^ i lGHI6NCUU-TflflOeOI
THI TRl/OWG LAO DONG CHUYEN MON KY THUAT TRINH DO CAO Of VIET NAM
Nguyin Ba Ngoc*, Chir Thi Lan*'
Ngodi nhiing dac diim gidng nhu thi ti-ong lao dgng ndi chung, thi trudng lao dgng chuyen mdn ky thudt trinh dd cao (LDCMKTTDC) cd nhirng ddc trung khdc biet do Id Id su khanhiim cua nguon cung d mgt so nghe ddo tgo/trinh do nhat dinh vd doc quyin ciia cdu trong mot sd vi tri Idm viic. Mac dii cd tinh trgng khan hiim mdt sd logi LDCMKTTDC nhung thi^c ti ty le thdt nghiep cua LDCMKTTDC cao hon nhieu so vdi ty le that nghiep chung phdn dnh su bdt cap ciia he thong gido due- ddo tao trong viic dap img nhu cdu cua thi trudng lao ddng. Do do, cdn phdi thifc hien chiin luge phdt trien nguon nhdn life, thuc day ddo tgo LDCMKTTDC di phdt trien ngudn cung LDCMKTTDC, Thay doi md hinh kinh ti, thuc day irng dung khoa hgc vdo sdn xudt, cdi cdch tien luong. tien cdng, ca cdu lgi dgi ngu cdng chirc, .. de phdt triin cdu LDCMKTTDC vd tdng eudng kit noi cung-cau LDCMKTTDC dua tren cdc nguyen tac vd tin hieu thi trudng.
Tix khoa: Cung chuyen mdn ky thuat trinh dd cao, cau chuydn mdn ky thuat trinh dp eao, thi trudng lao ddng, thi trudng lao ddng chuyen mdn ky thuat trinh dp cao.
1. Gidi thieu trong lihiing nam tdi.
Trong nen kinh te tbi trudng, thi trudng lao ddng 3. Ket qua nghidn cuii hinh thanh, phat triin va hoat ddng rit da dang vdi ^j^ Mpt s6 khdi niem chu yiu nhieu phan lap khac nhau, Uong do phan theo trinh , *. , - - ; - <j -. . • L .*-
f t - ^ b f i^^g dgng chuyen mon Hy thuat trinh do cao do cua lao ddng cd thi trudng lao ddng gian don va ^j f)CMKTTf)C) •
thi trudng lao ddng ky nang, nhat la thi trudng lao ddng chuyen mdn ky thuat trinh do cao. Phat trien thi tnrdng lao ddng chuydn mdn ky thuat trinh dp
C.Mdc vd Angghen todn tap - tap 4 (1995, tr.59) ndu rd "lao ddng phiic tap la bdi sd cua lao ddng
• ' ^ -L - A ^ A'- U - ' 1 • *!,• gian don", lao ddng phiic tap trinh dd cao la lao eao uong qua tnnh xay dung dong bo eac loai thi ^ , . • & r f
. . ,, . . . , - . - , . . , - dong da duac dao tao chuyen mon ky thuat cao de tnrcmg la mot Uong nhung noi dung co y nghia ' ^- ' ' -^ •' '
;. ^. . ^; - - , u *-. u ~ " CO the dam duong duac nhirng edng viec phiic tap quyet dinh de nang cao nang luc canh Uanh cua nen o • & b . t- . t- , . . i ma lao dgng gian dan khong thd lam dugc. Cd nhieu each tiip can khac nhau ve LDCMKTTDC nhung 2. Phuang phap nghien cihi ^^^^ ^.^ung tdi LDCMKTTDC Id mgt bd phdn cua Cac thdng tin va sd lieu thu cip Uong nghien ciiu nguon nhdn Igc duac ddo tgo a trinh do cao; cd nay chii yiu duac thu thap tir eac tai lieu da dugc kien thuc vd ky ndng lao ddng cao lam cdc cdng cdng bd trong va ngoai nude, va tir cac bao cao cd viic phirc tgp vd cd khd ndng thich ung nhanh voi lien quan khac da dugc cdng bo hoac dang tai Udn nhimg thay doi nhanh chdng cua cdng nghi sdn internet. Bai viit sii dung phuang phap tiip can he xudt; cd khd ndng van dung sdng tgo nhirng kien thdng, phuang phap phan tich tdng quan de phan thirc, nhimg ky ndng da duac ddo tgo vdo qud trinh tich van de ly luan ve thi trudng lao dgng chuydn lao ddng sdn xudt nhdm dem lgi ndng sudt, chdt mdn ky thuat trinh dp cao (LDCMKTTDC); luong vd hieu qud cao. Hay ndi each khac thi phuang phap thdng ke md ta, phuang phap so sanh LDCMKTTDC la nhdm nhan luc phai dap irng dk. phan tich sd hdu ve dac didm thi trudng dugc ydu eiu ciia thi Uudng (hay eu the ban, la yeu LDCMKTTDC va dl xuit cac giai phap phat Uiln ciu ciia cac doanh nghiep trong va ngoai nude), hg
S6 201 thdng 3/2014 72 JuiilUdlial Infill
NGHieNCOU-TRnOE)^
phai la nhung con ngudi phat trien ca ve kien thiic, ky nang ehuyen mdn va nhung ky nang sdng- lam vide, cung nhu tinh nang ddng xa hgi, cd thai do va CO tinh cam Uong sang. Yeu ciu vd kien thiic, ky nang chuydn mdn va ky nang mim la khac nhau tiiy theo nghe nghiep cua LDCMKT. Vdi nhirng nghe ddi hdi lao ddng tri de nbilu, tu duy eao (nhu nha toan hpc, ngudi nghien ciiu khoa hgc xa hdi va tu nhien, nha kinh td...) thi ddi bdi ve kien thiie va eae ky nang tu duy, phan tich rat cao. Ddi vdi cdng nhan ky thuat va nhirng nghd hoat dgng thue tidn nhieu (nhu thg ca khi, ngudi lam thuong mai, dieh vu, thiet kd cdng nghe, kinh doanh...) thi yeu ciu vl kinh nghiem, ky nang ky thuat nghe nghiep va nang lue thuc hanh cao.
LDCMKTIBC cd nhirng dac diim la:
Thu nhdt. ve nhgn thirc: dd la nhiing ngudi cd hieu biet sau va rdng, cd nang luc sang tao, cd trinh dp phat trien ve tri tue, nhay ben vdi cai mdi va quan tam den ddi mdi dd phat trien.
Thir hai, ve trinh do chuyin mdn: LDCMKTTDC cd trinh dp dao tao ve ehuyen mdn ky thuat cao, ling vdi mdt nganh nghd cu the theo tieu tbiic phan loai lao dgng ve chuyen mdn ky thuat nhat dinh. Theo quan niem ciia \^en Khoa hpc Lao ddng va Xa hdi (2011) thi hg phai cd trinh do dai hpc tia ldn, trir mgt sd trudng hop dac biet khdng qua dao tao; rieng ddi vdi he dao tao nghe thi ydu cau trinh dp cao dang nghe va tuong duong.
Thu ba, ve khd ndng sdng tgo: LDCMKTTDC cd nang luc tu duy dgc lap, sang tao de tao ra nhirng san pham tinh than va vat chat cd gia tri cao ddi vdi xa hdi. Nang lite tri tue ciia LDCMKTTDC bieu hien d kha nang ap dimg nhirng thanh tuu khoa hoc de sang che ra nhiing ky thuat, cdng nghd tidn tien, thich nghi nhanh va Iam chu duac nhiing ky thuat - cdng nghe hien dai; kha nang bien tri thiic thanh ky nang lao ddng nghe nghiep gidi
Bdn canh nhiing didu kien "can" neu tren, LDCMKTTDC phai hdi tu ca nhiing dac diem
"du "ve van hda nghe nghiep va van hda sinh thai, bao ve mdi trudng.
Thi trudng lao dong CMKT trinh do cao' Thi trudng LDCMKTTDC thuc chat la mdt phan lap ciia thi uudng lao ddng chung nhung cd nhimg dac diim ridng, bao gdm:
+ Cac mdi quan he cung- eiu LDCMKTTDC da dang va phuc tap ban;
+ Gia ca (tiln luong) ciia LDCMKTTDC chiu tac
ddng manh ciia xu hudng "ty le hoan tra trong giao due" (d My, trung binb mdt sinh vien hgc xong 4 nam dai hpc cd tbu nhap cao ban mgt ngudi khdng hgc dai hpc khoang 40% thu nhap/nam (Kent Hill va edng su, 2005));
+ Miic do di chuyen lao ddng ciia LDCMKTTDC cao hon so vdi lao ddng ndi chung;
+ Cae thiet chd dac thii ma d dd cae mdi quan he nay boat dpng (khung khd phap ly, co chd ddi thoai xa bdi, quan tri thi trudng lao ddng...).
Trong nen kinh te thi tnrdng, boat ddng ciia thi trudng lao ddng chiu chi phdi ciia nhirng quy luat thi trudng chii ydu nhu quy luat cung - cau, quy luat canh Uanh va quy luat gia Ui.
Cung LDCMKTTDC.
Cung LDCMKTTDC la sd lugng lao ddng da dupe dao tao cd trinh dp dai hgc trd ldn, ridng ddi vdi lao dpng Uirc tiep thi LDCMKTTDC bao gdm cdng nhan lanh nghe cd trinh dp cao dang nghd va tucmg duong Ud len (trir mdt sd trudng hgp dac biet khdng qua dao tao) san sang tham gia (hoac san sang ban sire lao ddng ciia minh) trdn thi trudng lao ddng tai mdt thdi diem nhat dinh vdi mdt mirc luang nhat dinh.
Khac vdi cung lao ddng gian don, cung LDCMKTTDC phu thudc chii ydu vao sir phat trien ciia he thdng giao due- dao tao. He thdng nay tac ddng den sd lugnng va ty Upng LDCMKTTDC tham gia lire lugng lao ddng, chat lugng lao ddng va co cau ngi tai eiia lao dpng (eg cau cung lao dpng).
Trong didu kidn binh thudng thi sd lao ddng tham gia thi trudng se tang khi miic tien luang, tidn cdng Uen thi trudng lao ddng tang. Tuy nhien, ngudn cung LDCMKTTDC dugc hinh thanh chii yeu tir cac trudng dai hpc va cao dang nghe, do dd khi miic tien lucmg d mgt nghe nao dd tang dan den cung lao ddng se tang nhung vdi dp Ue nhat dinh do phai mat khoang thdi gian dao tao.
Dudng cung lao ddng ndi chung la dudng ddng bidn trong tuong quan giiia cung lao dgng va tiln lucmg, tidn cdng. Tuy nhidn, do mat thdi gian dao tao nen cung LDCMKTTDC cd do co gian it hon so vdi cung lao ddng ndi chung vao thdi diem t, va do CO gian thuc se xay ra mudn hem vao thdi diem t+1.
De khoang chenh lech giira cung lao ddng va nhu cau thuc tl thap, can phai du bao chinh xac nhu cau thi Uudng doi vdi cac loai LDCMKTTDC de cd chien luge giao due- dao tao phu hgp.
cdu LDCMKTTDC.
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PGHieNClAJ-TRRO DOI
Hinh 1: Dufrng cung L D C M K T T D C Cung LDCMKTTDC
H(so lirong lao d9ng)
nhu eau nhidu ve LDCMKTTDC, chi can luc lugng lao dpng vdi nang luc va thai dd binh thudng ciing cd the tham gia chudi gia tri "be nhd" trong cac nganh nhu may va san xuat da giay gia cdng cho nude ngoai, xuat khau ndng- thuy san thd, xult khau than, dau thd... Rd rang la nhiing md hinh phat trien khac nhau se co nhu cau ve sd lugng, ca cau va chat lugng LDCMKTTDC khac nhau tuong ling.
Ve CO ban dudng ciu LDCMKTTDC la mgt dudng nghich bidn trong tuong quan giiia cau lao ddng va tien cdng, tien lucmg. Sd lugng lao ddng ma mgt ngudi sir dung lao dgng cd nhu ciu thud se giam neu tidn edng Udn thi tnrdng lao dgng tang va nguge lai. Tuy nhidn, dudng cau LDCMKTTDC se cd do ddc ban hay do co gian it hon so vdi cau lao ddng chung do sir khan hiem loai lao ddng nay tren LDCMKTTDC dd tang siic canh Uanh cho nen kinh thi trudng. Mae dii miic tidn luang tang nhung ciu te la rat idn. Neu tang trudng chu yeu la dua vao lao ddng se giam it ban so vdi eiu lao ddng chung tang vdn va khai thae thae tai nguydn ciing nhu tan (giam tir HI xudng H2' thay vi H2). Dac biet, do co dung lao ddng gia re thi khdng cd co sd va khdng ed gian vd cau lao ddng cd su khac biet doi vdi ciu lao
Hinh 2: Dudng cau LDCMKTTDC ciu LDCMKTTDC la kha nang thud sd lugng LDCMKTTDC cua ngudi sir dung lao ddng uen thi tnrdng lao dgng Uong mdt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh vdi mdt mirc tidn cdng nhat dinh. Dan vi sir dung LDCMKTTDC rat da dang, tir cac co quan hoach dinh va thuc thi chinh saeh, cac trudng dai hgc, vien nghien cihi, van phdng luat su... cho den cac doanh nghiep.
Cau LDCMKTTDC phu thupc vao rat nhieu yeu td nhung quan trpng nhat la md hinh tang tmdng, chuyen dich co cau kinh te va mirc dp bpi nhap kinh te qude te cung nhu trinh dp khoa hpc va cdng nghe ciia nen san xuat. Neu md binh tang trudng va tai co cau nen kinh te theo hudng phat tridn theo chieu sau, lay "vdn con ngudi" va khoa hpc cdng nghd lam nen tang cho phat Uien tbi nhu cau ve
i>cT= Cau cong chuc, viln chuc
DcLc: Cau LD CMKT trinh dp
So 201 thdng 3/2014
NGHieN CUl) - TRflO fi^
dgng la ddi ngQ cdng chirc nha nude, dudng cau khdng CO gian vdi miic tiln lucmg tiln cdng ma phu thudc vao qui md va trinh dp ciia he thdng quan ly nha nude, vi du vdi ehinh sach cat giam bien che, dudng cau lao ddng cdng cbiic se dich chuydn sang ben uai mac dii muc luong khdng thay ddi.
Cdn bang thi trudng LDCMKTTDC:
Quan be cung- cau Uen thi trudng LDCMKTTDC cd hai dac diem ndi bat, do la su khan hiem cua ngudn cung d mdt sd nghe dao tao/trinh dp nhat dinh va ddc quyen ciia cau Uong mdt sd vi tri Iam viec Do vay, xet Uong ngin han do su khan hilm ciia ngudn cung LDCMKTTDC, cac doanh nghiep cd the san sang tra miic lucmg cao hem mirc lucmg can bang ciia thi tnrdng dd tuyin dung dugc lao ddng. Nguge lai, ddi vdi mdt so vi tri lam vide mang tinh "ddc quyen" nhu cau ciia lao ddng cdng chiic, sd lugng lao dpng Uong khu vuc nay dudng nhu bi ddng ciing do qui dinh bdi bien chi va gia ca sire lao ddng khdng theo qui luat thi trudng ma dupe dieu ehinh bdi he thdng thang bang lucmg hanh chinh nha nude.
Phdt tnen thi trudng lao ddng chuyin mdn ky thudt trinh do cao
Phat Uiln thi Uudng LDCMKTTDC la viec Nha nude cd cac chinh sach hd tra gan ket cung - can, lam thich nghi co cau ciia cung ddi vdi cau LDCMKTTDC, thiic diy su linh boat cua LDCMKTTDC de thuc hien duac cac chiic nang phan cdng lao ddng (hop ly), phan phdi thu nhap (cdng bang) va phan tan nii ro (hidu qua).
3.2. Thuc trgng phdt trien thi trudng lao dpng chuyen mon ky thugt trinh dp cao & Viit Nam
Cung LDCMKTTDC
Theo so Iidu didu tra lao ddng viec Iam hang nam cua Bd Lao dpng-Thucmg bmh va Xa hdi va Tdng cue Thdng ke cho thiy cung LDCMKTTDC d nude ta cd xu hudng tang tt-ong 10 nam gan day, tir gan 1,6 Uieu ngudi nam 2002 Idn Udn 3,8 trieu ngudi nam 2012 vdi tdc dd tang binh quan 8,3% trong giai doan nay. Ty le lire lugng lao ddng cd trinh do dai hgc trd len tang tir 3,8% trong tdng luc luang lao ddng nam 2002 Idn khoang 6,2%) trong nam 2012.
Tuy nhidn, mdt nghich ly hien nay la lire lupng lao dpng qua dao tao ciia Viet Nam thilu nhiing ngudi dap img nhu ciu cdng viec nhung thira nhung ngudi khdng lam dugc vide. Thuc te cho thay, viec dao tao d bac hgc cao ding, dai hpc d nude ta chua ein vdi nhu ciu phat trien Idnh te- xa hdi ctia dat
nude, chung ta van thien ve dao tao ly thuyet han lam, nhung ngay ca kien thiic ly thuyet lai thieu nhieu kien thiic ca ban, cac ky nang cua luc lugng lao ddng yeu, nhat la la cac ky nang mem trong cudc sdng va phdi bop Iam viec (ky nang hgc va tu hpc, ky nang tu duy sang tao va mao hiem, ky nang lap ke hoach va td chiic cdng viec, ky nang lang nghe, ky nang thuyet Uinh, ky nang giao tiep va ling xu, ky nang giai quylt vin de, ky nang lam viec nhdm, ky nang dam phan...). Han niia, viec lira chon nghi nghiep theo hgc mang nhieu cam nhan chii quan, khdng dua trdn nhu cau thi tnrdng va nang luc, sd trudng ciia ban than. Nang luc he thdng phan tich va du bao qude gia vd nhu cau lao ddng Uong tuong lai ciia nude ta yeu, cac ket qua du bao thudng la khdng chinh xac hoac khdng cu thd cung la mpt nguyen nhan dan tdi tinh Uang mat can ddi Uong giao duc- dao tao, dan den thira cung lao ddng trong mgt sd nghe va thidu lao dpng trong nhidu nghe khac.
cdu LDCMKTTDC
Trong nhirng nam gan day, tdng cau lao ddng ciia toan nen kinh te van tiep tuc tang, trong dd, nhdm nghe "lanh dao trong cac nganh, cac cap va eac dan vi", va "chuydn mdn ky thuat bac cao" cd tdc dp tang kha nhanh trong vdng 10 nam qua, tuong ling mirc tang binh quan nam la 9,1%.
LDCMKTTDC cd xu hudng tang nhanh, dac biet tihdm lao ddng cd Uinh dp dai hpc trd Idn vdi tdc do tang binh quan 9,8% giai doan 2002-2012. He dao tao cao dang nghe mdi dugc thirc hien tir nam 2007, do vay den 2009 mdi cd gan 170 nghin lao ddng nhdm nay tham gia vao thi trudng, con sd nay tang len 208 nghin ngudi vao nam 2012.
Ket noi cung - cdu LDCMKTTDC vd trinh dd phdt trien cua thi trudng lao ddng
Thi trudng LDCMKTTDC d Viet Nam co nhimg dac didm rieng.
Thir nhdt, mac dii cd tinh Uang khan hiem mdt sd loai LDCMKTTDC nhung thuc td ty Id thit nghidp cua LDCMKTTDC cao htm nhieu so vdi ty le that nghiep chung. Nam 2012, lao dpng trinh do cao dang nghd co ty Id that nghiep kha cao nhat (4,2%j), lao ddng cd trinh dp dai hpc Ud Idn la 3,2%, cao htm rat nhieu so vdi ty le that nghiep chung chi la 1,9%.
Dieu nay, mpt phan phan anh su bat cap cua he thdng giao due - dao tao trong viec dap ling nhu ciu cua thi trudng lao ddng, phan khac phan anh tinh co cau Uong that nghidp ciia LDCMKTTDC vdi thdi gian tim viec (phii hgp) lau hon.
si 201 thdng 3/2014
kinliteJIial trien
"GHieiM CUU-TRflODOI
Bang 1: Ctf cau va tdc do tang binh quan lao dong dang Iam viSc theo ngh£, 2001-2011 Dm vt: ?
Viec lam theo nghe Cac nha lanh dao trong cac nganh, cac cap va cac doTivi
Chuyen m6n ky thuat bac cao
Cor cau viec lam theo n
2002
0,5 3.2
2004
0,7
3.5 2006
3,2
3,9 2008
0,9 4,3
ghe(%j
2010
0,9
1,9 2012
1,0
5,5
T6C d6 tang binh quan nam 2002-
2012 (%)
9,1
9,1 Ngudn: Diiu tra Lao ddng vd Viec Idm cdc ndm 2002- 2006 cua Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh vd Xd hgi. Diiu tra Lao ddng vd Viec lam cdc ndm 2007-2012 cua Tdngcgc Thdng ki.
Hinh 3: So luong lao dong dang lam viec cd trinh dp eao dang nghe va dai hoc trd ldn Don vi. Nghin ngudi
0
^ , . ^ 3 1 5
-"^4
-^01 TTST
2125 2322
• ^ 7 2
J-U--
I8U 1 4 8 ^ » 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
^ ^ C a o d i n g nghe -Ogi hoc trd len
Nguon: Dieu tra Lao dgng vd Viec Idm cdc ndm 2002- 2005 cua Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh vd Xd hdi; Diiu tra Lao ddng vd Viic Idm cdc ndm 2007-2012 cua Tong cue Thdng ki.
Khan hidm nhan su chat lugng cao la dilu kha phd bien ciia nhieu nganh nghi hien nay d Viet Nam, tir cac vi tri tu van, thilt kl, quan Ui nhan su, lanh dao doanh nghiep cip cao, luat su, khoa hpc mdi trudng, ky su cdng nghe thdng tin, cdng nghd sinh hpc, cdng nghe tu ddng hda, cdng nghe vat lieu... cho ddn cdng tac xa hdi. Nhieu doanh nghidp phai sii dung bidn phap thud nhan luc nude ngoai vao Viet Nam lam viec.
Thir hai, cdn mdt bd phan LDCMKTTDC lam viec trong khu vuc khdng chinh thiic (tu lam, lao ddng gia dinh khdng hudng luong hoac iam viec trong cac doanh nghiep nhd va vira khdng dang ky-
So 201 thdng 3/2014 76
hien nay lao ddng lam cdng an luang mdi chi chilm khoang 35% trong tdng viec Iam cua nin kinh tl) do tinh Uang kem phat tridn cua thi trudng lao ddng.
Thu ba. ty Id di chuydn uen thi hirdng lao ddng kha cao, theo sd lieu Dieu Ua Dan sd va Nha d 2009, ty le LDCMKTTDC di ehuyln chilm khoang
11.3% tdng sd lao dpng di chuyen. Trong dd, nhdm di chuyen nbilu nhat la lao dpng cd trinh dp dai hoe chiem 71%. LDCMKTTDC ed xu hudng di chuydn ddn nhimg vimg, thanh phd va khu vuc cd thi trudng lao ddng sdi dgng nhat (di chuyen din viing Ddng Nam Bd ehilm tyle ldn nhit (36,1%); vadi chuydn din thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Npi la ldn nhit riiin
Kinh M a t I,
tuang img la 67,9% va 19,1%; chu yiu lam viec d khu vuc doanh nghiep ed vdn dau tu nude ngoai, ehiem 36%, sd lao dong di chuyin) (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2011).
Thir tu, d Viet Nam, ty le hoan vdn dac biet tang d bac d^i hgc, dat din 12%/nam (cho 16 nam di hgc) Uong khi miic tang trung binh ciia mdt nam di hpc/dao tao lam tang thu nhap khoang 5,5%. Ve thu hdi vdn xa hdi, dau tu them mdt nam di hpc/dao tao se tang dugc tu 1,8% ddn 2,3% nang suit lao ddng va viec tang mdt phin Uam sd lao dgng tdt nghiep eao ding/dai hpc se tang dugc tir 0,56% din 0,69%
nang suat lao dpng (Vidn Khoa hpc Lao ddng va Xa hpi, 2008).
Thir ndm, co sd ha tang eiia thi trudng lao ddng nude ta cdn nhidu yiu kem. Thdng tin tbi trudng lao ddng ndi chung hien nay lac hau, khdng mang tinh he thdng, bi chia cat giiia cac viing, midn, kha nang bao quat, thu thap va cung ling thdng tin chua dap img dupe nhu cSu cua cac ddi tac. Co sd dii lieu ve thi trudng lao ddng vira thilu vira khdng duac cap nhat thudng xuyen, hau bet cac cudc didu Ua ve lao dpng - viec lam, that nghiep va tien luong dugc tien hanh 1 lan/nam Uong khi thi trudng lao ddng ludn nhieu bidn dgng. Hieu qua cac boat dpng tu van, hudng nghiep, giao dich viec lam thap. He thdng dich vy viec iam eiia ca nude mdi chi dap irng 10- 15%) nhu cau thuc te ve tu van va giai quyet viec lam, die biet ddi vdi LDCMKTTDC. Tren thj trudng lao ddng Viet Nam, hau het doanh nghiep dlu sir dung kenh tuyen dung truyen thdng de tim kiem nhan sir cho cac vi Ui binh thudng Uong doanh nghidp. Cdn cac vi tri chii chdt nhu vi Ui ky thuat eao, chiic danh quan ly cao cap (quan ly du an, giam ddc nhan su va marketing...), doanh nghidp phai tim den kenh khac chuydn nghiep va hieu qua hem. Tren thuc tl da hinh thanh kenh tuyen dyng nhan su cao cap mdi, do chu yeu la cac cdng ty "san dau ngudi"
nude ngoai hoac cdng ty tu nhan.
Thir sdu, cac ca che quan tri hiiu hidu tren thi trudng lao dgng nhu ddi thoai, thucmg lugng, ky kdt thda ude lao dgng tap thd... chua cd hoac thuc hien cdn hinh thiic.
Kit qua la, nang suit lao ddng xa hdi ciia chiing ta rit thip, chi bing 1/3 din 1/2 nang suat lao ddng cua cac nude trong khu vuc ma nguydn nhan chu yiu la chua cd mdt lire lugng LDCMKTTDC vdi co ciu va chit luang phii hgp de dam bao din dat nen kinh tl phat Uiln diing hudng va hieu qua.
4. Khuydn nghi cac giai phap phat triin thi
NGHI6N CUU-TRRO
trudng LDCMKTTDC
Gidi phdp phdt triin cung LDCMKTTDC + Thuc hien cac giai phap da neu Uong Chiin luge phat trien nhan lire Viet Nam thdi ky 2011- 2020.
+ Thay ddi tu duy, kidn quyet chuyen ddi hS thdng giao due- dao tao tir kha nang he thdng sang dap ling nhu eau cua thi tnrdng lao ddng, dac bidt la yeu ciu ve nang luc thuc hanh vdi cac ky nang chuyen mdn va ky nang mdm phii hgp. Can xac djnh nhu cau, muc tieu, ngi dung, chuang trinh, ddi ngii giang vien, phuang phap dao tao, co sd vat chit...
sao cho tiep can gan nhat vdi cac nhu cau phat triin dat nude, trudc bet va cu the la eac nhu cau pham chat, ky nang, kien thiic ciia ngudi lao ddng dap img yeu cau ciia doanh nghiep. Song song vdi do ein xay dung mdt xa hpi hgc tap theo phuang eham
"hpc sudt ddi", "hpc d mpi noi, mgi hoan canh", tap trung vao ren luyen cac ky nang mem cho cude sdng va phdi hgp iam viee
+ Thiie day dao tao LDCMKTTDC phuc vu cho nhu ciu Uong nude (dac biet la cho cac nganh mui nhpn) va cho xuat khau.
+ Khuydn khich nghien ciiu khoa bpe, danh gia ket qua nghien ciiu, sang che, bao ve quyen lai cho cac nha khoa hpc, nha quan ly, cae doanh nhan theo CO che thi truimg va cac chuan muc quoc te.
Phdt trien cdu lao dpng CMKT trinh dp cao + Thay ddi md hinh kinh te, thuc hien tai co cau nen kinh te theo theo chilu sau, liy "vdn con ngudi"
va khoa hgc cdng nghd Iam nen tang cho phat tridn.
Dau tu nhieu hon cho dpi ngii LDCMKTTDC, tir nay den nam 2020 tap trung dau tu va nang cao chat luang cac tru cot phat trien nhu: dpi ngQ cdng chiic nha nude; can bd khoa hgc- cdng nghe; giang vien dai hpc; dpi ngii doanh nhan; cdng nhan lanh nghd....
+ Thiic day img dung khoa hgc vao san xuat va phat tridn khu vuc doanh ngbiepiibanh hern, hieu qua ban, viing chac hon. Phat tridn thi trudng LDCMKTTDC gan vdi tap trung phat trien cac nganh cdng nghe cao, cd gia tri gia tang Idn Uong chudi gia Ui toan cau.
+ Tiep tuc coi viec tra lucmg diing cho ngudi lao ddng la thuc hien dau tu cho phat tnen, tao ddng luc de thiic day tang trudng kinh te, nang cao chat luong dieh vu cdng, gdp phan chdng tieu cue, tham nhiing.
+ Tiep tuc day manh cai each hanh chinh, tinh giam bien chd, ca cau lai ddi ngii cdng chirc hanh
sS 201 thdng 3/2014 11
kinlit^Pliiitirien
^ 1 'GHI6N CUU-TRflODOI
chinh nha nude, cai each can ban co che Ua luong phii hgp nhit. He thdng thdng tin thi trucmg lao cdng chiic gin vdi vi Ui viec lam. ddng va hung tam dieh vu viec lam ein danh gia + Cd eac chinh sach hd tva doanh nghiep dilu dupe eae xu hudng dieh chuyin va du bao dupe chinh linh boat, nang cao siic canh Uanh Uong khi cung- ciu LDCMKTTDC. Dac biet, ein td chiic vln bao dam ngudi lao ddng thuc sir hudng Igi tir cae chuong trinh nghien cim, hpi thao khoa hpc ve phat Uien ky nang va thanh qua ve nang suat, the LDCMKTTDC de lam ro ban chat, dac diem, nhirng hien d mirc luong cao hon hoac gid iam viec it bon yiu kem ciia thi trudng LDCMKTTDC d nude ta, va dieu kien lam vide tdt hem. tii dd chi ro nguyen nhan va de xuat cac giai phap Tdng eudng kit ndi cung-cdu LDCMKTTDC phii hop phat Uiln thi Uudng. Vi?c phat hien, bdi Qua trinh dinh hudng, dao tao, su dung va dai dudng, sd dung, tdn vinh va trpng dung "nhan tai", ngd LDCMKTTDC ddi hdi dua uen cac nguyen tie trong dd cd viec thu hiit chuyen gia Viet kilu tir thi trudng, bam sat eac tin hieu eung - eiu thi Uudng nude ngoai vd Iam viec, ciing la mdt giai phap quan va thda man chiing mdt each hieu qua, tiet kiem va trpng de thiic day phat trien thi trudng lao dpng.O Tai lieu tham khao:
CMdc vd Angghen todn tap - tap 4 (1995), Nha xuat ban Su that. Ha Noi.
Kent Hill, Dennis Hoffman and Tom R. Rex (2005), The value of higher education: individual and sociatal benefits (With Special Consideration for the State of Arizona), Arizona State University
Tong cue Thong ke (2011), Di cudo thi hoa a Viet Nam: Thuc trang. xu huang vd nhiing khdc biet.
Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng va Xa hpi (2008), Viet Nam • Gido due dgi hgc vd Ky nang cho tang truong, Ha N$i.
Vien Khoa hoc Lao ddng va Xa hoi (20! 1), 'Cac giai phap n§ng cao chit luong lao dgng chuyen mon ky thuat trinh do cao dap ling yeu cau phat trien nen kirdi te theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa', De tai cip nha nuoc, ma s6:KX 01-04/11-15
High-skill labor market in Vietnam Abstract:
Apart from the similar characteristics with the general labor market, high-skill labor market has certain features, which are scarcity of supply in some particular occupations/levels and the monopoly of demand in some positions. Despite the scarcity of certain types of high- skill labor, in reality, unemployment rate of high-skill labor is much higher compared to the general unemployment rate. This reflects the drawbacks of education and training system in compliance with the needs of the labor market. Therefore, strategies on developing human resources, applying scientific research to production, wage and salary reforms, etc..
are necessary to enhance demand for high-skill labor and to strengthen the demand and supply relations of high-skill labor based on the market principals and signs.
Thong tin tac gia:
*Nguyen Bd Nggc, Phd gido su, tiin si
- Phd viin tnrdng Vien Khoa hgc Lao ddng vd Xa hpi;
- LTnh vuc nghien euu chinh cua tdc gid: Kinh ti lao ddng, kinh te phdt trien, phdt trien ngudn nhdn lire, thi truong lao ddng, quan hi lao dpng, tien luang....
- Mdt sd tgp chi tiiu bieu md cdc tdc gid dd timg ddng tdi cdng trinh nghiin euu: Tgp chi Kinh te vd Phdt triin, Tgp chi Lao dpng vd Xd hdi, Tgp chi Nghien euu kinh te, Tgp chi Phdt trien bin vung Vung.
email: [email protected] vn.
**Chu Thi Ldn, thgc si
- Vien Khoa hoc Lao ddng vd Xa hpi;
email: lanct@ilssa,grg.vn.
SO 201 thdng 3/2014 78 jWIllltyhditfieij
