THVC TIEN - KINH NGHIEM
MOT SO Y KIEN VE VIEC SV DUNG THUAT NOV DOI VOI NGUOI B! BUpC TCil KHI CHVA Bj KET TOI BANG BAN AN C6 HIEU LUC PHAP LUAT
NGUYEN QUANG THAI*
Theo nguyen tac suy doan vd tdi, dd m$t ngudi dang hi hudc tgi nhimg chira c6 ban an co hieu lire phdp lu^t cua Toa an thi ho van chira dugrc xem la pham toi. Bdi viet trao doi vl viec diing thuat ngir d6i vdi ngirdi hi bu$e t$i Idii ho chira hi kit toi hdng ban an cd hi^u lire phap ludt va kiln nghi, de xuat su* dyng thuat ngir phu hop vdi timg giai doan to tung cua vy an.
Tic khda: Phgm tgi; ngudi bi bugc tgi; ngudi bi truy cuu trdch nhiem hinh su; suy dodn vd tgi.
Nhgn bdi: 19/10/2018; bien tap xong: 02/11/2018; duyet bdi: 09/11/2018.
1. Pham tgi Id gi?
Pham tdi cd the hieu don gian la thyc hien hdnh vi khdng diing chuan myc, vi phgm quy tac iing xir chung, ttdi vdi dao diic, nep sdng van hda tdt dep cua xa hdi, rpng hon Id trdi vdi thudn phong my tyc ciia ddn tdc; hanh vi the hien sy phd vd mdi lien ket quan he xa hdi chudn myc dugc phdp ludt tdn ttgng, bdo ve vd hau qud, tinh chat, miic do, ddng ca, muc dich... ciia hdnh vi vi pham phdi den ngudng ttdch nhiem phdp ly vl hinh su tuang img vdi timg hdnh vi cu the. Hanh vi vi pham dd cd the dugc xem Id "pham tdi" vd bi truy cim trdch nhiem hinh sy
neu dii cdc can cu theo quy dinh cua phdp luat hinh sy.
Tuy nhien, khdng phdi cii cd hdnh vi vi pham phap luat ndi chung vd vi phgm phap ludt hinh sy ndi rieng thi bi xem Id phgm tpi. Theo quy dinh tai Dilu 13 Bd ludt Td tung hinh su (BLTTHS) nam 2015 thi:
"Ngudi bi budc tdi dugc coi Id khdng cd tdi cho din khi dugc chiing minh theo ttinh ty, thu tuc do Bp ludt nay quy dinh va cd ban an ket tdi cua Tda dn da cd hieu lye phap ludt. Khi khdng dii va khdng thi ldm
" Vien kiim sat nhan dan huyen Nam Ddng.
tinh Thda Thien Hui.
S6l7(thang9/2019)\
Tap chi _iaEM SAT I 5 3
THUC TIEN - KWH NCHIEM
sdng td can cii de huge tdi, kit tdi theo trinh ty, thii tyc do Bd ludt nay quy dinh thi ca quan, ngudi cd thdm quyin tiln hdnh td tung phdi ket luan ngudi bi huge tdi khdng cd tdi". Vi vdy, chi nhiing trudng hgp ngudi bi truy ciiu ttdch nhiem hinh sy dugc CO quan tien harih td tyng chiing minh Id cd tdi theo trinh ty, thu tuc ciia BLTTHS nam 2015 vd ban an ket tgi cua Tda dn cd hieu lye phdp luat thi luc do chiing ta mdi xem hg la cd tdi, that sy
"pham tdi" dung nghTa vd ngay chinh tai bdn an ciia Tda an, tai phdn quyet dinh: " 1 . Tuyen bd bi cao... pham tpi... theo... cua Bp luat Hinh sy (BLHS)..."
2. M§t so b a t cdp ve viec s u d u n g t h u a t ngir " p h a m tgi" khi chua cd b a n an cd hieu luc p h a p luat ciia Toa an
Tir thuc tiln gidi quyet cdc vy dn hinh sy, tdc gid nhan thdy cd mdt sd bdt cap trong viec su dyng thuat ngii "pham tdi"
khi chua cd ban an cd hieu luc phdp luat ciia Tda dn nhu sau:
Mgt la. viec xem xet cd hay khdng cd ngudi bi budc tdi bat ddu tir khi cd ngudn tin ve tdi pham tii cd nhan, ca quan, td chirc bao tin; trong mgt sd trudng hgp, cac ddi tugng cd hanh vi vi pham cd lien quan den ngudn tin tgi pham cd the bi bat, tgm giii ngay tir giai doan giai quyet ngudn tin ve tdi phgm (diem d khodn 1 Dieu 4 BLTTHS nam 2015). Trong giai doan ndy, thyc te da hinh thdnh va su dung thuat ngii "pham tdi" ddi vdi ngudi bi budc tpi.
Vi du: Cd ngudn tin bao anh A pham tdi ttpm cap tdi san hoac lira dao chiem doat tdi sdn; ddy cd the chi xem la thdi quen, ndi tdt ciia nhiing ngudi tien hdnh td tung.
Hai la, den giai doan khdi td, dieu tta vu
dn, ngay tu quylt dinh td hmg (quyet d.^
khdi td vu dn, khdi td bi can) va ca viec phe chudn cua Vien kilm sdt ciing thucmg sir dung thuat ngu " v l tdi": Khdi to vy an hinh su ' V l tpi" hoac khdi td bi can "ve tdi" hoac phe chudn quylt dinh khdi to bi can " v l tgi", chu khdng sii dung thugt ngu
"phgm tdi". CJ ddy, chiing ta cd the hieu thuat ngir " v l tgi" mang tinh md, cd the tdi nay hoac tpi kia, khdng nhdt thiet phdi Id tdi da khdi td n l u kit qud qud trinh dieu tta dan d i n mdt tdi khdc, tiic la m d dudng cho viec d i l u tta, ldm rd hanh vi; cdn thuat ngii
"pham tdi" mang tmh quy ket, cd tinh ket qud da dugc ddnh gid, chiing mirdi bang mdt qua trinh td tung chat che vd ket qud ciia qua trinh ndy Id bdn an ket tdi cd hieu lye phap ludt cua Tda an.
Ba Id BLHS ndm 2015, BLTTHS nam 2015 sir dyng thuat ngii "pham tdi" xuyen sudt cd qud trinh td tung ciia vy dn ciing rdt chung chung, khdng cd sy phdn biet rach rdi giira cdc giai doan khdc nhau; chinh tu mgt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ndy da ddn den thdi quen ciia ngudi tien hanh td tyng ciing hay dung thuat ngii "phgm tdi" tten thuc te; chung ta can xem xet d chd: Trong giai doan gidi quyet ngudn tin ve tdi pham den khi khdi td, dieu tta, truy td, xet xii mgt vu an vd bdn an chua cd hieu lyc thi nhiing ngudi cd hdnh vi vi pham do cd the bi bat, bi tgm giu, la bi can, bi cao ciia vy an do thi BLTTHS nam 2015 gpi chung Id ngudi bi budc tdi (dilm d khoan 1 D i l u 4) chu khdng ggi la ngudi phgm tdi, nhung BLHS nam 2015, BLTTHS nam 2015 Igi sir dung thuat ngii "pham tdi" xuyen sudt ca qua trinh to tung tgi quy dinh cua cdc dieu ludt d phdn sau.
I Tapchi
5 4 : KIEM SAT_ /So 17(thmg 9/2019)
THUC TIEN - KINH NCHIEM
Bon Id. n l u BLHS n a m 20 o , BLTTHS nam 2015 sd dyng thuat ngii
"pham tdi" xuyen sudt cd qud ttinh td tyng cua vy dn thi can phdi c6 gidi thich, quy dinh cy the. Tuy nhien, vdn de thuat ngii "phgm tdi" chua dugc gidi thich, ttong cd hai Bg ludt ma lai dugc su dyng nhilu; cdn thuat ngir da dugc gidi thich, quy dinh ro (thuat ngu "ngudi bi budc tpi") thi lai khdng dugc su dyng xuyen sudt ttong cd hai Bg luat vd trong qud trinh td tung cua vy dn.
Nam la, ngay trong Dieu 13 Chuang II BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh v l nguyen tdc suy dodn vd tdi cho ngudi hi huge tdi, ma ndi dung co bdn ciia nd chinh Id mgi ldi huge tpi, mgi nghi ngd den hanh vi vi pham ciia hg phdi dugc chiing minh theo trinh ty, thu tyc quy dinh; neu hanh vi vi pham chua ro rang hoac chua chiing minh dugc hdnh vi vi phgm thi co quan tien hanh td tyng phdi gidi thich theo hudng CO Igi cho ngudi bi budc tgi vd khdng ai hi coi la cd tdi khi chua cd bdn dn ket tdi cua Tda an cd hieu lyc phdp ludt. Vi vay, vdn d8 sir dung thuat ngir "pham tdi" cho ngudi hi huge tdi khi chua cd ban dn cd hieu lyc phdp ludt ciia Tda dn ciing nen dugc quan tdm d gdc do phap ly ndo dd.
3. Mot so de xu^t, Iden nghj De phii hgp vdi viec sii dyng thuat ngii ttong tung giai dogn td tyng, tac gid de xudt sira ddi theo hudng nhu sau:
Mot la, lay thuat ngii cd sdn trong BLTTHS nam 2015 da quy dinh, thay vi sir dung thuat ngir "phgm tdi" thi nen su dung thuat ngu "ngudi bi budc tdi" khi diln gidi cac ndi dung khdc trong BLHS nam 2015 vd BLTTHS nam 2015 vd sii
dyng thuat ngii "ngudi bi budc tdi" khi thy ly gidi quyet vy an la hgp ly ddi vdi ngudi hi bdt, ngudi hi tgm giii, bi can, bi cdo (dilm d khoan 1 D i l u 4 BLTTHS nam 2015). Vi du: Cac tinh tilt gidm idie trdch nhi^m hinh sy tgi d i l m r, u khoan 1 D i l u 51 BLHS nam 2015: "... r) Ngudi pham tdi ty thii" thi siia ddi thanh "Ngudi hi budc tpi ty thii"; hoac "u) Ngudi pham tdi dd lap cdng chudc tdi" thi sua ddi thdnh "Ngudi bi budc tgi da lap cdng chudc tdi".
Hai Id, xuat phat tir dac tnmg, dac thii ciia ttdch nhiem phap ly hinh su ddi vdi ngudi bi budc tpi; thay vi sir dung thuat ngii
"pham tdi" thi c6 the su dung thuat ngir
"ngudi dang bi truy ciiu ttdch nhiem hinh sy". Thuat ngii nay se diing vd hgp ly hon vdi tinh chdt ciia mdi quan he phap ludt hinh sy, trdch nhiem phdp ly v l hinh sy. Vi dy:
Cdc tinh tiet giam nhe ttdch nhiem hinh sy tai diem r, u khodn 1 Dieu 51 BLHS nam 2015: "r) Ngudi phgm tdi ty thii" thi sua ddi thanh "Ngudi dang bi truy ciru ttdch nhiem hinh sy ty thii"; hoac "u) Ngudi pham tdi da lap cdng chudc tpi" thi siia ddi thdnh
"Ngudi dang bi truy ciiu ttdch nhiem hinh sy da lap cdng chudc tdi".
Bd luat Hinh sy nam 2015 vd BLTTHS nam 2015 da va dang ddng vai trd rdt quan trgng, tao hdnh lang phdp ly, phuc vu dac lyc cho cdc ca quan tien hanh td tung trong viec thu ly, giai quyet cdc vy an hinh sy hdng ngdy, hang gid. Vi vdy, ddi hdi v l ndi dung, thuat ngii, cau tnic,...
phai ddm bdo chat che, phii hgp, dam bao cdch hieu, dp dyng, sir dung thdng nhat va hieu qud khi gidi quyet cdc vu an hinh sy tren thyc tien.CJ
Tap chi So17(thang9/2019)\_KIEMSAT i 5 5
