca, Nguygn Cdng Tni dd xoa tan dugc noi hoai nghi vl khd nang ddng gdp hodc tham gia cua minh vdo qud trinh sang tao cua ttdi - dat, vd bdng each khang dinh mpt ldn nda nigm tin vdo chu nhdn, dng da vugt qua dugc cam gidc vd nghia bdt ngudn tir sy phii du cua ban thdn vd tfnh hiiu ban cua nd" [2, tr.982]. Cd the ndi, trong sang tac cua Nguyen Cdng Tni, bigu tupng trdi dat cdn mang y nghTa Id khdng gian tam If de dng gui gdm noi niem vui budn cua imnh trudc nhan tinh the thdi.
4. Ket luan
Trong sang tac cua Nguyen Cdng Tru, bieu tugng tidi dat cd mdi lign he chat che vdi md hinh khdng gian thign - dja - nhdn. Ddy Id md Mnh khdng gian quen thupc vd phd bign ttong van hod phuang Ddng. Nguyen Cdng Tni Id mdt nha Nho, dng chiu dnh
hudng cua f thiic he cM'nh thong, vi thg sang tac cua dng chiu sy chi phdi bdi quan dilm Nho giao. Nguyln Cdng Tni cdn chiu anh hudng cua tu tudng Dao giao, Phdt gido va ygu td van hod truygn thdng ddn tgc. Vi vdy, trong sdng tde cua dng, ta thay hinh dnh mpt con ngudi khdng hodn todn phy thudc vAo y ttdi, menh ttdi; thdm chf dng cd y mudn thay ddi menh ttdi, xoay vdn t^o hod. Xudt Men trong sang tde cua Nguyen Cdng Tni vdi tu cdch la ma thdm mt, menh dl trdi ddt bilu tnmg cho Ididng gian rdng ldn (noi ke sT cd thi vdy viing, thod man khdt vgng Idn lao cua minh). Nha tho bilu dat tdm trang vui budn trudc nhdn tinh the thai qua bilu tugng trdi ddt. Viec khdm phd bilu tugng nay gdp phdn Idm sang td quan niem thdm mT trong sdng tao ngbe thudt cua Nguygn Cdng Tni.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] A.Ja.Gurevich (1998), Cdc phgm trd van hod tnmg cd, Nxb Giao due. Ha Noi.
[2] Doan Tu Huyln (Chu bien) (2008), Nguyin Cdng Tru trong ddng lich su, Nxb Ngh? An, Nghe An.
[3] Nguyen HiJu Son (2019), "Xu the sdng tac hucmg tam v^ ly tSm trong tha NguySn Cong Tni", Tap chi Khoa hoc xd hdi Vi^t Nam, so 1.
[4] Trin Nho Thin (2008), Vdn hpc trung dgi Viet Nam du&i gdc nhin vdn hod, Nxb GiSo due.
Ha Npi.
15] Nguyen Binh Yen (2019), 'Tu tuong cua Nguyen Cong Tni ve nhan sinh", T^p ehi Khoa hpc xd hpi Viet Nam, so 3.
[6] https://vnexpress.net/giao-due/nguyen-cong- tru-vi-quan-ngong-duoi-ba-doi-vua- 3845953.html
[7] https://news.zing.vn/nguyen-eong-un-va- nhung-giai-thoai-ngong-thau-troi-xanh- post682441.html
[8] hllps://dantri.com.vn/van-hoa/nguyen-eong- tru-va-nhung-gia-tri-bat-hu-
20I8I124190424569.htm
