Danh gia xu hiTofng bao ve moi trufrn^
ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2010^2018 thdnn qua Bp chi so Hoat doing moi trirorng - EPI
O HOANG TH! HIEN, VO TH! THANH NGA, HOANG HONG HANH, N G U Y I N TH! THU HA Vien Chien lUdc, Chinh sach tai nguyen va mdi trUdng
Tom t i t
Chi sd Hoat dpng mdi trudng (EPI-Environmental Performance Index) dupe Dai hgc Yale va Dai hgc Columbia d Hoa Ky phat trien tU nam 2006, edng bd dinh ky 2 nam mgt lan. Chi so EPI gom mgt tap hpp cdc ehi so trong cdc ITnh vuc khde nhau de danh gid nd lUc cija cdc qude gia trong viec thUe hien cdc chinh sdch moi trudng. Bai bao tap trung danh gid xu hudng nd lUc bao ve moi trudng cija Viet Nam trong giai doan 2010-2018 thdng qua Bp chi sd hoat ddng mdi trudng- EPI.
Gidi thieu ve Chi so' Hoat dpng moi tri/dng- EPI
Chi so Hoat dpng mdi trudng bat nguon tU ehi so bin vOng mdi trudng (Environmental Sustainable Index- ESI) dupe Dai hpe Yale va Dai hpc Columbia phit trien tU nam 2000 den nam 2005. ESI nay la nd luc dau tien de xep h^ng cac nude theo 76 tieu ehi khae nhau theo cac try cdt ve phat trien ben vQng, bao gom ca nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, mUc dp d nhiem trong qua khU va hien tai; nhQng nd lUe quan ly mdi trudng, mUc dp ddng gdp vao viee bio ve cac cdng dong tren toan d u , va kha nang cua xa hdi de c l i thien hoat dpng mdi trudng theo thdi gian. Tuy nhien, ehinh vi pham vi nghien cUu rpng nhU vay nen ESI da khdng dupe tilp tyc do sU phUc tap cCia cac van d l nghien eUu dinh gii, su phUe tap va md'i quan he canh tranh giQa nhiing hanh ddng thuc hien chinh sich vdi nhQng khia canh xa hpi, kinh t l va mdi trudng cCia phat trien b i n vQng. D l giii quyet thach thUc cua ESI, nam 2006, nhdm nghien cUu cilia Dai hoc Yale va Dai hpc Columbia d Hoa Ky da chuyen sang nghien cUu Chi so danh gii hoat ddng mdi
2A Tai nguyen va Moi Irtfcfng Ky 1 - Thdng 2/2020
trudng (EPI). EPI tap trung danh gia vao eae nd ItJd bao ve ma trUdng ma chinh phu cac nUdc phai ehiu trach nhiem.
Trong dd, khung logic ciJa EPI dupe phit trien theo ndi ham hudng d i n e l c mye tieu chinh sach ma cac qud'c gia mud'n thuc hien v l do ludng mUc dp thue hien cCia ele qud'e gia doi mdi mue tieu dat ra dd. Vi du, Cdng Ude qud'c t l v l da dang sinh hoc hudng ca tat ea elc qud'e gia den vdi mue tieu d i n nim 2020,17%
dien tich tU nhien dUdc bao ton.
Day se la muc tieu de EPI tinh toan xem quoc gia nao da no lUc va dat dupe eao nhat so vdi myc tieu mdi trUdng nay. Hay ndi cich khie, EPI la sU danh gia nd liic cua cac qud'c gia trong viec thuc hien cac chinh sach mdi trudng.
Diem so cija EPI cang cao, eang the hien mUe dp dat dupe mye tieu chinh sach chung eija quoc gia dupe danh gia. Trong trudng hpp qua cac ky danh gia khic nhau, cac myc tieu chung thay doi, diem sc cua cac qud'e gia cung se thay doi theo. Dieu dd d i n d i n sU biln dpng diem s i cua EPI qua elc ky danh g i i .
Khung chi so EPI dupe xay dung dua theo 2 muc tieu mdi trudng ehinh, dd la (1) BVMT vi sUe khde eon ngUdi hay edn gpi la SUc khde mdi trudng v l (2) BVMT song tu nhien hay cdn gpi la SUc song he sinh thii. TU 2 myc tieu mdi trudng chinh, EPI phit trien khung chi so dUa theo cae nhdm chinh sach chinh ma elc quoc gia dang thuc thi, TU cac nhdm chinh sach, cac ehi thj dai dien eho nhdm ehinh sach tilp tyc dUdc phit trien diia tren mUc dp s i n ed eCia eae nguon so lieu. De eho phep so sanh giiia elc qud'e gia va giQa cac chi Sd, chi tieu, EPI 2018 xay dyng diem sd eho mdi chi so theo thang diem chung trong dd 0 bieu thj kit q u i kem nhat va 100 bieu thj kit qua td't nhat. Cic diem so sau dd dupe nhan vdi trpng so va dupe cdng lai de tao ra diem so 6 elc d p dp cua cic loai van d l , mye tieu chinh sich va EPI eud'i cung. NhQng diem so nay lam cP sd de xIp hang elc qud'c gia tU dilm s i cao den diem so thap. De theo ddi cae thay doi theo thdi gian, EP! 2018 cQng I p dun- ^c phUdng phip tuong tU cho dt Ijch sii, de hien thi diem EPI j mdi qud'c gia trong nam co ^
t h u d n g la m u d i n a m trudc b i o cao hien tai.
V d i tUng c h i t i d u , E P I tinh toan b a n g phUdng phap " k h o i n g each den m y c t i d u " (distance-to- target), tUc la tinh t o a n k i t q u i thuc hien (cd the lupng hda dupe) c u a c a c chinh s l e h va s c s a n h vdi mUc m l m y e tieu da dat ra.
C i c m y c t i e u chinh s i c h dUdc EPI rut ra tU bon n g u o n : (i) c a c d i e u ude qud'c t l ; (ii) tieu c h u a n dupe thiet lap bdi e l c to chUe quoe t e ; (ill) m u c tieu cCia q u o c gia; (iv) d u a tren sU logic v l m a t khoa hpe (hay k h u y i n nghj e u a c a c n h a khoa hpc). T r u d n g h p p c a c m u c t i e u ed the k h d n g d u p e t h a n h lap dUa t r e n bat ky tieu ehi nao phia tren, m y e tieu ed the dupe x l e dmh la gia trj trung Hinh 1 : Khung
binh c u a n h d m 5 % e l c qud'c gia cd k i t q u i thUe hien td't nhat.
N i u gia trj e u a mdt qud'e gia m a Idn hdn k i t q u i thUe hien tot nhat thi diem so EPI c u a nude dd dupe gan b i n g 100, ngupc lai, n i u gia tri d d tha'p hdn ket q u i thuc hien k e m nhl't thi dUde gan b a n g 0, K i t q u i t h u c hien k e m nhl't t h u d n g d u p e gan b i n g gia trj t r u n g binh e i j a 5 % c i c qud'c gia ed k i t q u a thUe hien k e m nhat.
D e d i m b i o y nghTa v l ndi h a m eua c h i so, khung c h i so EPI dUde giU tUdng dd'i on djnh tU khi bat d a u c d n g bo chinh thUc nam 2008 (Hinh 1) eho den nam 2 0 1 8 (Hinh 2). T u y nhien, cae bao cao EPI c a p nhat d i u cd s y thay doi ve c h i tieu, nguon thdng tin eung n h u phUdng phap tinh t o a n . chi sd EPI 2008
Nguon; https://epi. en virocenter yale. edu/2018-i Hinh 2: Khung ehi sd EPI 2018
Nguon: https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/2018-epi-report/water-resources
Tii khung chi so tren cho thay, so vdi nam 2008, chi cd mdt ehinh saeh/van de mdi trudng dupe bo sung la nhdm v a n de d nhiem khdng khi ( t i c dpng d i n he sinh thai). Ngupc lai vdi khung chi so, cac ehi tieu cCia EPI dupe xay dung rat linh hoat va thay doi lien tuc qua c i c ky b i o cao do EPI cap nhat cae nguon dU lieu m d i v l d i n g tin cay hdn. Cy the, trong 25 ehi tieu cija EPI 2008, chi ed 2 ehi tieu dUde sCf d y n g tai EPI nam 2018, 23 c h i tieu cdn lai da dUdc thay the bang 2 2 chi tieu k h I e , vdi phUdng phap va nguon so lieu khac. S u doi mdi nay dUdc cho la dem lai cho EPI lpi the trong cap nhat nhiing t i l n bp mdi nhat trong khoa hpc mdi trudng, Tuy nhien d i l u nay d i n den s u khac biet Idn giQa e l e diem so EPI do viec them hoac bd bdt cae c h i tieu, s y thay doi trpng so va cac khia canh ky thuat trong phUdng phap tinh, D i l u nay eung cd nghTa I I rat khd va khdng nen so s i n h diem so EPI qua cac ky bao d o . S u thay doi trong k i t qua cua mot qud'e gia qua thdi gian tot nhat nen dUde d i n h g i i dUa vao diem danh gia 2018 va diem danh gia nam c d sd hoac dua tren e l e so lieu thd.
Ket qua d a n h gia nd lUc bao ve mdi trudng cua Viet Nam nam 2018
T h e o bao d o EPI 2018 cho t h i ' y , Viet Nam xep hang thU 132/180 quo'e gia vdi diem so tong hdp la 46,96/100. Diem so nay dUdc danh gia la tuong doi thap so vdi trinh dd phat trien eCia dat nude Trong d d , e l c nhdm v a n d l mdi trudng dang dupe d i n h gia la yeu hdn, lam giam diem so ehung, bao gom 6 nhdm van de:
N h d m v a n d l ve c h a t lugng k h d n g khi anh h u d n g d i n sUc khoe eon r g u d i cd k i t q u a tha'p hdn mUc trung binh, dat d i e m so 43,2 d i e m . Dae biet, ehi sQ d y n g nhien lieu h d a t h a c h ehi dat 2 4 / 1 0 0 d i e m , l i m g i a m m a n h
T a i n g u y e n va M o i trtfcfng n c Ky 1 -Thong 2/2020
diem so chung cCia van de. Ben c^nh dd, do nhdm van d l chat lupng khdng khi dupe EPI danh gii I I mpt van de mdi trudng quan trgng, Inh hudng rat Idn den sUc khde con ngudi vdi trpng so cua ehi s i thanh phan chiem tdi 26% tong diem cCia EPI tong hpp. Do dd, diem s i cua nhdm van d l nay dang giam m^nh tong diem EPI 2018 cua Viet Nam.
Nhdm van de v l BDKH va nang lUdng: TUdng tU nhu tren, nhdm van de niy dat diem trung binh 44,62 diem. Do nhdm van de nay ta van d l ndng dUde quan tam toan d u , EPI 2018 da eho trpng so tdi 18% trdng tong diem. Do dd, van de nay cung da lam giim manh diem so ehung EPI cua Viet Nam. Trong dd, dinh g i i thap nhat la ting eUdng dp phat thii CQg, mac du da cd sU eai thien so vdi nam cd sd 2010, cudng dp phit thii cua Viet Nam v i n chi dat 30 diem, xep thU 141 /180 quoc gia. Ngoai ra, chi tieu ve quin ly phit thii bui ele bon den cung dupe dinh gii la mpt trong nhQng ehi tieu yeu, ed diem so 38 diem, xIp hang 111/180 nude danh gia.
Nhdm van de ve rUng ma chi tidu I I mUc dp giam dp che phu cay xanh dang dUpe dinh g i i I I cd diem s i thap nhit (0 diem). Vdi trpng so cua van d l la 6%, van d l nay eung ddng gdp mpt Idn trong giam diem cua chi tieu chung.
Nhdm van d l v l d nhiem khdng khi vdi 2 chi tieu cd b i n v l tong phat thai NOx v l SQ2 I I nhdm van d l mdi trudng dat diem so ehi so thinh phin thap thU 2, chi dat 24,5/100 diem. Trong dd, ehi tieu ve cudng dp phit thii SQ2 ehi dat 21 diem.
Nhdm van de nguon nUdc dupe dai dien bang chi tieu xQ ly nUdc thai la van d l cd diem so thip thU 3 tUdng dUdng 33,06 diem.
Nhdm van de ve ndng nghiep m l dai dien I I van d l SLf dung hieu qua nitrogen trong ndng nghiep cung cd k i t qua gan tUdng dudng vdi diem trung binh, vdi so diem 45,6 dilm.
Ben canh dd, ed 3 van d l hien dang cc diem so dinh g i i cao hdn mUc trung binh dd la:
Nhdm chi tieu v l da dang sinh hpc va noi eu tru:
Day la nhdm ehi tieu cd k i t q u i danh gia trung binh eao nha't, tUdng dUdng 74,87/100 diem. K i t q u i danh gia nay la rat kha quan, die biet I I cac chi tieu lien quan d i n nd lUc xay dung cae khu bao ton, dupe danh gia la cd d e budc tiln nhanh chdng so vdi n i m cd s6 2010. Tuy nhien, cac van d l v l b i d ve ele loai lai dUpc dinh gia khdng tot nhu chi tieu v l mdi trudng sing cua loai va tinh dai dien cija eae he sinh thii dupe bao ve chi dat 36 v l 38/100 diem.
Dieu nay cd the phin Inh cdng tac bao ton Icai v l chat lupng b i o ton dugc danh gia la cdn nhieu ton tai. Ngdai ra, do van d l mdi trUdng da dang sinh hgc
nc Tai nguyen va Mfli Irtfnfng
^^ K</^- Thdng 2/2020
va ndi cu trO cung dupe dinh gia la quan trpng. cd trpng so chiem 15% ting dilm, dd dd diem ddng gdp eua van de nay kha cao.
Nhdm chi tieu ve thuy sin: Dupe danh gia la cao thU 2 vdi diem so trung binh 67,22 diem, tuy nhidn, trong 2 chi tieu phin anh chi ed tinh trang ve trU lUdng thuy s i n dUdc dinh gia eao (98 diem) trong khi Chi so dinh dudng bien theo vung phin Inh mUe dp ben vQng trong heat ddng danh bat laid mUc thip (36,16 diem). NhU vay, neu eai thien dupe diem s6thU2 nay, diem xep hang cua van d l se ting; tuy nhien do nhdm vin d l nay chi dupe dinh trpng so la 10%, tiem nang ting diem toi da ehi 2 diem (khi diem so xIp hang v i n d l dat 100).
Nhdm nude saeh va ve sinh mdi trUdng; kim loai ning cd k i t qua dinh gia khong cao, g i n xap xlvdi diem so trung binh I I 53,92 va 57,15/100 diem.
Trong ele ky dinh gia trUde cua EPi 2016 v l EPI 2014, khi van de nude sach va ve sinh mdi trudng dUdc danh g i i dUa v i e ty le dan so sQ dung nude va nha tieu hdp ve sinh, Viet Nam cd diem xep hang k h i cad cho van d l nay (EPI 2016 danh g i i nUdc sach va VSMT cua Viet Nam dat 80,34 diem). Tuy nhien, khi EPI 2018 thay the chi tidu bang each tinh dua vao danh g i i ginh nang benh tat do cac rui ro ve mdi trudng do WHO dua ra thi diem so xIp h^ng cua Viet Nam bi giam nhanh chdng. Trong 2 nhdm van d l nay, nhdm vin de v l nude saeh dUdc danh trpng s i tdi 12% va KLN ehi chiem 2%, do dd, viec nang cao diem so ve v i n d l nUdc sach ed the ho trp nang eao diem so chung rat nhieu so vdi v i n d l 6 nhilm kim loai nang.
Danh gia xu hUdng nd lUc BVMT Viet Nam giai doan 2012-2018
Mae du nhu da trinh bay 6 tren, EPI ed sU thay doi ehi tieu danh g i i , phUdng phip tinh toin v l nguon so lieu danh g i i qua cac nim. Do dd, khdng nen so sanh cac ket q u i danh gia cua EPI giQa cac nam se tao nen sU khdng thong nhat, khdng ro rang.
Tuy nhien, de nhan thay rd net hdn van d l nay cho
Ket qua di j m s6 £P1 cua Viet Nnm 2012-2018
Ngudn: Tong hdp tU cac Bao cao thUdng nien cua EPI
ViSt Nam, nghien cutu da tong hop ket qua danh gia cua EPI cho Viet Nam tCl nam 2012 cho den nay.
Cu the nhu sau:
Biiu do tren cho thay, mac du diem so danh gia EPi cua Viet Nam c6 su thay doi I<h5ng dang ke.
giJm l<holing 4 diem, til 50,64 nam 2012 den 46,96 nam 2018. Tuy nhien, thi3 tu xep hang cua ViSt Nam CO su sut giSm rat dang l<e, Viet Nam da giam 53 bac til nam 2010 den nam 2018 (nam 2010 xep hang 79, giam d§'n xep hang 132 nam 2018). Ro rang, Ithong co su gSn l<et va logic giOa diem so danh gia va thuf tu xep hang. Nguyen nhan d i n den su thieu logic nay la do EPI thay ddi nhieu yeu to nhu; su thay doi ve nude va so luong nude giCfa cac nam danh gia; thay doi nhom van de danh gia; thay doi so lUdng chi tieu danh gia; thay doi chi tieu va phuang phap danh gia (nhu da phan tich d tren) va quan trong nhat la thay doi va nguon so iieu. Bang 1 ch? ra mpt so yeu to thay doi ro rang cua EPi.
Bhng ^: Mot so yeu to thay doi trong phuong phap danh gia cua EPI giai doan 2012-2018
BJng 2: Cac danh gia ciia EPI cho Viet Nam theo nam danh gia 2018 va nam ca sd
Ciic yiu t6 thay doi So nirdc danh gia NL6m van de moi truing
So liiiTng chi tieu 2012
132 10 22
2014 178 9 20
2016 180 9 20
2018 180 10 24 Nguon: Tong hdp tU cac Bao cao thudng nien cua EPI
Hdn nUa, Bio d o EPI 2018 cung nhan djnh ve vide so sanh diem so v l xep hang eua EPI qua eae nam I I khdng phu hdp. Ngupc lai, EPI cung cap mdt dinh g i i xu hudng thdng qua viec dinh gia so' lieu nam cd s6 (chu y i u I I sQ dung dU lieu nim 2010).
Theo dd, so lieu cua nam 2010 se dUdc thu thap va danh g i i theo cac chi tidu va phUdng phip tinh cua EPI 2018. TU dd cd the giup ele qud'c gia nhin nhan dupe xu hudng diem so va xep hang chi tieu cija minh. Cu the cho Viet Nam, k i t qua danh g i i so vdi nam ed s6 nhusau:
Wendling, Z. A., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C , Levy, M. A., de Sherbinin, A., et al. (2018).
2018 Environmental Performance Index. New Haven, CT; Yale Center for Environmental.
Law & Policy, https://epi.yale.edu/.
Qua danh gia tren ed the thay, so vdi nam cd sd 2010, ca diem sc xep hang va thU tU xIp hang cua Viet Nam nam 2018 deu ed sU c l i thien. Dac biet, thU tu xIp hang EPI cho Viet Nam da tang 22 bac (nam 2018, x I p hang EPI la 132 so vdi nam 2010 la 154). Dieu n i y ehUng td nd lUc BVMT cua Viet Nam nhin chung da cd nhQng k i t q u i dang khich le. Trong dd, 02 ehi so cd thQ tu va diem danh gia tang cao nhat la Chi so v l thuy san (tang 31 bac)
Chi so long hpp va chi so [liiluh plliili cua EPI 201S EPI
Cliiio.Sire khoe fiioi tntang ChUo vech^Iluijng khong khi Chisotiiiocsadiva VSMT Chi so ve ON Kim lo?i oSng Oil so site saiig HST Chi so da d?ng sinh hpc va moi tntfmg song Rime Thiiy san Khi hgn va Ning luong O nhiem khong khi Nguon nude Nong nghiep
I h n t n EPI 1018
132 129
159 85 73 124 93 136 26 123 16i 132 39
^anb gia EPI 2018 J6,96 4-.12
•13 20 53.92 57 15 46.86 74 87 0 00 6" 22 44 62 24 50 33 06 45 60
Itiu l u x c p h^ng EPI
154 mo
170 91 71 14S 106 107 57 149 143 132 39
n^iih gid nam co s6 40 53 39 9-
36 32 46 35 49 12 40 91 59 82 19 97 61 S9 30 41 30 54 33.06 45 60
Nguon: https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country- report/VNM
va Chi so Khi hau va nang lUpng (28 bac). Tuy nhien, v i n cd 3 chi tieu dupe danh gia I I ed xu hudng di xulng trong thU tu xep h^ng la Chi so v l d nhiem kim logi nang (giim 2 bae); Chi so v l rUng, giim 29 bac va Chi s i d nhiem khdng khi (tinh bang tong phat thii NOx va SOg), giim 18 bae.
Ket luan
Chi so danh gia hoat ddng mdi trudng the hien su dinh gii no lUc eija cae qud'c gia trong viec thuc hien ele chinh saeh mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, k i t qua cua ch? sc EPI cd thay doi qua eae ky bao eld dd cd sU thay doi cua cae chi tieu, su thay doi trpng so va cae khia canh ky thuat trong phUdng phap tinh, do dd khdng nen sd sinh elc kit q u i danh gia cua EPI giQa elc nam se tao nen sU khap khiing, khdng ro rang. Theo k i t q u i EPI nim 2018, Vidt Nam xIp hang thU 132/180 quoc gia vdi diem so tong hdp II 46,96/100, diem so nay dupe danh gia II tUdng dd'i thap so vdi trinh dp phit then cua dat nude. So vdi nam cd sd 2010, c l diem so xIp hang va thU tU xIp hang cija Viet Nam nam 2018 d i u cd sU eai thien. Dac biet, thUtUxlp hang EPI eho Viet Nam da ting 22 bac (nam 2018, xIp hang EPI la 132 so vdi nam 2010 la 154). Dieu nay chUng to nd lUc BVMT cua Viet Nam nhin chung da cd nhQng kit q u i ding khich le.
Tai lieu tiiam khao
1. Wendling, Z. A., Emerson, J. W., Esty, D. C, Levy, M. A., de Sherbinin, A., et ai (2018):
2. Environmental Performance Index 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy.
https://epi.yale. edu/u
Tai nguyen va Moi trtfjfnn ^1 Kyi -Thong 2/2020 ^ '
