Vai tro cua truyen thong dai chiing trong quy trinh hien phap
Bo Bvcc Minh'
Tom tit: Trayen thong dai chung (TTDC) co vai tro quan trgng trong quy trinh hien phap: lich cyc thong tin, phan anh y kiln ciia cac tang ldp nhan dan ve quy trinh hien phap; la cau noi (Je ngudi dan tham gia xay dimg du thao hien phap; tiep nhan y kiln ciia nhan dan; giao dyc, tuyen truyen cho nhan dan ve quy trinh hien phap
Tir khoa: Truyen thong dai chiing; hien phap; xay dymg hien phap mdi; sua doi hien phap.
Abstract: The mass media play an important role in the constitutional process. Specifically, the media actively report and reflect the opinions of people's strata on the process, serving as a bridge for the people to partake in the development of the draft constitution, receiving their opinions, sensitising and educating them on the constitutional process.
Keywords: Mass media; constitution; developmenl of the new constitution; amending the constitution.
1. Mddau
Nhan Ihuc dugc vai tro quan trgng va gia trj to Idn cua hien phap trong ddi sing chinh tri xa hgi, cac quoc gia deu quan lam d$c bi?t doi vdi cong lac xay dyng va siia doi hien phap (quy trinh hien phap). Do hien phdp la dao luat co ban hay luat goe cua nha nudc, co gia tri phap ly cao nhat trong h? thong phap luat ciia qu6c gia nen vi?c xay d\mg, siia doi hien phap dugc quy dinh rat chat che. D6ng thdi, do hiln phap la ban khe udc xa hpi, the hien chii quyin ciia nhan dan thong qua vi?c gidi han quyin l^c ciia cac ca quan nha nudc va ghi nhan cac quyin con ngudi, quyen cong dan nen quy trinh hiln phap cua cac nudc luon doi hoi dam bao su tham gia ciia dong dao nhan dan de nang cao tinh trung thuc ciia cac danh gia hien phap, tir do co nhijng quy dinh hien phap phii hgp vdi y chi, nguy?n vgng ciia nhan dan. TTDC ciia cac quoc gia
tren the gidi da tich c\rc tham gia, chu dpng nhap cugc ngay tir dSu va tham chi lr6 thanh mgt bg phan khong thl tach rdi cita quy trinh hien phap. Dd la qua trinh tham gia thuc chat, phan anh y chi nguy?n vpng ciia nhan dan. Bai vilt phan tich vai tro ciia TTDC trong quy trinh hien ph^p, bao gom quy trinh xay dung hiln phap mdi v^ quy trinh sua doi hien phap.
2. Vai tr6 cua TTDC trong quy trinb xay dung hien ph^p mdi
2.1. Sogn thdo vd tham vdn cong chiing Hien phap phan anh y chi, nguy?n vpng ciia nhan dan va nhan dan cd vai tro quyet djnh trong vi?c xay di^ng hiln phap. Nhan dan tham gia vao vipc xay dung hiln phdp bSng viec thanh lap, giam sat cac ca quan Tien sT, D91 hpc Quoc gia H^ Ngi. DT:
0983682040. Email [email protected] 30
Do Due Minh nha nudrc co thdm quyin lap hiln (quic hoi
lap hien'qulc hoi lap phap). Dl giam sal quy irinh soan thdo hiln phap do cdc ca quan nha nucrc thuc hien cung nhu dam bao quy irlnh lap hiln ngdy cdng ddn chij, hiln phdp nhieu nutjc quy dinh cdc hmh thiic ndng cao su tham gia cita nhan dan trong qud irinh soan thao, trong do coi Irpng viec lay y kien nhan dan vl du Ihao hiln phdp.
Dieu ndy phdn dnh rdt ro quyin tham gia ciJa nhan ddn trong eac hoai dpng ciia nha nutic, ddc biel ttong quy trinh hiln phdp.
Do vdy, cac Cty ban hiln phdp phdi co ttach nhicm cong b l rpng rdi du thao hiln phdp tie tham vdn y kiln cua nhdn ddn, dac biet la iruoc khi trinh len quic hpi. Trong quy trinh lap hien mo rpng, van de can quyit djnh khong phdi la co nen 16 chiic xin y kien cong chting hay khong ma Id lam thl nao de thuc hien viec do mpt each lot nhdl.
Co nhilu hlnh Ihtic khac nhau dupc dp tiling dl Iham vdn cong chung, nhu: hpi nghj, hpi Ihao, tpa ddm, phdl philu khdo sdt, sir dung bdo chi, internet...
Tham vdn ngucri ddn a dja phuong dupc xem la mpt hinh Ihiic rdt phi biln de lay y kien nhdn ddn ve du thdo hiln phap, Cac hojl dpng ndy cho phep nguai ddn tren loan quoc, dai dien cho cdc dja phuong, cpng dong dan cu khdc nhau, nhung nguoi ddn blnh Ihucmg 6 cac ldng ldp, giai cap khdc nhau (nong dan, cong nhan, tri thirc...) co the gop y cho du thao hiln phdp. Cdc cupc tham vdn mo cho phep nhimg nguiji tham dir dupc bdy 16 cae vdn dl lien quan din du thdo hien phdp. Hinh thtic nay co vai tto rat quan trpng ttong vi?c gop y, phdn bien du thdo hien phap khi cdc t l chirc xd hpi ddn su c6 vj tti dpc lap vd manh me. Mite dp Iham gia phan bifn cua cdc l l chuc xd hpi
ddn su phan anh mile dp quan ttpng vl vai tto cua nguoi ddn Iham gia cac du thao hiln phdp. Tir nhiing cupc tham van a dja phuong, cae ca quan nha nutic se thu nhan dupc ddy du va chdn thuc y kiln cua nguai ddn. Til day, cde vdn dl glc rl ctia nhdn ddn dupc neu ra dl hodn chinh du thdo hiln phap cho phil hpp.
2.2 Giiio due, luyen Iruyin cho nhan dan Gido due, Uiyen truyin cho nhdn dan vl hien phap vd quy trinh xdy dung vdn kien ndy CO y nghia ddc biet quan Irpng dl chuan bj cho nhdn ddn tham gia dong gop y kiln ttong quy trinh xdy dung hiln phdp. Day la mpt yen cdu co ban, lien quyil, ding then Id ttpng tdm dl bdo dam su thanh c6ng cua mol quy ttinh xdy dung hiln phdp c6 sir tham gia ciJa nhan dan.
Oido due eong ddn giup nguoi ddn co thl tham gia hoai dpng nay mpt each co y nghta, ding Ihoi giup cdc ca nhdn, nhom va 16 chtic hilu vl quy ttinh, cac vdn dl dang dtrgc thao ludn cung nhu each thitc dua ra y kien vol cdt: nhd lap hiln, gitip cho nguoi ddn hieu biet vl hiln phap, quy ttinh, Ihii tue xdy dung van kien ndy. Yeu cdu co ban cua cdc chuong trinh gido due cong dan vl xdy dvng mot bdn hiln phap la linh lin cdy vd pho cap. De dal muc dich do, boat dong gtao due cong dan can bdm sal cac giai tloan chinh cua quy trinb hiln phap ctmg nhu xdc dinh nhOng muc lieu cu the cho moi giai doan d giai doan chudn bi, muc Ueu chinh Id Idm cho nguoi ddn bill vl tdm quan trpng ctia hiln phap, su cdn Ihill va quy^ ttinh xdy dung hiln phap; vai tro quyen va nhung each thitc md c6ng chung CO the tham gia vao quy trinh do. Khi quy trinh dd dupc khth dpng, cdn Idm cho nguoi tidn hieu sdu hon vl nhung npi dung quan
Khoa hoc xa hgi Vigt Nam, so 10 (107)-2016 trpng ciia hien phap, dac biet la nhimg npi dung CO nhieu quan diem khac biet. Sau khi da CO du thao hien phap mdi. can thong bao vdi ngudi dan ve npi dung ciia hg dugc xem xet dua vao du thao nhu the nao (neu nhu trudc do da to chuc xin y kien nhan dan) de chuan bi cho cong chung dua ra quan diem ve du thao. Trong trudng hgp to chiic trung cau dan y, muc dich ciia giao due cong dan la giup cong chung hieu ve quy trinh cua ho^l dgng nay, ve du thao hien phap, dac biel ve nhirng ngi dung ma hg can luu y ho3c dugc yeu cau cho y kien. Sau khi hien phap d3 dugc thong qua, boat dpng giao dyc cong dan van can tiep tue de thong tin cho cong chung ve npi dung cua hien phap mdi, nhat la ve nhthig quy djnh quan trpng CO anh hudng true tiep den cupc song ciia ngudi dan, ve cac quyen va nghTa vu ciia cong dan, ve viec thuc thi hien phap va trach nhiem ciia cac chii the co lien quan.
Chil the thgc hi?n giao due cong dan d cac quoc gia thong thudng la cac co quan CO trach nhiem xay dimg, sira doi hiln phap. Tuy nhien, de dat dugc hi^u qua giao dyc cong dan, cac co quan nay can hgp tac va huy dpng su tham gia ciia cac to chuc xa hgi dan s\r va gidi Iruyln thong. Cdn ap dyng nhieu each thuc giao dyc cong dan dl CO the liep can vdi cac nhom xa hpi khac nhau: luyen Iruyen, ph6 biln tren cac phuang lien TTDC; phan phat lai lipu in cho cong chiing; lap ra cac website rieng; t6 chiic cac cugc hpp/hpi thao vdi ngudi dan;
long ghep thong tin, kiln thirc vao cac sy kipn vSn hoa, Ihl thao; sir dung djch vu nhan tin va cac mang xa hpi... Viec giao due cong dan cung cdn chii y din cac nhom de bi ton ihuang va bj gal ra ngoai ll xd hpi. dong thdi luu y din linh loan dien
va trung lap ciia kien thiic thong tin, ddc biet khi hoat dgng nay cd su tai trg cua nudc ngoai.
2.3. Trung cdu ddn y ve hien phdp Co nhilu each thong qua hien phap: hiln phap do quoc hgi thong qua; hien phap dugc thong qua trong cugc trung cdu dan y;
hiln phap do nha vua ban hanh. Phan lon cac ban hien phap hien hanh do quoc hoi thong qua. Mgt phucmg phap dan chii nira dugc ap dung de thong qua hien phap la tnmg cau dan y. Theo phuang phap nay, trudc lien hien phap dugc quoc hgi lap hien hodc qu6c hgi lap phap soan thao, thong qua, sau do hien phap dugc dua ra phe chudn trong cugc trung cdu dan y.
Trung cau dan y ve ban hanh hodc sua doi hien phap la viec ngudi dan tr\rc liep quyet dinh gia tri phap ly ciia du Ihdo hien phap da dugc cac co quan nha nudc co Iham quyen thong qua. Ddy la hlnh thirc tham van true tiep va manh mg nhai, trao cho nhan dan quyen dong y hay khong dong y du thdo hien phap. Cac hinh thirc tham vdn nhdn ddn vl du thdo hiln phap chi CO gia Iri Iham khdo cho cac ca quan nhS nudc CO thdm quyen ra cac quyet dinh co gia tri phap ly, trong khi trung cdu dan y ve du thdo hien phap cho phep ngudi ddn true liep quyet dinh d6ng y hay khong ding y cac du thao hien phap t6n tai trong nhieu h?
thong chinh trj khac nhau d cac chau lyc, Trung cdu dan y vl hien phap co thl dupc to chirc trudc hodc sau khi du thao hien phap da hoan thanh va phdi dam bdo tinh cong khai, minh bach, dan chii.
Hem mgt nira quy trinh lap hien dien ra tren the gidi tir ndm 1998 din ndm 2007 sii dung trung cdu dan y dl quyet dinh vl van 32
kicn hien phap mdi va it nhdt mpt nira ttong long s6 cac ban hiln phdp hien hanh tren the gicri quy djnh phdi to chttc trung cdu tidn y cho cdc sira dli hiln phap. Nam 2007, ttong s6 195 ban hiln phap con hieu lue dupe nghien ctiu, co 101 hiln phap quy ilinh ve trung cdu dan y dli vtii hiln phdp.
Trung cdu dan y la hlnh thirc dan chii nhdt trong lal cd eac hinh thtic lap hiln tren the gitii. Hinh Ihirc nay dupc dp dung bdng nhung phuong phap khac nhau: (1) Du Ihao hien phap hodc phuong dn sua dli, bi sung hien phap dupc mpt ban sojn thdo cia nhd nutic (hodc uy ban sira doi hiln phdp) Idm ra, sau do dua ra Irung cdu ddn y dl thong qua hien phap (ttung cdu khong co nghj vien), (2) Trung can ddn y tren co so ban hien phap (lodn van hoac sira dli, bl sung lirng phdn) ii dupc quic hpi/hpi nghi ldp hiSn voi tham quyin han chl (hodc quic hpi/nghi vi$n) thong qua theo ditng thii lpc hpp hiln. Day Id phuong phdp trung cdu ddn^ y ve hien phap lhdng qua nghi vipn (quoc hpi) va dupc coi la phuong phdp dan chit, pho biln hon so vtii phupng phap trung cau phi nghi vien (vi ttong Irucmg hpp nay dd co sir "vdo cupc" ldn thti hai cua nhdn dan).
Quy trinh, thti luc, dl trung cdu ddn y ve hien phdp phan dnh dupc Ihuc su y chi ciia nhan ddn, cdn kem tbeo mpt s6 dilu kien:
(1) Co quan co thdm quyin xdy dung va Ihong qua truoc du thdo hiln phdp dl dua ra trung cdu dan y phdi dugc thdnh lap mpt cdch thlic su ddn chii; cdc thanh vien phai bao gom nhimg nguoi thuc su dai dien cho Igi ieh chung cOa ddt nuoc, cua cdc tang Idp nhdn ddn. (2) Du thao hiln phdp phdi dugc c6ng bo trong khodng ihol gian dii ddi dl lliu hiit cdc tdng lop nhdn ddn tham gia thao
luan, dong gop y kiln, kiln nghj mpt each dan chu, cpng khai toioc khi ttimg cdu dan y. Cac y kien thao luan, gop y phdi dupc long hop ddy dit, phai gidi ttinh nhimg y kien, kien nghi da dugc tilp thu dl sua dli, bo sung vao du Ihao hiln phap vd nhimg y' kien khong dupc lilp thu.. (3) Co quan cd thdm quyin xdy dung va diong qua du thao hien phdp de dua ra Irung cdu ddn y phdi Ihao ludn ky; npi dung lung dilu, limg chuong ciia du thdo phai dupc da so tuyet doi (2/3 cdc thanh vien ttd len) lan Ihanh.
Dong Ihdi cdc cdu hdi dua ra tnmg cdu ddn y phai dugc neu cu tbl, ro rang, dl hilu, khdng dupo map md nugc doi. (4) Cac 16 chirc chinh tri, cac Id chiic xd hpi (dai dien cho lgi Ich cua cdc ldng ldp nhdn dan) va cdc phuong tien TTDC ed vai ttd quan trgng vipc van dpng, gidi thlch vd luyen truyen vl du thao hiln phdp dl cir tti Iua chpn phuong an quyit dinh cila minh ding y hay kh6ng ding y dli vdi hiln phdp.
3. Vai tro ciia TTDC trong quy trinh siia doi hien phap
Ve nguyen lde, hiln phap cd hieu lire trong mpt thdi gian ddi va it khi Ihay dii, trir Irucmg hpp cd chiln tranh hoac cd su thay doi dpi ngpt trong dudng lli chinh trj ciia ddt nudc hodc khi lupng quan luc lupng chinh trj Ihay ddi. Tuy nhien, ddi sing xa hot luon van dpng, hiln phdp duoc ban hdnh trong qud khir khdng thl bdt biln trong hien lai vd luong Iai. Dilu dd cung cd nghia Id: mpt ban hien phdp hodn thien la khong ludng; no phdi dugc sira ddi 'theo thdt gian. Mac dii linh bin vimg duoc xem Id mgt lieu chi danh gia su thanh cong cua mpt bdn hien phap; luy nhien, su tbay dli (ban hdnh mdi hodc siia dli) hiln phdp cd the dem lai nhtmg kll qud lich cue. Qua
Khoa hoc xa hpi Vigt Nam, s5 10 (107) - 2016 trinh phat trien ciia mot dat nudc bao gom cd viec sira ddi hoac thay the hiln phap.
Hau hit cac qu6c gia tren thl gidi diu nhieu ldn sira doi hoac thay thl hiln phap: Hiln phdp My tir nam 1787 den nay da trai qua 27 lan sira doi; Hiln phap Thai Lan tir ndm 1932 din nam 2007 da 16 ldn thay doi (chua tinh cdc ban hien phap lam thdi);
trong nhimg nam cu6i the ky XX, su sup do ciia hp th6ng cac nudc xa hpi chii nghia d Lien Xo va Dong Au da ddn den su thay doi hiln phap ciia mpt loat quoc gia trong khu v\rc nay va nhieu khu vuc khac tren thl gidi.
Phucmg phap thong dung nhdt dua nhung sira doi vao hien phdp la thay the nhirng quy dinh cu bdng nhimg quy djnh mdi, bo sung quy dinh mdi hay bai bo quy djnh cu. Phucmg phap thir hai la dua nhung siia doi vao hien phap ma khong lo^i bo nhirng dieu khoan, quy djnh d3 mat hipu l\rc. Khac vdi lap hien, sira doi hien phap la mpi quyen Igc gidi han. Neu nha lap hien khong bi rang bupc bdi mpt thii luc phap ly nao, thi sira doi hien phap la mpt quyen luc han che bdi no phai tuan thii hien phap hien hanh. Quyen sira doi hien phap bi gidi ban khong nhiing ve ngi dung ma con ca ve hinh thuc. Thong thudng, cac hiln phap danh mgt chucmg rieng (thudng d gdn cu6i hien phap) de quy djnh ve van de sira d6i hien phap.
La mpt quyen phai sinh tir quyin lap hien va do hien phap xdc lap, nen ban thdn quyen lap phap khong thl quy dinh vl sira doi hien phap ma chi c6 quyen lap hiln mdi CO the quy dinh hien phap dugc siia dli nhu the nao. Vipc sira doi hien phap phai ludn thil cac quy dinh ve quy trinh siia dli hiln phap, trong do co nhimg diem dSc biet la:
quyen de xudt siia doi hien phap, thii t\ic thdo ludn, phe chuan, cong bo va gidi han sira doi. Nhdm bao dam phap ly de duy tri su 6n dinh chinh tri trong qua trinh siia d^l Men phap va tranh nhiing va dap xa hgi Ion, viec siia doi, bo simg hien phap thong thudng (timg phdn, mgt so dieu) phai tuan theo nhihig trinh tu het sue nghiem ngdt.
Trong qua tnnh sira doi, bo sung hien ph^p, bao chi giiip tao moi tnrdng cho ngudi dfin dong gop y kien ve vipc sua doi hien phip, bao gom cac dg thao hien phap. Tuong l\r, ngudi dan phdi co quyen va dugc bao dam quyin dugc thong tin ve chinh sdch siia d6i hiln phap, quyen bay to cac y kien ddnh gia hiln phap hien tai cung nhu nhihig nguyen vgng cho mgt ban hien phap trong tuang lai.
Yeu t l y chl nhan dan trong quy trinh lap hien ciing dugc phan anh doi vdi quy trinh sira doi hien phdp. Thdm chi, ludt ve sita doi hien phdp ciia mgt so nudc quy dinh uy ban du thdo hien phap phai tham vdn cong chiing trong qua trinh du thao hien phdp, Trung cau dan y ve sira doi hien phap the hipn ro tu tudng ve chii quyen nhan dan \i la hinh thiic tham van true tilp, manh raS nhat. Viec tham gia ciia nhan dan vdo qui trinh soan thao va thong qua ngi dung sita doi hien phap dugc the hien trudc hit a chl dinh vl sdng kiln lap hiln. Che djnh cho phep cdc thilt che nha nudc, cac nghj si, mpt so lugng cii tri nhdt dinh co quyin trinh du dn sira d6i hien phap.
Moi trudng chinh trj - xa hgi trong giai doan tien hanh sira d6i hiln phdp cung xual hipn nhu cau ngi tai vl phat huy tu do bio chi, bdi khi bao chi va xa hgi dan su c6 tf do thi ngudi ddn cam nhan hg dugc thong tin mpt cdch day dii vl vipc sira d6i hiln
I
Do Dtic Minh phdp, vl cac du thdo dang dugc ehudn bi vd
hg cd nhilu each dl ndi len tiing noi ciia hp. Ngupe lai, su kilm soat bdi cac life lugng chinh tti se ban chl hoac Iam md nhai vai trd ciia bdo chl Irong viec dong gdp vdo cac sira dli hiln phap. Mac dit vdy, vdi su phat trien cita khoa hpe cong nghe, hipn nay ngudi ta cd nhilu eg hpi dl ldy y kiln ngudi ddn (nhu: tao website chinh thirc vl qua ttinh sira doi hiln phap, ttong do cd viec ldy y kiln vl du Ihao hiln phap; xdy dung cdc kenh truyin hinh thuc te; chuong ttinh dai phat thanh; cdc td bdo chuyen dl, lin Uic; chia se tren facebook...).
4. Kit luan
Vdi cac phuang lien hipn dai, TTDC cd khd ndng dem lhdng tin din eho cong chiing mgt each nhanh chdng, chinh xdc, cap nhat timg ngay, timg gid, Iham ehi mpt each true lilp qua ttuyin hlnh. Khong nhu cdc kenh cung cdp thdng lin chinh thirc khde (qua con dudng nhd nudc), TTDC luon phdn dnh kjp thoi, nhanh chdng va phong phti vi^c toyen truyin hiln phdp.
Ngudi ddn cd Ihl md tivi xem khi thlch hpp, cd Ihl dpc bdo in, bdo mang, hay nghe radio tren cdc phuong tipn edng cgng... Cdc CO quan bdo chi cd Ihl md cac chuyen trang, chuyen myc, chuyen dl, ra dn phdm tide bipt de tuyen ttiyin sau rpng din ngudi ddn nhiing npi dung co bdn cua hiln phap.
Ddc biet, cac kenh thdi su tten ttuyen hinh cap vd radio cd thl giiip cdc nha lap phdp tiep can cac thdng lin mdi mpt each lien toc; giup ngudi dan hilu dugc y nghia, linh.
than, ngi dung cita bdn hiln phap; gdp phdn tao cdu ndi ttong qua ttinh dua hiln phap vao cudc sing; gdp phdn xay dung Idng lin cua nhdn ddn ddi vcri hiln phdp.
Tai lieu tham khao
II] Ban biSn ljp Dir thao Hiin phip nSm 1992 (2012), Mgt so vdn di ca ban cua HiSn phdp cdc nu&c trin thi gidi, Nxb Chlnh trj qu& gia.
Hi Nsi.
12] Bg Ngoji giao Hoa Ky (2004), Hiin phdp H&p Chung quSc Hoa Ky vd chil thich. An pham cua Chucmg trinh Thong tin quoc l l 13] Samuel Kemell, Gary CJacobson (2007),
Logic chinh tri Uy. Nxb Chfah trj quoc gia, HS Noi.
(4] Tnrdng Dji hoc Lujt HS Ngi (2004), Gido Irlnh ludt hiin phdp nuic ngodi, Nxb Cong an nhSn dan, Hi Npi.
15] hnp;//www nghiencuuquocte.nel/20l4/03/l3/
lniyen-lhong-vaKlan-chu/slhash.f5(Jw5ICMD.dpuf [6] littp://w\™.lks.edu.vn/lhong-tin-khoa-hoc/chi-
tiet/l 19/545
17) littp://www.tks.edu.vn/lhong-lin-khoa-hoc/chi- tiet/119/662
