CONG DONG KINH TE ASEAN:
Cd HOI VA THACH THtfC CHO LAO DONG VIET NAM
DAO THANH BINH **' Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich nhiing cd hgi va thdch thUc cho lao dgng Viet Nam khi tham gia cong dong kinh te ASEAN. Tren ctf sd do, dUa ra cdc giai phdp nham phdt trien nguon nhan lUc ddp Ung thi trUdng lao dong trong khu vUc.
Tii khoa: Cong dong kinh te ASEAN; lao dgng Viet Nam; ca hoi; thdch thiic; phdt trien nguon nhdn liic lao dgng.
Abstract: This article analyzed the opportunities and challenges for Vietnamese employees in participating in the ASEAN economic community. Suggestions are proposed to develop the workforce to match requirements of the regional labor market.
Keywords: ASEAN economic community; Vietnamese labor; opportunity; challenge; workforce development.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/12/1018; Ngdy siia bdi: 15/01/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 22/02/2019.
1. ASEAN va thi trvtdng lao dgng trong ASEAN
Hiep hdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A (Tie'ng anh: Association of South East Asian Nations, vie't t i t 11 ASEAN), dupe thanh lap nam 1967 tai Bang - cdc, Thai Lan, vdi rauc tieu tang cUdng hpp tac chinh tri, an ninh, kinh te' va van hoa - xa hdi giQa eac nude thanh vien, tao dilu kidn hpi nhap sau bdn vdi khu vUc va the' gidi.
Tai tam nhin ASEAN 2020 dupc thdng qua thang 12 nara 1997, cac nha lanh dao ASEAN da dinh hudng ASEAN thanh mpt cdng ddng, trong dd tao ra rapt khu vuc kinh te' on dinh, thinh VUdng, cd kha nang canh tranh cao; hang hoa, dich vu, vd'n va dau tU dupc luu ehuyen thdng thoang, kinh te' phat trien [QU NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI
ddng deu; ddi ngheo va phan hoa kinh te' - xa hdi giam bdt.
Trong Hdi nghi ca'p eao ASEAN Lln thQ 14 to chQe vao thang 2 nam 2009 tai Thai Lan, cac nha lanh dao da dQa ra tuydn bd' Cham Hua Hin ve Id trinh xay dQng edng ddng ASEAN (2009 2015) vdi ba tru cpt chinh la Cpng ddng Kinh te ASEAN, Cong dong Chinh tri - An ninh ASEAN va Cpng dong Van hoa - xa hdi ASEAN. Ngay 31 thang 12 nam 2015, Cdng dong Kinh te ASEAN (AEC ASEAN: Economic Community) da chinh thQc dupc thanh lap, nham tao dQng mdt thi trUdng thd'ng nha't eho cac qud'e gia thanh vien ASEAN, thuc day ddng chu chuyen tQ do eua hang hoa,
••• ThS., Tnrdng Dai hoc Kinh te ky thuat Cong nghiep.
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DAO THANH BINH dich vu, d i u tQ, lao ddng cd tay nghe
trong ASEAN.
Cpng ddng Kinh te ASEAN bao gdm 10 qud'e gia thanh vidn (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippine, Singapore, Thai Lan va Viet Nam), vdi dan so' bdn 620 trieu ngudi, trong do 300 trieu ngudi tham gia thi trUdng lad dpng, ba quo'c gia cd sd' lao dpng chid'm ty trpng hdn 70% la Indonesia (40%), Philippine (16%), Viet Nam (15%).
LQC iQpng lao dpng nay khi dupe tQ do di chuyen trong thi trUdng ehung se la nhan to' cd ban dd thuc day sQ phat trien kinh td - xa hdi eua eae nQdc thanh vidn Cdng ddng kinh te' ASEAN. Trude m l t ed 8 nganh nghe lao dpng trong cac nUde ASEAN dupc tu do di ehuyen thdng qua thda thuan tay nghe tUdng dUdng gom: ke' toan, kid'n true sQ, nha si, bac si, ky sQ, y ta, van ehuydn va nhan vien nganh du lich. Ngoai ra, nhan iQc cha't lUdng cao (chuydn gia, thp lanh nghe) trong dd nhan luc dupc dao tao chuydn mdn cd trinh dp tQ dai hpe trd ldn, thdng thao ngoai ngQ, dae biet la tid'ng Anh dUdc di chuyen tQ do hdn. Dilu dd cd lpi cho ca ngudi lao ddng va doanh nghiep.
Cdng ddng Kinh td' ASEAN dupe thanh lap giup thi trUdng lao dpng trong Khd'i hoat ddng sdi ddng hdn, thuc day tao viec lam chd tQng qud'e gia thanh vien. Theo dQ bao cua To ehQc Lao dpng quo'c td' (ILO), khi tham gia AEC, so' vide iam cua Viet Nam se tang ldn 14,5% vao nam 2025. Tuy nhidn, do trinh dp phat trien khdng ddng deu ndn hien nay lao ddng cd tay nghe va ky thuat cao trong khd'i ASEAN ehu yd'u di chuyen vao thi trUdng Singapore,
Malaysia va Thai Lan. Cdn lai hau hd't lao dpng di chuyen trong pham vi ASEAN la lao ddng trinh dp ky nang tha'p hoac khdng ed ky nang. TQ nam 1990, ngudn di cQ npi khd'i ASEAN da tang manh. Tinh theo gia tri tuyet dd'i so' di cQ trong ASEAN da tang tQ 1,5 trieu (nam 1990) ldn 6,5 trieu ngudi (nam 2013). ASEAN cd 3 nUdc la didm de'n chinh eua lao dpng di cu: Malaysia, Singapore va Thai Lan. Ba nQdc nay chid'm gin 90% trong tong so' lao ddng di cU cua khu vUc va 97% trong tdng sd' lao ddng di cU giQa cIc nUdc trong ASEAN. O Singapore, 45% lao ddng nhap eU tQ Malaysia; d Malaysia, 42,6% lao ddng nhap cQ tQ Indonesia, va d Thai Lan, 50,8% lao ddng nhap cU tQ Myanmar. Viet Nam ehi chid'm mdt ti trpng ra't nhd trong so' lao ddng nhap cQ tai Malaysia la 3,5%.
Cac thi trUdng cdn lai nhU Thai Lan va Singapore gin nhU ti le lao dpng nhap cQ tQ Viet Nara la ra't nhd, khdng dang kd hoae ed the khdng cd.
2. ThQc t r a n g lao dong viec lam of Viet Nam, ctf hoi va t h a c h thQc
Khi thara gia cpng ddng Kinh te' ASEAN, Viet Nara cd nhQng lpi the nha't dinh, nhQng ddng thdi cd nhQng ban ehd' thaeh thQe khdng nhd.
Vide thara gia AEC se lam tang sd' lupng vide lam cua Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi day. Cu the, vide hinh thanh Cpng ddng kinh td' ASEAN giup thi trUdng lao dpng trong ASEAN sdi ddng hdn, thuc day tao vide lam cho tQng quo'c gia thanh vien.
Theo dQ bao ciia To chQc Lao dpng quo'c td' (ILO), khi tham gia AEC, so' vide lam ciia Viet Nam se tang ldn 14,5% (tQc khoang 7,5 trieu) vao nam 2025. Trong dd, cd hpi
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vide l a m se gia t a n g m a n h me d nhQng n g a n h n h u san xua't gao, xay dung, v a n tai, ddt raay, da giay va che bien lUdng t h u c . Trong giai doan 2010 - 2025, n h u cau dd'i vdi viec lam e I n t a y n g h e t r u n g binh se t a n g n h a n h nha't, d mQe 28%; lao ddng cd t r i n h dp ky n a n g tha'p la 2 3 % , lao dp#ng cd ky n a n g eao se t a n g 13% va sd cd t h e m n h i e u ed hdi cai t h i e n cupc sd'ng cua h a n g t r i e u ngQdi.
Ldi thd' ldn nha't ciia Viet N a m la cd iQc lupng lao ddng ddi dao va ed eau lao ddng tre. Theo bao cao ciia Tong cue Thd'ng kd quy 3 n a m 2018, Viet N a m cd k h o a n g 54,30 t r i e u lao ddng, t r o n g do luc lUpng lao ddng tQ 15 tuoi trd ldn chie'm 72,52%*^*.
So vdi eung thdi diem n a m 2017, iQe iQdng lao ddng tQ 15 tud'i trd len t a n g 586,8 nghin ngUdi, giam 70,7 n g h i n ngudi so vdi quy trQdc (trong dd giam c h u ye'u d k h u vQc n d n g thdn). Ty Id lao ddng 15 tudi trd len cd vide lam t r o n g quy 1/2018 Qdc t i n h la 54 trieu ngudi, bao gom 20,9 trieu ngUdi d a n g lam vide t a i k h u vQc ndng thdn, l a m nghiep va t h u y s a n (chid'm 38,6%), k h u vQc cdng n g h i e p va xay dQng 14,4 t r i e u ngudi (chie'm 26,7%), k h u vQe dieh vu 18,7 trieu ngQdi (chid'm 34,7%). So' lieu tha't nghiep thd'ng ke do tuoi tQ 15 de'n 24 chie'm k h o a n g 49,4% tong so' ngQdi tha't nghiep. D a n g c h u y lao ddng cd vide l a m da q u a dao tao tQ t r i n h dp sd ca'p n g h e trd ldn trong quy I Udc t i n h 11,6 t r i e u ngUdi, mdi chi cbid'm 21,5% sd lao ddng cd vide lam t r o n g ca nUdc.
Ldi the' thU h a i dd la ed ca'u lao ddng, g i n day da cd sQ chuydn dich theo h u d n g tich eUc. Hien nay, lao ddng thupc k h u vUc ndng, lara, ngU nghiep la 4 7 , 1 % so vdi Qig NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
53,0% nara 2007; lao ddng k h u vUc edng n g h i e p va xay dUng la 20,8% so vdi 19,0%
n a m 2007; lao dpng k h u vQc dieh v u la 3 2 , 1 % so vdi 28,0% n a m 2 0 0 r ' \
T u y nhidn, lao ddng Viet N a m g a p k h d n g it t h a c h thQc: Thii nhdt, cha't lUdng n g u d n n h a n iQc Viet N a m h i e n v a n tha'p so vdi yeu c i u ciia t h i trUdng lao dpng va so vdi eae nUde k h a c . T r o n g dd, ye'u t o ' c h a t iQpng lao ddng la yd'u td' q u a n t r p n g k h i md cxia e a n h t r a n h vdi cac qudc gia khae.
Theo N g a n h a n g Thd' gidi, Viet N a m d a n g r a t t h i e u lao d p n g ed t a y n g h e , cong n h a n ky t h u a t cao. Ne'u d a n h gia t h a n g d i e m 10 t h i cha't lUdng n h a n luc Viet N a m ehi d a t 3,79 diem - xep thQ 11/12 nUde C h a u k t h a m gia xe'p h a n g c u a N g a n h a n g The' gidi; t r o n g k h i H a n Qud'e la 6,91 diem, a'n Dp la 5,76 diem, M a l a y s i a la 5,59 diem, T h a i L a n la 4,94 diem...; Thii hai, Viet Nara cdn thid'u n h i e u lao d p n g l a n h n g h i , n h a n iQc q u a dao t a o chQa d a p Qng dQde n h u eau t h i t r u d n g lao dpng v a d o a n h n g h i e p ve t a y n g h i va cac k y n a n g m e m k h a e . T r i n h dp ngoai ngQ ciia lao dpng chi xd'p t h a n g d i e m t r u n g b i n h 5,78, thudc vao n h d m cac nude ed diem t r u n g b i n h tha'p, dQng s a u I n d o n e s i a (5,97), P h i l i p p i n e (6,53), M a l a y s i a (6,64). Do dd, n a n g sua't lao dpng c u a Viet N a m t h u d c n h d m tha'p d C h a u A - T h a i B i n h D u d n g (tha'p hdn Singapore g i n 15 l l n , tha'p h d n N h a t B a n
' http://www.molisa.gov.vn/ Images/ FileAnPhara/
fileanpham2019i311028694.pdf. Ban tin cap n h a t thi t r u i n g lao dong Viet Nam.
''' Nguyin Ba Ngoc va Pham Minh Thu, Vien Khoa hoc Lao dong va Xa hoi, Ndng suat lao dong d Viet Nam - Nhin tii goe do ca cdu lao dong va ky nang, dSn theo https.//www.google.com.vn/q=C%C6%Al+c%El"/BA"/
A5u+lao +%C4%91%El%BB%99ng+theo+nfro/r'>%
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11 I l n , tha'p h d n H a n Quo'c 10 l l n ) . N a n g sua't lao dpng cua Viet N a m b a n g 1/5 Malaysia va 2/5 T h a i Lan*^'.
Ngoai ra, cac chuydn gia c u a n g a n h a n g the gidi (WB) cho tha'y sQ c h u i n bi kid'n thQe, ky nang, t h a i dp va t a m ly d l s i n sang di chuydn s a n g l a m vide d eac nudc ASEIAN cua lao ddng Viet N a m la ehUa cao. Chi xet ve k h i a c a n h ngoai ngQ, ra't it lao dpng Viet N a m , kd ca d cac t h a n h phd' ldn khdng hpc ngdn ngQ eiia cac nQdc ASEAN nhQ: T h a i L a n , Lao, Indonesia, Myanmar... (vi k h a n a n g sii d u n g tid'ng Anh cua cac ting vidn Viet N a m cd diem trung binh la 5.78 ( t h a n g d i e m tQ 0-9). Ty Id lao dpng Viet N a m t h a m gia vao t h i trQdng lao dpng c h i n h thQc cdn tha'p, d a t khoang 30%, ly do e h u yd'u la xua't p h a t diem cua Viet n a m tha'p, co c a u k i n h te' chu yd'u v l n la n d n g n g h i e p .
Nguyen n h a n e h u ye'u c u a h i e n t r a n g cha't iQdng n g u d n n h a n iQc Viet N a m tha'p la do:
ThU nhdt, n e n k i n h td' Viet N a m ed xua't p h a t didm t h a p , ehii ye'u tQ n e n n d n g nghiep k h e p k i n va hpi n h a p s a u , n e n nang iQc hpi n h a p v a c a n h t r a n h ciia iQc lUdng lao dpng cdn k e m . C u n g each t u y e n dung, q u a n ly va dai ngp lao ddng, nha't la lao dpng nudc ngoai eua cac d o a n h n g h i e p Viet N a m cdn ye'u v a thid'u k i n h n g h i d m nen chUa t a n d u n g dupe n h Q n g cd hpi va han chd' dUdc nhQng t h a c h thQe tQ cai each, md ciia.
Tha hai, do edng t a c dao t a o b i d n n a y chQa p h u hdp, eha't l u p n g dao t a o cdn b a n che, chUa t h u e sQ d a p Qng y e u e a u sii dung n h a n iQe v a n h u e a u c u a ngQdi hpe, chua t h e o k i p sQ c h u y e n bie'n eiia da't
nQdc t r o n g t h d i k y cdng n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i h o a va hdi n h a p qudc te, chUa giai quyd't td't md'i q u a n h e giQa so' lUdng va cha't lUdng, giQa d a y chQ vdi d a y ngQdi, d a y n g h i . . .
Tha ba, do h e thd'ng t h d n g tin ciia t h i trQdng lao dpng Viet N a m cdn n h i e u yd'u k e m va b a n che, nhQ hi chia c l t giQa cac vQng, mien. H e thd'ng chi tidu ve t h i trQdng lao ddng t u y da b a n h a n h nhQng ehQa h o a n t h i e n , e h u a day dii... do do ehUa d a n h gia dUpc bidn t r a n g c u n g - cau lao dpng. Ngoai ra, cdn thie'u md h i n b dQ bao t h i trUdng lao ddng tin eay va nha't q u a n , thid'u dpi n g u c a n bd, ehuydn gia l a m cdng tae thd'ng ke, p h a n tich, dQ bao.
Tha tit, g i n 50% iQe iQdng lao dpng Viet N a m v l n l a m vide trong linh vQc ndng nghiep vdi t i n h chuydn nghiep, k h a n a n g hpi n h a p kem, n a n g sua't va t h u n h a p tha'p so vdi cac n e n k i n h te' ASEAN k h a c n h u Malaysia, Singapore va T h a i Lan. Dieu n a y khie'n lao dpng Viet N a m ndi c h u n g ra't khd c a n h t r a n h dupc vdi lao ddng ed eha't lupng cao hdn b a n tQ cac nUde ASEAN k h a c va lao dpng cd chat lUdng da q u a dao tao ciia Viet N a m se cd xu h u d n g mud'n tim kidm viec lam cd t h u n h a p cao d cae nUde t r o n g k h u vUc, t h a y vi d lai Viet N a m . H a u q u a la c h u n g t a ra't de bi ehay m a u cha't x a m ne'u khdng ed giai p h a p t u y e n dung, q u a n ly va dai ngd p h u hpp.
3 . G i a i p h a p p h a t t r i e n n g u o n l a o d o n g V i e t N a m
D e gdp p h a n n a n g cao cha't iQdng va sQc c a n h t r a n h c u a n h a n iQc V i e t N a m '^' http://dangcongsan.vn/thoi-su/-cong-dong-kinh-te- asean-nhieu-co-hoi-cho-lao-dong-viet-nam- 369078.html
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trong AEC, Viet Nam cIn chu ddng tira ra cac bien phip dd giai quyd't van de vide iam va lao ddng trong AEC.
Mgt Id, tie'p tuc thuc hien Nghi quye't sd' 29 - NQ/TW ve doi mdi can ban giao due toan dien. Nhan thQe dung din ve vai trd, vi tri eua day nghe trong chie'n lUdc phat tridn nhan lUe eiia da't nude thdi ky 2011 - 2025, Qu tidn dao tao nghe trdng tQng eh Udng trinh, dU an phat tridn kinh te' - xa hpi ciia cac dia phUdng, vung, nganh. Phai nIm b i t dQde nhu ciu eua thi trQdng va coi day la nen tang de xay dQng kd' hoach dao tao. Hinh thanh thang gia tri nghe trong xa hdi. Bdn eanh dd, eac cd sd dao tao va doanh nghiep can chQ y tdi khung tham chie'u trinh dp ASEAN (AEQF) de nIm h i t eac quy dinh ve ky nang tay nghi, blng ca'p d tQng qud'e gia khi ap dung cho lao ddng cua nudc khae trong khu vuc, nblm ehuan bi ngudn nhan lUc cd the eanh tranh vdi lao dpng nude ngoai ngay tai Viet Nam va xua't khau sang eac nudc ASEAN.
Hai Id, can to chQe td't hdn he thd'ng thdng tin thi trudng lao ddng, ca thi trudng trong nQdc de gidi thieu va chip nd'i vide lam trong nQdc, giup ngQdi lao ddng tiep can de'n cac vi tri lam vide trong nudc trong thdi gian ngin nha't.
Ba Id, he thd'ng trung tam dich vu vide lam cung cIn td chQc lai nhim tang CUdng sU lidn kd't, chia se thdng tin, hd trd nhau trong cdng tae eung Qng va tuydn dung lao ddng eho cae doanh nghiep, ban chd' tinh trang hd't thdi han tuyen dung, cae doanh nghiep. Cln nang eao nang iQc cua cae trung tam dich vu
[ [ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
vide lam, it nhat la d chd danh gia cac yeu cau cua vi tri tuyen dung, thUdng lupng vdi ngUdi sQ dung lao ddng de dam bao ydu cau dat ra la thUc sQ can thiet, dung vdi ydu ciu ciia vide lam.
Bdn Id, can tang cQdng va nang cao cha't iQdng dQ bao nhu ciu lao dpng, lam ed sd eho doi mdi cdng tae ke' hoach hoa giao due va dao tao, ke ca dlo tao nghe dd' chuan hi ngudn nhan iQc dQpc dao tao, hdp ly ca v l sd' lupng, cd ca'u va ky nang dap Qng nhu ciu cua thi trUdng.
Nd?n Id, trong dilu kidn hdi nhap kinh td qudc td ngay eang sau rdng, nha't la sQ di ehuydn tQ do eua lao ddng ed ehuyen radn eao trong npi bp ASEAN, dang tdn tai SQ chdnh lech ldn v l dieu kien lam vide va thu nhap. Dilu nay khie'n cho nhQng nha quan ly Viet Nam phai dd'i mat vdi hien tUdng ehay mau chat xam.
De ngan chan tinh trang nay, ngUdi quan ly nhan sU phai biet each tan dung nguon iQc vd'n cd eiia minh, tranh xay ra hien tUpng doi mdi iQc lUdng lao dpng.
Thay vi chi tap trung vao ky thuat, hay mQe dp lanh nghe eua nhan vien, ngUdi sxi dung lao dpng phai chu trpng vao nhan thQe va cac ky nang mem td'i thieu can cd trong bd'i canh hpi nhap. Chinh vi vay ma bp phan nhan su ddng vai trd rd't quan trpng trong vide tim kid'm va trpng dung nhieu Qng vidn tiem nang cho cdng ty minh.
Ngoai ra can luu y dd'n mot so' giai phap ky thuat khac nbU: Quy dinh ve dieu kidn cap phep de iam cham lai viec lao dpng nude ngoai chid'm linh eac vi tri vide lam; dat ra cae rao can ky thuat hdp ly va phu hdp vdi hoan canh cu the cua
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DAO THANH BINH thi trudng lao ddng va nang lue cua
phia lao dpng Viet Nam. Cae hang rao ky thuat cln dap Qng hai trong so' cac muc tieu: Mgt Id, dam bao tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cae nha d i u tU nUdc ngoai de Viet Nam v l n la diem de'n ha'p d i n ; Hai la, van dam bao mue tieu bao ve vide iam trong nUdc, b l n g mpt so' bidn phap quan ly lao dpng nUdc ngoai tai Viet Nam sau khi dUdc ca'p phep, chuan tid'ng Viet td'i thieu dd lam vide tai Vidt Nam.
Doanh nghiep eQng la nhQng ddn vi can trQc tid'p tham gia vao thi trudng lao dpng, bang vide tham gia vao cac boat ddng giao due va dao tao, dac bidt la dao tao nghe nhu xay dUng tidu chuan ky nang nghi, xae dinh danh mue nghi theo nhu ciu cua xa hpi. Doanh nghiep cQng can cd trach nhiem cung cap thdng tin v l nhu cau vide lira cua doanh nghiep va cac dilu kidn tuydn dung ngQdi lao dpng vdi cac cd sd day nghe. NhQng edng vide nay cln su phd'i hdp chat che giQa hai bdn dd thdng tin ve nhu ciu lao dpng cua thi trQdng ludn dupc cap nhat, tQ dd ed nhQng giai phap dilu chinh de dap Qng td'i da nhu ciu lao ddng tren thi trQdng.
Thi trudng lao ddng rpng md, eho phep lao dpng tu do di chuyen qua lai giQa cac nudc thanh vidn de tim vide lam td't hdn.
Vdi ldi the' gia nhan edng re, chac chin Viet Nara se thu hut nhieu diu tu nUde ngoai so vdi cae nUdc trong khu vQc, do do sd vide lam mdi se gia tang, ngQdi lao dpng CO cd hpi tim vide lam cao hdn. Hdi nhap AEC eQng la cd hpi ldn eho lao
ddng cd ky nang, thdng thao ngoai ngQ, dQde lam viec trong mdi trQdng chuydn nghiep, cd cd hpi de tie'p thu, trao dd'i ky nang ngoai ngQ, Qng dung cdng nghd va hpc hdi each quan ly eiia nude ngoai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ngd Tua'n Anh, Dang T r i n DQc Hidp (2014), "Cdng ddng kinh td' ASEAN 2015 thich thQe va trien vpng dd'i vdi Viet Nam", Tgp chi Tdi chinh, so 12 (2014).
2. Ca hot vd thdch thUc cua nguon nhdn liic khi Viet Nam khi gia nhgp AEC, dan theo http://jobs.mtalent.
com.vn /news/co-hoi-va-thach-thuc-cua- nguon-nhan-luc-khi-viet- nam-khi-gia- nhap-aee.35a51e23/en
3. Ngpe Ld (2015), Cong ddng Kinh te ASEAN vd thdch thiic nguon nhdn lUc, Petro Time, ngay 08/09/2015, din theo bttp://www.baomoi.com
4. ILO (2014), Bdo edo Cong ddng ASEAN 2015: Qudn ly hgi nhdp hiidng tdi viec ldm tdt han vd thinh viiang chung, truy cap [www.ilo.org/asial.
5. Hoang Thi Thanh Nhan, Vd Xuan Vinh (2013), "Hien thUe hoa cdng ddng ASEAN t h u a n ldi va trd ngai". Tap chi Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Qud'e gia, Ha Ndi, Kinh te vd Kinh doanh, Tap 29, so 4 (2013).
6. Nguyin Ba Ngpe va Pham Minh Thu, Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng va Xa hpi, Ndng sudt lao dgng d Viet Nam, nhin tii gdc do ca cdu lao dgng vd ky ndng.
sd 3-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl J^
