Nghien ciiu Gia c5inh vci G i 6 i
S6 1 - 2 0 1 3
Budn ban phu niir va tre em gai trdi thanh gai mai dam - su vi pham nghiem trong ve quyen con ngutfi
Le Thj Lan Phifdng
Nhd nghlgn ci]u dde lap
Tom tdt: Tren cd sd tdng quan cac nghien cflu cho de'n nay ve nan buon ban ngUcfi, bai vie't cho tha'y viec buon ban phu nfl va tre em gai phuc vu cho mue di'ch mai dam la vi pham nghiem trong quyen con ngUcii cua phu nfl va tre em gai tren cac khia canh ve ban cha't cong viec, dieu kien lam viec toi te, ve tinh thifcfng xuyen bi bao lUc va lam dung cung nhU sU each ly xa hpi lien quan den dinh kie'n va phan biet do'i xfl. Theo tac gia, quyen cua phu nfl va tre em gai bi buon ban trcl tbanh gai mai dam khong chi bi vi pham bSi nhflng ke buon ban, khach hang, chu chfla va ma co ma doi khi con bcfi chinh gia dinh, cong dong va xa hpi ndi hp sinh so'ng. Viec ton tai cua buon ban phu nfl va tre em gai cho mue dich mai dam, do do, lam tang sp le thupc, ye'u kem cua phu nfl va tre em gai,
Tii k h o a : Buon ban phu nfl va tre em gai; Quyen con ngUSi.
1. Dat van de
Trong nhflng nam trd lai day, budn ban ngudi da trd thanh mpt van nan Idn dupe cdng ddng qud'e tl', eae td chflc phi chi'nh phu va cac chi'nh quyln dja phuong dac biet quan tam. Nan budn ban ngudi xay ra trln toan the gidi vdi cac dang thflc khac nhau. Budn ban phu nu va tre em. dae biet vdi
Le T h i L a n Phifcfng 61 mue di'ch bdc Idt tinh due, dupe coi la hinh thfle tdi tl nha't. Chung dupe diln ra thdng qua nhilu hinh thflc tuyln dung phu nfl va tre em vd cung da dang trudc khi van chuyin va biln hp vao cac ddng mai dam vdi cac dieu kiln lao ddng tdi te khdng klidc gi thdi nd le (Skeldon, 2000). Theo Quy Dan sd Lidn hiep qud'e (UNFPA). hang nam ed hon 700.000 ngudi bi budn ban qua bidn gidi, phSn Idn la phu nfl vii tre em. Co quan Phdng chd'ng ma tuy va tpi pham cua Liln hilp qud'e (UNODC) udc ti'nh 87% nan nhan bj budn ban la dd'i lupng cua hinh thflc lam dung tinh due. Trudc bdi canh nay. Cdng udc vl budn ban ngudi nam 2000 ciia Lien hiep qudc da ra ddi. Them vao dd, cae qud'e gia va cac vung lanh thd cung da ban hanh nhilu dao luSt, thilt lap hang lo;tt cac chuong trinh dao tao, he thd'ng dfl lieu, nghien cflu va eae djch vu hd trp cho citc nan nhiin vdi nd luc ngan ngfla nan budn ban ngUdi trai phep.
Cau hdi dat ra la hoat dpng budn ban phu nfl va tre em gai vao cac dpng mai dam da vi pham quyen con ngudi nhu the nao? Nhu cau lam sang td va'n de nay trd nen bue thie't hon bao gid het khi hoat dpng budn ban phu nfl va tre em gai vao cac ddng mai dam vSn dang diln ra hang ngay, thdng qua cac hinh thfle ngay cang tinh vi phfle tap, nha't la d cac nude dang phat triln. Cho dfl d indt kln'a canh nao dd. phu nfl va tre em gai bj budn biin thuc cha't cung "di cu" tfl vung nay sang vung khac nhung khdng thi coi do la mdt hinh thflc di eu lao dpng thdng thudng nhu nhung ngudi ling hp cho cdng nghiep tinh due dang ra sflc bien luan.
Bai vilt sfl dung phuong phap nghiln cflu tai lieu hien co ve nan budn ban ngudi de chung minh rang buon ban phu nu va tre em gai phuc vu cho mai dam la vi pham nghiem trong quyln con ngudi eua phu nfl va tre em gai tren cac khia eanh vl ban chat edng viec, dieu kien iam viec tdi te, vl ti'nh thudng xuyln bj bao luc va lam dung cung nhu su each li xa hpi lien quan dl'n djnh kiln va phan biet dP'i xfl. Xuyln sudt bai vie't, tinh hinh budn ban phu nfl va tre em gai Viet Nam tfl ndng thdn lln thanh phd, sang Trung Qud'e va Campuchia lam gai mai dam se dupe dung lam vf dii minh hpa.
2. Cac quan diem khac nhau ve nan buon ngi/di
Nhflng ngudi ung hd cho cdng nghiep tinh due cho rang miii dam la mpt hinh thflc lao dpng mang lai lpi I'ch va khic'n cho phu nfl trd nen cd quyln luc hon. Theo hp, mpt mat, mai dam cung ca'p nhflng lua chpn td't hem cho phu nfl thoat khdi ngheo ddi, ehie'n tranh, dinh kie'n, nhflng cdng vile b^n ciing va bao luc gia dinh (Augustin, 2002). Mat khac, nd tiio nen ngudn kinh te dang kl eho nhung ngudi phu nfl nhap cu thieu tay nghe vii trinh dp hpe van tha'p. Do dd, each tdt nhat de biio ve quyln cfla nhflng
62 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 23, so 1, tr. 60-66
ngudi phu nfl nSy la binh thudng hda va phap luat hda nghl mai dSm d l mai dam ed thi trd th^nh mpt lua chpn cho phu nu Irong thj trudng lao ddng nhu cac nghl khac vl luong bdng, dilu kien iam vide va mdi quan he quyln luc vdi nam gidi (Brussa va Dana, 2004). Nhung ngudi ung hd cho cdng nghiep tinh due cung vin vao nhung til'n bd cua cac biln phap phdng tranh (bao eao su, thud'c tranh thai, vv.) d l biln hd cho su an loan cua cdng vile tinh due, tham chi cho rang "cdng nhan tinh due trSti loan thi gidi dang thuc hanh tinh due an loan va day cho khach hang cua hp bilt vl viee dd" (Butcher, 2003).
Bac bd nhung lap luiin nay, nhung ngudi phan ddi nan budn ban ngudi eho rang mai dam hoan loan khdng gidng vdi b^ft ky hinh thflc lao ddng khac VI nd chfla dung bao lue tinh due, do dd a'n chfla nhilu nguy hilm va tham chf de dpa tinh miing cua phu nfl. Tren thuc tl', ngoai viec cd thi phai trai nghiem bao lue tinh due do ngudi mua dam tao ra trong cae hoat ddng mai dam hiing ngay - mdt hinh thflc ma Jeffreys (2006) gpi la "bao lue dupe tra lien", phu nfl lam gai mai dam con la dd'i tuong eiia "baoiue khong dupe tra tiln" do nhflng ke budn ban, chu chfla. ma cd, khach hang va tham chf la nhflng canh sat tham nhung (Bertone, 2000; Butcher, 2003).
Hp cd the bi ep budc, tra ta'n bang roi va gay, sd'e diln, cudng hil'p hoac tham chf la bj gili. Cd nhilu bang chung vl viec mdt .sd phu nfl da che't vi bj lam dung, bdc ldi va bao lire (Bertone, 2000). Vdi nhung ngudi khac, hp phai tap thieh ung de ed thi tdn tai bang vice trd nen vd cam vdi nhung boat ddng nay. Khdng Ihl phu nhan rang trln thuc te'ed nhung phu nfl lam gai mai dam cd thu nhap eao va cam thiiy hai long vdi nganh cdng nghiep tinh due nhung sd nhd nay khdng diii dien cho phSn Idn phu nfl lam gai mai dam khac - nhung ngudi cam tha'y "b^n thiu" vl ban than minh (Brown, 2000). Ndi mpt each khac, cam giac vl pham gia va sir tu tin ciia hp da bi mat di eflng vdi viec la niin nhan cua budn ban ngudi. Mai dam, do dd. chi la mpt hoat ddng ngan hiin vdi kha nang bi lay nhilm benh tat va sir suy giam gia trj eao.
3. Cac bleu hien cua sir vi pham quyen con ngirdi khi phu niir va tre em bj buon ban trcr thanh gal mai dam
IVen thuc te, phan Idn (neu khdng mud'n ndi la tat ca) phu nfl bi budn ban dIu hieu sai hoac khdng thi hinh dung vl nhung gi hp se lam d noi ma ngudi ta dua hp dl'n. Trong trudng hpp ciia phu nfl va tre em gai Viet Nam bi budn ban, hp thudng khdng dupe thdng bao d^y du hoac bj nhung ke budn ban lpi dung hoan canh vd cung khd khan va mong mud'n dupe ddi ddi eua hp de lfla gat vl viln canh sd'ng td't dep noi xfl ngudi; do dd.
Le Thi Lan Phitrfng 63 hp thil'u nhan thflc trong Vile ra quye't dinh hln quan de'n vile di cu va ngo ngang khi thay cupc sd'ng cua minh sau khi rdi qui huong hoan loan khac so vdi nhflng mong dpi va hfla hen ma hp ed. Mpt sP' ngudi ed thi bj chinh cha me minh ban hoac nhan tha'y e^n phai hy sinh ban than dl cd dupe mdt sd tiln nhat dinh duy tri su tdn tai cua ca gia dinh dang tuyet vpng trong ngheo khd. Cung ed ngudi bi bat ede, sau dd bi bdn vao nha thd vdi nhung khoan tiln khdng 16, Tham chi, ddi vdi sd ft nhflng phu nfl quylt dinh "di cu" d l lam "cdng nhan tinh due", hp thudng khdng bill nhflng dilu kien ma hp se phai dd'i mat nhu bj tudc doat gia'y id tuy than, bi giam ham, bj de dpa hoac bj bao lire, Nhung mdn np khdng Id kliie'n hp trd thanh nhflng nd Id cua chu chfla hoac ma cd va hp bi budc phai phuc vy nhilu khach hang ma khdng dupe tra tiln (Jeffrey, 2008).
Samarasinghe (2008) cho rang da sd phu nfl bi budn ban khdng bill chinh xac nhflng gi hp np. hp tra chu chfla bao nhieu tren lung khach hang hp phuc vu hay ba't ky dd vat mdi nao ho mua cd thi bi chfl chfla cdng vao khoan np chung cfla hp, Theo Hughes (2000), phu nfl lam nghl mai dam dudi su kilm soat cua chu chfla hoac ma cd cd thi bi bdc Ipt tdi da dl tao ra lpi nhuan. Vf du, phu nfl bj budn ban lam nghl mai dam d cac thanh phd Viet Nam phai phuc vu trung binh 5 de'n 7 khach mdi ngay vdi gia ehi mdt dd la My mdi lan ed quan he tinh due, trong khi dd tu ba hoac ke dSn mdi (ma cd) nhan dupe tam dd la My eho mdi l^n hanh su tfl khach hang (Rushing va cdng su, 2005). Trong khi dd, phu nu iam viec trong cae nha thd khac nhau d Trung Qudc va Campuchia, nhu Derks (1998) va Le (2005) phat hiln, phai phuc vu tfl 2 den 20 khach hang mdt ngay ma khdng dupe tra tiln. Khdng nhung the, mdt khi da bj gifl de lam viec vdi tu each la gai mai dam, phu nfl hiln nhien bi coi la tai san ciia chu chua va cd rat ft co hpi trd'n thoat. Hp bi nhd't trong nha thd 24 gid mpt ngay, 7 ngay trong tu3n dudi su giam sat chat che nhu lu nhan va bj bat phuc vu khach hang ehi trfl thdi gian bi kinh nguyet. Viec trflng phat thi cha't dupe dung de ran de phu nfl khi hp khdng tuan theo lenh cua ehu chfla hoac cd tinh trdn. 6 da sd trudng hpp, eac ed gai ire tudng thuat rang hp bi cudng hilp hoac bi bat quan he tinh due va phai "chieu theo" ta't ca nhflng ham mud'n "quai dan" cfla khach hang, diln hinh la quan he hau mdn va bao dam (Rushing va cdng su, 2005). Cd nhilu bang ehflng cho rang cac chu chfla/ma cd cung ca'p ma tuy cho phu nfl d l gifl ho lam viec. Su phu thudc he qua cua phu nfl vao ma tfly dugc eoi la mdt trong nhflng ly do khien ho bupc phai d lai nha chfla eho du ed bi lam dung den dftu. Nhu vay, phu nfl bj budn ban trd thanh gai mai dam khdng cd quyen dupe tu do, khdng cd quyen dupe quye't dinh cung nhu khdng cd quyln dupe hudng dung nhflng
64 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 23, so 1, tr. 60-66
gi do chfnh su lao ddng cue nhpc va tui nhuc eua ho lam ra. Cd the th^iy, hp tham chi khdng dupe ddi xfl vdi tu cdch la con ngudi va don thu^n chi dupe coi la nhflng mat hang trao ddi trln thi trudng linh due loan cSu.
Vl ban cha't, hoat ddng mai dam la sfl thuc hanh true tie'p trln va trong CO Ihl cua phu nfl, hay ndi each khac, dd la su mua ban trao ddi co thi cua phu nu. Nd tudc doat cua ngudi phu nfl quyln dupe iam ngudi cung nhu quyln dupe lam chu ca Ihl cua minh. Khdng nhflng the, nd con gay ra nhung tdn hai t6i le dd'i vdi sflc khde thi chat va tam ly cua hp. VI mat thi cha't, viee gifl an loan va miln nhilm vdi cac binh lay truyin qua dudng tinh due, mang thai ngoai y mud'n, rach bd phan sinh due va dau ddn la khdng the tranh dd'i vdi phu nfl lam nghl mai dam. Thuc tl'phu nfl bj budn ban lam gai mai dam khdng cd quyln gi trong vile bao vl sflc khde cua minh vi hp khdng dupe chpn khach hang cung nhu ddi hoi khach hang sfl dung bao eao su (Bertone, 2000; Beyrer va Staehowiak, 2003; Brown, 2000; Busza, 2004). Dac bilt vdi nhflng cd gai tre, hp khdng dupe phep dflng bao eao su cho lan dau tien quan he vi khach hang mua sudong trinh ciia hp de dam bao rang hp "an toan". Vl mat tam ly, phu nfl bj budn ban trd thanh gai mai dam phai chiu dung chung tram cam. rdi nhilu hau tdn thuong va nhflng ganh nang tam ly phfle tap khac cua vide bj cuong hilp, nd le va bdc Ipt tinh due nhu cam giac xa'u hd, bj phan bdi nilm tin va tu dd ldi cho minh (Beyrer, 2003). Nhilu nan nhan cua budn ban ngudi dupe giai cflu da ke lai riing hp da nhilu Mn tu tu nhimg khdng thanh trong sud't qua trinh sdng trong nha thd (UMCEF. 2002).
Cudi cung, budn ban phu nu va tre em gai trd thanh gai mai dam la vi pham nghiem trpng quyln eon ngudi vi nd tudc doat cua ngudi phu nfl/tre em gai bi budn ban ph^m gia va quyln dupe tdn trpng trong cdng ddng.
Mac du tren thuc tl' hp la nhung niin nhan vd tpi nhung hp van phai ddi mat vdi sir phan bipt dd'i xfl gay gat tfl gia dinh, cdng ddng va xa hpi vi hiinh nghe mai dam, Hon thi nfla, that vd ly kbi hp (chfl khdng phai la nhflng ngudi mua dam - nhung ngudi ed quan he tinh due bfla bai vdi nhilu ngudi ma khdng sfl dung cac phuong tiln bao vp) bj budc ldi de dpa cpng ddng vdi tu each la nhflng ngudi truyin can binh the ky HIV/AIDS;
va ne'u bj bat, hp se bi dua vao cac trung tam phuc hdi nhan ph^m! Dilu nay dupe minh ehflng ro rang dd'i vdi nhflng phu nu Viet Nam bj budn ban
"may man" dupe trd vl nha. Mac du Nha nude da cd ra't nhieu hoat ddng hP trp dd'i tupng nay nhimg viec lai hda nhap cdng dong vSn la mpt thach thflc Idn ddi vdi phan Idn trong sd hp. Hp phai dd'i mat vdi "nhung ldi ddn dai khdng hay", su xa lanh hay phan biet dd'i xfl d cdng ddng vi dd'i vdi ngudi Viet Nam, cum tfl "di Trung Qud'e" ham chfla nhung y nghia tieu
Le Thi Lan PhiTdng 65 cue nhu mai dam, ham tiln va ke't hdn vdi "ngudi ngoai" ma t£fl cii dIu khdng dupe chap nhan vl mat van hda (Le va cdng su, 2005). Do dd, ban than nhihig ngudi trd vl eflng cam thffy xa'u h6 vi da tung lam gai miii dam.
Khdng nhflng thi", nhflng phu nfl trd vl thudng khdng con da't canh tac hay hd kh^u do su vjng mat qua lau khdi cdng ddng. HI qua la, ho gap nhieu khd khan trong viec til'p can eic dich vu xa hdi cung nhu kilm sd'ng. Cu thi, mdt sd phu nfl trd vl bi cae benh lay truyin qua dudng tinh due trong thdi gian lam gai mai dam rai aa til'p can vdi cac djch vu chfla trj miln phi vl y tl' d cdng ddng vi nhung djnh kiln xa hpi tdi te. Cho nen hoan loan cd the hilu dupe vi sao da ph^n nhung ngudi trd vl lai tim dl'n nhflng ke budn ban ngudi de dupe thoat khdi nhung khd khan kinh te va dinh kiln xa hdi noi que nha. Trong mdt sd trudng hpp. tham chf chfnh nhflng ngudi tflng la nan nhan lai trd thanh nhflng ke budn ban, du dd. lfla dao nhflng ngudi phu nfl dang tuyet vpng khac di theo con dudng cu cua chi'nh minh (Le va cdng su. 2005), Ndi mdt each khach quan, quyen cfla phu nfl/tre cm gai bj budn ban trd thanh gai miii dam khdng chi bj vi pham bdi nhung ke budn ban, khach hang, chu chfla va ma cd ma ddi khi con bdi chi'nh gia dinh, cpng ddng va xa hdi noi hp sinh sd'ng.
4. Ke^ luan
Tdm lai, budn ban phu nfl va tre em gai trd thanh gai mai dam rd rang la su vi pham nghiem trpng quyen con ngudi. Trong qua trinh bi budn ban va lam viec vdi tu each la nhung gai mai dam bj ep bupc, phu nfl/tre em gai khdng ed each nao thuc hien quyln cua minh vdi tu each la con ngudi khi ma hp bi eoi la hang hda trong thi trudng tinh due loan cau. Budn ban phu nfl cho mue di'ch mai dam ma dai dien la nhflng ke budn ban ngudi, chfl chfla va nhiing ngudi mua dam nam gidi da danh Ciip eua nhflng ngudi phu nfl nay su tu do, pham gia va tham chf la ca cupc doi. Cd the ndi rang, viee ton tai eua budn ban phu nfl va mai dam lam tang su 11 thupc, yeu kem ciia phu nu. Do dd, chinh phu, eac ca nhan va ca xa hdi can cd nhung hanh ddng tflc thi va hiiu hilu dl xda bd hoan loan nan buon ban ngudi va mai dam.
Ne'u khdng, phu nfl va tre em gai, dae biet d eae nudc dang phat triln, vSn se la mue tilu va bj bdc Ipt bdi nhflng ke budn ngudi, chfl chfla va ngudi mua dam - nhflng ngudi gdp phan lam cho cd miiy sinh ipi nhuiin cua nln cdng nghiep tinh due loan Ciiu van hanh tren than xac eua phu nfl.B
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