QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA PHAP LUAT VIET NAM VE QUAN HE DAN SU"
CO YEU TO NUCiC NGOAI
TRAN MINH N G O C "
Tom tat: Bai vie't pliiin tich, danh gia qua trinh hiiiii thanh va phat trien cua phap luat Viet Nam ve quan hi dan sU co ye'u to nixdc ngoai theo cac giai doan: Tmdc doi mdi nam 19S6 vii sau ddi mdi nam 1986 (trong do chia thanh cac mdc cu the: trtidc khi CO Bo luat Dan su nam 1995, tH khi co Bg luatDansU nam 1995, tvf khi co Bq luat Dan su nam 2005, va tit khi co Bq luat Dan su nam 2015).
Do vai trq trung tam cua Bq luat Dan sU ddi vdi viec dieu ciiinli quan lie dan sil co yeu to'nudc ngoai, nen bai vidt se chi ye'u plian tich, danli gia quy dinh dieu cbinh quan he dan sd cq yeu to'nudc ngoai trong cac Bq luat Dan sd qua tilng thdi ky.
Tit lilioa: Quan he dan sd co ydu tq'nudc ngoai; dieu cbinh quan he dan sd co yeu to'nudc ngoai;
cac Bq luat dan sd Viet Nam.
Abstract: The paper analyzed the formation and development of Vietnamese laws for foreign- related civil relations according to 5 periods: (i) befqre Doi mdi in 1986, (ii) from 1986 to the 1995 Civil code, (iii) from 1995 to the 2005 Civil code, (iv) from 2005 to the 2015 Civil code, and (v) frqm 2015 to present Relying on the central role of the Civil code in regulating foreign-related civil relations, the article analyzed and evaluated laws on foreign-related civil relations over time.
Keywords; Foreign-related civil relation; regulation; Vietnam Civil Code.
Ngky nhan bai: 29/8/2019; Ngay sila bai:12/10/2019; Ngay duyet bai: 31/12/2019.
1. Khai quat ve quan he dan sii c6 ducic khoa hoc phap ly Viet Nam s i dung yeu to nifdc ngoai pho bie'n hdn ca. Tuy nhien. Men nay tren
Cling vdi qua trinh toan cau hoa, quan the gidi, Ichai niem "quan he dan sU co yeu he hdp tac giiia cac quo'c gia ngay cang to' nudc ngoai" (QHDS cd ye'u to' nudc dudc md rong tren moi Knh vUc ciia ddi ngoai) v l n chua dUdc hieu hoan toan so'ng xa hpi. Tren binh dien quoc te Idiong tho'ng nha't. Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 1 Dao chi duoc the hien 5 quan he giiia cac nUdc luat TU phap quoc te cila Ba Lan nam vdi nhau ma con la quan he giiia ca nhan, 2011 thi: "Dao luat se quy dinh luat ap phap nhan cila cac nUdc vdi nhau. Trudc dung do'i vdi cac quan he thupc luat tU co day cung nhu Men tai, co nhieu thuat ngii hen quan de'n hon mpt quoc gia". Tudng de chi quan he phap ly giiia cong dan va tU, tai Khoikn 2, Dieu 1 Bo Mat Tu phap phap nhan cila cac nUdc phat sinh trong quoc te cila Bulgari xac dinh: "Quan he giao luu dan sU quo'c te, nhu: "quan h6 thuoc luat tu co ye'u to' nudc ngoai la quan dan sU cd ye'u to' nudc ngoai", "quan he
dan s u cd nhan to'nUdc ngoai", " q u a n h e " T S . Khoa Phap luat Qooctf-Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi.
'" TS. D6 Van Dai va PGS.TS Mai Hong Quy (2006), Tti phap qtio'c te Vjet Nam. Nxb- Dai hoc Quoc gia TP. H6 Chi Minii, dan sd quo'c te"'". Trong so' dd, "quan he
dan sU cd ye'u td nUdc ngoai" la thuat ngii tj. 13.14.
SO 4-2020 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
h e cd h e n q u a n d§'n h a i h a y n h i e u qud'c gia". T r o n g b a n hitdng d i n ve mdt sd' v a n de h e n q u a n d e n L u a t ve ap d u n g p h a p l u a t ddi vdi Q H D S cd yd'u to' nildc ngoai eua Cong hda D a n chu N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa n a m n a m 2011, Toa a n N h a n d a n Td'i cao niidc n a y da giai thich: "'quan h e d a n sii cd yeu td' nUdc ngoai" la cac q u a n h e thudc mdt trong cac t r u d n g hpp sau: (i) Mpt hoac cac b e n c h u t h e la ngitdi niidc ngoai, cd q u a n , to chiic nifdc ngoai hoac ngddi khdng qud'c tich; (u) Npi thiidng trii cua mdt b e n hoac cac ben h e n q u a n n&m ngoai l a n h thd Cpng hda D a n chu N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa;
(iii) K h a c h t h e cua q u a n h e nftm ngoai l a n h thd cua Cdng hda D a n chu N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa; (iv) Sii kien p h a p ly lara p h a t sinh, t h a y ddi hoac cha'm diit q u a n h e d a n sii xay r a d ngoai l a n h tho Cdng hda D a n chii N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa; hoac (v) cac trifdng hdp k h a c cd t h e difpc coi la q u a n h e d a n sii cd ye'u to' nifdc ngoai^^'.
Tai Viet N a m h i e n n a y , k h a i n i e m q u a n h e dan sii co yi'u td' nifdc ngoai dupc ghi n h a n k h a cu t h e t a i K h o a n 2 Dieu 663 B L D S n a m 2015. Theo dd, Q H D S cd ye'u to' nifdc ngoai la q u a n he d a n sii thudc m d t t r o n g cac trifdng hdp s a u day:
- Cd it n h a t mdt t r o n g cac b e n t h a m gia la ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n nude ngoai.
- Cac ben t h a m gia deu la cdng d a n Viet Nam, p h a p n h a n Viet N a m nhUng viec xac lap, t h a y ddi, thiic hien hoac cha'm diit q u a n he do xay r a tai niidc ngoai.
- Cac b e n t h a m gia d e u la cdng d a n Viet N a m , p h a p n h a n Viet N a m nhifng dd'i tiidng c u a q u a n h0 d a n sii do d nifdc ngoai.
C a n cii vao quy dinh tren, p h a m vi cac Q H D S cd yeu to' nitdc ngoai thudc p h a m vi dieu chinh cua P h a n t h i i n a m BLDS n a m 2015 k h a rgng bao gdm cac q u a n he difdc
h i n h t h a n h t r e n cd sd b i n h dang, tii do y chi, ddc lap ve t a i s a n va tii chiu t r a c h n h i e m giiia cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n v^
n h a n t h a n va t a i san'^'. Hieu theo each k h a c dd la q u a n h e n h a n t h a n va t a i san giiia cac ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n p h a t sinh t r o n g cac linh viic d a n sii, thiidng mai, lao ddng, hdn n h a n va gia dinh... cd yeii td' nUdc ngoai (quan h e d a n sii theo nghia r d n g cd ye'u to'nifdc ngoai).
T u y nhien, m o t so' qud'e gia nhif Anh, My, N h a t Ban... lai k h d n g cd quy dinh giai t h i c h v^ Q H D S cd ye'u to' nifdc ngoai. Mac d u vay, ly t h u y e t ciing nhii thiie t i l n giai q u y e t t r a n h c h a p t a i cac nudc, ve cd ban, d e u t h i i a n h a n Q H D S cd ye'u to' niidc ngoai la cac q u a n h e d a n sii cd lien q u a n den h a i h a y n h i e u qud'e gia. Sii "lien q u a n nay"
dupc t h ^ h i e n rS^t d a d a n g , vi d u nhii:
q u a n h e difdc t h u c h i e n d nifdc ngoai, cac b e n chii t h e q u a n h e cd qud'c tich k h a c n h a u , cac b e n chii t h e q u a n h e cd ndi cd trii hoac t r u sd thifdng m a i d cac niidc k h a c n h a u , sii kidn p h a p ly l a m p h a t sinh q u a n h e xay r a d niidc ngoai, t a i s a n la dd'i tiidng cua q u a n h e t d n t a i d nildc ngoai*^*.
Tdm lai, Q H D S cd ye'u to' nitdc ngoai la q u a n h e d a n sii (hieu t h e o n g h i a rdng) cd sii lien q u a n tdi hdn m d t qud'c gia. Sii lien q u a n dd difdc t h e h i e n d cac d a u hieu nhif:
mot hoac cac h e n e h u t h e c u a q u a n h e la ngUdi niidc ngoai, ndi cit trii h a y t r u sd k i n h d o a n h cua e h u t h e q u a n h e d eac nudc k h a c n h a u , dd'i tifdng ciia q u a n he
'^' Angela Wang &, Co. Application of Laws to Foreign- Related Civil Relations, http://www hg org/ article.asp?
id^30849, truy cap 10/4/2019.
'^' Theo Dieu 1 BLDS nam 2015
'•'' Glarkson and Jonathan Hill(2002), Jaffey on the conflict of laws, second edition, Lexisnexis UK, tr.l; E.H.Graveson (1969), The conflict of laws, sixth edition. Sweet & Maxwell, London, tr.3-7; C F Forsyth(1981), Private International Law, Rustica Press LTD.Wynberg, Cape, tr 1-3
I Q NHAN LUD KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 4-2020
TRAN MINH NGOC hay sii kien phap ly lam phat sinh, thay
doi, cha'm diit quan h§ d nifdc ngoai... eac dau hieu nay ed the xua't hien ddn le hoac ke't hdp dan xen vdi nhau trong mot quan he cu th§ tuy theo hoan canh cua vu viec phat sinh.
2. Phap luat Viet Nam dieu chinh quan he dan sii co yeu to nddc ngoai trong tien trinh phat trien cua dat nifdfc
Tii trifdc de'n nay, Viet Nam chiia tiing cd mpt dao luat rieng dieu chinh QHDS cd ye'u td' nildc ngoai. Cac quy pham phap lu^t dieu chinh QHDS cd yeu td' nifdc ngoai hao gdm quy pham phap lulit xung dot (quy pham phap luat xac dinh he thd'ng phap luat cua qud'c gia cu the de giai quye't quan he) va quy pham phap luat thiic ch§;^t (quy pham phap luat triic tiep xac dinh ngay quyIn va nghia vu cua cac ben tham gia quan h§)'^^ nam rai rac trong cac van ban phap luat khac nhau thugc eae linh viic dkn sii, thiidng mai, hdn nhan va gia dinh, lao ddng v.v. So' lifdng va ndi dung dieu chinh cua cac quy pham phap luat dd'i vdi QHDS cd ye'u to' niidc ngoai eiing khac nhau theo mdi giai doan phat trien cua dat nifde song cd diem chung la quy pham phap lu|tt xung dot ngay cang tang ve so' lifdng va phong phii, da dang hdn ve ndi dung dieu ehinh, trong khi dd sd' lifpng va pham vi dieu chinh ciia quy pham phap lulit thiic chat khiem ton hdn nhieu so vdi quy pham phap luat xung dot.
Cd the ehia qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien eua phap lu^t Viet Nam ve QHDS cd ye'u to' nifdc ngoai ra thanh hai giai doan, dd la trifdc va sau Dai hgi Dang Iln thii VI nam 1986.
Trifde Dai hgi Dang nam 1986 nen kinh te nifdc ta la n^n kinh te tlip trung, quan lieu, bao cap. Quan h§ hdp tac qud'c te ve
kinh te, ehinh tri, khoa hpc ky thulit cua niidc ta chu yeu dien ra vdi cac niidc XHCN dUa tren nhiing nguyen tSc phi thi trUdng. Cd rat it quan he dUdc thie't lap vdi cac nUdc tif ban chu nghia. Trong bd'i canh chung dd, cac quan he dan sU cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai da khdng cd nen tang de phat trien manh me. Ngi dung va sd'litdng eac QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai ciing rat ddn gian va han che' Viec xay diing cac quy pham phap luat de dieu chinh cac md'i QHDS ed yeu td' nUdc ngoai, vi vay, chua dUdc chii trpng, chifa trd thanh vd'n de cd'p thie't. Pham vi QHDS cd ye'u to'nifdc ngoai thupc dd'i tifpng dieu chinh cua phap luat Viet Nam thdi ky nay cdn kha hep, chu yeu chi bao gdm cac quan he ed sii tham gia ciia ca nhan, phap nhan nifdc ngoai, ma chifa md rgng sang cae quan he cd nhiing ye'u to' nifdc ngoai khae, va khi phai ap dung phap luat de giai quyet quan he, thi dd se la phap luat Viet Nam'^*.
Sau Dai hdi Dang lan thii VI (nam 1986), do cdng cuoc ddi mdi da't niidc dUdc tie'n hanh manh me da xud't hien ngay cang nhieu va da dang cac quan he dan sii ed ye'u to' nifdc ngoai. De kip thdi dap flng yeu cau dieu ehinh phap luat trong tinh hinh mdi, nhieu van ban phap luat lien quan tdi QHDS cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai da difde ban hanh, tieu bieu la: Hie'n phap
<=' TrUang Dai hpc Luat Ha Ngi (2017), Giao trinh TV phap Quoc te, Nxb. TK phap. Ha Noi, tr.56, 60-
i« Vf du: Thong tif so 11/TATC ngay 12/7/1974 cua Toa an Nhan dan Toi cao ve thu tuc giai quyet ly hon c6 yeu to' nUdc ngoai quy dinh tham quyen cua Toa an Viet Nam trong viec giai quyet van de ly hon va khing dinh rang, khi giai quyet van de nay thi toa an Viet Nam phai ap dung phap luat Viet Nam. Hay. tai Quyet dinh 122/CP ngay 25/4/1977 cua Hoi dong Chinh phu ve chinh sach doi vdi nguSi mtdc ngoai cif trii va lam an smh song S Vigt Nam, quy dmh trong van de quyen scf hflu, thiSa ke, chon nganh, chon nghe, quyen va nghia vu hoc tap, lao d6ng, cif tni, di lai cua ngifSi nifdc ngoai cU tni, lam an sinh song 6 Viet Nam, do phap luat Viet Nam quy dinh.
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nam 1992, Bd luat Hang hai nam 1990, Bd luat Lao dgng nam 1994, Luat Hang khdng Dan dung nam 1991, Luat Qud'c tich nam 1988, Lu^t Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1986, Luat Dau tii niidc ngoai tai Viet Nara nam 1987 (sifa doi, bo sung nam 1990 va 1992), Phap lenh Hpp ddng Dan sii nam 1991, Phap lenh Hdp ddng kinh te nam 1989, Phap lenh Lanh sii nam 1990, Phap Idnh Hai quan nam 1990, Phap lenh Thi hanh an dan sii nam 1993, Phap lenh Chuyen giao cdng nghe nam 1988, Phap lenh Bao hd quyen sd hiiu cdng nghiep nam 1989, Phap lenh Bao hd quyen tac gia, Phap lenh th'Cfa ke' nam 1991 v.v. Ben canh viec ban hanh nhiing van ban phap luat trong mfdc, Nha nifdc ta ciing da tie'p tuc tham gia them vao mdt sd' dieu lide qud'c te song phifdng va da phifpng trong cac linh viie thifPng mai va hang hai, hang khdng qud'c te, dau tu nUdc ngoai, bao hp quyen sd hUu cdng nghidp, tifpng trp tu phap v.v.
Cd the ndi, eac quy dinh dUdc xay diing kip thdi trong thdi diem nay da khic phuc dupc phan nao tinh trang khdng cd phap luat dieu chinh QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai d mdt sd' Hnh vUc nha't dinh. Ngoai ra, cac quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam trong giai doan nay da chinh thUc cho phep ap dung phap luat nudc ngoai dd'i vdi mdt so' quan he dan sii ed yeu td' nUdc ngoai bang ca quy pham xung dot mot chieu va quy pham xung dot hai chieu.
Tuy nhien, danh gia mdt each tdng quat, he thd'ng cac quy pham phap luat dieu chinh QHDS cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai vdn cdn ra't it ve sd' lugng, chua da dang ve ngi dung dieu chinh va nam phan tan trong cac van ban phap luat khac nhau.
Khac phuc thuc te nay, nh&m dap iing yeu cau cua qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te'
qud'c te', BLDS nam 1995 da dUde ban hanh vdi Phan thU bay ve QHDS cd ye'u to' nildc ngoai. Ph^n thU bay BLDS nara 1995 bao gdm 13 dieu luat quy dinh ve pham vi QHDS ed ye'u to' nUdc ngoai, nhiJng nguyen tSc chgn luat ap dung chung, va quy dinh dieu chinh mot sd' QHDS cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai cu the'"^. Mac du da xay diing dUdc nhiing nguyen tSc chung nhat eho viec xac dinh phap luat dieu chinh mdt so' QHDS cd yeu to' nudc ngoai can ban va ndi dung nhiing nguyen tae nay da cd sii tUdng ddng nha't dinh vdi Tu phap qud'c te tren the gidi, song thiic tien thi hanh quy dinh tai Phl,n thU bay BLDS nam 1995 da cho tha'y khdng it han che'.
Vi du nhu, pham vi ciia QHDS eo ye'u td' nU6e ngoai quy dinh tai Dieu 1 ciia Phan thU bay BLDS nam 1995 da khdng cd trudng hgp quan he dan sU giiia cdng dan Viet Nam vdi nhau ma mdt ben dinh eif d nUdc ngoai; Phan thii bay ciing khdng cd quy dinh dieu chinh va'n de thiia kd' cd ye'u td' nUdc ngoai, khdng cd quy dinh diiu chinh giao ke't hdp ddng vang mat, hay trUdng hdp han che nang luc hanh vi, tuyen bd' ma't nang luc hanh vi cua cdng dan nudc ngoai, hanh vi phap ly ddn phUdng v.v. Tuy vay, viee xay diing dUdc Phan thU bay BLDS nam 1995 ve QHDS cd
<•" Noi dung cua phan thii bay BLDS nim 1995 hao g6m;
Dieu 826 la dig'u dinh nghia vi Quan he dan sfl co yeu to' nifdc ngoai; Dieu 827 quy dinh ve viec ap dung phap luat dan sfl CHXHCN Viet Nam, dieu if6c quoc te, tap quan qu6'c te va phap luEit nfldc ngoai, Dieu 828 ve nguyen tic ap dung phap luat nMdc ngoai va tap quan quoc te; Dieu 829 vg' can cfl chon phap luat ap dung doi v6i ngfldi khong qud'c tich hoac ngfldi nfldc ngoki cd nhieu qu6'c tich nfldc ngoai, Diiu 830 quy dinh ve nang life phap lu|it dan sfl cua ngfldi nfldc, Diiu 831 quy dinh ve nang Iflc hanh vi dan sU cua ngUdi nfldc ngoai; Dieu 832 v6" nang lflc phap luat dan sfl cua phap nhan nfldc ngoai;
Dieu 833 ve quyIn sd hQu tai san, Dieu 834 ve hdp dong dan sfl; Dieu 835 vl hIi thfldng thiet hai ngoai hgp done; Dieu 836 ve quyen tac gia; Diiu 837 ve quyen sd hiiu cdng nghiep va Dieu 838 quy dmh ve chuyin giao e6ng nghg
Q NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 4-2020
TRAN MINH NGOC yeii to' nUdc ngoai la mdt dau ah quan
trgng trong toan bg qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ly luan va thiie tien phap luat nUde ta ve QHDS cd ye'u to' nifde ngoai, la mot yeu to' quan trgng dam bao thiic hien thang ldi edng cude hgi nhap kinh te' qud'c te ngay cang sau rdng cua nudc ta.
Do chu trUdng xay dung phan thii bay BLDS nam 1995 cua nUdc ta chi diing lai d nhUng va'n de da rd rang, nham dap iing yeu c^u bUc thie't trong thiic te phat trien kinh te, giao luu qud'c te*^^ vi vay, van cdn nhieu ndi dung phap ly khac, nhu da de cap d tren, chUa dUdc quy dinh dieu chinh trong Phan thU bay BLDS nam 1995.
Nhiing thieu hut nay da dugc cd' gang bii dap bang each dUa vao ndi dung dieu chinh eua cac van ban phap luat cd lien quan khac nhU Luat Dau tU nUde ngoai tai Viet Nam nam 1996, Luat ThUdng mai nam 1995, Bg luat Hang hai sifa doi nam 1995, Luat Hang khdng dan dung Viet Nam siia ddi nam 1995, Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2000, Bd luat To' tung dan sU nam 2004...
Mac dii vay, qua thdi gian khoang gan 10 nam di vao thuc Men, thiic tidn hdi nhap qud'c te cua nUdc ta eiing nhU nhu cau cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nUdc da dat ra hang loat va'n de ly luan va thUc tien mdi can phai dugc giai quye't mot each tha'u dao bang phap luat trong dd cd cac QHDS cd yeu to' nUde ngoai. Chinh vi vay, ehiing ta da xay diing va thdng qua BLDS mdi vao nam 2005, trong dd cd Phan thU bay ve QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai. Ve cd ban, Phan thii bay BLDS nam 2005 mpt mat da ke' thtfa nhiing ngi dung chu dao, thie't thiic trong Phan thii bay BLDS nam 1995, mat khac da sifa doi, bo sung them mdt so' ndi dung mdi. Ve sd' lifdng dieu khoan, Phan thU bay BLDS
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nam 2005 da tang them 7 dieu so vdi Phan thii bay BLDS nam 1995, gom tat ca 20 did'u (tii Dieu 758 den Dieu 777). Ve ngi dung, ngoai viec giU lai cac dieu luat cdn phu hpp vdi thuc tiln trong Phan thii bay BLDS nam 1995, Phan thU bay BLDS nam 2005 da bo sung mdt so' ndi dung phap ly mdi nhU: Dieu 763, 764 quy dinh cac quy tac xac dinh ngudi nUdc ngoai khdng cd nang lUc hanh vi dan sii, hi ma't hoac hi han che nang lUc hanh vi dan sU, quy dinh viec xac dinh ngudi nUdc ngoai bi ma't tich hoac da chet; Dieu 767, 768 quy dinh cac va'n de lien quan de'n thUa ke' ed ye'u to' nUdc ngoai; Dieu 771 quy dinh viec giao ke't hdp ddng dan su vang mat cd yeu to' nude ngoai; Dieu 777 quy dinh ve thdi hieu khdi kien. Ben canh BLDS nam 2005 dieu chinh QHDS co ye'u td' nUdc ngoai, nhieu quy djnh mdi lien quan tdi nhUng giao dich dan sii, thUPng mai cd ye'u td' nUdc ngoai chuyen nganh khac cung da dupc bd sung vao cac van ban phap luat chuyen nganh ed lien quan nhU: Luat ThUdng mai nam 2005, Luat Hang khdng Dan dung nam 2006, Bg luat Hang hai nam 2005, Luat Dau tU nam 2005, Luat Nha d nam 2005, Luat Sd hUu tri tue nam 2005, Luat Trpng tai ThUdng mai nam 2010...
Nam 2013 Qud'c hdi da thdng qua Hie'n phap siia doi eiia nUdc cpng hoa XHCN Viet Nam. Day la ban Hie'n phap dUdc danh gia cd nhiing thay dd'i toan dien, quan trpng, tao ddng lUc mdi cho sU phat trien cua dd't nUdc trong bd'i canh nUdc ta da trd thanh thanh vien chinh thUc cua td
*"' To trinh so 5529/PC ngay 30/9/1995 cua Chi'nh phu trinh Qud'c hoi vl viec tie'p thu f kien nhan dan, c^e nganh, cac cap va dai hieu Qud'c hoi, chinh ly Dfl thao BLDS c6 ghi rd "My la mot van de phUc tap, chung ta lai chiia c6 kinh nghiem trong th!/c te, do do viec quy dinh phai than trgng, trKdc mat chi quy dinh cac van de da ro nh&m dip iing yeu ciu hScxuc trong thiic tephat trien liinh te, giao lilu quoc te'hien nay".
NHAN LUIC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
chUc thUdng mai the gidi WTO va nhieu thie't che qud'e te quan trgng khac. Nham cu the hoa Hie'n phap nara 2013, ciing nhU dieu chinh kip thdi bang phap luat nhiing ddi hdi ca'p bach tif nhiing bie'n dgng nhanh chdng trong thuc tien dpi sd'ng dan sii qud'e te' thdi ky hgi nhap, mot l^n niia lai dat ra cho Nha nUdc ta nhiem vu phai sifa doi BLDS nam 2005, trong dd cd Ph^n thii bay ve QHDS cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai, eiing nhu cac van ban phap luat ehuyen nganh khac cd lien quan. Mat khac, thUc tiln thi hanh Phan thii bay BLDS nam 2005 ciing nhU cac dao luat chuyen nganh da cho tha'y nhieu han che', vUdng mae can khae phue kip thdi. Dd'i vdi Ph^n thU bay BLDS nam 2005, nhiing ban che, bat cap trong ca quy dinh phap luat va thiic tiln thi hanh, cdn phai dUdc khac phuc do la:
Tha nhat, phdn thU bay BLDS nam 2005 chua dieu chinh day du cac QHDS cd ye'u to' nude ngoai. Kha nhieu QHDS cd yeu to' nUdc ngoai thUc te da phat sinh ddi hdi phai cd quy dinh dieu chinh nbung chua dupc dap Ung. Vi du nhu, chUa cd quy dinh ve: dinh danh tai san chung, xac dinh qud'e tich eua phdp nhan, phan dinh rach rdi hieu lue ap dung giiia PhIn thii bay eua BLDS vdi quy dinh trong cdc van ban phap luat chuyen nganh khac cd lien quan (nhu Luat ThUdng mai, Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh, Luat Trpng tai thUPng mai v.v.), giai thich phap luat nUdc ngoai, xac dinh phap luat ap dung dd'i vdi ngudi nhieu quo'c tich trong dd cd qud'c tieh Viet Nam, nghia vu hoan tra do chiem hiiu, sii dung, dUdc ldi ve tai san khdng ed can cU phap luat...
Tha bai, nhieu quy dinh trong Phan thii bay BLDS nam 2005 edn chUa cu the, khd ap dung, dl gay nham lan khi ap dung, hoac chua phii hop vdi tU phap qud'c
td' tren the gidi. Chang han nhU quy dinh ve: pham vi QHDS cd yd'u td' nUdc ngoai, xac dinh phap luat ap dung dd'i vdi QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai, ap dung tap quan qud'c te, hpp ddng, bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hdp ddng, thUa ke...
Tha ba, cd sU chdng cheo trong ngi dung dieu luat giiia mot sd' quy dinh trong Phdn thii hay BLDS nam 2005 vdi cae dao luat chuyen nganh khae cd lien quan nhU quy dinh vl; quyen sd hiiu tri tu§, quyen sd hUu tau bay, tau bien.
Tha ta, phan thii bay BLDS 2005 cdn cd nhiing npi dung dieu chinh chUa phu hdp hoac cdn thieu so vdi quy dinh trong cac dieu udc qud'c td' ma Viet Nam la thanh vidn hoac cd the se tham gia trong tUdng lai, dae biet la cac hiep dinh tUdng trd tu phap song phUdng, cac dieu Udc qud'c te trong khudn khd hpi nghi La Hay ve tu phap qud'c te ma Viet Nam da la thanh vien. Chang ban nhU quy dinh ve tuyen bd' mdt ngudi la da chd't, hdp ddng, sd hiiu, thUa ke, trd ta*^*.
Thd nam, mac dii ve nguyen tac, Phdn thii bay BLDS nam 2005 dUdc xac dinh la cd sd phap ly ddu tien de chgn ra phap luat ap dung ddi vdi cae QHDS cd yeu td nudc ngoai, tuy nhien thuc te cho thay, cac cd quan cd tham quyIn eua Viet Nam, dac biet la toa an hdu nhu khdng ap dung cac quy dinh tai Phan thii bay BLDS nam 2005 tren thiic te^^"^'. Thuc trang nay xua't phat tu nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau
'*" Vi du- Diiu 22, 37 Hiep dinh tflong tro tu phap vl cac viCn de dan sfl, gia ifinh va hinh sfl gifla Cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam vdi Cong hoa Ba Lan nam 1993; Dieu 31, 36 Higp dinh tfldng tro tu phap va phap ly ve cac van de dan sfl va hinh sfl giaa Cpng hda XHCN Viet Nam vdi Ucraina nam 2000.
'"" Bao cao tong kit thyc tiln thi hanh cac quy dinh vl quan he dan sfl c6 ye'u to nfldc ngoai trong BLDS nam 2005 ciia Vu Phap luat Qud'c tl, Bd Tfl phap, trinh bay tai to^ dam ngay 31/5/2013, Dii an JICA
fU NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 4-2020
TRAN MINH NGOC nhU: do cac ed q u a n ed t h a m quyen, cac
chu t h e cd lien q u a n c h u a n h a n thUc dUdc y n g h i a eiia viec a p d u n g cac quy p h a m x u n g dot ddi vdi cac q u a n h e d a n sii ed ye'u to' nUdc ngoai t r o n g bd'i c a n h hdi n h a p quo'c te; t r i n h do, n a n g liic ap d u n g p h a p l u a t ciia t h a m p h a n , c a n bp cdn n h i i u h a n che k h i giai q u y e t cac t r a n h cha'p d a n s u cd y l u td' nUdc ngoai v.v. t r o n g dd, h a n che, b a t cap cua c h i n h cac quy d i n h t a i P h d n t h i i b a y B L D S n a m 2005 eiing la mdt n g u y e n n h a n q u a n t r g n g h a n g ddu.
Vdi n h i i n g t d n t a i c u a P h a n thU b a y BLDS n a m 2005 bdc Id q u a g a n 10 n a m thi h a n h , da d a t r a y e u cdu p h a i k h a c p h u c nhUng t d n t a i h a n che dd n h a r a d a m bao cho cac Q H D S cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai dupe dieu c h i n h ddy dii, t o a n dien, ed h i e u qua, p h u hpp vdi thiic t i e n ddng t h d i cd sii tUdng thich vdi tU p h a p qud'c td' t r e n t h e gidi ciing nhU cac c a m k e t qud'c t e giiia nUdc t a vdi nUdc ngoai. D a y c h i n h l a t i e n de q u a n t r p n g eho sU r a ddi cua B L D S n a m 2015 vdi P h d n t h i i n a m ve p h a p l u a t ap d u n g ddi vdi Q H D S cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai. Thiie t e eho t h a y , B L D S 2015 vdi P h d n thU n a m ve p h a p l u a t a p d u n g dd'i vdi q u a n h e d a n sii cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai da cd nhUng t h a y doi d a n g k e ca ve ke't ca'u va ndi d u n g d i i u c h i n h t h e o h u d n g h i e n dai, cap n h a t x u hifdng p h a t t r i e n cua tU p h a p qud'c t e t r e n t h e gidi, giai quye't dUdc nhiing ddi hdi ea'p b a c h tii thiic t i e n d i i u chinh t r o n g l i n h viic tU p h a p qud'c t e d nude ta. P h d n t h i i n a m B L D S n a m 2015 ed mot so diem mdi ndi b d t nhU sau:
Tha nha't, t h a y doi ve t e n gpi va bd' cue cua P h a n thii n a m t h a n h b a ChUdng d i i u chinh eac n h d m q u a n h e r i e n g biet.
Tha hai, ngi d u n g P h a n t h i i n a m chi bao gdm cac quy p h a m p h a p l u a t x u n g dot n h a m xac d i n h p h a p l u a t a p d u n g raa SO 4-2020
thdi. T r o n g t d n g sd' 25 dieu l u a t c u a P h a n thii n a m t h i co tdi 9 dieu l u a t dUdc sita doi c a n b a n t o a n dien, bao gdm: Dieu 663 quy d i n h ve " P h a m vi ap d u n g ciia P h a n 5";
D i i u 664 quy d i n h ve "Xac d i n h p h a p l u a t a p d u n g dd'i vdi q u a n h e d a n sii ed ye'u to' n u d c ngoai"; D i e u 666 quy d i n h v l "Ap d u n g t a p q u a n qud'c te"; Dieu 668 quy d i n h v l " P h a m vi p h a p l u a t dUdc d d n chid'u den"; D i e u 670 quy d i n h v l "Cac trUdng h p p k h d n g a p d u n g p h a p l u a t nUdc ngoai"; D i e u 676 quy d i n h v l " P h a p n h a n " ; D i e u 681 quy d i n h ve "Di chiic";
D i e u 683 quy d i n h ve "Hpp ddng"; Dieu 687 quy d i n h ve "Boi t h u d n g t h i e t h a i ngoai hgp ddng". Cd 7 dieu l u a t mdi l a n d a u t i e n xua't hien, kip thdi la'p ddy cac k h o a n g trd'ng p h a p l u a t t r o n g mdt thdi g i a n dai, dd la: D i e u 667 ve "ap d u n g p h a p l u a t nUdc ngoai"; Dieu 669 ve "ap d u n g p h a p l u a t ciia nUdc cd n h i e u h e thd'ng p h a p l u a t " ; Dieu 682 v l "giam hd";
D i i u 677 ve " p h a n loai t a i san"; D i i u 685 ve "nghia v u h o a n t r a do chie'm hiiu, sit d u n g , dUdc ldi ve t a i s a n k h d n g co c a n cif p h a p luat"; D i e u 686 ve "thiic h i e n cdng viec k h d n g cd iiy quyen"; D i i u 679 ve
" q u y e n sd h i i u t r i tue".
B e n c a n h viec r a ddi cua BLDS n a m 2015 vdi P h d n thU n a m dieu c h i n h tUdng dd'i ddy d u Q H D S cd ye'u td' nUdc ngoai t h i viec sifa doi, bd s u n g hoac b a n h a n h mdi radt loat cac dao l u a t c h u y e n n g a n h cd quy d i n h dieu c h i n h q u a n h e d a n sii, thUdng raai cd ye'u to' nUde ngoai ciing da dUdc N h a nude t a k h a n trUdng thiie hien, dien h i n h n h u : L u a t D d u tU n a r a 2014, L u a t N h a d n a m 2014, L u a t Hdn n h a n va Gia d i n h n a m 2014, L u a t D o a n h n g h i e p n a m 2014. H e thd'ng eac v a n b a n p h a p quy n a y tao n e n cd sd p h a p ly k h a t o a n dien, dap ling tich cue va ed h i e u q u a yeu cau d i i u
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hpi Q
chinh phap luat QHDS ed yeu to' nude ngoai trong bd'i canh radi ciia dat nUdc.
Mac dil dUdc dieu chinh bdi nhiiu quy dinh nam rai rac trong cac van ban phap luat khac nhau, song cd the nhan tha'y QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai dUdc quy dinh day dii va toan dien nha't trong Bg luat Dan sii. Phdn thU nam BLDS nam 2015 ed vai trd trung tam trong diiu chinh QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai. Ve nguyen tac, Phan thU nam BLDS nam 2015 dUdc coi la cd sd phap ly ddu tien dUdc vien dan de xac dinh phap luat ap dung dd'i vdi QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai trong trUdng hpp luat chuyen nganh cd lien quan khdng cd quy dinh dieu chinh hoac cd quy dinh nhUng trai nguyen tdc ciia BLDS. Thiic te' cho tha'y, cac dao luat chuyen nganh khac khdng cd dupe quy dinb ddy du va toan dien nhu Phan thU nam BLDS nam 2015 v l phap luat ap dung dd'i vdi QHDS cd ye'u td'nUdc ngoai.
Tdm lai, phap luat Vidt Nam dieu chinh QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai bao gdm tdng the cac quy pham phap luat nam rai rac trong cac van ban phap luat khac nhau nhu BLDS, Luat ThUdng mai, Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh, Bd luat Lao dpng, Luat Ddu tu v.v. trong dd BLDS giii vai trd la luat chung, la cd sd phap ly dau tien dUdc vien ddn de xac dinh phap luat diiu chinh quan he dan sii cd ye'u to' nudc ngoai khi luat chuyen nganh cd lien quan khdng cd quy dinh dieu chinh hoac cd quy dinh nhUng trai nguyen tdc ciia BLDS. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia phap luat nUde ta v l QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai eho thdy, ben canh mot sd' ngi dung phap ly cdn ban che, ba't cap thi nhin chung phap luat Viet Nam trong linh vUc nay ngay cang hoan thien hdn, phii hpp hdn vdi tu phap qud'c te
tren thd' gidi, va cd the dap iing mdt each can ban yeu cau dieu chinh phap luat ddi vdi QHDS cd ye'u to' nUdc ngoai trong dieu kien hpi nhap qud'c td' cua nUdc ta hien nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Angela Wang & Co, Application of LaviTs to Foreign-Related Civil Relations, http ://w WW. hg. org/article. asp?id=30 849, truy cap 10/4/2019.
2. Clarkson and Jonathan Hill (2002), Jaffey on the conflict of laws, second edition, Lexisnexis UK.
3. C F Forsyth (1981), Private International Law, Rustica Press LTD, Wynberg, Cape.
4. R.H.Graveson (1969), The conflict of laws, sixth edition, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
5. Dd Van Dai va Mai Hdng Quy (2006), Ta phap quo'c ti'Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Qud'c gia TP. Hd Chi Minh.
6. TrUdng Dai hgc Luat Ha Ndi (2017), Giao trinh Ta phap Quo'c te, Nxb. Tu phap. Ha Ngi.
7. Bd luat Dan sii nam 1995, 2005, 2015.
8. Hiep dinh tUdng trp tU phap ve cac va'n dl dan sii, gia dinh va hinh sU giiia Cpng hda XHCN Viet Nam vdi Cong hda Ba Lan nam 1993; Hiep dinh tUdng trd tU phap va phap ly ve cac van de dan sii va hinh sii giiia Cong boa XHCN Viet Nam vdi Ucraina nam 2000.
9. Quyet dinh 122/CP ngay 25/4/1977 cua Hpi ddng Chinh phu ve chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi nUdc ngoai cU trii va lam an sinh sd'ng d Viet Nam.
10. Thdng tu sd'll/TATC ngay 12/7/1974 cua Tda an Nhan dan Td'i cao vl thu tuc giai quye't ly hdn cd yeu td'nUdc ngoai.
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi SO 4-2020
