sa LO NGAI LUC LUONG THAN LINH,
• I I I '
CAC MA TRONG TAM LY CUA DAN TOG HMONG
•
6 KHU VUG PHIA BAG VIET NAM
Tran Le Thanh
Hoc vien An ninh Nhdn ddn.
1. Dat van de
Trong the gidi tam linh ciia ngudi Hmdng cd su tdn tai ciia linh hdn, ciia cac thdn, ma. Ngudi Hmdng quan niem cd than, ma trong nha va thdn, ma trong tu nhien. Cac thdn, ma trong nha gdm: Xuvcar (thdn nha - ma nha) cd kha nang dam bao siic khde, binh an cho gia dinh; Cxiex menhx (thdn cira - ma ciia) cd kha nang bao ve ngudi, gia siic va cac lai san khac cho gia dinh; Puj yawm txiv koob (thdn td lien - ma id tien) dam bao su binh an, may mdn cho gia dinh^-''; Lung (than vudn) chd'ng ta ma xam nhap, hai gia siic; Dab qhov cub (thdn be'p - ma bep) giii hai a'm, hanh phiic cho gia dinh. Davrooj (thdn budng ma budng) bao ve tre nhd; Dab tshuaj (ma thdy thudc) giiip thdy thudc chiia benh; Neeb (ma thdy ciing) giiip thdy ciing cd siic manh dl chi phdi cac ma^^\
Thdn, ma trong tu nhien gdm: thdn rurng (ma riing), than sdng (ma sdng), thdn sud'i (ma sud'i), ma gdc cay...; mdt sd ma thudng gay hai cho con ngudi: ma ngii hai (lam ngudi chet ngat thd hoac hoc mau), ma theo sau (gay dm dau dot ngdt), ma sii (gay chay nha, da lan, cay 66y'^K..
Ddi vdi ngudi Hmdng, cac thdn, ma phii hd hay gay hga tuy thudc vao su ddi xir ciia con ngudi vdi thdn, ma. Chang ban, ma td tien dugc coi la ma lanh nhung ne'u khdng thd ciing chu dao thi ma td tien ciing phat dm. dau, ddi phai lam 11 ciing bd, Ign. Ngudi Hmdng thudng gap cac mdi de dga, dm dau benh tat, tai nan, mat miia hoac gia siic, gia cdm bj chet... vi dja vue cu trii va khf hau nai sinh sdng cd nhilu bdt lgi ddi vdi con ngudi, cay trdng va vat nudi nhung hg tin rdng la do cac thdn, ma ndi gian, trurng phat. Dilu nay khien hg cam tha'y lo sg, bat an. Vay, lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma cd phai la dac dilm tam ly dn dinh cua ngudi Hmdng? Nd cd anh hudng nhu the' nao den siic khde, tinh
TAPCHfTAM LyHpC,Sd9 (150), 9 2011 69
thdn, ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ngudi Hmdng. Nghien ciiu nay budc ddu gdp phdn lim bilu vdn dl dd.
Su lo nggi thdn linh, cdc ma ciia ngU&i Hmdng Id ddc diem tdm ly dn dinh, ben vilng the hien tdm trgng hoang mang, cdng thdng trU&c tdc ddng cua the life sieu hinh de dog nhu cdu an todn cua hg, dugc hinh thdnh trong hoat ddng, giao tiep, hie'u hien qua nhdn thitc, xuc cdm vd viec thuc hien cdc nghi li Cling thdn, ma thu&ng xuyen.
Ngudn gd'c tao ra tam trang hoang mang, lo ngai trong ddi sdng tam ly cua ngudi Hmdng la do nhu cdu an loan ciia hg chua dugc dam bao. Dac dilm tam ly lo ngai nay cua ngudi Hmdng cd nhiing bilu hien khac nhau tao nen cdu thanh ciia nd. Trudc he't la quan niem ciia hg vl sir hien dien vd su chi phd'i ciia thdn ma qua viec phu hd hoac triing phat cudc sd'ng ciia con ngudi; ddng thdi hg ludn ly giai nhirng may mdn cd dugc va rui ro, bdt hanh hg gap phai bdng quan niem sdn cd. Thii hai la tam trang lo sg thdn, ma ludn am anh, thudng true d ngudi Hmdng bdi cudc sd'ng khd khan va dja vue cu trii bdt lgi khi^n hg ludn phai dd'i mat vdi nhiing hilm hga, riii ro. Thii ba, ngudi Hmdng thuc hien thd cac thdn, ma va lam ll ciing djnh ky ciing nhu vao cac djp ba't thudng dl "giai ban" hoac "ta on" Viec thd, ciing thdn, ma thudng xuyen la nhirng bieu hien ben ngoai dugc thiic day bdi cac yeu td ndi tai ben trong la nhan thiic va xiic cam lo ngai than, ma. Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi tap trung lam ro ba yeu td cau thanh dac dilm tam ly lo ngai thdn, ma ciia ngudi Hmdng la nhan thiic, xiic cam va cac boat dgng lien quan den viec thd, ciing thdn ma.
2. Khach the va phirong phap nghien curu
2.1. Khdch the nghien ciiru: 306 ngudi Hmdng d cac tinh Dien Bien, San La, Lai Chau, Ha Giang, Yen Bai, Lao Cai.
2.2. Phuong phdp nghien cini: Su dung phuang phap dilu tra viet, phuang phap phdng vdn sau, phuang phap quan sat, phuang phap toan thdng ke.
Tieu chudn vd thang ddnh gid
Trong nghien ciiu, cac cau hdi, tinh hudng dugc chiing tdi cho dilm, tfnh diem trung binh (DTB) cho tiing cau, tfnh chi sd nhan thu:c (SI), xiic cam lo ngai (S2), boat ddng lien quan de'n ciing thdn, ma (S3) tren ca sd sd trung binh cdng ciia cac cau tuang iing. Chi sd chung (Sn) la sd trung binh cdng ciia ba chi sd SI, S2, S3. Cac chi sd ndy diu dugc chia ra ba mtic: Miic cao (4 <
DTB < 5), Miic trung binh (3 < DTB < 4), Miic tha'p (1 < DTB < 3).
Tieu chi ddnh gid nhdn thifc cua ngU&i Hmdng ve su hien dien vd site manh cda thdn, ma
70 TAPCHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd9 (150), 9 - 2011
Thuc trang nhan thiic ciia ngudi Hmdng vl su hien dien ciia thdn, ma dugc xac dinh bang bang hdi. Khang djnh cd thdn, ma: 5 dilm, Khdng rd: 3 dilm, Khdng cd: 1 dilm; Kl dugc ten 2 thdn, ma: I dilm, Kl ten 3 5 thdn, ma: 3 dilm, kl ten 6 - 10 thdn, ma: 5 dilm; Khdng djnh thdn, ma cd siic manh trg giiip ya triing phat: 5 dilm, Khang djnh chi trg giiip hoac trirng phat: 3 dilm, Khang djnh ma khdng cd siic manh: 1 dilm, Khdng djnh khdng ai ngan dugc siic manh thdn, ma: 5 dilm, Khang djnh cd thi ngan dugc va kl ten ngudi ngan siic manh thdn, ma: 3 dilm, Khdng djnh cd ngan dugc nhung khdng ke dugc ten ngudi ngan siic manh ihdn, ma: I dilm. Tfnh DTB cho tiing cau. Cd 3 miic do nhan thirc: Tin cd thdn, ma va nhan thiic rd vl cac thdn, ma, siic manh cua thdn, ma; Nhan thirc vl thdn, ma d miic do trung binh; It tin, khdng tin cd ma.
Tieu chi ddnh gid .xiic cdm lo nggi ciia ngif&i Hmdng dd'i v&i thdn linh, cdc ma
Thuc trang miic do lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma ciia ngudi Hmdng dugc xac djnh qua tinh hudng ciia bang hdi. Phuang an tra ldi miic rat lo ngai: 5 dilm, lo ngai: 4 dilm, il lo ngai: 3 dilm, khdng lo ngai: Idilm. Xiic cam chia lam 3 miic do: Ra't lo ngai va lo ngai; It lo ngai; Bilu hien chu yeu la khdng lo ngai.
Tieu chi ddnh gid miic do hogt ddng lien quan den ciuig thdn, ma ciia ngu&i Hmdng
Thuc trang boat ddng lien quan den ciing thdn, ma ciia ngudi Hmdng dugc xac djnh bdng bang hdi. DTB turng cau dugc tfnh theo thang 3 mire dd:
Miic do tham gia "thudng xuyen": 5 dilm, miic "ddi khi": 3 dilm, miic "khdng bao gid": 1 diem. Hoat ddng lien quan den ciing thdn, ma dugc chia 3 miic:
Thudng xuyen thuc hien ciing thdn, ma d miic do cao; Ciing thdn, ma d miic binh thudng; It thuc hien ciing thdn, ma.
Tieu chi ddnh gid chung ve miic do lo nggi thdn linh, cdc ma: Chi sd chung (Sn) dugc chia thanh 3 miic dd: Sir lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma d miic do cao; Su lo ngai thdn, ma d miic trung binh; Sir lo ngai thdn, ma d miic do thap.
3. Ke't qua nghien ciiru
3.1. Nhdn thiifc cua ngudi Hmdng ve thdn linh, cdc ma
Qua bang 1 cho thay, DTB tdng Ihl 4,23 (miic cao), cho phep ket luan ngudi Hmdng nhan thiic ro vl sir hien dien va siic manh chi phdi ciia than, ma ddi vdi cugc sdng cua hg.
Thit nhdt, ngU&i Hmdng rdt tin vdo su hien dien cua thdn linh, cdc ma (DTB = 4,27). 76,5% sd ngudi dugc hdi khang djnh "cd su hien dien ciia ma"
Ngudi Hmdng cho rdng, viec tin cd thdn linh, cd ma da dugc hinh thanh tii xa
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd9 (150), 9-2011 71
xua va dilu dd trd nen dn djnh, bin viing, an sau trong tam trf cac the' he ngudi Hmdng. Qua phdng vdn, dng Thao Pa H. (Ddng Van) ndi: "Dieu ndy ngu&i Hmdng ta ai chdng biet, cd ma chif, cd ma that ddy, cd ma m&i phdi cung ma"
Bdng 1: Nhdn thiic ciia ngif&i Hmdng ve thdn linh, cdc ma (N=306)
STT 1 2 3 4
No! dung nhan thurc
Nhan thiic (iiicni tin) ciia ngudi Hm6ng vc .sir hien dien cua than linh, cac ma
Hieu bici vc ten ggi ciia cac thdn, ma Siic manh cua thdn, ma
Ngudi ngan siic manh cua thdn, ma Total
DTB
4,27 4,01 4,2 4,44 4,23
Do lech chudn
1,41 1,28 1,56 1,01 1,05
Thii hai, ngit&i Hmdng bidt rd ve ten ggi ciia cdc ma. Da sd ngudi Hmdng kl dugc ten 3 ma trd len (92,2%). Trong dd, sd ngudi kl dugc tii 6 ma trd len chiem ty le cao nhdt (58,5%). Sd ngudi kl dugc ten 2 ma trd xudng chie'm ty le thdp (7,8%). Dilu nay chiing td, thdn, ma la hien tugng gdn bd vdi ddi sd'ng cua ngudi Hmdng nen bdu nhu hg diu biet ten ciia thdn, ma. Khdng nhiing vay, hg cdn biet, mdi loai thdn, ma dd cd kha nang chi phdi nhu the' nao ddi vdi cudc sdng ciia cdng ddng Hmdng. Qua trd chuyen, chiing tdi nhan tha'y, nhiing ngudi kl dugc nhilu ten thdn, ma khdng chi do dugc ngudi khac kl lai, ma cdn do ngay tir liic nhd, cudc sd'ng ciia hg da gdn vdi viec thuc hanh cac ll cung ma.
Thil ba, ngu&i Hmdng ddc biet tin vdo site mgnh chi phd'i d&i sdng con ngU&i cua thdn linh, cdc ma (DTB = 4,2). Sd ngudi khdng djnh thdn, ma viia cd siic manh trg giiip, viia cd siic manh triing phat chiem ty le cao (76,8%). Sd ngudi khdng dinh sir chi phdi thdn, ma nghieng vl trg giiip hoac nghieng vl trirng phat va cho rdng "ma khdng cd siic manh" chiem ty le tha'p (23,2%).
Dilu nay phii hgp vdi ke't luan ciia cac nha nghien ciiu: "Ngudi Hmdng cho rdng, ma phii hg hay gky hga cho con ngudi tuy thudc vao each ung xir ciia con ngudi vdi cac mdi"^^\ Ong Vang A S. (Sa Pa) ndi: "Neu minh ciing ma, lam theo yeu cdu cua ma thi ma se phii hd minh, minh khdng cimg Id khdng coi trgng ma, ma se triing phat, bdt ngU&i dm dau, bdt trdu, bd, gia cdm phdi chet ddy"
Cugc sdng ciia ngudi Hmdng cdn ddi ngheo, dja yuc cu trii cd nhilu h^X lgi, nhiing riii ro nhu dm dau, tai nan, mdt mua, gia siic, gia cdm che't... thudng
72 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011
xuyen ap de'n vdi hg. Ngudi Hmdng khdng dii trinh do dl ly giai ngudn gdc ciia cac hilm hga dd va hg tin rdng thdn, ma da trach phat hg. Cd thi la do ma trong nha, ma tu nhien, ma khac tdc hoac ma bd, me vl ddi ciing. Mdi khi gap may mdn nhu dugc miia, benh tat qua nhanh, chan nudi sudn se... ngay lap tiic hg cung nghi rang cac thdn, ma da phii hd. Dilu nay lap di, lap lai thudng xuyen trong cudc sdng ciia hg. Da sd ngudi Hmdng thiia nhan nhu vay va hg cho rdng trong suy nghT ciia hg nhimg dilu dd khd cd thi thay ddi dugc.
Nilm tin vao siic manh ciia thdn, ma cua ngudi Hmdng cang dugc khang djnh ro khi chiing tdi hdi: "Cd ai ngan dugc siic manh ciia thdn linh, cac ma khdng?" 74,5% sd ngudi dugc hdi tra ldi "khdng ai ngan dugc"; 22,9% tra ldi
"cd ngudi ngan dugc" nhung lai tin rdng ngudi ngan duac sire manh ciia ma la
"Vang trii - Jessu", "thay cung"
Nhu vay, the' gidi thdn, ma va siic manh chi phdi ciia lire lugng sieu nhien dn djnh, bin viing trong nhan thiic ciia ngudi Hmdng. Hg ly giai cudc sdng yen dn, may mdn hoac nhiing trd ngai gap phai bdng nhiing bilu biet dd.
Ket qua nhan thiic nay la tiln 66, dilu kien cho sir hinh thanh tam ly lo ngai dd'i vdi thdn, ma ciia ngudi Hmdng.
3.2. Tdm trgng lo nggi thdn linh, cdc ma cua ngudi Hmdng
Tin vao su hien dien va siic manh chi phd'i ciia thdn, ma nen ngudi Hmdng ne sg cac thdn, ma. Dilu bdt budc vdi mdi gia dinh Hmdng la phai cd noi thd Cling td tien, thdn nha va thdn cua. Hg thudng lam ll ciing td tien, thdn nha, thdn cira vao cac djp ll, tet, khi lam nha mdi, ll cudi, tang ma... de cdu mong cac than, ma se mang den cho hg su an lanh va cudc sd'ng td't dep, ngan chan tai hga va nhung dilu xau. Ngoai ra, ngudi Hmdng cdn thd ciing nhilu than, ma khac. Qua quan sat, chiing tdi thdy, khi nhdc nhiing cau chuyen cd su trurng phat ciia thdn, ma, ngudi Hmdng bdc Id cam xiic cang thang va lo Idng bdi hg e ngai den mdt ngay nao dd cd thi bi thdn, ma trach phat. Khi gap cac tinh hud'ng bat thudng trong cudc sdng nhu dm dau, tai nan, tang gia san xuat thdt bai... nhiing xiic cam lo sg nhanh chdng xudt hien d ngudi Hmdng.
Chiing tdi sir dung 16 tinh hudng tim bilu miic do lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma cua ngudi Hmdng. Lftig vdi mdi tinh hudng cd 4 miic rung ddng dl ngudi Hmdng xac dinh la: Rat lo ngai, lo ngai, ft lo ngai, khdng lo ngai. Qua cho dilm va tfnh dilm trung binh, ket qua thu dugc nhu bang 2.
Qua bang 2 cho tha'y, DTB vl miic do lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma ciia ngudi Hmdng la 4,13 > 4. Dd'i chieu vdi tieu chf danh gia, cho tha'y ngudi Hmdng lo ngai siic manh cua thdn linh, cac ma d miic dd cao.
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011 73
Bdng 2: Mite do lo nggi thdn linh, cdc ma cua ngu&i Hmdng (N = 306)
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tinh hudng Co ai do nhdc din lir "thdn linh", tir "ma"
Khi chuyin den noi d mdi ma kh6ng ciing thdn, ma KhPng Cling thdn, ma chu dao trudc khi tiln hanh lam nuong rdy
Khi gia dinh c6 ngudi dm dau ma ngudi khac bao do ma lam
Khi ai do nhdc din viec ma ac co thi bdt bin ngudi Kh6ng lam ll lang chu dao cho nhirng ngudi da chit Khi cd ngudi khdng ciing dong hg chit d nha minh Khi Id chat cay d noi da ciing ma rimg
Sinh con ddu long ma khong lam ll ciing thdn, ma Khi vu miia boi thu ma quen lam ll ta on cac thdn, ma Khi de'n nhiing ngay ll ma khdng dii tiln lam ll ciing thdn, ma
Khi lam dam cudi ma khPng ciing thdn, ma chu dao Khi bie't ma chua chdp nhan ldi cdu khdn ciia minh
Khi Id ldi ndi xdu, che bai, chiri riia, chi nhao thdn linh, cac ma
Trong gia dinh cd ngudi khPng thich va khdng iham gia ll trir ta ma chung cua ddng ho (ll Thi su)
Khi da thoat khdi riii ro, bdt hanh ma khPng tiln hanh Cling thdn, ma nhu da hiia
Total
DTB
3,47 4,47 3,75
4,44 3,62 4,62 4,71 4,05 4,41 3,84 3,75 4,10 4.38 4.01 3,83
4,61 4,13
Do lech chudn
1,03 0,60 0,90
0,69 0,92 0,53 0,54 0,91 0.59 0,91 0,95 0,77 0,70 0,75 0,89
0,65 0,54
T?u&c hdt, ngu&i Hmdng lo nggi nhd't su triing phgt ciia ma trong trU&ng hgp hg vi phgm nhiing dieu kieng ky. 75,2% thura nhan "ra't lo ngai", 21,9%
74 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011
thira nhan d miic "lo ngai"; "Khi cd ngudi khdng ciing ddng hg chet d nha minh" (DTB = 4,71). Nhiing ngudi dugc hdi nhdn manh den "cudng do lo sg"
bdi day la dilu kidng ky dac biet ciia ngudi Hmdng. Hg quan niem ngudi la chet trong nha minh thi "ma la" quanh quan trong nha, "ma la" khdng giiip dd ma chi lam hai cho hg. Ngoai ra, phdn da ngudi Hmdng bdc Id "rdt lo ngai" va
"lo ngai" khi "Id chat cay d noi da ciing ma rirng" (DTB = 4,05). Neu Id chat cay thi hg rat sg va ndi "lo sg" dd cii deo ddng hg mai. Qua phdng vdn, nhilu ngudi Hmdng cho biet, nhiing dilu kieng ky nay hg ludn phai ghi nhd trong sudt cudc ddi nen hg nhan thdy sir lo Idng thudng xuyen tdn tai trong hg.
Thii hai, da sd ngit&i Hmdng rdt lo nggi sit triing phgt ciia thdn linh, cdc ma khi hg khdng chu ddo ddi v&i nhiing li ciing ma truyen thd'ng. 64,7% thura nhan "rdt lo ngai"; 33,0% thura nhan d miic "lo ngai" trong trudng hgp "khdng lam ll tang chu dao cho nhung ngudi da chet" (DTB = 4,62); 52,6% thira nhan
"rdt lo ngai", 42,1% thira nhan d miic "lo ngai" "khi chuyin den noi d mdi ma khdng tien hanh ciing thdn, ma" (DTB = 4,47); 45,1% thira nhan "rat lo ngai"
52,0% thura nhan d miic "lo ngai" "khi sinh con ddu Idng ma khdng lam ll ciing thdn, ma" (DTB = 4,41). Ngudi Hmdng quan niem, "ma ngit&i chet se phii ho cho con chdu dang sd'ng ndu td chifc tang li chu ddo, dua ngU&i chet ve v&i the gi&i td tien; ma ngif&i chdt se gdy hgi neu tdchitc tang li khdng chu ddo, khdng dua dugc linh hdn ngu&i chdt ve diing vi tri ciia nd"^^^ Nhiing ll ciing ma to tien, ma ciia, ma budng trong djp let, lam nha mdi, ll cudi, sinh con... thudng xuyen diln ra trong cudc sdng cua cdng ddng Hmdng vi hg mong cac ma phii hd cho gia dinh, dam bao siic khde cho tre nhd... Do 66, ai khdng chu loan vdi cac le Cling truyin thd'ng thi hg diu cam thay cd su lo Idng "se bj trach phat"
thudng true trong hg. Cac the' he ngudi Hmdng diu thira nhan rdng, nhiing tam trang nay khdng chi rieng cd d mdt ngudi Hmdng nao dd ma cd chung d nhilu ngudi Hmdng.
Tha ba, ngU&i Hmdng rdt lo nggi su trifng phgt cua thdn linh, cdc ma trong cdc tru&ng hgp hg gap nhiing viec bdt thu&ng cd hgi: "Khi gia dinh cd ngudi dm dau ma ngudi khac bao do ma lam" (DTB = 4,44) (trong dd 88,6%
thiia nhan miic "ra't lo ngai" va "lo ngai"); "Khi da thoat khdi rui ro bdt hanh ma khdng ciing ma nhu da hiia" (DTB = 4,60) (trong dd, 92,5% thira nhan miic
"ra't lo ngai" va "lo ngai"). Hien tugng bat thudng cd hai cho siic khde con ngudi, cho chan nudi, san xua't khien ngudi Hmdng lo sg bdi nd anh hudng true tie'p de'n su sdng va kinh te' ciia hg. Xiic cam lo sg cao do thudng xudt hien trong cac trudng hop benh nang, benh triln mien, hilm hga xay ra lien tuc. Do trinh do nhan thiic tha'p, chua the ly giai ro nguyen nhan ddn de'n nhiing hien tugng dd ndn ngudi Hmdng cang lo Idng. Anh Ly Seo T. (Bdc Ha) "Mdy tudn tru&c minh dm, met Idm, ud'ng thud'c khdng thdy do. Ma hgi minh ddy, minh thdy rdt sg, lo bi chet. Minh phdi m&i thdy cUng ma thi m&i khdi ddy. Cif khi
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011 75
ndo dm Id minh cung thdy sd' Qua phdng v^n, chiing tdi tha'y, nhiing trudng hgp ngudi che't ddt ngdt khdng ro nguyen nhan, bj tai nan ba't thudng, gia siic gia cdm che't hang loat... ma ngudi Hmdng tin do ma Idm thi hg cam th^y rdt sg hai. Ngudi Hmdng cho rdng, day Id nhiing "tinh hud'ng thuc" khie'n ndi lo ngai xudt hien d hg nhilu nhdt bdi cudc sd'ng ciia hg ludn gap nhilu hilm nguy tii thien nhien, tii xung quanh. Nhiing am anh va ndi sg hai nhu vay diln ra thudng xuyen dd'i vdi cdng ddng Hmdng.
Thit tu, ngu&i Hmdng thira nhan xiic cam chii yd'u d miic "lo ngai" ddi vdi cac trudng hgp "ai do nhdc de'n "thdn linh", "cac ma" (46,4%) (DTB = 3,47), "ai dd nhdc ma ac cd thi bdt hdn ngudi" (52,9%) (DTB = 3,62). Nhiing ngtfdi dugc phdng vdn cho rdng, nhdc de'n thdn linh, cac ma la hg chi thdy "lo ngai" nhung se thdy "rdt lo ngai" ndu nd lam hai hg thuc su.
Nhu vay, tam trang lo ngai thdn, ma ciia ngudi Hmdng d miic cao. Dilu nay trd thanh hien tugng thudng true va dn djnh trong cudc sdng ciia hg bdi nhiing tinh hudng lam nay sinh lo Idng, sg hai vdn xay ra hang ngay trong cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng. Tam trang nay anh hudng de'n siic khde, ddi sdng tinh thdn ciia hg.
3.3. Miic do thuc Men hogt dgng lien quan den ciing thdn, ma cua ngudi Hmdng
Dl cdu mong dilu tdt lanh, yen tam sdng va xoa dju ndi lo ngai ciia ban than, gia dinh, ddng hg, ngudi Hmdng da thiic hien cac ll ciing thdn, ma.
Chiing tdi liet ke cac tinh hudng ma ngudi Hmdng cd thuc hien 11 ciing 66 tim bilu xem hg thuc hien d miic "thudng xuyen", "ddi khi" hoac "khdng bao gid"
Ket qua thu dugc thi hien d bang 3.
Bdng 3: Mifc do thuc hien hogt ddng lien quan ddn ciing thdn, cdng ma ciia ngu&i Hmdng
STT 1 2 3 4
Tinh hudng
Khi gia dinh gap viec khdng may, di hdi thdy ciing xem ma nao hai minh
Lam le "dull ta ma" dl ma khdng qudy rdy, dem dilu xdu cho ban than, gia dinh, hg hang
Lam ll Cling ma khi gia dinh co ngudi dm dau Lam le Cling thdn, ma khi cd ban ban, mua lu nhilu
DTB
4,10 4,76 4,26 1,67
Do lech chudn
1,30 0,68 1,27 1,01
76 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, So 9 (150), 9 - 2011
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Lam 11 Cling thdn, ma khi gia siic, gia cdm bj benh, chit Lam ll Cling thdn, ma khi miia vu boi thu
Lam ll Cling ma to tien khi gia dinh c6 cudi xin Lam ll Cling ma khi gia dinh c6 ngudi chit Lam ll Cling thdn, ma khi chuyin din noi d mdi Lam le Cling thdn, ma khi bdt ddu vao vu mua mdi Lam ll Cling thdn, ma khi sinh con ddu long Lam ll Cling ma td tien vao nhirng ngay ll tit
Sau nhilu ldn ciing ma dl chiia bdnh khong thdy khdi vdn tie'p tuc ciing ma
Lam theo mpi dilu thdy ciing noi de co thi trCr ta ma Tranh khong khai thac rCmg d khu virc da lam ll ciing ma
Tranh khong cho ngudi khac hg dm hoac che't d nha minh
Total
4,13 4,07 4,94 4,89 4,82 3,88 4,79 5,00 3,60 3,30 4,29 4,88 4,22
1,36 1,40 0,32 0,44 0,56 1,46 0,61 0,00 1,47 1,36 1,23 0,51 0,64
Ke't qua d bang 3 cho thay, viec thuc hien cac boat ddng lien quan den Cling ma cua ngudi Hmdng dat miic do cao (DTB = 4,22). Cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng thudng xuyen thuc hien cac nghi ll ciing ma.
Thii nhdt, ngu&i Hmdng chu trgng thuc hien cdc nghi li cung ma theo tap qudn truyen thd'ng
Ho "lam 11 Cling ma td tien vao nhung ngay ll tet" (DTB = 5,00); "lam ll cung khi gia dinh cd cudi xin" (DTB = 4,94); "lam ll ciing ma khi gia dinh cd ngudi che't" (DTB = 4,89), "lam 11 ciing thdn, ma khi chuyin den ngi d mdi"
(DTB = 4,82); "lam 11 ciing thdn, ma khi sinh con ddu Idng" (DTB - 4,79);
"lam 11 "dudi ta ma" de ma khdng qudy rdy dem dilu xau den cho gia dinh"
(DTB = 4,76).
Nhiing ngudi Hmdng dii tin cd ma hay khdng tin cd ma diu khdng bd ll Cling td tien vao nhirng ngay Te't (100% sd ngudi thuc bidn thudng xuyen). Khi cd su kien trgng dai nhu cudi xin, tang ma, dung nha, sinh con, ngudi Hmdng
TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011 77
lam le cung td lien, ciing thdn nha, thdn ciia, thdn budng vi hg mong cac thdn, ma se giiip do, phu hd va khdng gay tai hga cho hg. Ll "dudi ta ma" (Tusuz) dugc ngudi Hmdng djnh ky thuc hien dl cdu ma khdng lam hai, gay benh cho gia dinh, ddng hg. Viec thuc hien cdc ll ciing ndy dugc lap di lap lai nhilu ldn ddi vdi cac gia dinh Hmdng cho ihdy nd trd thanh thdi quen trong cudc sdng ciia hg. Day cung chfnh la mat ben ngodi ihl hien sil "lo ngai thdn linh, cac ma" da dn djnh, bin vung trong hg.
Thii hai, ngit&i Hmdng thu&ng xuyen thuc hien nhiing dieu kieng ky lien quan den cdc ma. Ngudi Hmdng ludn "tranh khdng cho ngudi khac hg dm dau, chet trong nha cua minh" (DTB = 4,88) va thudng xuyen "tranh khdng khai thac d nai da ciing ma rirng" (DTB = 4,29). Ke't qua nay phu hpfp vdi nhan thiic va xiic cam cua ngudi Hmdng. Van dl nay xudt phat tir trang thai ludn dl phdng va kieng nhiing dilu khdng may xay ra ddi vdi ban than, gia dinh ciia ngudi Hmdng.
Thii ha, ngii&i Hmdng thu&ng"Idm cdc li cung ma khi gia dinh cd ngu&i dm dau " (DTB = 4,27). Qua phdng vdn, chiing tdi nhan dugc ke't qua tuang Hi.
Anh Ly Seo T. (Bdc Ha, Lao Cai) ndi: "Khi bi dm, minh phdi ggi thdy cimg Idm li cdu ma cho ddy. Cimg ma Id minh thdy yen tdm, minh dd khdi benh ddy thdi" Ngudi Hmdng thudng lam ll ciing trong trudng hgp benh nang. benh chiia lau khdng khdi, benh khdng ro nguyen nhan ma hg di xem bdi thdy ciing khang djnh la do ma lam. Ll ciing ma nhu la mdt phep mau nhiem, tao su yen tam cho ngudi benh va gia dinh hg rdng can benh se khdi, ma se khdng hai hg niia. Do dd, trong cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng hien nay, cac ll ciing ma nay vdn tdn tai va khd cd the xda bd dugc. Nhu vay, day cung la hanh ddng dn djnh ciia cdng ddng ngudi Hmdng viia the hien nilm tin ciia ngudi Hmdng \'ao siic manh sieu nhien, vura cho thay sir bat lire ciia hg trudc khd khan ciia cudc sdng.
Tuy nhien, qua phdng vdn, chiing ldi dugc bie't, viec thuc hien ciing ma chua benh cua ngudi Hmdng hien nay cd ddi khac. Khi gia dinh cd ngudi dm nang, mdt mat hg vdn dua den kham chiia lai cac ca sd y te', mat khac hg mdi thdy lam ll ciing tai nha. Khi chiing ldi dat cau hdi: "6ng/ba cd dam bd viec cung ma khi gia dinh cd ngudi dm nang khdng?" thi da sd tra ldi "khdng dam"
Ngudi Hmdng vdn bj am anh bdi siic manh trirng phat ciia thdn, ma.
Thd tu, ngu&i Hmdng cimg ma de cdu mong trdnh dugc rdi ro, cd dugc may mdn trong sdn xudt, chdn nudi
Trudc he't, ngudi Hmdng thudng xuyen "ciing ma khi gia siic, gia cdm bj benh, chet" (DTB = 4,14). Dilu kien tu nhien khdc nghiet nai ngudi Hmdng sinh sdng khie'n gia siic, gia cdm hay mdc benh, bj che't, nhung ho ludn tin la do ma gay ra. Vi vay, hg thudng lam ll ciing ma dl mong rui ro qua di, viec chan nudi dugc tdt. Qua phdng vdn, chiing tdi dugc bie't, cac hg gia dinh ngudi
78 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011
Hmdng diu tang gia san xuat, mdt phdn kiem them thu nhap, phdn khac tu cung cdp thuc pham cho chfnh gia dinh minh. Khi gap nhiing tinh hudng bat dn vdi giasiic, cac gia dinh diu lam ll ciing. Trong cdng ddng Hmdng, hien tuang nay diln ra thudng xuyen. Viec "lam ll ciing ma khi bdt ddu vao vu mdi" va
"lam ll Cling ma khi vu miia bdi thu" cung dugc thuc hien nhung khdng d miic do cao.
Ngu&i Hmdng it thuc hien "licimg ma khi cd hgn hdn, mifa lu" (DTB = 1,67). Nhilu dan tgc khac d Viet Nam coi mua, lu, ban ban la hien tugng thien nhien bat thudng do "ihdn trdi" gay ra nhung ngudi Hmdng khdng tin cd thdn trdi nen hg ft ciing trong trudng hgp nay. Ong Vang A.D. (Sa Pa) cho biet:
"Ngii&i hg Vdng minh khdng tin cd tr&i ddu, chi tin cd cdc ma nhd, ma riing, ma gd'c cdy, hdn dd, ma sud'i thdi. 6 ddy khdng Idm li ciing khi cd hgn hdn, mua III nhieu" Chi d mdt sd noi, cdng ddng Hmdng thuc hien ll ciing "thdn mua", "thdn nudc" dl mong cd su thay ddi cho miia mang thuan lgi. Cac ll Cling nay khdng dugc lam thudng xuyen vi nhu:ng hien tugng dd cung khdng xay ra lien tuc.
Chiing tdi tim bilu them vl viec "chuan bj cac ll ciing ma cua ngudi Hmdng" 73,6% so ngudi dugc hdi thiia nhan "chuan bj chu dao vl tiln, vat ll dl Cling ma" Qua quan sat, chiing tdi nhan thay, vdi dilu kien sdng cdn rat khd khan thi nhiing gi ngudi Hmdng chuan bj cho ll ciing la chu dao, ky ludng.
Tdm lai, thuc hien cac ll ciing thdn, ma cua ngudi Hmdng la viec lam thudng xuyen, chu dao, ky luang. Hanh dgng nay dugc lap di, lap lai trd thanh thdi quen sdng ciia cdng ddng Hmdng. Day chinh la bilu hien ben ngoai cua
"su lo ngai thdn, ma" da dn djnh, bin viing trong ddi sdng tinh thdn ciia ngudi Hmdng. Viec lam nay phdn nao xoa dju ndi lo ngai trong hg nhung cGng khien ngudi Hmdng mat nhilu thdi gian, td'n kem vl kinh te, dl bi ddi tugng xdu lgi dung...
4. Ket luan
Tin vao sir hien dien va siic manh chi phd'i ddi sdng con ngudi ciia cac thdn, ma da an sau vao trong tam thiic mdi ngudi Hmdng. Ngudi Hmdng khdng dl thay ddi nhan thirc vl van 66 nay bdi hdu nhu ca cdng ddng cua hg diu nghi nhu vay. "Lo ngai" va "ra't lo ngai" la miic dd bilu hien xiic cam chu yeu ciia ngudi Hmdng ddi vdi luc lugng thdn linh, cac ma. Ndi lo ngai am anh hg trong sudt qua trinh sdng bdi nhu cdu an toan cua hg ludn bj de dga. Xiic cam lo ngai gdp phan chi phdi viec hg thuc hanh cac ll ciing thdn, ma. Da sd ngudi Hmdng thuc hien cac 11 ciing thdn, ma d miic "thudng xuyen" va hg chii trgng tranh nhirng dilu cd thi lam thdn, ma ndi gian, gay tai hga cho hg. Ciing thdn, ma va thuc hien nhirng dilu kieng ky trd thanh thdi quen trong cugc sdng cua ngudi Hmdng.
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 9 (150), 9 - 2011 79
Su lo ngai thdn, ma vd viec tie'n hdnh cdc 11 ciing thdn, ma thi hien net van hda dac sdc rieng cd ciia ngudi Hmdng. Tuy nhien, nd cd dnh hudng tieu cue de'n siic khde, ddi sd'ng tinh thdn ciia ngudi Hmdng, hinh thdnh tfnh cam chju, lam giam nghj lire vugt qua khd khan, gay td'n kem vl kinh te', duy tri te nan me ifn dj doan, cac the' luc thii dich dl lgi dung d l tuyen tuyin, xuyfin tac, ldi keo, kich ddng ngudi Hmdng hdnh ddng gdy rdi an ninh, trat tu xa hdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vii Dung (chii nhiem dl tai), Nlnlni^ ddc diem tdm ly ca bdn ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sd'Tdy Bdc vd dnh hitdng ciia cluing din su dn dinh vd phdt trien d khu vuc ndy, Bao cao ling kit dl tai khoa hpc cdp Nha nudc. Ha NPi. 2008.
2. Trudng Luu, Hung Dinh Quy (chii bien), Vdn hod ddn tgc Mdng Hd Giang, Sd Van hoa ThPng tin Thi thao Ha Giang, 1996.
3. Vuong Duy Quang. Vdn hda tdm linh cua ngu&i Hmdng d Viet Nam truyen thdng vd hien tgi, NXB Van hoa ThPng tin. Ha NPi, 2005.
4. Nguyln Van Thdng, Giil "ly cu" hay theo "ly m&i", NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha N6i, 2009.
80 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd9 (150), 9-2011
