TAP CHi CONG THIlllNe
BAT BINH DANG THU NHAP d VIET NAM HIEN NAY:
THlTC TRANG VA KHUYEN NGHI
• NGUYIN THI THAI HUNG
TOM TAT:
Bill viet phan lich ihUc irang bat binh ddng thu nhap d Vidt Nam trong giai do^n 2006 - 2018 de cd cdi nhin khai qudt nha'l ve tinh trang chenh lech giau - ngheo lai Vipt Nam hien nay. tif dd dUa ra nhiing khuyen nghj nhdm han che'linh trang ba't binh ddng thu nhdp lai Viel Nam.
Tiif khda: Bat binh ddng thu nhap, chenh lech giau - ngheo, Viet Nam.
I. Dat vS'n de
Bat binh ddng thu nhap (khoang each giau ngheo) la chenh lech thu nhap va lai san giUa cac ca nhan, nhdm trong xd hdi hay gifla cac quo'c gia gay ra anh hUdng tieu cUc de'n qua trinh tang irUdng kinh le (I j. Ba't binh ddng thu nhap xuat hien tai hau he't cdc quo'c gia iren the'gidi. trong dd cd Viet Nam.
Trong giai doan 2007 - 2018. nen kinh te Viet Nam lang trUdng kha cao so vdi nhieu nUdc tren ihe gidi, dat mdc binh quan 6.1%. irong dd. ihu nhap cua cac nhdm dan cU deu tdng len nhUng td'c dp lang Ihu nhdp cua nhdm ngheo luon tha'p hdn nhdm giau, do \ d \ , khodng each giau ngheo ngay cang gia tang |5].
Vi \ a \ . bai \iei phan tich thUc trang ba't binh diing irong thu nhap ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 201S, nhdm han che'bat binh ddng thu nhap tai VILM Nam irong giai doan hien nay
2. Thi^c trang bat binh dang thu nh5p cua Met Nam
Mdc dp ba't binh ddng thu nhap cua qudc gia hien nay dUa tren cac thUdc do nhd he sd'GINI, he so'chenh lech giau ngheo,... Thdng qua he so GINI ciia Viet Nam trong giai doan 2006 - 2018 cho tha'y, ba't binh dang thu nhap tai Viet Nam bien ddng khdng nhieu, ndm trong khoang 0,424 de'n 0,436; trong dd khu vUc thanh thj cd xu hUdng giam, khu vUc ndng ihdn cd xu hUdng ldng vS ludn cao hdn d thanh lhi (Bang 1).
So'lieu Bang 1 cho thay, irUdc nam 2010, hfe so GINI d Ihanh lhi cao hdn d nong ihdn, sau n3ni 2010 he sdGINId ndng thdn cao hdn d thanh lhi.
cho tha'y xu hudng ba't binh ddng thu nhap d khu
\ lie thanh thi cd xu hudng giam cdn d ndng thon cd xu hudng tdng. Theo bao cdo "Wealth Distribution and Income Inequality by Country 2018". he sdGINI ciia Viet Nam la 0.424 d miJc
KINHTE
Bang 1. Ba't binh d a n g thu nhap thong qua he so GINI tai Viet N a m giai d o a n 2006-2018 2006
Ca nudc 0 424 Thanh th| ' 0.393 NSng Ihon 0.378
Xiliinii: Tong cue Tliong ke 1
I 2008
0.434 0.404 i 0.385
2010
0.433 0.402 0.395
2012
0.424 0 385 0.399
2014
0.431 0.397 0.398
2016
0 436 0391 0.408
2018
0.424 0.372 0.407
trung binh so vdi cac quo'c gia khac trong khu vifc.
Theo Cornia va Court (2001), he sd GINI trong khoang 0,30 - 0,45 Id nam trong ngudng an toan
\d hieu qua, phti hdp cho tdng irifdng cao. Theo dd, cd the khdng djnh bat binh dang thu nhap cua Viet Nam hien nay van nam trong pham vi an loan, nhUng trong dai han cd xu hUdng tang len ne'u Viet Nam khdng cd nhifng bien phap hifu hieu de giai quyet va'n d^ nay (Bieu do 1).
Bieu do 1 cho iha'y he sd' GINI tai cdc vung kinh le cd nhifng bie'n ddng tdng giamd cac ndm khde nhau, nhifng deu cd xu hifdng giam dan. So vdi cdc khu vUc khac, Ddng Nam Bp la khu vUc kinh te phdt trien cd td'c do phat trien cao nha't so vdi cdc khu vUc con lai, he so' GINI cd td'c dp giam manh nha'l so vdi cac khu vifc khac, khoang
each ve bat binh ddng thu nhdp d khu nay ngay ciing dUdc thu hep.
MUc dp bd't binh ddng thu nhap con dUdc the hien thu nhdp cua cdc nhdm \a chenh lech giila ihu nhdp ciia nhdm 1 \a nhdm 5.
Bang 2 cho tha'y. ihu nhap binh quan/lhdng d ca 5 nhdm thu nhap deu ldng qua cac ndm, trong dd thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi mot ihdng nam 2018 ga'p 3,78 Ian .so vdi nam 2008. Nam 2008, Ihu nhdp nhdm 5 ga'p 8.9 lan so vdi nhdm 1. Tuy nhien de'n nam 2018 thu nhap nhdm 5 gap 9.86 lan so vdi nhdm I cho thd'y khoang each Ihu nhdp gida cac nhdm ngay cang \a. ba't binh ddng thu nhdp giai doan nay cd xu hudng gia ldng khd nhanh. chdng id Viet Nam dang dan trd thanh nUdc cd chenh lech siau ngheo cao. So sdnh thu
Bieu do 1: He so GINI cua cdc vung kinh te giai dogn 2006 -2018
2U0d 200S 2010 : u l 2 201-1 2nl6 2niS
n
-Dojta bans song Hong ->^BacTnuig Bo va Duyen
liai inieii Tnutg - • - D o n g N a i n E o
-Ddng bang song Cini Long
Tong CIU Thong ke
So 10-Thang 5/2020 101
TAPCHiCONBTHUdNG
Bdng 2. Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi/thdng phdn theo 5 nhom thu nhap cua Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2018
Eton vj: Nghin ddng
Nam 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Binh quan 995 1387 2000 2637 3098 3760
Nhomi 275 369 512 660 771 931
Nhom 2 477 669 984 1314 1516 1808
Nhom 3 700 1000 1500 1972 2301 2774
Nhom 4 1067 1490 2222 2830 3356 4110
Nhom 5 2458 3410 4784 6413 7547 9175
(1) 2183 3041 4272 5753 6776 8244
(2) 1 8.94 9 24 9.34 9.72 : 9.79 9.8S Glii chu: (I) Khodng cdch thu nbdp giita nhdm 5 vd nhdm I: (2) Sdlctn chenh lech ibu nhgp giiia nhdm 5 (gidu nbdi) vd nhdm I (ngheo nhdi)
Ngudn: Tdng t uc Thdng ke vd Bdo cdo hdng guy ciia Hd Lao ddng. Thifang binh vii VJ hoi
nhdp niim 2018 va 2008 cho tha'y. nhdm I la nhom cii mifc do tdng ihu nhdp cham nhiii (tdng .•^..^S lan) so vdi cdc nhdm cdn lai. Tde dp tang trudng d nhdm I van tha'p hdn nhdm 5 dd khien cho khoang each thu nhiip trong \d hdi gia tang Su chenh lech tuyet dd'i ve thu nhdp gida nhdng ngUdi giau nha't vii nhiJng ngUdi ngheo nhat dang Id mgt thdch thUc ciia muc iicu phat trien theo hudng dam bao cdng bang xii hpi.
So' lieu Bang y cho thii'y. ihu nhap d cd thdnh lhi vii nong thdn deu cd xu hUdng tang, he sd' chenh lech gida hai khu \Uc na> dang cd xu hudng giam xud'ng.
Chenh lech ihu nhap gida nhdm 5 va nhom 1 d thanh lhi ihd'p nhii'i la 7.41 lan va cao nha't la 8.28 lan \ii cd \u hudng ngii\ cang giam; d khu wic ndng ihdn iha'p nhii't lii 6.91 liin va cao nha't la 9 lan vd sU chenh lech nay cd xu hUdng tang Icii- O khu VLfc ndng thdn. khi kinh te' ngay cang phdt trien. sU tha; doi \ e cd ca'u lao dpng trong cixc ngdnh nghe d khu \Uc na> ngay cang Idn dan den khoang each thu nhdp gida nhdm 5 \d nhdm 1 ngin cang Idn. Sd liin chenh lech thu nhap giifa nhdm 5 va nhdm I d khu vUc thanh thi cd xu hddng giam. 6 ndng thdn cd \u hudng lang. cho thav mdc bat binh dang thu nhap trong khu \Uc
ndng thdn cao hdn khu vifc ihanh thi khi nen kinh te'phdt irien.
So'lieu Bdng 4 cho tha'y. ly le hd ngheo giam nhanh qua cac ndm. Ndm 2006 ca nudccd l.'i..V,r so hd ngheo, de'n 2018 giam xud'ng con .'>..^5'^i.
Khu vUc thdnh thj cd ly le hd ngheo giam nhanh hdn khu vUc nong thdn. chdng l6 ba'i binh ding thu nhap gida khu vUc ndng thdn va khu vUc thanh thi kha Idn.
3. Anh hudng cua djch b0nh de'n cdhOi vi^c Iam ciia ngifdi lao d(ing hi^n nay
Theo Tong cue Thd'ng ke, dobi anh hudngbdi dich Covid 19, so sanh quy 1/2020 vdi quy 1/2019 thi sd'doanh nghiep ihanh lap mdi giam, sd'doanh nghiep xin tam ddng hoat ddng, giai the tang len;
cdc doanh nghiep dang boat dpng gap nhieu kho khan chie'm khoang 84,8% doanh nghiep, cd gan 67% doanh nghiep da thifc hien so' giai phap ^c lao dpng, nhU: cat giam lao ddng, cho lao dong gian viec, nghi ludn phien. nghf khdng lUdng, giam lUdng.
So' ngUdi thd'i nghiep trong do tuoi lao ddng quy 1/2020 la gan 1,1 trieu ngUdi. ldng 26.1 nghin ngUcIi so vdi quy trUdc va tang 26.8 nghin ngUdi so viSi qu> 1/2019. Tinh den ihang 4/2020. gan 5 irieu lao dpng bl anh hUdng bdi dich benh. Lao ddng trong
KINH TE
Bang 3. Thu nhap binh quan/ngt/di/thdng khu vac thdnh thi vd nong thon phan theo 5 nhom thu nhgp cue Viet Nam gioi dogn 2008 - 2018
Ddn vl: Nghin c Nim
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018 Khu vyc Thanh lhi Nong thon Thanh thi Nong thon Thanh thj N6ng thdn Thanh th|
N6ng th6n Thanh th|
Nong thon Thanh thj Nong thon
Binh qudn 1605 762 2130 1070 2989 1579 3964 2038 4551 2423 5523 2940
Nh6m 1
453 251 633 330 952 450 1267 565 1452 667 1664 787
Nhom 2
868 415 1153 568 1672 818 2179 1082 2511 1233 2991 1453
Nhom 3 1230 583 1611 821 2333 1228 2922 1611 3436 1865 4174 2232
Nhom 4 1722 829 2268 1175 3198 1789 4034 2295 4743 2706 5761 3296
Nhom 5 3752 1734 4983 2462 6794 3615 9421 4641 10623 5644 12391 7083
(1) 3299 1483 4350 2132 5842 3165 8154 4076 9171 4977 10727 6296
(2) 8.28 6.91 7.87 7 46 7.14 8.03 7.44 8.21 7.32 8.46 7.45 9 Ghi chli: (I) Khodng cdch nhdm 5 vd nhdm I; (2) Sit ldn chenh lech gida nhdm 5 vd nhdm I
Ngudn • Tdng cue Thdng ke va Bdo cda bdng quy ciiu Bg Lao (long. ThUOng binh vii Xd hgi
Bang 4. Ty le hp ngheo phdn theo khu viic thdnh thj, ndng thon gioi dogn 2006 -2018 cua Viet Nam
E>an vi tinh: %
a nuSc Thanh th|
Nong thon 2006
15.5 7.7 18
2008 13.4 6.7 16.1
2010 14.2 6.9 17.4
2012 11.1 4.3 14.1
2014 84 3 10.8
2016 5.8 2 75
2018
54 1.88 6.9 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke vd Bdo ciio hang cpiy cita Bg Lao dgng. Thuang binh vd Xa hdi
ciic doanh nghiep va hdp tac xii tam nghi viec chiem gan 59%. lao dpng bi gian viec hodc nghi luiin phien chiem gan 28% \ a lao ddng bj mat viec chiem giin 13%. Trong dd. lao dong iam nghi viec Irong nganh \".in du kho bai \i\ nganh Gido due va dao tao chie'm cao nha't. chiem tren 70% long sd lao dpng cua ngdnh. Nganh Cdng nghiep che bie'n.
che' uio \ a dich vu an udng cd t\ trpng lao ddng bi
ma't viec. bd viec cao nha't trong long sd' lao dpng bj anh hddng so vdi cac nganh khde. chie'm gan 20% tai mdi nganh.
4. Khuye'n nghi nhdm han che bat binh d^ng thu nhap tai Viet Nam
Ba't binh dang thu nhap se dan de'n ba't binh ddng xd hpi. gdy ra cdc va'n de nhu ty le iha'l nghiep tang. i\ Ie loi pham tang, nang sua't lao
So 10-Thang 5/2020 103
TAP CHJ CQNG THiriTNE
^^^^ ^'"{^ ^^'^^ giam^ do dd, day la van de can giai quye't cua nhieu quo'c gia. Trong bd'i canh cdc nudc phai xu' Iy nhi?ng hau qua ciia dai dich Covid 19, Viet Nam cung can cd nhdng bien phap de khac phue nhUng khd khdn hien nay, giam bdt thiet hai ve thu nhap cho ngudi lao ddng.
Ve phia Chinh phii: da ban hanh nhieu chinh sach giup ngdn ngUa, kiem sodl benh dich. hd trd doanh nghiep va ngUdi lao ddng thdo gd khd khan, dam bao an sinh xa hoi, dua ra cac gdi hd trd de giijp cho nhifng ngUdi lao ddng cd them ihu nhap trong giai doan bi nghi viec, gidn viec do dich b6nh Covid 19. Tuy nhien. de cdc chinh sdch nay phat huy hieu qua, can cd sU phd'i hdp chdi che, tich cifc giifa cdc Bg, nganh, cac dja phUdng nhdm thdc da'y nhanh cdc thti iuc hUdng dan, cai each thil tuc hanh chinh nh^m dam biio cdc gdi hd trd dUdc trien khai kip thdi, de'n dung dd'i tUdng.
Ve phia cdc doanh nghiep. can phai nghien CII'U ddi mdi, dng dung lien bd k\ thuat mdi vao s^n xud't, kinh doanh: tim thi trudng mdi cho nguyen lieu dau vao, nghien cUu md rpng thi trUdng ti6u ihu siin pham ngoai cdc thi trUdng truyen tho'ng; si^ dung cdng nghe ihdng iin de dan dang hda tiir kinh doanh iruc tiep de'n kinh doanh trUc luye'n; tao dieu kien cho ngUdi lao ddng cd cdhdi dao tao nang cao trinh do. ky nang.
Ve phia ngifdi lao d(>ng: can nd lUc nghien cdu, hoc tap. ndng cao trinh do chuyen mdn. tu irang bi cdc ky ndng mem de dam bao kha ndng thich nghi vdi sU thay doi khdng ngii'ng cua thi trudng lao dong. NgUdi lao ddng cung nen hieu va chia se vdi doanh nghiep irong giai doan khd khan nay. Trong qua trinh thUc hien trien khai cac °6ihd trd ciia Chinh phii. ngUdi lao ddng can thuc hien nghiem tiic. khai bao trung ihuc theo hudng ddn cua ai quan cd tham quyen: dam bao cac hd trd de'n dddc dung vd du ddi tUdng.
Trons dai han. Chinh phii can ihUc hien giam bat binh ddng ihu nhap qua viec giup ngUdi dan d cdc khu \Uc tie'p can cac dich \u xa hdi cdban nhU aiao due \a y te. ThUc te d Viei Nam cho thS'y.~I""0"S l^' "khoang each giau ngheo d khu vUc thanh thi dang co xu hUdng giam dan. thi d khu vUc ndng thon lai dang tang. Dac bict. cd chenh r c h c a o v e thu nhap giila cac \ iing. mien cd khd
khan \ e dieu kien lU nhien. ha tang cd sd. irinh dp dan iri. trinh dp sdn xuai. \di cac khu \Uc khde da anh hUdng den ket qua phdt trien kinh te' - xa hpi va chat lUdng cudc sd'ng ciia ngudI dan. NgUdi tao ddng la dan loc thieu so', hodc e6 trinh dp hpc van Ihap, khdng dUdc dao lao, ii c6 cd hdi hudng Idi hdn cac so vdi cac lao ddng c6 trinh dp hpc van cao cung !a mpt nguyen nhan ciia bat binh ddng thu nhdp. Do dd. Chinh phu can cd chinh sdch Uu lien, dau tUchogidodticd viing khd khdn; can cd cdc chinh sdch hd ird \ c l^i chinh cho hp gia dinh ngheo, giam bdt cdc chi phi cho giao due de dam bao cdhdi tie'p c§n giao due cho ngUdi lao dpng ngheo, mien hodc giam hpc phi cho cdc khu vUc khd khan. thUc hien cdi cdch giao due nhdm can bang cd hdi va phdt inen kC nang cho ngddi lao ddng la vd cting quan irpng.
Chinh phii can xiiy ddng dUdc mpi chien lUdc tang ddu tu vao ngudn lUc con ngUCli va khuyen khich tao viec lam, khuye'n khich hinh thanh mOl tang Idp trung lifu rdng ldn trong xd hpi; thie't kC' he ihd'ng thue sao cho khdng triel lieu ddng lUc lam giau ciia nhdng ngUdi giau; tang dau tUcong
\ a o nhifng khu vUc kdm phai Irien; dong Ihdi, ndng cao chat lUdngquan ly dau lUcdngciJng nhU cdi thien chd't lifdng cdc dich vu cdng, de cdc kel qud dau lUde'n vdi ngUdi ddn. dac biet la nh6m ngUdi dan ngheo.
\'e chinh sdch hd tr(i y te: Chinh phii tie'p tuc thuc hien chinh sdch mua the bao hiem y le cho ngUdi ngheo, dong bao dan tde ihieu sd'; ho ird bao hiem y te cho ngUdi can ngheo va hpc sinh, sinh vien. h6 trd cho viec khdm, chda benh cho cic viing kinh le khd khiin.
De gidi quyel bd't binh ddng thu nhdp d Viet Nam. Chinh phii can xay dUng dUdc mpt chien lUdc lang trudng kinh te mdi cung vdi cac chinh sdch phan phd'i thu nhap ihich hdp. lap irung vao cdi each the che phdp luat, lhi trUdng canh tranh, cdng bdng va md, lao "san chdi" binh ddng cho ca cdc doanh nghiep Idn, vUa vd nhd; dong ihdi dat ra van de binh ddng, cdng bdng xa hpi va nang cao chat lUdng cupc sd'ng dan cUdUa tren cd sd phdt trien cdc loai hinh kinh te'. khuyen khich ngUdi dan lam giau va thUc hien phan phoi thu nhap theo sU ddng gdp ciia cac nguon lUc •
104 so 10-ThcSng 5/2020
KINH TE
TAI LlgU THAM KHAO:
1. Comia and Court (2001). Inequality. Growth and Pmerty in the Era of Liberlization and Globalization. Helsmlci, Fmland \\'orld InstituLe for De\L-lopmenl Economics Research. United Njiuinv Universin'.
2. Luca Venla (2019) Wealth Distribution and Income Inequality b\ Countn 20IS Global Finance Magazine 3. B;io cao tinh hinh kinh te - xa hot cua ctic tinh giai doan 2006 - 2018.
4. Bin tm cap nhiil thi trttSng lao dtnig Viet Nam cua Bo Lao dong. ThUtfng binh vii .\j hoi \a Tiing cue Tho'ng ke.
5. Tong ctic Thong ke (2018), Nien giiim thong ke 2007 - 201S.
Ngay nhan bai: 15/4/2020
Ngay phan bi?n danh gia va siiTa chffa: 25/4/2020 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 5/4/2020
Thdng (ill Idc gid •
TS. NGUYEN THI THAI HlJNG Khoa NgSn hang - Hgc vi$n Ngan hang
THE INCOME INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM:
THE CURRENT STATE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Ph.D NGUYEN THI THAI HUNG Faculty of Banking, Banking Acatdemy
ABSTRACT:
This paper analyzes the current state of income inequality tn Vietnam from 2006 to 2018 in order to get an overview on tite current rich - poor gap in Vietnam, thereby making recommendations to curb the country's income inequality.
Keywords: Income inequality, rich - poor gap, Vietnam.
