Cac nhan to'anh hu'dng den
viec thu hut von dau tif phat trien du lich tinh Thanh Hoa
• NGavlN TH! HCJYEN*
N G U Y I N CAM NHQNG**
Tom tat
Nghien cdu ndy nham phdn tich cdc nhdn to tdc dgng de'n viec thu hdt vdn ddu tUphdt trien du lich tinh Thanh Hda. Ke't qud nghien cdu cho thdy, Suhdi long cda nhd ddu tudd'i vdi mdi trudng ddu tuchiu tdc dgng trite tie'p cda 6 nhdn td: (1) Tdi nguyen du lich; (2) He thd'ng ke't cdu hq tdng;
(3) Luc lugng lao dgng; (4) Chinh sdch thu hdt vdn vd Uu ddi ddu tU; (5) He thd'ng cdc dich vu tdi chinh - ngdn hdng; (6) Svt phdt trien cda dia phuang. Trong 6 nhdn tdndy, cd 05 nhdn td'cd tuang quan thuan theo thd tu dnh hudng td cao de'n thdp, dd Id: Chinh sdch thu hut vd'n vd Uu ddi ddu tu, Luc lugng lao ddng. He thdng ket cdu hq tdng, Svt phdt trien cda dia phuang, He thdng cdc dich vu tdi chinh - ngdn hdng vd 01 nhdn td'cd tuang quan nghich do Id Tdi nguyen du lich.
Til khoa: thu hdt vd'n ddu tu, phdt trien du lich, tinh Thanh Hda, phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd, hoi quy bdi
Summary
This study aims to analyze factors impacting the attraction of investment in Thanh Hoaprovince 's tourism. The result indicates that Satisfaction of investor with the investment environment is directly influenced by six factors: (1) Tourism resources; (2) Infrastructure system; (3) Labor force; (4) Policy on capital attraction and investment preferences; (5) Financial and banking services; (6) Local development. In particular, five determinants reveal a positive correlation with Satisfaction in descending order of impact, which are Policy on capital attraction and investment preferences. Labor force. Infrastructure system. Local development, Financial and banking services while factor of Tourism resources has a negative correlation.
Keywords: investment attraction, tourism development, Thanh Hoa province, exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression
^
Gl6l THIEU
O nffdc ta hien nay, du lich dang trd thanh nganh kinh te quan trong trong chie'n Iffdc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, gdp phan tich cifc vao qua tnnh ddi mdi va hoi nhap qud'c te^. Thanh Hda dffdc danh gia la dia phffdng cd trff Iffdng tai nguyen du lieh thudc top dau ca nffdc, bdi sff da dang, phong phu cua cac danh thang tff nhien va sff giau cd vdn van hda truyen thdng.
Dong thdi, nam d vi tri cu'a ngd ndi lien Bac Bo vdi Trung Bo, tinh Thanh Hda dang nam giff ldi the ldn ve giao thdng, vdi viec hoi du cac loai hinh gdm ca dffdng bo, dffdng sat, dffdng hang khdng va dffdng bien. Day khdng chi la nhffng dieu kien tien quye't de phat trien du lich, ma cdn la the manh hap dan cac nha dau
tff vao linh vffc day tiem nang nay. Tuy nhien, Thanh Hda chffa khai thac cd hieu qua va chffa phat trien ngang tam vdi vi tri thuan ldi va tiem nang vd'n cd. Nguyen nhan la do viec huy ddng vd'n dau tff de phat trien cac dff an du lich tai Thanh Hda thdi gian qua cdn nhieu bat cap. Trong rat nhieu nhan td anh hffdng den thu hiit vd'n dau tff, can xem xet mffe do anh hffdng cua tffng nhan td.
Vi vay, viec nghien cdvt cac nhan td anh hffdng den thu hut vd'n dau tff vao phat trien du Ijch cua Thanh Hda se giup cac nha quan ly ed cai nhin tdng quat hdn ve cac nhan td tac ddng den thu hut vd'n dau tff, tff dd cd nhffng chinh sach hu\i hieu hdn de hap dan cac nha dau tff.
CO sd LY THUYET VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Co sdly thuyet
Theo Cronin va Taylor (1992), chat Iffdng dich vu la tien to'cua sif hai long cua khach hang va sif hai ldng
*ThS., " T h S . , Trufdng Dai hoc Hdng Dffc I Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 06/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 14/11/2018
Economy and Forecast Review
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BANG 1: THANG DO CAC BIEN NGHIEN CtiU Nh§n t6'
1. Tai nguyen du lich (TN)
2. He tho'ng ket cau ha tang (HT)
3. Lu'c lu'dng lao dong (LD)
4. Uu dai dau tvt (UD)
5. He thong cac dich vu tai chinh - ngan hang (NH)
6. Sur phat trien cua dia phufdng (PS)
7. Chinh sach thu hiit von dau t\X (CS) Sifhai long cua nha dau tif doi v6i moi tnfdng daunrCHL)
Kvhi&u TNI TN2 TN3 TN4 TN5 HTl HT2 HT3 HT4 HT5 LDI LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5 UDl UD2 UD3 UD4 UD5 NHI NH2 NH3 NH4 NH5 NH6 PSl PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 CSl CS2 CS3 CS4 CSS HLl HL2 HL3 HL4
Thang do Vi tri dia ly thuan ldi Du lich sinh thai la the' manh
Cac di tich lich SIJT, van hoa va cac cong trinh sang tao
Giau gia tri nhan van
Nhieu danh lam thang canh dep Mang lu'dt du'dng cao to'c da phat trien Mang lifdi du'dng sat phat trien Chi phi van chuyen phil hdp
He tho'ng thong tin hen lac phat trien Gan vdi san bav, cang quoc te Kha nang tie'p thu cong nghe cao
Cac cd s6 dao tao tai dia phifdng dat tieu chuan Difdc dao tao va co ky nang, trinh do tot Nguon lao dong doi dao
Gia thue nhan cong re Cac che do vCu dai Xay difng ket cau ha tang Slf dn dinh nen kinh te' - chinh tri Dich vu sau dau tvt
He tho'ng phap luat ve dau tif Cd scl vat chat
Trang thie't bi
Do tin cay cua dich vu Nang lu'c phue vu Dap iJng nhu cau
Dich vu nhanh chong, an toan Giai quye't thu tuc hanh chinh nhanh chong, kip thdi, thuan tien
Nen kinh te - chinh tri dn dinh To'c do tang tnfdng kinh te cao
Bo may hanh chmh cong khai, minh bach Thu nhap binh quan dau ngifdi tang nhanh Co nhieu chinh sach thu hiit vdri dau tif Co nhieu ldi the ve thue, phi, le phi Cac dif an ve du lich difdc ifu tien dau tu"
Cd chinh sach ho trd dau tif Co bien phap khuye'n khich dau tu' Doanh thu va ldi nhuan cua doanh nghiep tang/se tang
Tie'p tuc dau tif kinh doanh dai han Gidi thieu cac cong ty khac dau tif Hai long cao ve dau tif vao dia phifdng
Nfiu6n Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence(2007) Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence (2007);
Nguyin Thi Thu Ha (2016) Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence (2007);
Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2016) Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence (2007)
Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence (2007)
Ntwala Mwilima (2003)
Berkoz, Lale ve Turk and Sevkiye
Sence (2007);
Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2016) Nguyen Thi Thu
Ha (2016)
Nguon: De xua't ciia n h o m tac gia
cua khach hang anh hffdng dang ke den xu hffdng mua hang. Vl vay, cac doanh nghiep cd xu hffdng dau tff vao mot dia phffdng khi ho hai ldng vdi chat Iffdng dich vu ciia mdi trffdng dau tff d dia phffdng dd. Theo Dunning (1980), mot doanh nghiep cd dong cd tien hanh dau tff trffc tiep nffdc ngoai (FDl) vdi day du 3 dieu kien nhff sau: (1) Ldi the ve sd hij\i; (2) Ldi the ve khu vffc va (3) Ldi the ve ndi hda.
Cdn md hinh cua Romer (2007) cho thay, cac yeu td anh hffdng den hanh vi dau tff la: (1) Thay ddi ve cung va cau; (2) Lai sua't; (3) Mffe do phat trien cua he thd'ng tai chinh; (4) Dau tff cdng; (5) Kha nang ngudn nhan life;
(6) Cac dff an khac trong cimg nganh hoac nganh lien quan; (7) Phat trien cdng ngh|, kha nang tiep thu va ffng dung cdng nghe; (8) Mffe do dn dinh cua mdi trffdng dau tff va (9) Mffe do day du cua thdng tin, bao gdm thdng tin ve: thi trffdng, quy tac, thu dac va tien bo cdng nghe.
Tren ed sd ke thffa cae ly thuyet lien quan den thu hut vd'n dau tff vao mdt dia phffdng va theo tinh hinh, dac diem cua tinh Thanh Hda, nhdm tac gia de xuat cac nhan to' chinh anh hffdng den thu hut vdn dau tff phat trien du lich tai tinh Thanh Hda (Sff hai ldng cua nha dau ttf dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff (4 bie^n quan sat)): 1 Tai nguyen du lich (5 bien quan sat); 2 - He thd'ng ket eau ha tang (5 bien quan sat); 3 Life Iffdng lao dong (5 bien quan sat); 4 iJu dai dau tff (5 bien quan sat); 5 He thdng cac dich vu tai chinh - ngan hang (6 bie'n quan sat); 6 Sff phat trien cua dia phffdng (5 bien quan sat);
7 - Chinh sach thu hut vd'n dau tff (5 bien quan sat) (Bang 1).
PhUOngphdp nghien cdu
Tren cd sd danh sach cae doanh nghiep, chu dau tff da dang ky kinh doanh linh vffc du lich tai Thanh Hda, nhom tac gia dieu tra ngiu nhien 300 nha dau tff trong khoang thdi gian tff thang 05- 06/2018 bang phffdng phap phdng van trffc tiep, goi dien thoai va gufi thff tin.
De phan tich cac dff lieu thu thap dffOc, nhdm tac gia sff dung phffdng phap phan tich nhan to' kham pha va hdi quy tffdng quan bdi nham nhan dien va do IffSng tac ddng cua cac nhan td' cung nhff mu'c do anh hffdng cua chung den thu hiit vdn dau tff phat trien du lich cua tinh Thanh Hda (Bdi viet sd dung cdch viet sd thap phdn theo chudn qud'c te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Kiem dinh do tin cqy cua thang do Ke't qua kiem dinh thang do lan 1, cac thang do deu cd he so'Cronbach's Alpha ldn hdn 0.6. Tuy nhien, cd 9 bien quan sat cd he so' tffdng quan bien tdng nho hdn 0.3, nen nhdm tac gia loai khdi mo hinh nghien effu.
Sau khi loai 9 bie'n quan sat khong phu hdp, nhdm tac gia tie'n hanh kiem dinh lai thang do lan 2. Ke't qua kiem thang do lan 2, cac thang do deu cd he sd Cronbach's Alpha ldn hdn 0.7; he so tffdng quan bien tdng deu ldn hdn 0.3.
Ket qua phan tich do tin cay cua thang do bang he so Cronbach's Alpha sau khi loai eac bie'n khdng phil hdp dffdc tdng hdp trong Bang 2.
Nhff vay, edn lai 28 bie'n quan sat thuoc 7 nhdm nhan td va 3 bie'n quan sat thuoc thang do Sff hai long cua nha dau tff ddi vdi mdi trffdng dau tff thda man
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Kinh te va Dif baoKiiihlc
dieu kien dffdc sff dung trong phan tich nhan td kham pha tie^p theo.
Phdn tich nhdn tdkhdm phd (EFA) Ke't qua phan tieh EFA cho tha'y, ta't ca cac bie'n deu ed he so tai nhan td ldn hdn 0.5. He sd KMO la 0.800 (>0.5). Kiem dinh Bariett's ve sff tffdng quan cua cac bien quan sat ed y nghia thd'ng ke (Sig.
=0.00 < 0.05) chffng td cac bien ed lien quan chat che vdi nhau; tdng phffdng sai trich bang 61.256% (>50%) dat yeu cau va cho bie't 7 nhdm nhan td' giai thich dffdc 61.256% do bien thien cua dff heu.
Dieu nay cho tha'y, ke't qua phan tich EFA la hoan toan phu hdp. Ke^t qua phan tich cho tha'y 1 nhdm nhan to mdi dffdc hinh thanh bao gdm 4 bien quan sat lien quan de^n Chinh sach thu hut vdn dau tff va 3 bien quan sat lien quan de'n ffu dai dau tff. Vi vay, nhan td nay dffdc dat ten mdi la "Chinh sach thu hut vdn va ffu dai dau tff". Ky hieu la CSUD gdm: CSl, CS3, CS4, CS5.
Cac nhan to cdn lai khdng ed suf xao trdn giffa cac bie'n quan sat trong cae nhan td theo md hinh de xua't, nen nhdm tac gia van giff nguyen ten goi, dd la: Tai nguyen thien nhien gdm: TNI, TN2, TN3, TN4, TN5; He thd'ng ke't eau ha tang gdm:
HTl, HT3, HT4, HT5; Sff phat trien cua dia phffdng gdm: PSl, PS2, PS3, PS4; Life Iffdng lao ddng gdm: LDI, LD2, LD3, LD5; He thd'ng cac dich vu tai chinh ngan hang gdm: N H 1 , ' N H 2 , NH4, NH5 va Sff hai ldng cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff gdm: HL 1, HL2, HL3.
Phdn tich hoi quy tuyen tinh da bien Ke't qua hdi quy tuyen tinh cho tha'y, mffe y nghia cua md hinh rat nhd (Sig. = 0.00) so vdi mffe y nghia 5% nen md hinh hdi quy thiet lap phia hdp, gia tri R^ dieu chinh = 0.720 nghia la '72% sff bien thien cua Sff hai long cua nha dau tff ddi vdi mdi trffdng dau tff dffdc giai thich bdi cac nhan to' dffdc dffa vao md hinh, cdn lai la cac nhan td' khac chffa dffdc nghien cffu.
He so' Durbin Watson va he sd' VIF cua md hinh cho tha'y, khdng cd hien tffdng tff tffdng quan va hien tffdng da cong tuyen khdng dang ke (Bang 3).
Vdi tap dff lieu thu dffdc, phffdng trinh hdi quy bdi the hien sff anh hffdng cua cac ye'u to' de'n Sff hai ldng cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff ve du lich tai Thanh Hda, nhff sau:
HL = -1.744 + 0.577*CSUD + 0.323*LD - 0.174*TN + 0.324*HT + 0.198*PS + 0.255*NH
BANG 2: KET QUA KIEM DINH DO TIN CAY COA THANG DO
Bien Tai nguyen du hch He tho'ng ke't cau ha tang Life lifdng lao dong Uu dai dau tif
He thdng cac dich vu tai chinh - ngan hang Su phat trien cua dia phifdng
Chinh sach thu hiit vd^n dau tif
Slf hai ldng cua nha dau tu' ddi vdi mdi tru'dng dau tif
Cac nhSntd'chinh TN1,TN2, TN3,TN4,TN5 HTl, HT3, HT4, HT5 LD1,LD2, LD3,LD4 UD2, UD3, UD4 NHI, NH2, NH4, NH5 PS1,PS2, PS3,PS5 CS1,CS3, CS4, CS5 HL1,HL2, HL3
Cronbach's Alpha
0.825 0.783 0.795 0.713 0.706 0.813 0.796 0.841 Ngudn: Tinh toan cua nhom tac gia
BANG 3: KET QUA HOI QUY TUYEN TINH BOI TRONG MO HINH M6
hinh Hang so' CSUD LD TN HT PS NH
T\i<fng quan chifa chuan hoa
B -1.744
.577 .323 -.174 .324 .198 .255
Std. Error .367 .047 .038 .052 .050 .042 .057
Tifoteg quan chuan hoa
Beta .472 .301 -.121 .249 .171 .173
t -4.751 12.356 8.536 -3.323 6.427 4.695 4.508
Mtfcy nghia fSip.l .000 .000 .000 .001 .000 .000 .000
Thd'ng kg da c6ng tuve'n Tolerance
.826 .971 .905 .804 .914 .816
VIF 1.210 1.030 1.105 1.244 1.094 1.226 Bien phu thuoc: HL F = 99.426: Sie. = 0.00 R' = 0.720: R' dieu chinh = 0.720
Durbin-Watson = 1.916 Nguon: Xii ly ciia nhom tac gia
Dffa vao mffe y nghia thdng ke cua tffng bie'n va ke't qua ffdc Iffdng he sd tac ddng cua tffng nhan to' cho tha'y, ta't ca cac nhan td deu cd y nghia thd'ng ke va cd 05 nhan td'cd tffdng quan thuan vdi Sff hai ldng cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff theo thff tff anh hffdng giam dan dd la: Chinh sach thu hut vd'n va ffu dai dau tff. Life Iffdng lao ddng. He thdng ket cau ha tang, Sif phat trien cua dia phffdng. He thdng cac dich vu tai chinh - ngan hang va 01 nhan td'cd tffdng quan nghich vdi Sff hai long cua nha dau tff ddi vdi mdi trffdng dau tff dd la Tai nguyen du lich.
Cu the, Chinh sach thu hut vd'n va ffu dai dau tff dffdc nha dau tff danh gia tang them 1 diem, thi Sff hai long cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff se tang them 0.577 diem. Ngudn nhan life dffdc danh gia tang them 1 diem, thi Sff hai ldng eua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff tang them 0.323 diem. He thdng ke't cau ha tang tang them 1 diem, thi Sff hai ldng vdi mdi trffdng dau tff ddi dffdc tang them 0.324 diem. Sff phat trien cua dia phffdng tang them 1 diem, thi Sif hai ldng cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff dffdc tang them 0.198 diem.
He thd'ng cac dich vu tai chinh ngan hang dffdc danh gia tang them 1 diem, thi Sff hai long cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff dffdc tang them 0.255 diem.
Ben canh dd, cd 01 nhan to' cd tffdng quan nghich vdi Sff hai ldng ciia nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff, dd la nhan to'Tai nguyen du lich dffdc danh gia tang them 1 diem, thi Sff hai long cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff giam di 0.174 diem. Dieu nay cho tha'y, mac dia cac ye'u to' ve dieu kien tif nhien cua Thanh Hda, nhff: tai nguyen thien nhien, tiem nang du lich
Economy and Forecast Review
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phong phu va da dang..., nhffng Thanh Hda vin chffa cao kha nang phue vu, dap ffng nhu cau phat huy het nhffng ffu the, chffa quang ba hinh anh, cho cac nha dau tff. Khuyen khich, tao tiem nang san cd cua minh den vdi cac nha dau tff. dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep tham gia
vao thi trffdng chffng khoan Viet Nam.
KET LUAN VA MOT SO KHUYEN NGHI H? thd'ng ngan hang tai Thanh Hda can day manh dau tff hien dai hda dich vu Ket qua nghien cffu chira rang, cd 6 nhantd tac ddng ngan hang, coi day la ldi the de canh den thu hut vd'n dau tff vao phat trien du lich tinh Thanh tranh tren thi trffdng tai chinh tin dung, Hda (Sff hai ldng cua nha dau tff ddi vdi mdi trffdng dau nham huy ddng ngudn vdn tin dung cua tff), trong dd, cd 05 nhan td cd tffdng quan thuan vdi Sif cac nha dau tff ya tao uy tin cho cac nha hai ldng cua nha dau tff ddi vdi mdi trffdng dau tff theo dau tff khi quye't dinh lifa chgn hinh thu'c thff tif anh hffdng giam dan dd la: Chinh sach thu hut vd'n dich vu chuyen tien. Tff dd se tao niem va ffu dai dau tff. Life Iffdng lao ddng. He thd'ng ket cau tin cho cac nha dau tff vao nhieu linh vifc ha tang, Sff phat trien cua dia phffdng, He thdng dich khac nhau cua Thanh Hda.
vu ngan hang va 01 nhan td cd tffdng quan nghich vdi Thd ndm, tiep tuc cai tie'n bo may hanh Sff hai ldng cua nha dau tff dd'i vdi mdi trffdng dau tff do chinh dan chu, trong sach, vffng manh, la Tai nguyen du lich. Tff ket qua nay, nhdm tac gia de chuyen nghiep, hien dai hda, hoat dong xua't mot sd khuyen nghi de tang cffdng thu hiit vd'n dau cd hieu life va hieu qua. Thffc hien cd che tff phat trien du lich tinh Thanh Hda, nhff sau: "mot cffa lien thdng" trong giai quyet ho Thd nhdt, cac chinh sach ve thu hiit vd'n va ffu dai sd, thii tuc thanh lap doanh nghiep va thu dau tff can dffdc tinh toan can trong de phat huy tac dung tuc chffng nhan dau tff, xda bd cac thu tuc lau dai ddng thdi thu hiit dffdc cac doanh nghiep mong hanh chinh quan lieu, rffdm ra; tao mot he mud'n. Can dat ra nhffng muc tieu cu the trong viec thu thdng thii tuc ddn gian, cdng khai, thuan hiit cac doanh nghiep ldn ciia tffng khu vffc. Dong thdi, ldi cho cac nha dau tff. Nang cao nang life can td chffc nhieu hoat ddng thiet thffc nham quang ddi ngu can bo cap xa, phffdng, day manh ba hinh anh ciia minh de^n vdi cac nha dau tff trong va cai each hdn nffa viec thffc thi luat va giam ngoai nffdc. Ben canh do, Thanh Hda can cung cap day bdt cac thu tuc hanh chinh phien ha. Cai dli thdng tin phap luat cho cac doanh nghiep va tff van each tien Iffdng, xay dffng mot cd che tai cho doanh nghiep ve thffc thi phap luat mdi trffdng. chinh thich hdp, ap dung dien tff hda, tin Thit hai, de cai thien mdi trffdng dau tff nham thu hoc hda nen hanh chinh nha nffdc. Xay hiit cac nha dau tff phat trien du lich trong thdi gian dffng mot cd cau gon nhe vdi cac cap quan tdi, Thanh Hda can trien khai thffc hien cd hieu qua ly da nganh, da ITnh vffc, tap trung thi/c chffdng trinh dao tao ngudn nhan life, dap ffng yeu cau hien chffc nang quan ly nha nffdc.
phat trien kinh te - xa hdi va nhu cau cua thi trffdng lao Thd sdu, can chii trong giff gin va bao dong du lich cua dia phffdng. ^ ^ ve tai nguyen, mdi trffdng du lich tai
Thd ba, Thanh Hda can tap trung dau tff phat trien cac tuyen, diem, khu du lich. Day manh he thd'ng giao thdng van tai ddng ho, nhff: san bay, cdng tac truyen thdng, giao due ve nang cang nffdc sau, dffdng giao thdng va ket cau ha tang tai cao nhan thffc cho cong ddng dan cff va cac khu du lich. ^ khach du lich ve bao ve tai nguyen, moi Thd tu, dd'i vdi nganh tai chinh - ngan hang, can chu trffdng du lich, bao ve van hda truyen trong va chi dao trong viec dau tff trang thiet bi, nang thdng va cae gia tri ciia di san.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2016). Cdc ye'u tddnh hudng tdi syt hdi long cda cdc nhd ddu tUvdo cdc khu cdng nghiep cda tinh Thdi Nguyen, Luan an tie'n sy, Trffdng Dai hoc Kinh te va Quan tri kinh doanh, Dai hoc Thai Nguyen
2. Berkoz, Lale ve Turk, Sevkiye Sence (2007). Yabancy yatyrymlaryn yersecimini etkileyen faktorler: Turkiye ornegi, itudergisi/a mimarlyk, planlama, tasarym, 6(2), 59-72
3. Dunning, J. & Narula, R. (1996). Foreign direct investment and governments: Catalysts for Economic Restructuring, Routledge, London.
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