Khoa hoe Giao due
BOI DUGfNG VA SU DUNG NGUON LUC TRI TUE VET NAM
• • •
• GS. VS. PHAM IVIINH HAC
1. Mo'dau
Khai niem tri tue rlt phong phu: hieu biet, hpc v i n , thdng minh, tri lye - tri nang , trinh dp tu duy, tri thCrc, tri thirc, thdng thai, tri khon, tai tri, khdn ngoan, khdn kheo. Khai niem "Ngudn lye tri tue" edn phire tap han: dd la v i n d l trung tam cua tri thuc luan, khoa hpc luan thdi nay - the gidi van minh rlt ehu y tdi van d l nay, nhlt la tCr nam 1960, trong tir vyng khoa hpc kinh t l ed khai niem edng eu "Von ngudi", va tu eudi the kl XX dau t h i ki XXI, ngudi ta lai cang chu y tdi nguon lye nay, khi di tim dpng lye mdi - dpng lye rlt quan trpng - cho thdi dai mdi. Van de de cap d day dupe khoanh lai: danh gia ngudn lye tri tue cua nude ta hien nay, trong dd ed trinh dp tu duy ndi chung cua xa hpi duang thdi (vin de dan tri), tri tue hien ed da tap hpp lai thanh ngudn lye hay ehua, va nlu ed (hay cd den mpt chirng myc nao dd) thi dang sir dung nguon lye nay the nao. Van de se dan d i n cho phai d l cap d i n ITnh vyc giao due - dao tao, nhat la chit lupng, hieu qua eua dao tao: nguon nhan lye, nhan tai. V i n d l rlt rdng, phuc tap va khd, tdi ed ddi diiu suy nghT tan man, mdi neu v i n d l han la giai quylt v i n d l , neu len de cung trao doi, hy vpng cd ddng gdp y kiln vdi Dai hpi XI cua Dang. Nude nha cd chuyen dupe sang thdi ki phat trien vdi chit lupng mdi chinh la d cho giai quylt v i n de ngudn lye tri tue. ., ...^,,
2. Vai moc phat trien nguon lye tri tue tren the gio'i
Chung ta ban v l ngudn lye tri tue Viet Nam, nhung cung nen dilm qua ljch su phat triln tri tue cija t h i gidi, cae anh, cac chj deu biet ca, tdi muon nhac tdi ddi diiu de tam gpi la lap luan cho bai phat bieu, lien he vdi hien trang eua ta.
- Ljch sir tiln hoa nhan 'oai da san sinh ra bp nao ngudi binh thudng cua t i t ca cac dan tde
tren t h i gidi d i u ed eau tao nhu nhau, cd kha nang hoat dpng nhu nhau. IQ trung binh (100) cua ngirdi Viet Nam nhu cua ngirdi cac dan tpc khac; CQ trung binh cung khdng kem (theo
KHXH.04).
- Vdi elu tao vat chat gidng nhau, cae bd nao cua mpi ngudi binh thudng ciJa eac dan tdc cd the tao lap cac chirc nang khac nhau - cac nang lye khac nhau...tao nen trinh dp tri tue khac nhau...edcaenlnvan hoa- van minh d cac trinh dp khac nhau: van minh ndng nghiep, van minh edng nghiep, van minh hau edng nghiep (thdi dai thdng tin). Dd la k i t luan eua nhiiu nganh khoa hpc, trong do cd tam li hpe. Dan ta hang nghin nam bj kim ham, chuc nang nao bd khdng phat triln dwgc (CQ cija hpc sinh ta rlt kem so vdi mpt vai nude khac - theo KHXH.04). Nude ta dang song d trinh dp eua ea 3 nin van minh (ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, hau cdng nghiep), chira ke ddi nai cdn sdng du canh, du cu. Danh gia ngudn lye tri tue Viet Nam hien nay khdng dan gian chut nao.
* Lien quan d i n chu d l nay phai ke d i n thdi dai duy li (Descartes, nua d i u t h i ki XVII), thdi dai Anh sang (thi ki XVIIl), nai giao due va di liin la khoa hpc rlt phat trien; Tay Au xoa mu chy tir nam 1650, nghe thuat thdi Phuc hung (tu the kl XIV) lien tuc di tu dfnh cao nay sang dinh eao khac, kiln tao mpt xa hdi hpc thire ludn lly tri thue - duy li, khoa hpe - kT thuat d i n dudng, g i n 3 t h i ki da va dang thye hien 3 cupc each mang khoa hpc - kT thuat - cdng nghe dat dupe biit bao dllu ki dieu (tit nhien ed ca bao nhieu dau kho, hi sinh khdng tranh khdi). K l qua nhu vay de lien he d i n tinh hinh ngudn lye tri tue eua chung ta rlt nhiiu elp dp, lai khac nhau theo vung miln...(vl ca khi, ta mdi san xult hoan thien dupe xe dap! Nhung lai san xult dupe chip, phln mIm...). Tuy vay, thu neu mdt vai nhan xet ban d i u .
KHGD so 64, thang 1 - 2011
-Khoa hoe Giao diiC 3. Nguon lye tri tue Viet Nam hien nay
Chung ta ai cung rlt doi ty hao v l ljch su nude ta, v l to tien cha dng ta. T i t ca ndi len sue sdng vT dai - tri tue, tam huylt, lao ddng, hilu hpc...- cua dan ta. Nhung vdi quan niem "tri tue la hilu biit khoa hpc, tu duy duy li", thi chiing ta bi han ehi rlt nhiiu (Qude tu giam Thang long - Ha Ndi han 9 t h i ki b| giam ham trong Tu thu, Ngu kinh, tu eudi t h i ki XIX trd thanh nai thd ty va du Ijchl), ai cung thIy, d i n giua t h i ki XX chung ta cdn la mpt dan tpc "hen kem", "yiu hen" (Hd Chi Minh vilt trong nhOng nam 1920), nam 1945: chi cd 5% dan eu biet ehu. Nua t h i ki qua, chung ta da tiln nhung budc dai, 94% dan cu biit chi> va da pho cap giao due pho thdng ea sd - day la cai nin rat quan trpng cua "vdn tri tue" - nhung nhiiu ngudi danh gia hpc van (hpe qua Idp nay, d p kia) thi cd, nhung dan tri (trinh dp tri tue) thi chua tuang xung vdi thai dai, cdn ehju anh hudng nang ne eua each hpe hu van, khdng thyc hpc, thuc nghiep tu ngan nam de lai. Nhin chung, nhlt la d elp vT md, khi loai ngudi dang di vao trinh dp tu duy phuc hpp, he thdng, quan li hdn ddn..., thi chung ta cdn d tinh trang (khdng phai ca biet) la tu duy ndng nghiep, manh mun, kinh nghiem ehu nghTa, vung miln...Tham ehi ed ngudi ndi: trong thdi binh, nhiiu nai, nhieu cap chung ta edn dang chim dam trong cai bien ndng nghiep, ndng dan, chua tap hpp va sir dung "ngudn lye tri tue" cua dja phuang, tirng vung, cd khi ca nude, phuang phap tilp can theo khoa hpe vao nhiiu ITnh vyc edn han che rlt nhieu.
Ve dpi ngu da qua dao tao, din nay cd han 30% sd ngudi lao dpng da qua dao tao, khoang 2,5 trieu ngudi cd trinh dp dai hpe, vai van thac sT, khoang han 15.000 tiln sT va TSKH, han 7000 PGS, gan 1000 GS, gan ni>a trieu ngudi Viet d nude ngoai giang day dai hpc, nghien cuu khoa hpc va can bp kT thuat.. .Day la bd phan ndng cdt cua tri tue tung vung va qude gia. Hieu qua hoat ddng eua bp phan nay khdng ro lam, nhiiu khi edn ddng khung trong nha trudng hay vien nghien ciru, vi edn nhieu y i u to xa rdi thdi cupc, khdng theo kjp da tien chung cua khoa hpc, giao due eac nude phat trien. Ld san sinh ra nguon lye tri tue la giao due theo nghTa rdng eua tir nay ma true tilp la nha trudng, thi day dang la "dai v i n de" cua Viet Nam (trong Dy an diiu tra gia trj chau A ed mpt eau hdi: nude nao
trong 7 nude Ddng A c i n doi mdi giao due, k i t qua la Viet Nam dirng diu). Cd ngudi thi lai do len d i u chinh nhung tri thire khdng lani trdn sir menh eua minh trudc dan tdc. V i n d l cue ki phire tap, va eung hit sire t l nhj, cd ca ca may nua. Mudn tang nang lye canh tranh eua nin kinh t l nude nha, nhu g i n day cac chuyen gia phat bilu, khdng t h i khdng ndi d i n "cai tiln nin giao due - dao tao": phai tao chuyen biin thyc sy trong viec tao lap va phat huy (sir dung) ngudn lye tri tue dan tde.
Danh gia dpi ngu nay la mpt v i n d l Idn va khd, phai lam can than. Sa bp thIy, ed the ndi, ta ed lye lupng ke tren, nhung da to chirc thanh nguon nhan luc phuc vu cac muc tieu kinh t l - xa hdi hien nay chua - thi cdn la v i n de chua rd, mac dil tir 1991 d i n nay cd eac Chuang trinh KHCN NN v l Con ngudi va Ngudn nhan lye, nhung den nay van ehua ed Chiln lupc phat trien va sir dung ngudn nhan luc ca nude va tirng viing, khdng cd ea quan quan li nha nude v l ngudn nhan lye.
Nhin dai t h i , ve so lupng khdng phai la it (eIn so sanh tl le can bd khoa hpe, dai hpe...tren van dan), trai rdng nhieu bp mdn, nhiiu nganh nghi, phan Idn ed trtnh dp tilp can dupe nhiiu khoa hpe va cdng nghe hien dai, cac nganh san xuat trong nude va mpt sd nganh san xuat d mdt so nude, nhiiu tn thire du sire day dai hpc d trinh dp chung trong khu vyc va nude ngoai. Nhung ve v i n de cap nhat, thich nghi vdi yeu cau ciia san xult, kinh doanh, giang day...cdn thilu dieu kien dap irng. Nlu dupe tao dieu kien va biit to chire each bdi duang kjp thdi, cac khd khan trd ngai dd cd the vupt qua. Hau hit eho rang nude ta dang "lang phi chit xam", "chay mau chit xam", da so ngudi lao dpng khdng an tam lam viec, e h i dp luang eho giao vien, edng chire, vien chirc qua b i t hpp li...Tinh hinh chung la lo kilm song, han nira la vuan tdi cupc song sung tiie, giau cd, lo cho con chau. Cdn eai gpi la "sy nghiep" cd le khd tim. Cac cdng trtnh nghien ciru cho thIy an sinh xa hdi ciing cd cai gpi la thanh tich, nhung tinh trang tha lioa lao ddng, tha hoa dpi ngu, tha hoa giai tang, va ca tha hoa giai eap...cd the la phd biin. Tha hoa thi cdn dau la niim tin!
Qua vay, that rlt dang suy nghT! Cd "nguon" ma khdng thanh "lue", ed "tri thirc" ma chua thanh
"tri tue" - ngudi cd hpc phai cd d i u dc thdng
KHGD so 64, thang 1 -2011
Khoa hoe Giao due
tup vdi eai tam phuc vu con ngudi, phung sy To quoc! Nam 1946, Bac Ho ndi: diet hit giac ddt rdi, phai phln d i u thanh mdt dan tpc thdng thai, nghTa la phai biit su' dung tri thirc vao giai quylt cac v i n d l eua cupc sdng.
4. SIP dung nguon lye tri tue
Ngudn lye tri tue cd nhiiu each phan loai, vi du, trt tue quan li, lanh dao, tri tue kinh doanh, trt tue san xult, tri tue khoa hpc, v.v... Roi lai cdn phan loai tri tue theo d p dp, vi du, vT md, vi md... Ndi sir dung, cung ed phan loai tuang ty: tir dudng loi, chinh sach, chiln lupc, chiln thuat...Cu t h i nira la each irng xir, ddi dai eu t h i vdi tri thirc va ting Idp tri thirc, v.v. va v.v... C i n ed mdt cdng trinh nghien eiru nghiem tuc.
0 day tdi mudn ban d i n dudng loi, chinh sach, cd t h i di thing vao v i n d l sir dung dpi ngu (gidi, ting Idp) tri thirc vao cae ITnh vyc ddi sdng xa hdi, phat trien dat nude. V i n d l qude gia dai sy.
Tdi phan anh vai dllu tam tu.
Nhu ndi d tren, day la v i n d l birc xuc nhlt d ta hien nay. Nhiiu nai chi lo "vdn tai chinh",
"vdn tai nguyen", v.v..., h l u nhu it ai quan tam d i n "ngudn lye tri tue" - "vdn ngudi", "vdn nhan lye, nhan tai"... Vd sd ngudi chi chay bang elp l l y chirc vu, ehir khdng lo thuc hpc, thyc nghiep. Ca hdi luon Ipt hay cai gpi la "doan k i t viing miln", "cai ngudi nha"...han ea tai nang, tam huylt. Dai hpe md tran lan, the ma dau cung keu thilu ngudi lam dupe viec. Cham lo nha tn thire nay, nha tn thuc np, ed ve ghe gdm lam, cdn ca dpi ngu trt thire thi ehii y i u theo con dudng "ty ciru l l y minh" (trong he thdng luang nha nude khdng cd bac luang GS., PGS.). D i n nay trong thdi doi mdi, nhiiu khi khdng rd thudc do gia trj ciia chiing ta la gi, tieu chi chit lupng - hieu qua ngay cang md nhat.
Rieng mpt sd ca sd san xult gpi la nha nude, nhung hudng tieu chuin nhu tu nhan. Cd le khu vyc ngoai nha nude rd han: an luang theo hieu suit cdng viee, hieu qua kinh t l qua ddng luang la so mdt. Djnh hudng gia tri nhiiu ngudi ehi xoay quanh vao dly. Cac khoa hpc ca ban, nhlt la khoa hpc xa hdi, khdng m i y ngudi hpe, dilm chuin ngay mdt thIp. Nhin chung han la v i n d l bdi dudng nhan tai ngay cang it ai quan tam. Nhiiu y kiln cho rang phai xem lai each nhin nhan "yiu to ngudi" - cd thyc sy coi trpng "than phan eiia eon ngudi" khdng, gia trj
cua tirng ngirdi dupe danh gia t h i n a c . t o a t len mdt khdng khi khdng thyc ddng thuan trong edng ddng xa hdi.
Di vao t h i kl mdi, vao thdi dai thdng tin, hdi nhap qude t l , toan the gidi, nhlt la cac nude phat trien dat v i n d l con ngudi, ngudn nhan lye, nhan tai len hang dau, trung tam eiia mpi chiln lupc phat trien. Nu'de My mdi dua ra eon sd 2%
hpc sinh, sinh vien la hpe sinh xult sac, hp rlt chu y bdi dudng sd nay, tren n i n giao due chung sd nay la dilm tya d l bao dam vai trd tien phong trong cdng nghe va ca ehinh trj nOa. Khai quat cd t h i ndi, dpi ngu ngudi tai la d i u tau cua ca dpi ngu nhan lye. Cae phat minh, cac cai tiln, doi mdi hlu hit bat d i u tir day Thdi nay la thdi x i p hang dpe dirng d i u la ngudi tai ma tiln. Nude nao tao dupe mdi trudng (mdi trudng dan chu, ty do sang tao...) nhu vay, dan nude dd dupe nhd. Dd la diiu kien vd cung quan trpng - cd khi la quy luat tiln hoa - bao dam tiln bd xa hdi.
Ngupc lai, khdng the cudng thinh dupe.
Cd t h i coi dd la mdt trilt li: trilt li coi trpng gia trj eon ngudi la gia trj san sinh ra mpi gia trj;
lao dpng, nhlt la lao ddng giao due (theo nghTa rdng) la gia trj tao ra gia tri ban than eiia tirng ngudi, lao ddng khoa hpe - edng nghe la lye lupng san xult dan dudng, la gia tri gde eiia cac gia trj nhan each, dao dire, tinh thin xa hdi...Tir dd ed ehinh sach trpng dung nhan tai, tao mpi diiu kien cho nhan tai nay nd, phat huy.
5. Ket luan
Nha nude cd trach nhiem chinh y i u , quan trpng bac nhlt trong viee dao tao, trpng dung, tdn vinh, ddng vien, phat huy ngudn lye tri tue cLia dan tpc, xult phat tip gia trj ban than ciia mpi thanh vien trong edng ddng xa hdi. Gia trj ban than eua mpi ngirdi dan la ndng cdt ciia gia tri ndi lye toan dan tpc. Tao lap va phat huy tdi uu eac gia tri nay, dIt nude se an binh, phdn vinh, eon ngudi se hanh phuc.
SUMMARY • ; -^ . -
The author presents some thoughts on the nurturing, honoring, use, evaluation of the knowl- edge resources of Vietnam nowadays and the government's role in training, motivating, utilizing the national knowledge resources, getting the country to the development in the globalization context
KHGD so 64, thang 1 - 2011
