Nong nghiep thong nninh:
cac vdn de dqt ra va giai phap chinh sach
D O K I M C H U N G
hong nghiip thdng minh Id sdn phdm cua cuoc cdch mang cdng nghiep ldn thii 4. Bdi ' viet thdo ludn ngi hdm vd cdc bg phdn hUu cd cua mgt nen ndng nghiip thong mink, chi ra xu hiidng doi mdi vd phdt trien cong nghe trong cdc linh vdc kinh ti'vd qudn ly, qudn ly tdi nguyin thien nhien vd mdi triidng, trdng trot, chdn nu6i, thuy sdn, chi' bii'n, bdo qudn, khuyen ndng vd marketing trong nong nghiep thong minh; cdc ldi ich, thach thUc, thtlc trqng ling dting cong nghe ndng nghiep thong minh, cdc vdn di ddt ra cho phdt triin ndng nghiip thong minh vd de xudt mgt s6' gdi y chinh sdch cho phdt trien nen nong nghiep thdng minh d Viet Nam.
Tfl k h o a : ndng nghiep thong minh, cong nghiep 4.0, c6ng nghe vdt ly, c6ng nghi sinh hgc, cdng nghi dieu hdnh.
1. N o n g n g h i e p t h o n g m i n h h a y n o n g n g h i e p c o n g n g h e c a o ?
Sfl phat trien cua van minh loai ngfldi ndi chung va ndng nghidp noi rieng dfldc danh da'u b^ng 4 cudc each m a n g cdng nghiep.
Cudc each mang cdng nghiep l i n thfl nha't kh6i d i u 6 nfldc Anh nam 1784, vdi sfl r a ddi cua nen cdng nghiep dfla t r e n cdng nghe may thuy ItJc va ddng cd hdi nfldc, da lam thay doi can ban khdng nhflng cac nganh nhu ddt may, che tao cd khi, giao thdng van tai ma cdn gian tie'p tao tidn d l cbo nen ndng nghiep cd khi hda d cae k h a u canh tac tfl san xua't, che' bien va van chuyen. Cudc each mang cdng nghiep l i n thfl hai (1871-1914), vdi sfl r a ddi va flng dung dpng cd dien va day chuyin san xua't hang loat hang loat, da tao ra cd hdi cho n i n ndng nghiep dien khi hoa, phat trien cac day chuyen cdng nghd che' bid'n ndng san va tao r a gia tri va nSng sua't lao ddng cao hdn trflde dd. Dfldi tac ddng cua cudc each mang cong nghiep l i n thfl ba tfl n a m 1969, ndng nghiep da ed sfl t h a y ddi v l cha't ve edng nghe trdng trot (gpi la each mang xanh) bat d i u tfl M;y, cdng nghe chan nudi (gpi la each mang trang) bat d i u tfl An Dp. Vdi each mang xanh va each mang t r l n g , nen ndng nghiep dflde p h a t trien vdi sU phat
trien vUdt bac cdng n g h e giong cay trdng va vat nudi, flng dung m a y t i n h va tfl ddng hoa cac qua trinh canh tae va ehe' bie'n tao ra nang sua't cao hdn giai doan trflde. Cuoc each mang cdng nghiep l i n thfl tfl xua't hidn tai Dflc n a m 2011, la n e n edng nghiep thdng minh ma trong dd cac q u a n he cua san xua't - kinh doanh dfldc tie'n h a n h trong the gidi ao dUa tren khdng gian so, ap dung cho san xuSit - kinh doanh trong cac the gidi thUc va cd su t h a y ddi cd b a n ve phfldng thflc san xutft - kinh doanh thdng minh, dfldc dilu khien va ho trd quye't dinh tfl khdng gian so (Do Kim Chung, 2017a). Nen ndng nghiep van dung t h a n h q u a cua each mang cdng nghiep l i n thfl tfl dfldc goi la nen ndng nghidp thdng minh (FAO, 2017).
Cung nhfl cac n g a n h khac, yeu td edt loi cua ndng nghiep t h d n g minh la cdng nghe thdng tin, cdng nghd sd va tri tue n h a n tao.
\ ^ the, nong nghiep thdng minh con cd thi dfldc gpi la nong nghifip so' (Daniel Walker, 2017 va Nguydn V i n Sanh, 2017) va ndng nghiep khi h ^ u thdng minh (FAO). 6 Viet Nam, khai niem nay dfldc hieu la nong nghiep
D6 Kim Chung, GS.TS., Hpc viftn N6ng nghiep Vifit Nam.
2 8 NghiSn aiu Kmh tffsff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018
4.0 (I)d Kim Chung, 2017b), ndng nghidp cdng nghd cao ( T r i n Dflc Vien, 2017; N g u y i n Xuan Trach, 2017). Tuy nhien, ne'u ndi ndng nghiep cdng nghd cao v i n cdn nhieu diem b a n khoan vi k h a i niem cdng nghd cao, ndi h a m cua cdng nghe cao trong ndng nghidp chfla dfldc lam ro.
Noi la eao thi cao cai gi, cao so vdi ai va eao n h u the nao v i n chua dUdc lam ro ve n h a n thflc luan ( T r i n Dflc Vidn, 2017). Tinh tfl
"thdng minh" eua n i n ndng nghiep nay the hien d sfl thdng minh trong dap flng n h u e l u thi trudng, thdng minh trong liia chpn quy trinh san xua't, quan ly cay trdng, vat nudi thich flng vdi dieu kien thdi tid't khi h a u va dac didm ca the ciia tflng sinh vat va ca vung, thdng minh trong tfldng tac gifla eae khau, eac qua trinh cua san xua't kinh doanh va tao r a ndn san xua't -kinh doanh vdi chudi gia tri ndng san thflc p h a m b i n vflng.
N i n ndng nghidp thdng minh c6 4 dac trflng- ed ban sau ddy ^ d Kim Chung, 2017b):
Mgt la, so' hda va hien thUe hda cae hoat dpng san xudt kinh doanh tfl ndng trai, van chuydn, ehd' bidn, m a r k e t i n g de'n ngfldi tidu dung thdng qua h e thong k e t nd'i internet van vat.
H I N H 1: Ca'u t h a n h c u a
Hai Id, k e t hdp hflu cd gifla cong nghd vdt ly, cdng nghe sinh hpc va cdng nghe dieu h a n h trong td chflc td chflc ndng trai, cac p h a n xfldng, cd sd h a t i n g , tao gidng, cac tac nghidp.
Ba Id, tfl dpng hda va thdng minh hoa cac he thd'ng dieu h a n h gifla the' gidi thflc vdi the' gidi ao eac boat ddng trong chudi gia tri thiJc p h i m ndng san tfl ndng t r a i dd'n ban an.
Bd'n Id, dam bao cho chudi thflc p h i m ndng san dien r a lien tuc, hieu qua va bdn vflng.
2. Ca'u t h a n h cd b a n c u a n o n g n g h i e p t h o n g m i n h
Cach mang cdng nghidp 4.0 cd trpng t a m la ndn cdng nghidp 4.0 vdi sti p h a t tridn va ke't hdp eua cdng nghd v a t ly va cdng n g h e sinh hoe, edng nghd van h a n h (I-Scoop, 2017 and Dd Kim Chung, 2017a). Sfl ke't hdp cua cong nghiep 4.0 vdi eac nhdm cdng nghd trdn lai vdi nhau, lam md r a n h gidi gifla cdng nghe vat ly, ky t h u a t sd' va cdng nghd sinh hpc (Klaus Schwab, 2017). Vi thd, la san pham chiu s\i tac dong cua cudc each mang nay, n e n ndng nghiep thong minh bao gdm bd'n bp phdn hflu cd dfldi day (hinh 1):
n o n g n g h i e p t h o n g m i n h
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Ngudn: Ph^t Iriln dya trftn DO Kim Chung (2018).
2.1, Cong nghiep 4.0 trong nong nghiep - Cdng nghe rd hot tii dgng: cdng nghd
l^hiSn ciiu Kinh tff s6 6(481) - ThSng 6/2018 29
rd bdt thflc hien cac k h a u va q u a t i n h canh tac tfl ddng nhfl: gieo t r d n g , cham sdc, v l t sfla, phoi trdn thflc an, che' bie'n ndng san... da dfldc p h a t t r i e n vUdt bac, cd k h a n a n g tfldng tae hflu hidu vdi n h a u va lam viec trflc va tie'p hieu q u a vdi con ngfldi va se dfldc flng diing rdng r a i t r o n g cac ndng t r a i , cd scl che' bid'n, cac p h a n xfldng t h d n g minh dd san xua't k i n h doanh, thfle hidn cae tac nghiep e h u i n xac va hieu qua.
- M6 phong: edng nghe md phong cd t h e giup xay dilng, thfl nghiem eac quye't dinh, cac thie't ke dfla trdn n e n t a n g s d l i e u thflc va mot the gidi thflc t r o n g cac md h i n h ao, dfldc dung phd bie'n de dfl t i n h , dfl bao thi trfldng, sU bie'n doi k h i h a u , thdi tiet, t i n h toan cac phfldng an san xua't, che t a o , chpn lpc va tao gidng cay t r d n g va con nudi trong t h e gidi ao trflde khi ed su t h a y doi thUc dien ra, do do b a n che r u i ro, t a n g dupc hidu xua't, n a n g sua't va cha't ludng.
- Ket hop cdc hi tho'ng ngang vd hi thd'ng dgc: vdi phat trien cao ciia cdng nghe va tri tud nhan tao, cac ndng trai, doanh nghiep, cac ed quan quan ly n h a nUde se lidn ket vdi nhau chat ehe theo chieu dflng va chieu nang de tdi flu hoa qua trinh r a quye't dinh, quan 1^ va dieu hanh, t a n g hieu Iflc va hieu qua cua chudi gia tri trong ndng nghiep vi cd sfl lien ket ngang trong ndi bd cua tflng nhdm tac nhdn va gifla cac tac n h a n trong chudi gia tri vdi nhau.
-Internet van vdt: sfl p h a t t r i e n cao cua edng nghe thdng tin da eho phep n h i i u thid't bi chuyen dflng, di ddng k e t nd'i va giao dien hidu qua vdi n h a u , dfldi sfl dieu h a n h cua t r u n g t a m dieu k h i e n mot each t a p t r u n g , giup phi t a p t r u n g h d a sfl p h a n tieh va r a cac quye't dinh kip thdi, t a n g hieu luc, hieu sua't t r o n g san xuat-kinh doanh ndng nghidp (loT Marketplace, 2017 va AggreGate: I n t e r n e t of Thing Integration Platform, 2017; loT S m a r t F a r m i n g , 2017).
- Sieu an ninh mang: vdi sU ket noi ngay cang tang thi nhu cau bao ve va bao m a t cac he thdng edng-ndng nghiep, chuoi gia tri tfl
san x u l t de'n b a n a n ngay cang tang. Do vay, dam bao a n ninh, p h a t trien cac giao didn tin cay va n h a n dien n h a n h chdng cac 16 hong trong bao m a t eac qua t r i n h san xua't - kinh doanh ngay eang trd n e n ca'p thid't.
- Ddm may diin todn: cdng nghd nay da dfldc p h a t t r i e n dd lflu gifl, chia se nhanh va hflu hieu t h d n g t i n ve k h a c h hang, thi trfldng, san xua't - k i n h doanh gifla cac bo p h a n t r o n g mot d o a n h nghiep, gifla cac doanh nghiep t r e n cflng mdt dia b a n (tinh, vung, qud'c gia, cac c h a u luc), tie't kiem dfldc chi p h i lflu gifl va chia se dfl lidu.
- Chi' too tich Idy: cac cdng nghd ehd tao tieh luy ma dac biet la edng nghe in 3D dfldc dung de tao nguyen m l u va tao r a tflng bo p h a n ca'u t h a n h cua s a n p h i m se dfldc sfl dung rdng r a i trong thie't ke cac may mdc, ndng cu, n h a xfldng va md phdng eae qua trinh sinh hpc de chpn tao giong cay trdng va vat nudi mdt each hidu qua.
- Thiic te'do: cac h e thd'ng dfla tren thfle te ao se hd trd Ifla ehon vat tfl, thie't bi, hang hda va gfli hudng d i n sfl dung, bao tri, siia chfla thdng qua cac thidt bi di ddng va giup cai thien vide r a cac quye't dinh, quy trinh lam vide, khuye'n ndng va chuyen giao cdng nghd ndng nghiep khdng hi gidi han b5i khdng gian, thdi gian va quy md.
- Cd sd da lieu vd phdn tich quy md ldn:
trong bdi canh p h a t tridn ndng nghidp hien nay, vide t h u t h a p , p h a n tich ky cang cac sd lieu nhfl thien tai, thdi tie't, t h i trfldng, khach hang, cdng nghe... tfl ra't nhieu ngudn khac nhau, t r e n eac quy md khac n h a u (phan xudng, ndng treii, t a p doan, tinh, vung, quoc gia, chau luc, toan c l u . . . ) se la k h a thi.
2X Cong nghe vat ly trong nong nghi&p Trong boi canh each m a n g cdng nghiep 4.0, cac cdng nghe v4t ly n h u cdng nghd nano, cdng nghe cam bien (sensor technology) va cac v^t lieu mdi da cd sU p h a t trien vUdt bac.
Cdng nghe n a n o da co sU dot p h a trong thidt ke, p h a n tich, che t a o va flng dung cac clu true, thiet bi va h$ thdng bllng viec dieu
30 Nghiin ctiu Kmh tff sff 5(480) - Thing5/2018
khidn h i n h d i n g , kich thfldc t r e n quy md nanomet (lnm=10"^m), lam t a n g ty trong goi. Cdng nghd n a y co nhieu t i l m n a n g ehd tao nhflng san p h i m va vat Ueu mdi de tao r a cac may mdc, t h i e t hi, ndng cu, vat lieu lam n h a xfldng, ndng t r a i phuc vu cho qua t r i n h canh tac va che bien vdi sfle ben cao, chiu dflng trong mpi hoan canh ba't ldi, t a n g hieu dung va t h a n t h i e n hdn vdi mdi trudng.
Cdng nghd cam bie'n da cd budc dot p h a quan trpng ve am t h a n h , nhiet, h i n h a n h , a n h sang va thdi gian va dflde flng dung nhieu trong linh vfle i n t e r n e t v a n vat, ehd' tao, d i l u khien va tfl ddng hoa cac q u a t r i n h san xua't - k i n h doanh va quan l;y d p h a m vi mot ndng trai, vung, qud'c gia va toan cau, giup tfl dpng quan t r i e , canh bao va xxi ly kip thdi, chinh xac cac dien bien ve mdi trfldng, tflng ca t h e t r e n ddng rudng h a y t r a i nudi va toan vflng.
Te' bao quang didn dfldc p h a t trien sii dung pin m a t trdi, giflp dieu h a n h qua t r i n h quan ly sinh vat dUcfc chfnh xac va hieu qua.
2.3. Cong nghe sinh hoc trong nong nghiep
e a c h mang cdng nghiep 4.0 da tao dieu kien cho h a n g loat cdng nghd sinh hpc nhfl:
cae cdng n g h e gen, edng n g h e te' bao, edng nghe p h a n tii... co bfldc p h a t t r i e n mdi. Sfl p h a t tridn cao cua cdng nghd sinh hpc, da r a ddi cdng nghe chinh siia gen de co t h e t h e m hay bdt axit deoribonucleie (DNA) t a i cae vi tri chinh xac trong bd gen, de t a o r a gidng cay trdng cd k h a n a n g k h a n g lai dich hai.
Cdng nghd p h a t ddng gen t a o r a k h a n a n g dieu khien bien ddi di t r u y e n cu t h e dd'i vdi q u I n t h e dich hai, tfl dd, tae dpng vao each thflc sinh tdn, k h a n a n g sinh s a n hoac cac dac diem khac cua eay trdng, v a t nudi theo hfldng lam suy giam q u I n t h e dich h a i , giam tiem n a n g gay h a i (Daniel Walker, 2017).
G i n day viec so hda t r o n g sinh hpe p h a n tfl da trS nen de dang vdi gia re hdn ra't n h i i u (Hd Tfl Bao, 2017). Linh vflc t i n - s i n h hoc - dUa t r e n cd sd dfl lieu ldn, eon ngfldi cd thd p h a n tich ngudn dfl lieu sinh hpc khdng Id, trong thdi gian n g l n , va c h i n h xac la n e n
t a n g cho nhflng tid'n bd cua cdng nghe sinh hpc, md r a n h i i u tridn vpng eho quan ly t h i e n tai, khi h a u thdi tidt, tai nguyen t h i e n nhien ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, t h u y san va che bidn. Nhd do, cac n g a n h ndng lam nghiep, t h u y san, ehd bien va thflc p h i m , bao ve mdi trfldng da eo bfldc tid'n can b a n
^ 6 Kim Chung, 2017b).
2.4. Nhom cong nghe van hdnh trong nong nghiep
Dfldi tac ddng cua each m a n g cdng nghiep 4.0, cdng nghd v a n h a n h nhfl: p h a n tieh va r a quyet dinh, ke hoach, quan tri tac nghiep, dieu h a n h va giam sat mdt qua t r i n h s a n x u a t mdt s a n p h i m , v a n h a n h cac ndng t r a i , cac p h a n xfldng, cac chudi gia t r i ndng san da dfldc t h a y ddi vd cha't. Qua t r i n h quan ly mdt chuoi gia tri theo ea chieu n g a n g va chidu doc da va dang dfldc chuyen ddi tfl cdng nghd q u a n ly t r u y i n thd'ng sang edng nghe dieu h a n h va quan tri sd' g i n ke't cac he thdng sd vdi hd thd'ng thflc, gifla cac hd thd'ng san xua't - k i n h doanh thflc va hd thd'ng ao t r e n n i n t a n g cua i n t e r n e t van vat.
Cdng nghe d i l u h a n h la "ba dd" cho sfl p h a t huy hidu qua cua cdng nghd vat ly, cdng nghe sinh hpe t r e n n i n t a n g ciia cdng nghiep 4.0, H e t h o n g ndng nghidp thdng minh da dflde p h a t t r i e n de tU dpng t i n h toan n h u c l u , nude, dinh dudng cua eay trdng va v a t nudi va cac yeu to' c i n thie't khae, giup r a eae quyet dinh kip thcii va hieu qua.
3. Xu hifdng c o n g n g h e t r o n g n e n n o n g n g h i e p t h o n g m i n h
3.1. Kinh tevd qudn ly nong nghiep PhUdng p h a p k d hoach, p h a n tich, du bao va lUa chpn cae ehinh sach ndng nghiep, giam sat va q u a n ly ndng nghiep dfldc t h a y ddi vdi do chinh xac va t i n h k h a t b i cao nhci:
U n g dung t h a n h qua eua cdng nghe cam bien, i n t e r n e t van vat, p h a n tich dfl lieu ldn va dam m a y dien toan.
Cdng nghd md phdng cd t h e tao r a md h i n h t h i trfldng vdi eae kich b a n khae n h a u
t^hiSn ciiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018 3 1
v l tai nguyen, bie'n ddi khi h a u b a n g so'lieu thflc trong mdi trfldng ao de lua chpn cac phfldng an chinh sach p h u hdp cho p h a t trien ndng nghiep.
c a e p h a n mem q u a n ly ndng nghiep thdng minh tieh hdp q u a n t r i , ky t h u a t va tai chinh da dfldc xay dflng, giup ndng dan td'i da hda ldi n h u a n va giam t h i e u rui ro trong san xua't - kinh doanh.
3.2. Qudn ly tdi nguyen thien nhien vd moi triidng
Cdng nghe dfl bao thdi tie't thdng minh da dflde p h a t tridn de q u a n trdc, t h u t h a p , phan tich, du bao va canh bao sdm thdi tiet.
- Cdng nghe vien t h a m , cam bie'n va dinh vi toan c l u dUdc p h a t t r i e n de xac dinh, p h a n tich, d a n h gia, chia se thdng tin ve tinh hinh khi h a u , thcfi tiet, tai nguyen thien nhien, giup d a n h gia n h a n h , chinh xac cac didn bie'n ve thdi tie't khi h a u , t h i e n tai didn r a t r e n quy md toan c l u , tflng k h u vflc, tflng qud'c gia, tflng t i n h va vflng ca trong ngan b a n va dai b a n vdi dp ehinh xac cao.
3.3. Thuy Iqi
Cdng trinh, t h i e t bi dfldc xay dflng, che' tao bang vat lieu n a n n o .
He thd'ng q u a n t r a c va canh bao xam n h a p m a n dung de theo ddi va canh bao dp man, mdi trfldng t r e n cae ken, ciia bien, tfl dpng kich boat may bdm nfldc vao trfl h a y tudi tieu true tie'p khi cd dp m a n dudi ngfldng an toan.
Cdng nghe dieu h a n h lien hd chUa thdng minh: dUde dat t a i cac vi t r i khae n h a u tflng hd chfla t r o n g mpt he thd'ng hd, sdng cua mdt vung va lien v u n g de quan t r i e va giam sat t i n h h i n h thdi tie't khi hau, tfl dpng cap n h a t cac t h d n g tin, t r u y e n dfl lieu lien tuc va tflc thdi den t r u n g t a m d i l u h a n h de quye't dinh xa lu 5 tflng hd khi co nguy ed vfldt ngfldng cho p h e p h a y dong lai dd trfl nudc khi da xa cl ngUdng an toan.
Cdng nghe tUdi nhd gipt (drip irrigation) t r e n cd sd s^ d u n g cdng nghe
cam bie'n, g i a m s a t t i n h t r a n g dp I m da't va khdng khi, n h u e l u nUdc cua cdy trdng, dien bien nhidt do, a n h s a n g de tU ddng tUdi, dam bao du nUde va tie't kidm.
3.4. Trong trot
Cae hd thd'ng c a n h tac dien r a trong n h a kinh, n h a m a n g sfl d u n g vat lieu nano, den LED k h e p k i n tfl l a m da't gieo, trdng sdc deu t h d n g q u a rd bd't tfl ddng va eac t h i e t bi cam bie'n, cap n h a t so' lieu thflc va thdi gian thUc q u a i n t e r n e t v a n vat de quan ly hieu q u a eae ndng t r a i .
Cdng n g h e i n vitro nhd sd' hda trong sinh hpc p h a n tfl giup n h a n n h a n h cac loai gid'ng cdy t r d n g gifl n g u y e n dac t i n h flu viet cua ehung. Mot h e gene cd thd dfldc sd' hoa trong vai gid vdi ehi p h i it hdn 1.000 USD.
- H e thd'ng tich hdp (tram thdi tiet t h d n g m i n h (iMetos), t r a m e a n h bao cdn trflng dien tfl (iTrap), he thd'ng thdng tin dia ly (GIS)): cung ca'p t h d n g tin ve thdi tiet khi h a u , dp fldt la cay, didn bie'n ve cdn trflng, dich h a i t r e n dien rong.
- Cac bd t e s t k i t da dfldc p h a t trien d^
c h i n doan n h a n h b e n h h a i cay trdng.
- Cdng n g h e c a m bie'n, m a y bay khdng ngfldi lai ke't hdp vdi i n t e r n e t v a n vat dfldc d a t t a i cac c a n h ddng eho p h e p biet dfldc dia h i n h , t i n h h i n h nfldc, do I m , nhidt do ddng rupng, bie'n ddng cua hd sinh thai ddng rudng, d i n h dfldng va sfle khoe cay trdng, d i n h dfldng da't de r a eae quye't dinh canh tac kip thdi, giup cap n h a t lflu trfl n h a t ky ndng v u dien tfl vdi thdi diem, so Ifldng, cha't Ifldng d i u vao da dfldc sxi dung l a m ed scl eho t r u y xua't ngudn gd'c san p h a m .
Cdng n g h e a n h ve t i n h ke't hdp vdi edng nghd cam bien va r a d a r giup tang cfldng n a n g Ifle q u a n ly ddng rudng theo thdi gian thflc, s d lieu thflc va thfle t e thflc, cho p h e p e h u p a n h xuyen may, khdng bi a n h hflSng cua t h d i gian h a y thdi tiet.
3.5, Chdn nuoi va thuy
32 NghiSn aiu Kmh tff sff 5(480} - Thing 5/2018
- Cac t r a i chan nudi, h i m khi sinh hpc dfldc xay dflng b a n g cac v a t lieu n a n o sieu bdn, an toan vdi mdi trfldng.
He thd'ng chan nudi da dfldc tfl ddng hoa bang rd bdt tfl k h a u n h a p v^t nudi, p h a n loai, quan l;y vi k h i h a u d tiing 6 nudi, phoi hdp nhip n h a n g cho ud'ng, cho an, ve sinh chudng trai.
Xfl 1;^ c h i t t h a i va mdi trfldng bang cdng nghd nano: h^p p h u H 2 S , tfeh hdp cam bid'n do ndng dp H2S, NHS, kiem t r a t h a n h p h i n khi sau khi lpc, ed v a n d i l u khien Ifldng khf vao va r a sau k h i lpc giflp xfl ly dfldc mdi trfldng d eac t r a i chan nudi.
- Mdi ca thd dfldc g a n vdi cac thid't bi cam bie'n (cdng nghe tfl ddng n h a n dang, chip dien txi tfl ddng cap n h a t va p h a n a n h so' lieu thflc qua internet v a n v a t cho ngfldi nudi v l sfle khde, t i n h t r a n g sinh ly (ddng due, t h a i san, tinh t r a n g dinh dudng, k h a n a n g p h a t sinh dich benh), va mdi trudng, n h u c l u dinh dudng la cd sd cho ro bdt phdi trdn thflc an dfla t r e n p h i n m e n chuyen dung (nhfl RationAll) va la cd sci de t r u y xua't ngudn gd'c.
Toan bd cac tae nghiep dflde so' hda va t r u y i n qua internet v a n vat tdi ehu t r a i ehan nudi qua thiet hi di ddng.
3.6. Cong nghe thu y
Cdng nghe c h i n doan p h a t hidn benh ehi trong mot dng nghiem ngay tai thflc dia ma khdng c i n m a y dn nhidt h a y m a y dpc ke't qua;
Cdng nghd chip c h i n doan p h a t hidn m§t nhdm benh nhd tfeh hdp (cdng nghe Proteomic, td'ng hdp Ologo va cdng nghe nano) t h a n h td hdp "multiplex" cd t h e ddng thdi phat hien h a n g chuc vi sinh vat gay hai khae n h a u t r e n vat nudi.
Nam 2015: C a n a d a t h a n h cdng svl dung chip phat hien eflng lue 8 kidu gdy h§i chflng rdi loan vdi 34 chung vi sinh vat pho bie'n d nfldc nay; M J cdng b d mdt chip mdi cd k h a n a n g xac dinh sfl cd m a t cua 8.101 loai vi sinh vat gay benh kha,e n h a u .
3.7. Nuoi trong thuy sdn
- Cac cdng nghe gen, te bao, sinh hpc p h a n tfl da dfldc p h a t tridn trong chpn tao gidng t h u y san cha't Ifldng va cd k h a n a n g chdng chiu vdi mdi trfldng ba't t h u a n :
- Dung dich n a n o bac (Ag) dflde sfl dung cho lpc nfldc, khfl k h u i n d ao hd, d i m nudi t h u y san. He thong tao va sue khf oxy vdi h a t sieu nhd cho cac ao nudi, hieu qua va tiet kiem;
- H e thd'ng cam bien nano quan t r i e va d a n h gia cha't Ifldng nfldc trong ao, d i m nudi h a i san dUdc p h a t trien;
Cdc v a t h e u n a n o dUdc dflng trong xay dUng long be, lam Ifldi va eae thiet bi nudi trdng d a n h b i t eo k h a n a n g chd'ng chiu vdi do man, bao gio, ddng chay manh.
He thd'ng nudi t u l n hoan, cdng nghe biofloc, cdng nghe enzyme, vi sinh, hda sinh, san xua't vac xin, n h a m a n g da d f l ^ p h a t trien va flng dung 3 k h a u nudi trdng t h u y san.
3.8. Bdo qudn va che bie'n
Cdng nghe gidm sat va dieu khien mdi trfldng t r e n n e n t a n g cam bien khdng day d he thdng kho bao quan, ehe bien de giam sat nhidt do, dp I m , ndng dp khi CO2. lflu trfl, truyen n h a n dfl lieu tfl eac n u t cam bien ve may t i n h q u a i n t e r n e t v a n vat.
He thdng cap ddng, he thdng lam da vay, da khd, day chuyen che bien lien hoan, may p h a n ed, lang da, may r a kim loai, may ddng gdi h u t chan khdng da dfldc flng d i ^ g trong thiiy san.
He thdng td' bao sdng, edng nghe ca'p ddng sidu n h a n h , cdng nghd s l y ehan khdng, s l y bflc xa hdng ngosii, bao quan ndng san, thuy san bang phfldng p h a p ngii ddng, bao gdi kin da dfldc flng dung dd t i n g cao cha't Ifldng san p h i m trong ehe' bid'n.
3.9. Khuyen nong
Sd hda eac thdng tin ve gia, dac diem cua cac loai d i u vao, cac loai ndng san, ky t h u a t trdng trot, chan nudi, ehe bien, cae t h d n g tin vd dieh h a i , each chfla t r i , q u a n ly
Nghiin aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(431) - Thing 6/2018 33
thdng qua i n t e r n e t v a n vdt va cung ca'p eho ngfldi dan dfldi dang tin n h i n qua cac thid't bi di dpng, ket hdp vdi chuyen gia dd tfl va'n qua tdng dai, giai dap t h a c m l c khi d a n cd nhu c l u .
- Giup ca thd hda thdng tin cho tiing ndng t r a i vdi tflng loai cay con, tflng canh ddng va lflu lai toan bd lich sfl p h a t tridn cua cay trdng, vat nudi eua moi t h u e bao tfl do chuyen gia tfl v i n n i m dfldc t i n h hinh, cd nhflng Icfi khuyen sat thflc va hieu qua.
Rut n g l n dUde thdi gian, ngudn lUc khi tfldng tac vdi ndng d a n t h a y .
Thdng tin khuyen nong tdi ndng dan qua internet van vat va tflcftig tac the gidi ao.
3.10. Marketing vd tieu thu Cdng nghe quan ly chuoi thflc p h a m ndng san thdng minh da dfldc p h a t trien t r e n nen t a n g internet v a n vat.
Cdng nghe ket hdp eae he thdng ngang va he thd'ng dpc va cdng n g h e cam bie'n giup didu tiet va lien ke't hflu hieu gifla eac tac n h a n trong chuoi, gifla eac t h a n h vien trong mdt nhdm tac n h a n vdi n h a u , dam bao chuoi gia tri ndng san v a n h a n h lien tuc va hidu qua.
Marketing dflde tien h a n h trflc tuye'n;
sat nhu e l u va tidn ldi, khdng e i n de'n cac dieu kien v l m a t b a n g nhfl each lam t r u y i n thd'ng.
He thd'ng t r u y xua't trflc tuyen: tich hdp sd lieu thdi gian thUc ve qua t r i n h san xua't, ehd bid'n, xac dinh n h a n mac, ngudn gdc cua san p h a m , giup q u a n t r i b a n hang, kho hang, p h a t hidn h a n g gia, giup n h a n dang chfnh xac t r u y xud't ngudn gd'c va dieu h a n h quan tri b a n h a n g .
4. L d i i c h v a t h a c h thijfc c u a n o n g n g h i d p t h o n g m i n h
Tao r a sU lien tuc trong san xua't - kinh doanh, khdng ke thdi gian h a y khdng gian nhcf flng dung va duy tri eac cdng nghd quan ly va giam sat tien tid'n. T a n g n a n g sua't va cha't Ifldng, tie't kidm ngudn Iflc, giam chi
phi. T a n g hieu Iflc, hieu q u a cua giam sat, d a m bao q u a t r i n h s a n x u l t lien t u e va hieu q u a nhd cung ca'p dfl lieu thdi gian thflc cho chuoi cung flng thcfi gian thfle cua n e n ndng nghiep thdi gian thflc. Tao r a cac san phim mdi, dieh v u mdi. D i l u kidn lam vide tdt hdn vi it le thupc vao k h d n g gian, thdi gian, thcfi tie't. Ke't noi hflu h i e u vdi k h a c h hang, tang hieu q u a h o a t ddng c u a chudi gia tri thflc p h i m ndng san. Ca,c giao dich minh bach va tidn ldi hdn, d a m b a o ldi ich cae bdn; tao ra n h i e u cd hdi cho ngfldi tieu dflng Ifla chon.
Tao cd hdi viec l a m cho lao ddng cd k j ning.
Giup t a i ed ca'u cac n d n g nghiep, ddi ehi&'n Ifldc t a n g trfldng tfl dfla vao t a i nguyen sang ddi mdi va s a n g t a o .
Tuy nhien, n d n g nghidp 4.0 cung tao ra nhflng t h a c h thflc ldn: (Sara Gustafson, 2016, J e s s Fealy, 2017 va Dd Kim Chung, 2018): mdi trfldng c a n h t r a n h se n g i y cang gay g i t , k h d n g p h a i t r o n g mdt vflng ma ca toan c l u . Cae qud'e gia ed n e n nong nghidp c h u yd'u dfla vao da't d a i va lao ddng se kho k h a n hdn vi k h a n a n g ha'p t h u cdng nghd v^
ddi mdi s a n g t a o tha!p. I t t a o cd hoi vide lam cho lao dpng thieu ky nang, n i n ndng nghiSp t h u edng n a n g sua't t h i p se ed nhieu kh6 k h a n . Do kdt noi vdi i n t e r n e t v a n vat 5 miic dp cao n e n mfle dp r u i ro t h d n g in va an n i n h m a n g ldn.
5. N o n g n g h i g p t h o n g m i n h of mot sd nfldc
Tde dd l a n t r u y e n cdng nghd trong each m a n g cdng n g h i e p 4.0 ndn k i n h t e ndi chung va ndng nghiep ndi rieng d a n g dien r a h cSip sd n h d n va t r e n quy md tokn c l u (James C.
Collins, 2016). Vi t h e , mpt so nfldc va viing l a n h thd da va d a n g p h a t t r i e n ndng nghifip thdng m i n h nhfl s a u (Nguyen T h i Lan va edng Sfl, 2017 v a P h a m S, 2017, Dd Kim Chung, 2018):
- Ixaren: chfldng t r i n h ndng nghidp t h d n g m i n h : gidng, v a t lieu, c h i n doan, dU bao, rdt bdt, ndng nghidp t h d n g m i n h tren xa mac (120.000-150.000 USD/nam/ha).
34 NghiSn aiu Kmh tff sff 5(480) • Thing 5/20ii
- My: p h a t tridn AI, nano, 3D trong tao gidng, cac t r a m q u a n ly ndng nghidp thdng minh, ndng t r a i thong minh.
Thdi Lan: chfldng t r i n h h a n h ddng ve ndng nghidp thdng minh: h i n h t h a n h t r u n g t a m cho 4 vflng ndng nghiep vdi cac ndng t r a i thdng minh dd san xua't r a s a n p h i m dat tieu c h u i n quoc te.
Trung Quoc: t i m nhin p h a t trien nong nghiep thdng m i n h vdi cac hdp p h i n n i n ndng nghidp mdi, ndng d a n mdi, rudng vudn ndng thdn mdi h a i hda vdi t h a n h thi.
- N h a t Ban: di sau vao edng nghe rd bd't tfl dpng trong canh tae ndng nghiep, thie't bi bay va khdng ngfldi lai.
- Ddi Loan: t r u n g t a m cung ca'p cac cdng nghe eho ndng nghiep thdng minh: cam bid'n, ket noi van vat, te bao n a n g Ifldng m a t trcfi, thiet bi khdng ngfldi lai va den LED.
6. N d n g n g h i e p t h o n g m i n h cT V i d t N a m v a g d i y c h i n h s a c h
Viet N a m da va dang bflde d i u p h a t trien ndn Ndng nghidp thdng minh vdi nhflng didm cd b a n sau:
Da td ehfle D i l n d a n c i p cao Cdng nghd thdng tin - t r u y i n thdng Viet N a m 2017 vdi chu de: Viet N a m - chuyen doi sd trong each mging cdng nghiep 4.0 (6-9-17).
Cdng nghe so', nha't la i n t e r n e t van vat dUdc p h a t t r i i n n h a n h : 53% dkn sd'internet.
D a n g va Chinh phii cd quyet t a m chfnh tri: tai cd ca'u ndng nghiep theo hudng ndn ndng nghiep cha't lUdng cao: ngay 2 7 - 6 - 2017: B a n Kinh te t r u n g Udng: Didn dan Kinh td Viet N a m 2 0 1 7 - P h a t t r i e n ndng nghiep cha't lu^ng va hidu qua. T a p t r u n g vao ndng nghiep cdng n g h e cao. Ngay 14-10- 2017: Hpi ndng d a n Viet N a m : D i l n d a n nong dan Viet N a m l i n thfl 2: Nong d a n s i n sang vdi Ndng nghidp 4.0.
- Trong mpt so" n g a n h va linh vUc da budc d i u flng dung co hieu q u a cdng nghe ndng nghiep 4.0: Cdng n g h e gen, sinh hpe p h a n ttl k h a p h a t tridn; Cdng nghd t r a m
thdi tiet t h d n g m i n h da bfldc d i u dUdc flng dung; Hd t h o n g AgriOne cua Viettel da cho k h u y e n ndng q u a SMS; p h i n m i m quan \^
ndng nghidp t h d n g m i n h da dfldc Cdng ty Mimosa T E K h T P . Hd Chi Minh, Tay Ninh, Ddng Nai, Da L a t , Gia Lai, Nghe An; t r a n g t r a i TH: g i n chip dien txi Aiitag vao bd de q u a n ly ddng due, p h a t hien trflde 4 ngay, tfl dpng hda quy t r i n h v l t sfla - khdp kin; he thd'ng cam bien n a n o , d u n g dich n a n o bac:
sfl d u n g t r o n g thiiy san; he thong t r u y xua't trflc tuydn dfldc a p d u n g t r o n g san x u l t k i n h doanh gidng eay ndng nghidp; T a p doan Minh P h u ap d u n g cd sd dfl lieu dam may cho che' bien tdm tao r a san p h a m dat c h u i n eiia t h i trfldng khd tinh; Da Lat: ndng t r a i hoa, r a u t h d n g m i n h (Do Kim Chung, 2018).
Tuy nhien, eung cd mdt so' thach thflc ldn dang dat r a cho Viet Nam trong p h a t trien ndng nghidp t h d n g minh:
N h u e l u ndng san t a n g vd Ifldng va nghiem n g a t hdn vd c h i t Ifldng trong khi ngudn Iflc ngay cang k h a n hiem. Dan so se t a n g tfl 95 tridu d a n n a m 2018 tdi 140 trieu d a n vao nSm 2050, n h u c l u Ifldng thflc t a n g tdi thieu tdi 60-70%.
- Ndng nghidp nfldc t a v i n la n i n s a n xua't nhd va m a n h m u n ; chuoi gia t r i ndng s a n chfla dfldc p h a t t r i d n , t i n h t r a n g . T r i n h do flng d u n g cdng n g h e cdn tha'p. Mdt so' n g a n h va l i n h vfle eua ndng nghiep v i n chfla d a t t r i n h do ciia each m a n g cdng n g h i e p l i n thfl 2; t y t r o n g lao ddng ndng n g h i e p n a m 2016 t r o n g tdng lao dpng xa hdi edn tdi 41,9%. Dai da so'ngudn n h ^ n Iflc ehfla dap flng dfldc yeu e l u cua viec ap d u n g cac t h a n h tflu c u a ndng nghiep t h d n g m i n h ' .
1. Trong khi b M^ ty \t lao ddng ndng nghi£p trong tdng lao d6ng xa h6i nay la 0,86%, Uc 1,7%, Ph^p:
1,63%, Nhat: 3,0, Haii Qufic: 4.8%, Philipin: 20,3%, TTiai Lan: 32,9%. Ty 16 lao d6ng nfing thdn duoc dSo tao chi dat 11,2% nSnnang sufit lao d6ng chi bang 1-1,5% so vdi cdc nu6c phat tri^n (Nguyen Van B6, 2017).
NghiSn cOu Kmh tff sff 6(431) - Thing 6/2018 3 5
Mdi trflcing kinh doanh chfla t h a t sfl p h a t trien. Nam 2016-2017, Viet Nam dang dflng thfl 60 trong 130 qud'c gia ve nang Iflc canh t r a n h qud'e gia (Dien dan Kinh td' t h e gidi, 2017); chfla d i y 2% sd doanh nghiep cua ea nfldc d i u tfl vao ndng nghiep vdi sd' vd'n d i u tfl dfldi 1% tdng so von d i u tfl.
Nhan thflc v l ndng nghiep thdng minh chfla d i y du; (i) hieu chfla t h a t rd npi h a m cua ndng nghidp minh, edn cd sfl l i m l i n nen san x u l t nay vdi nong nghiep cdng nghe cao;
ed ehinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep edng nghd cao, nhflng khdng cd chfnh sach phat trien ndng nghidp thdng minh; (ii) khi trien khai chfnh saeh, chu trpng nhidu hdn cac du an d i u t u ha t i n g dd cd k h u ndng nghiep cdng nghe eao ma ehUa d i u tU thich dang vao nghien cflu, chuydn giao, flng dung de tao r a chudi gia tri san p h i m ben vflng (Trin Dflc Vidn, 2017 va Dd Kim Chung, 2017).^
Dieu nay cd the b a n che den k h a nang flng dung, ha'p t h u cac t h a n h qua ciia each mang cdng nghiep 4.0.
Trflde boi eanh tren, de p h a t tridn ben viing ndng nghiep 4.0, c i n thflc hien cac giai phap sau (Dd Kim Chung, 2017 va T r i n Dflc Vien, 2017):
- Tid'p tuc tai cd ca'u ndng nghidp bang vide ddi mdi d i u tfl cdng va dich v u edng theo hfldng chuydn nen ndng nghiep chii yeu dfla vao dat dai va lao ddng re sang nen ndng nghiep ddi mdi va sang tao.
- Uu tien phat trien ndng nghiep thong minh d cac ndi cd d i l u kien nhflng khdng loai trfl cac H n h thai san xua't ndng nghiep truyen thong. C i n Ifla chon eac cdng nghe phfl hdp, phfl hdp vdi trinh dp dan tri va trinh dp kinh te-xa hpi cua tflng viing, mien cu the g i n vdi thi trfldng.
- D i u t u vao ddi mdi va sang tao, nghien cflu, flng dung va chuyen giao eac edng nghe phfl hdp ve edng nghe thdng tin, edng nghd 60, edng nghd vat 1^, edng nghe sinh hpe, edng nghe van h a n h vdi dac diem va dieu kidm Viet Nam theo hfldng tao r a chuoi gia tri ndng san thflc p h i m ben viing, tao cd hdi cho
ta't ea ndng dan, t r a n g t r a i va doanh nghidp dfldc t h a m gia.
- C i n cd chfldng trinh h a n h ddng eu thd cho phat tridn Ndng nghidp thdng minh phat trien bdi ngfldi Viet N a m C'Made by Vietnam" khdng phai la 'Made in Vietnam") va c i n d i u tfl nghien cflu, phat trien n h i n Iflc di nhanh chdng lam chu cae cdng nghd nh^p k h i u .
- Thfla n h a n va p h a t trien t h i trfldng da't dai, nha't la da't ndng nghidp, khac phue tinh trang m a n h m u n , p h a t trien ndng nghidp hang hoa, t a p t r u n g .
- Khuyd'n khfch khdi nghiep trong phat trien va flng dung cdng nghe eua ndng nghiep thdng minh d eae linh vflc san x u l t , kinh doanh, ehd bien, marketing cac san phim ndng lam t h u y san de p h a t trien chudi ndng s a n b e n vflng b ^ n g e a c h t a n g d i u tfl n g l n sach cho nghien cflu ndng nghidp thdng minh trong didu kien Viet N a m , tSng lien kd't gifla doanh nghidp, cd quan nghien cflu, dao tao, hinh t h a n h vfldn fldm cdng nghe de nhan rpng.
- Ddi mdi phfldng thflc va npi dung giao due va dao tao b a n g viec tfeh hdp eac xu hfldng va t h a n h tflu eua each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 va ndng nghidp thong minh vao ndi dung chfldng t r i n h giao due, dao tao va hfldng nghiep, gan vdi n h u c l u cua xa hdi de cd Iflc Ifldng lao dpng cd k h a n a n g tiep cin, phat tridn va flng d u n g dfldc cac t h a n h qua nen ndng nghiep thong minh.
- Chii trpng bdi dfldng kidn thflc va k j n a n g dd'i vdi ddi n g u l a o dpng n d n g nghidp
2. Mdt stf ngu6i cho ring d^ phSt tri^n cdng nghft cao phai phat tnin cac 'cinh d6ng' nha kinh nha lu^ vdi duoc trang bi hifin dai v^ tu ddng h6a. Nhiiu ngu6n cua nhi nudc da dugc dSu ttr di x&y dung cic mo hinh ndng nghifip cdng nghe cao. "Hiy iihiSn.cSc md hinh do ddu k ^ hifiu qui. Ttt nam 2004 d€n thdng 12-2015, ci nu6c da cd 34 khu ndng nghifip iing dung cdng nghfi cao (NNCNQ da va dang dugc xfty dtoig tai 19 dnh thudc 7 viing kinh t^. D6n n5m 2016, chi cd 1 khu NNCNC (rau, hoa d m Lat) co lai ro, 3 khu g6ra Cfi a i , TP.H6 Oii Minh, An Thdi, Binh Duong vi Sutfi Diu, KhSnh Hoa hoat ddng c6 th^ tu tdn tai dugc; c6n 30 khu khu chua hoac khdng hifiu qui (Tr^ Diic Vifin, 2017).
3 6 NghiSn aiu Kmh Iff sff 5(480) • Thing 5/2018
hien hanh de cd thd dap flng dfldc yeu clu ap dung cac thanh qua eiia ndng nghiep thdng minh va khic phue nhiitng tac ddng tieu cflc cua each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 tao ra.
- Tie'p tuc ho trd va eung ca'p tin dung eho ndng dan, cac doanh nghidp, trang trai trong phat tridn va flng dung va ddi mdi cdng nghe d ta't ca cac linh vflc cua ndng nghiep./.
TAI LigU THAM KHAO
1. Aggre Gate: Internet of Thing Integration Eatfonn, (2017), loT Solutions for Agriculture, trfin http://aggregate.tibbo.comAndustries/agriculture
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20. Nguydn Xuan Trach (2017), Xu h dng v i giai phap phat tridn ndng nghifip cdng nghfi cao bfin vQng, H6i thdo ve ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao trong bd'i cdnh cdng nghiep hoa vd hien dgi hoa, Vmh Fhuc ngiy 10-8-2017.
21. Tr& Diic Vifin (2017), Tich tu mdng dflt d^ p*at t r i ^ ndng nghifip cdng nghfi cao: k h u y ^ nghi chfnh s^ch, Tia sdng ngdy 25-5-2017, http://tiasang.com.vn/-dien- dan/Iich-ta-mong-dat-vd-phat-trien-nong-nghiep-CNC-Khu yen-nghi-chinh-sach-10689.
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Ngay nhin b i i : Ngay duyfit ding:
10-4-2018 11-5-2018
Nghiin ciiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018 37
