Cac nhan to anh hifofng den kha nang tao viec lam cua cac doanh nghiep tai cac tmh vung Tay Bac
NGO THI THANH TCI*
Tom tat
Bai vii't nghien cffu cdc nhdn tddnh hudng de'n khd ndng tgo viic ldm cua cdc doanh nghiep tgi cdc tinh vung Tdy Bdc. Ki't qud nghien cffu cho thdy, tdng trudng cua gid tri gia ldng vd vdn ddu tu ludn la ddng lffc vd la kenh quan trgng tgo ra cdc vi tri viic ldm cho ngUdi lao ddng ddi vdi khu vffc doanh nghiep d cdc dnh vung Tdy Bdc. Ben cgnh do, nhdn id tien luang dnh hudng den cdu lao dgng theo dung quy lugt ihi trudng. do la tdng luang thi nhu cau lao dong giam. Ngodi ra, nghien cffu cung chi ra. co sff dnh hudng nguac chieu cua viec doanh nghiep nam trong khu cong nghiep hodc khu che xual cd nhu cdu viec ldm khdc so vdi nhffng doanh nghiip khdng ndm trong khu cong nghiep hodc khu che xud't
Tff khoa: viec ldm, lao ddng. doanh nghiep. tgo viec ldm. vdng Tdy Bdc Summary
This paper examines factors affecting the employabiUty of enterprises In the Northwestern provinces. The results Indicate that the growth of value added and investment capital is always a driving force and an important channel to create jobs for employees in the aforementioned enterprises. Besides, the wage factor impacts labor demand in accordance with market rule
"the higher salary, the less demand for labor". In addition, there is a difference in employment need of enterprises inside industrial zones or export processing zones and those outside the industrial parks or export processing zones.
Keywords: employment, labor, enterprises, job creation, the Northwest region
GIOI THIEU do, bdi vid't nghien cffu cdc nhdn td'anh hffdng de'n kha nang tao vide Iam ciia cdc doanh nghidp tai cac tinh Tay Bac la mdt viing cd dilu kidn tff vilng Tay Bac, tff do, de xua't cdc khuyen nghi ve chinh nhidn khd khan, khac nghidt va nguy cd sdch trong thdi gian tdi.
sif co' moi trffdng cao, nhffng day Iai la
mot trong nhffng vdng cd dia ehinh tri COSCfLY THUYET VA MO H I N H NGHIEN CL/U quan trong cua da't nffdc. Vdi dien tich
bang 1/3 ciia ca nffdc va dan so' tren Cd sof ly thuyet
10 tridu ngffdi gom nhieu dan tdc khac Krauss (2015) nghien cifu ve tao vide Idm va tieu nhau, ddy cung la Vdng ed ty le tham huy vide lam tai khu vffc Ddng A - Thdi Binh Dffdng gia Iffc Iffdng lao dgng d mffc cao so vdi cho thd'y, cdc doanh nghidp cd quy md nhd (sd' Iffdng cdc viJng khdc. Trong thdi gian gan day, lao ddng it), thi tao vide lam nhieu hdn nhffng doanh chat Iffdng nguon lao dgng ciia viing Tay nghiep cd quy md ldn.
Bac dang dan dffde nang cao, so' Iffdng Tffdng tff, nghien cffu ciia Agiomirgianakis va cgng vi?c ldm dffdc tao ra dang cd xu hffdng sff (2006) ve cae nhan td' tac ddng de'n tang trffdng vide tdng, vdi mffc thu nhap ngay cdng dffdc Idm va kha nang sinh loi trong cac doanh nghiep san cai thien. Tuy nhidn, cha't Iffdng viec lam xua't tai Hy Lap eung eho thd'y, sd'Iffdng lao ddng trong cua viing Tay Bac cdn nhieu han ehe', doanh nghidp ciing cd anh hffdng tidu cffc dd'n tdng nhff: ty trgng lao ddng Idm cdng hffdng trffdng vide Iam cua doanh nghidp.
lifdngcdxuhffdngtang, nhffng thi trffdng Tuy nhien, Vlachvei va Notta (2008) khi nghien iao ddng cdn khd lac hau; ty le lao ddng cffu ve cac nhan to' tae dgng de'n sff tang trffdng ciia cac c6 vide lam phi chinh thffc cdn cao... Do cdng ty tai Hy Lap lai cho tha'y. quy md doanh nghidp
*ThS., Trudng Dgi hgc Hung Vifdng
Vgdy nhdn bdt: 02/6/2020; Ngdy phdn hien; 20/6/2020; Ngdy duyel ddng; 25/6/2020
^onomy and Forecasi Review 205
BAMG 1: T O m T A T C A C BiEM TROMG MO HIMH NGHIEM CffO
•.TS"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tentneb L n V A L n a v e r l a b o r L n c a p i l a l Pci CO k h u c n CO x k s i z e
Kv voneinhhicfhie + + + + +
rSriuon N g h i e n CLTU i:ua l o r gi^i
CO tac ddng tich cffc va ddng ke dd'n ty Id tang trffdng lao ddng trong doanh nghidp.
Ben canh dd, mdt so' nghien cffu ciia Glancey (1998), Davidsson vd cgng sff (2002) ehffng minh rang, do tud'i cd md'i lidn he nghich bid'n giffa tud'i ciia doanh nghidp va tang trffdng lao ddng, eu the la: edc doanh nghidp hoat dgng lau nam se tang trffdng lao dgng ehdm hdn cac doanh nghidp mdi thanh ldp.
Tang trffdng lao ddng dffdc ky vgng se giam dan theo tudi eua doanh nghiep, Oliviera, Fortunato (2006) da ho trd eho quan did'm ndy vdi each giai thich, cac doanh nghiep Idn tuoi da cd mgt vi tri an toan trdn thi trffdng, md ho canh tranh va dd trai qua quy md hidu qua td'i ffu theo san Iffdng.
Krauss (2015) cdn chira rdng, cd md'i lien he nghich bid'n giffa tien Iffdng vd tdng trffdng lao ddng trong doanh nghiep, Dong thdi, khi doanh nghiep cd tham gia boat ddng xud't khd'u hang hod, thi doanh nghidp se san xua't nhieu hdn de' tham gia vdo qud trinh san xuat.
Nghidn effu eiia Masso vd cgng 51/(2005) cho thd'y, ndng sud't cua ngffdi lao ddng dong bie'n vdi tang trffdng lao ddng trong doanh nghidp. Dieu do cd nghia la khi nang sud't Iao ddng tang, doanh nghidp cd xu hffdng tuyen thdm lao dgng do san pham bidn vd gid tri san phd'm bien tang.
Cdn nghidn cffu cua Acquisti vd Lehman (2000) cho tha'y, cac doanh nghidp tff nhan tao ra viec lam vffdt trdi so vdi cdc doanh nghiep nhd nffdc ciing quy md,
Md hinh nghidn cihi
Trdn cd sd lffde khao cac cdng tnnh nghien cffu trffdc day, md hinh nghien cffu cd dang nhff sau: Y^^ = F (quy md eua doanh nghiep, tud'i ciia doanh nghiep, thu nhdp eiia ngffdi lao ddng, ndng sud't eiia ngffdi lao dgng, mffc do thdm dung vd'n. cd tham gia hoat ddng xua't khd'u, hinh thffc sd hiJu vd'n, vi tri dia ly).
Tff dd, md hinh dinh Iffdng dd' ffdc iffdng cau kha nang tao vide lam, nhff sau:
LnL^ = A(, + /^,LnVA^ + P^Lncapilal^ + ^/.navertabor + J3j}ci^ + Pfo_khcn^ + P^co_xk^ + ej*)
Trong dd: i la chi sd' thd' hien doanh nghidp thff i;
LnVA la tang trffdng gia tri gia tang; Lncapital la tang trffdng vd'n; Lnaverlabor la tang trffdng tien Iffdng;
Pel la ehi so' nang life canh tranh cd'p tinh: co_khen !a doanh nghidp cd dat trong khu cdng nghiep: co_xk la doanh nghiep cd xua't kha'u: e la phan dff.
Cac tham sd'p (j=0.10) dffdc xdc dinh bdng each tfdc Iffdng md hinh tren theo phffdng phdp blnh phifdng nhd nha't (OLS). ket qua ifdc Iffdng se thu dffdc cdc gia tri P^
(j=0,10). Nhff vay, cde tham so a se phan dnh md'i quan hd giffa cac bid'n dgc l§p, nhff: tang trffdng gid tri gia tang, vd'n, tidn Iffdng binh qudn... vdi bie'n phu tbugc Id sd' lao dgng uong doanh nghiep i,
Mffc anh hffdng ciia mot bie'n dgc lap (X) nao dd dd'n bien phu thuge LnL dffdc xdc dinh la dao ham ridng cua (*) theo bid'n X, nhff sau:
dLnL _ o
Nhff vdy, he sd' cua bie'n ddc lap (P) phan dnh xu hffdng va mffc dd anh hffdng ciia bid'n doe lap dd'n bid'n phu thudc, cu the la anh hffdng cua bid'n tang trffdng VA, vd'n, tien Iffdng... dd'n kha ndng tao viec lam trong doanh nghidp nhff the' ndo.
Vdi cde bie'n dffOc xdc dinh nhff tren, thi ky vgng anh hffdng eua cdc bie'n dd'n cau Iao ddng nhff Bang I.
Phffdng phap nghien cffu Nghidn cffu sff dung bg dff lieu kd't qud dieu tra doanh nghidp giai doan 2011- 2016 eua Tong cue Thd'ng ke. Day la cudc khao sat do Tong cue Thd'ng kd thffc hien mgt ndm 1 lan, dieu tra cdc doanh nghiep dang boat ddng trdn dia ban ca nffdc. Tuy nhidn, bdi vid't chi nghidn cffu trong pham vi 12 tinh tbugc vilng Tay Bac. Cdc chi so' cd the diing de ffdc lffdng, phan tich tac ddng trong nghidn cffu tff bg sd' hdu dieu tra doanh nghiep. gom: so' Iffdng viec lam ehung, sd' lu'dng vide lam theo nganh, so' Iffdng vide lam trong ITnh vffc san xud't, vide Idm trong khu vffc phi ndng nghiep, tien Iffdng binh quan chung, tien Iffdng binh quan theo nganh, loai hinh doanh nghidp... So' lidu dieu tra dffdc phdn to va xffly trdn mdy tinh bdng Excel, Stata (Bdi vie't sff diAng cdch vie't so thap phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CL/U Kd't qua ffdc Iffdng md hinh bdng phffdng phdp hoi quy cd trgng so' WLS (Weighted Least Squares - WLS), khdc phuc phffdng sai sai so' thay doi trong mo hinh OLS, md hinh cd y nghia tho'ng kd. Md ta thdng kd cd ban ddi vdi cac bien nhff Bang 2.
Phan tich md hinh hdi quy, xdt chi tieu R-Squared. day chinh mffc do giai bid'n phu thudc dffOc giai thich bdi cdc bid'n ddc lap la HiS^/r. Ket qua ifdc Iffdng Bang 3 cho dia'y. hau bet cdc he so' ffdc lugng dffdc deu khdc 0 d mffc a = 59c.
difu Clia cac hd sd ffdc lUdng difdc phii hdp vdi ly diuye't kmh td'.
206
Sau dd, tdc gia da thffc hidn mdt so' kilm dinh ve da cdng tuyd'n, dang ham va phffdng sai sai sd' thay doi. Theo do, khi so sanh gia tri VIF vdi 10, thi thd'y cac bi^n dffa vao md hinh deu cd gid tri < 10, do do, md hinh khdng cd hidn tffdng da cgng tuyd'n. Cde kiem dinh dang ham vd phffdng sai sai sd'thay doi deu cd P-value
< 5%, tffc la cdc bie'n khdng dong thdi bang khdng va md hinh khdng cd hidn tifdng phffdng sai phan dff thay ddi.
Tff kd't qua nghien effu trdn cho thd'y:
(i) Tdng trffdng cua gia trj gia tdng va von dau tff ludn la dgng Iffc va la kenh quan trgng tao ra cac vi tri vide lam cho ngffdi lao dgng dd'i vdi khu vffc doanh nghiep d cdc tinh vung Tay Bae. He sd' cua tang trffdng vd vd'n dau tff mang da'u dffdng (-I-) eho bid't, tang trffdng tao ddng life thiic d^y nhu cau ve san pham tang, dau tff md rdng san xua't se thiic da'y nhu clu lao ddng trong cae doanh nghidp, Cu the', ne'u tang trffdng tang thdm 1%, cdc nhdn to' khdc trong md hinh khdng ddi, thi kha ndng tao viec lam cua khu vffc doanh nghidp tang 0.03%. He so co gian nhu cau Iao ddng theo vd'n dau tff cao hdn so vdi he sd'co gian ciia nhu cau lao dgng theo tang trffdng, cff 1% tang thdm ciia vd'n dau tff, trong khi edc nhdn to khde khdng ddi, thi vide Idm tang them 0.07%.
Nhff vdy, nd'u doanh nghiep md rdng dau tff san xud't, thi nhu cau ve lao ddng se tang cao hdn so vdi doanh nghidp ed sff gia tdng ve gid tri gia tang.
Khi xem xet tdc ddng theo loai hinh doanh nghidp cho thd'y, ed sff khac biet ro net ve tdc ddng eiia tang trffdng tdi nhu cau lao dgng d khu vffc doanh nghidp ngodi nha nffdc. Tang trffdng gid tri gia tang se keo theo tang nhu cau Iao ddng dkhu vffe ngoai nha nffdc (he so'0.003).
Dau tff md rdng san xua't giup tang eau lao ddng d td't ca cac khu vffc, nhffng tdng manh nhd't d khu vffe FDI, tie'p dd Id khu vffc nha nffdc va khu vffc ngodi nha nffdc chi cd sff gia tang rat yd'u.
(ii) Nhdn to' tien Iffdng trong md hinh anh hffdng de'n c^u Iao ddng theo diing quy ludt thi trffdng, tang Iffdng thi nhu cau lao dgng giam, tien Iffdng tang 1%, cau Iao ddng giam 0.22%, ket qua nay phu hdp vdi rai nhieu nghidn cu\i trffdc dd. Ben canh 36, ti^n Iffdng tdc dgng ldm giam cau lao dgng d khu vffc ngoai nha nffdc va FDl (he so lan lffdt la -0.24 vd -0.56), nhu^g tac ddng khd yd'u tdi vide giam lao dgng trong khu vffc nhd nffdc (he sd' -0.018).
T€n bi^n LnL LnVA Lnaverlabor Lncapital pci co_khucn CO xk .size
BANG 2 Tmng
binh 2.371 6.379 3.516 7 58 56.152 1,955 1.951 1.498
mo TA THONG KE Cd BAN DOI V6l CAC BIEN chu^n
1 258 2,337 0,952 1975 4,078 0 208 0,216 0.648
MdtB Tang tru'dng lao dong Irong doanh nohiep Tang tnfdng gia tri gia tang trong doanh nghiep Tang trirdng nen lifcfng trong doanh nghiep Tang tnfdng von dau tiT
Chi so nang lUc canh tranh cap tinh 1 neu doanh nghiep trong khu cong nghiep 1 neu doanh nghiep cd Iham gia hoat dong xuai khau Quy md doanh nghiep
: KET QQA CTCiC Ld0NG AMH HtfCiMG CtJA MQT SO f Tdi GAG LAO DpNG THEO HIMH THCfC s 6 HdU Bigh
LnVA Lnaverlabor
Lncapital PC, co_khucn
co_xk s i „ Hang sd Quan sat R-squared
Chune LnL
0,123***
-0-00248 -0.0811***
-0.00538 0-0723***
-0.00264 0,00508***
-0.00113 -0,106***
-0 0263 -0.0746***
-0,0191 1,197***
-0 00768 -0 210**
-0.0907 19.115 0 788
NhaniAlC LnL 0,0856***
-0,00562 -0.0391***
-0.0116 0.116***
-0,00664 0.0149***
-0.00298 0,0108 -0,0799 -0 289***
-0,0669 1 073***
-00178 -0.549**
-0,253 2.925 0.832
Neo&i nhk ntfdc LnL
0,130***
-0.00275 -0.0888***
-0,00632 0.0654***
-0.00288 0,00477***
-0,00123 -0.0530*
-0,0317 0.00417 -0 0212 1 207***
-0 0086 -0,443***
-0-106 15,944 0-771
F I ^ a in^Ei!.:!
0.!83***
-0.0338 -0.280***
-0.0715 0.03 -0.0326 -0.0259 -0.0161 -0.0124 -0 088 -0 381***
-0,108 1 146+**
-0.0633 2 772***
-0,957 246 0 866 Sai sd'chuan
***p<0.Oi, ** p < 0 . 0 5 , * p<0.1
'Nguon Tmh toan cua tdt M a ' - vJ I I F ^ Dicu t r j Joarih nqhiep i ud f j n g r.
(lii) Ve vi tri cua doanh nghidp d cdc tinh vung Tay Bdc, nghien cffu cho tha'y, cd sff anh hu'dng ngffdc chieu Clia vide doanh nghiep nam trong khu cdng nghidp hoac khu ehe' xua't cd nhu cau vide Idm khdc so vdi nhffng doanh nghiep khdng ndm trong khu cdng nghiep hoae khu che' xud't (trong dieu kien cdc nhan to' khac khdng ddi). Theo dd. cdc doanh nghiep hoat ddng trong khu cdng nghidp se cd nhu cau ve lao ddng tha'p hdn edc doanh nghiep hoat ddng ngodi khu edng nghiep. Tuy nhidn, ke't qua chffa cho thdy, anh hffdng Clia vi tri cua doanh nghidp nhd nffde va doanh nghidp FDI dd'i vdi nhu cau ve Iao dgng eiia ede doanh nghidp ndy, trong khi dd'i vdi doanh nghiep ngoai nha nffdc.
thi cdc doanh nghidp ndm ben ngoai khu cdng nghidp se ed nhu cau ve Iao ddng cao hdn ede doanh nghidp ngoai nha nffdc nam trong khu cdng nghidp.
(iv) Ngoai ra. khi dffa thdm bid'n chi sd'ndng lffc canh tranh cap tinh (PCI) cua cdc tinh viing Tay Bdc vao md hmh nghidn cihi cho thd'y, chi so' nay cd tac ddng tich cffc dd'i vdi nhu cau lao ddng cua cde doanh nghiep thudc khu vffc FDI. ffong khi chffa cho tha'y, cd y nghTa
Economy and Fon-ciisi Revi.
207
ddi vdi sff gia tang nhu cau lao ddng khu vffc doanh nghidp nha nffdc va doanh nghidp ngoai nha nffdc.
KET LU^jkN VA M O T sd KHUYEN NGH!
Kd't IMn
Ve quy md doanh nghidp, edc doanh nghiep vung Tdy Bac da phan la doanh nghiep nho va vffa, giff vi tri quan trong trong phdt trien kinh te' - xa hdi cua Vung. Tuy nhidn, nhffng doanh nghidp nay lai cd cdng nghe, thie't bi cu, lac hau, san pham lam ra chffa du sffc canh tranh trdn thi trffdng, khdng du vd'n dau tff ddi mdi cdng nghe; khdng cd kha nang tham gia san xud't, kinh doanh d nhffng nganh nghe ddi hdi vd'n Idn vd cdng nghd cao.
Phdn ldn cae doanh nghiep dang hoat ddng tai viing Tay Bac Id doanh nghidp ngodi nha nu'dc (chid'm trdn 80%) day cung Id khu vffc giai quyd't nhieu lao dgng va dde biet la Iao ddng khdng cd ky nang trong thi trffdng.
Tuy nhien, khu vffe ndy Iai dang hoat ddng kinh doanh kem hieu qua.
Tang trffdng gid tri gia tang vd vd'n dau tif ludn la ddng lffc va la kenh quan trgng tao ra cac vi tri viec lam.
Ngoai ra, ed sff khdc bidt ve cau lao ddng theo loai hmh doanh nghiep, nhdn td'tang trffdng vd nhan to'tien Iffdng dffdng nhff tac dgng khdng manh dd'n kha nang gidm cau lao dgng.
MOt sd' khuyd'n nghi
Nham thiie day qua trinh phat trien cua doanh nghiep tai cac dia phffdng d khu vUe Tay Bac de' tao vide lam cho lao dgng d khu vffc ndy, theo tdc gid, trong thdi gian tdi, can thffc hidn mdt sd'giai phdp sau:
Thff nhdt, tie'p tuc cdi thidn mdi trffdng kinh doanh trong nffdc, tao dieu kidn eho eae doanh nghiep phat trien, md rdng dau tff san xua't dem lai hieu qud cho
doanh nghidp va giai quye't vide lam, ndng cao thu nhdp cho ngffdi lao dgng.
Thff hai. tie'p mc thiic da'y tdi cd cd'u nen kinh te', trong dd, tie'p tuc tai cd cd^u doanh nghiep nha nffdc. Mac du doanh nghidp nha nffdc cd lffdng vd'n nhieu, nhffng chffa phdt huy hieu qua va giai quyd't vide lam d'ong khu vffc nay cdn han chd'. Vide chuyen ddi cac doanh nghiep nha nffde sang cdng ty cd phan...
se tang kha ndng canh tranh va sff dung ngudn lffc cd hieu qua, thiic day tang trffdng va tao vide lam trong xa hgi.
Thff ba, tie'p tue tao cd ehe' thu hut vdn dau tff nffdc ngodi de tdn dung ngudn vd'n tff bdn ngoai dau tff trong nffdc; md rdng san xua't. tao edng dn viec Iam cho ngffdi lao dgng. dac biet Id ffong bdi canh ty Id lffc Iffdng lao dgng qua ddo tao va ty le lao dgng hffdng Iffdng d vung Tdy Bde cdn tha'p.
Thff tu, hdi nhdp md cffa se thuc day giiip cdc doanh nghiep md rgng thi trffdng, tff dd, cd the md rgng quy md san xua't hodc ehuyen ddi tff hinh thffc san xua't theo chieu rdng sang sdn xua't vdi trang thid't bi, may mdc hien dai dem Iai hieu qua eao hdn va se tdc ddng dd'n cd ca'u lao dgng trdn thi trffdng.
Thff ndm, cd cd chd' khuye'n khich cdc doanh nghiep dau tu khoa hgc va cdng nghd nghien ciiXi va phat trien de tang sffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep trdn thi trifdng. Tao ra sff dn dinh vd tdc ddng Ian toa trong nen kinh td', tff dd tao vide lam vd ndng cao thu nhap cho ngffdi iao dpng.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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2014. 2015. 2016. Nxb Thd'ng ke. Ha Ndi
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