Hl€P BINH BOI TFIC KINH T6 CHI€N LUOC XUV6N THfil BilMH DUONG ^ ^ \
Hiep djnh do! tac kinh tl chien lirffc xuyen Thai Binh Dircmg (TPP):
Nhirng ky vong va tac dong doi voi Viet Nam
Do Dire Binh*, Nguyen Tien Long**, Ho Trung Thanh*
TPP Id mot Hiep dink thuang mai tu do tieu chudn cao v&i pham vi dieu ciiinh rong bao gom tdt cd cdc linh vuc nhu thuang mai hdng hod, thuang mgi dich vu, ddu tu, sd hint tri tue, lao dong, moi tnrdng, nguon goc xudt xir. mua sdm chinh phii...Cdc thdnh vien TPP kj- vong rdng. vdi mdu hinh chdt lugmg cao (theo kieu WTO+...). TPP se dem lai laiich lo l&n vd ben virng cho cdc quoc gia tham gia (trong do co Viet Nam) dong thai thuc day nhanh han qud trinh lu do hod ladn cdu.
Bdi Viet chi ra cdc mirc do se thoa thudn cam kit chii yeu trong TPP. nhdng ky vong ve tdn dung tot ca hoi. tdc dong tich cue vd han che nhiimg thach thuc, tiiu cue klu tham gia TPP ddi v&i Viet Nam
Til khoa: TPP, ky vpng, thach thuc va tac dgng tieu cue.
1. Khai quat mgt so noi dung dam phan cu the trong TPP
Vao thang 10/2002, cd 4 nudc tham gia TPP, dd la Singapo, Chi Le, Niuziland va Bnjnei, Tiep sau do, vao thang 9/2008 tai phien hgp d Peru, Hoa Ky quyet djnh tham gia dam phan TPP. Thang 11/2008, Penj va Uc tuyen bo tham gia TPP. Dau nam 2009, Viet Nam dugc cac nudc dang dam phan tham gia TPP mdi tham gia vdi tu each thanh vicn khdng lien kat, Thang 11/2010, tai Nhal Ban, Viet Nam va Malaysia chinh thuc Iham gia dam phan TPP. Thing 10/2012 Mehico tham gia va thang 12/2012. tai vdng dam phan thir 15, Canada chinh thdc tham gia.
Dau nam 2013, Nhat Ban tham gia dam phan TPP vk do do da nang sd ddi tac tham gia dam phan TPP lensd 12 quoc gia. Cho den thing 1/2014, Hiep dinh TPP da trai qua 19 phien dam phan va cac thanh vien deu muon kel thuc dam phan vao dau nam 2014 nhung hi?n tai vln cdn nhieu bat dong trong dam phan.
Mpt so ngi dung dam phan cu the trong TPP gdm thucrng mai hang hoa. thucrng mai dich vg, quy tac xuat xu, hang rao ky thu^t trong thucrng mai (TBT).
bi?n phap v? sinh an toan thuc pham (SPS). dau tu, mua sam chinh phii. sd hihi tri tu?, phdng ve thucrng mgi. van de lao dpng va cdng doan, thucrng mai va moi trudng \a mgt so van de khac nhu thoa thuan hgp tac hai quan. hgp tac \ a nang cao nang luc,...
2. Cac mirc do da va se cam ket trong TPP 2.1. Cam kit chung
Day la van de mang tinh nguyen tac cho viec thiet ke va se dam phan hiep dinh TPP Day la md hinh mm \ e hgi nhap va hgp tac kinh le khu vuc, cd kha nang xu ly cac van de mdi trong tucmg lai. Mpt so nguyen lac khac cung duac dua ra dam phan nhu: vi su phat trien, dam bao lgi ich ciia doanh nghi?p nhd va vira, nang cao stic canh tranh, mmh bach hoa va thuan lgi hoa, mdi quan he giira cac Hiep dinh thuong mai tu do FTA hien hanh va Hiep djnh TPP va mdt sd van de khac. Cac nudc tham gia TPP deu thdng nhat rang Hiep dinh TPP se la mdt Hiep djnh thuong mai tu do hoa toan dien, a trinh dp cao, co pham VI dieu chinh rpng. Hiep djnh TPP sc di xa hem cac thoa thuan thuong mai tu do thdng Ihudng (FTA) de trd thanh mgt md thiic mdi cho hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.
2.2. Cam kit vi thuffng mat hdng hod Thit nhdt, ve thue quan.
Cac nudc tham gia TPP cam ket md cua thi trudng cd tieu chuan cao, theo dd 100% sd ddng thue se dua ve 0% ngay sau khi TPP cd hieu l^rc.
Thir hai, cam kit ve nhom hdng d^t mav.
Day la nhom hang dugc Hoa Ky quan tam nhat.
Vi vay. dam phan ve d?t may tuc la dam phan \ai Hoa Ky. Van de dam phan la cat giam thue quan.
.\o 200 thdng 02/2014 kinhli'J'liiillrJi'i]
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P DINH DOI TRC KINH T€ CHI^N LUOC XUVeN THAI BINH DL/ONG - TPP quy tac xuat xii, ca che giam sat \ a hai quan. Vi doivdi Hoa Ky, det may cung cd vj tri quan trgng nen thue nhap khau hang det may chiem khoang 47%
thue nhap khau cua Hoa Ky va do dd neu bd thue thi Hoa ky bao hd nganh det may bSng quy tic xuat xu.
Thir ba, quy tdc xual xir.
Day la quy dinh vira thiic day san xuat cua cac nudc thanh vien TPP, vira la siic ep doi vdi timg quoc gia thanh vien khdng nhap khau nhiing san pham cua nhau, neu cac nguyen nhien vat lieu, phu lieu dau vao cho san xuat cd nguon goc xuat xu tir cac quoc gia khdng phai la thanh vien TPP.
Thif tu, nhdm hdng rdo ky thual irong thuang mai.
Cac quy dinh ve TBT dugc dam phan d muc cao hon so vdi quy dinh cua WTO. De cao minh bach hoa cac tieu chuan ky thuat, phuong thuc danh gia su phu hgp, md rgng hgp tac vdi cac dien dan khac nhu APEC, ASEAN, WTO, .
Thir nam, nhom hien phdp ve .sinh vd an lodn thirc phdm (SPS).
Cac thanh vien deu thong nhat dam phan cac van de SPS tren ca sd cac quy djnh ciia WTO nhung vdi muc cam ket cao hon nhu quy dinh rd hon ve each thirc, thu tuc tien hanh, trao ddi thdng tin, danh gia mirc do nii ro Ngoai ra, SPS trong TPP cdn di vao xii ly mgt so ngi dung lien quan nhu an toan thuc pham, an ninh luong thuc, cac benh dich mdi phat sinh, phat trien cong nghe, kiem soat cac moi nguy ca va xii ly van de khac biet ve trinh do phat trien giiia cac nudc tham gia,.
2.3. Cam kit vi lao dgng vd cdng dodn Day la mgt trong nhiing npi dung cam ket mdi doi vdi Viet Nam, bdi le trong cac FTA trudc do, Viet Nam chua bao gid phai dam phan ve van de nay vdi tinh chat la mgt thoa thuan bat bugc phai thuc hien mang tinh phap ly.
Trong Hiep dinh TPP, Hoa Ky yeu cau dam phan ve lao dgng va cong doan gidng nhu trong cac FTA ma Hoa Ky da ky ket. Theo dd, phia Hoa Ky yeu cau cac thanh vien TPP phai dap ung: (i) Tuan thii cac quyen lao dpng, trong do cd quyen tu do lap hgi;
(ii) Cac van de lao dgng va cdng doan phai dugc luat hoa; (iii) Khi cd tranh chap phai xir ly theo luat, gidng nhu ca che giai quyet tranh chap trong WTO;
(iv) Neu VI pham se bi trimg phat thuang mai.
2.4. Mat sd cam kit khdc Thir nhal, cam kel ve dich vu.
Hiep dinh TPP di theo each "chgn-bd" (hie la md ciia mgi dich vy, trir cac dich vu han che), mang tinh chat tu do hoa cao. Trong khi do, t^t ca cac FTA ma Viet Nam da tham gia d6u di theo each tiep can
"chgn-cho", nhung chi dugc thuc hien doi vdi nhiing djch vu da md cira cho nudc ngoai va vdi miic do tu do hoa thap han. Nhu vay, khi tham gia TPP Viet Nam phai mcr cira sau han mgt so linh vuc nhu dich vu vien thong, dich vu tai chinh, phan phdi, sd hiru bat dgng san, khoang san,... va phai md cira mgt sd dich vu mdi nhay cam nhu dich vu nghe nhin, xuat ban, in an, mua sam Chinh phu, tir do Internet,...
Thir hai, cam kel ve ddu lu.
Cam ket ve dau tu cua TPP, ve ca ban cd pham vi bao hd va miic dp tu do hoa cao han nhieu so vdi nghia vu tuong iing ma Viet Nam da cam ket hong khudn kho cac hiep dinh hgp tac song phucmg va khu vuc, dac biet la cac quy dinh lien quan den che do doi xu quoc gia (NT), doi xu tdi hue quoc (MFN),...
Thir ba. mua sdm Chinh phu.
Day cung la linh vuc cam ket mdi trong TPP. Cac nuac thanh vien TPP deu phai cam ket md cira thi trudng dich vu mua sam Chinh phu cho nhau. Cu the la cac thanh vien TPP se dugc tham gia dau thau goi thau mua sam cua Chinh phu.
Thir tu: chinh sdch canh tranh
Cac quy dinh ve canh tranh trong Hiep dinh TPP cung tuong duang vdi cac quy dinh ve canh tranh trong cac Hiep dinh FTA thong thudng khac. Doi vdi cac Hiep dinh FTA ma Viet Nam da tham gia thi canh tranh trong Hiep dinh TPP cd muc cam ket cao hon.
Thir ndm, cdc vdn de thuang mgi vd moi tru&ng.
Nhdm thuang mai va mdi tnidrng gom cac npi dung: I) Bao ve dgng thuc vat hoang da, danh ca tren bien; 2) Bao ton da dang sinh hgc: 3) Chong di nhap sinh vat ngoai lai; 4) Bien ddi khi hau; 5)Tu do hoa hang hoa va dich vu mdi trudng.
Thir sdu. .s& hdu tri tue.
Cac thanh vien dam phan TPP ky vgng xay dung chuong sd hihi tri tue "chat lugng cao" ciia TPP "the ky 21". Tuy nhien, muc tieu nay khac nhau doi vdi cac nhdm thanh vien cd lgi doi lap, do la nhdm img hg bao hg sd huu tri tue d miic do cao va nhdm khdng ling hg bao hg sd hiru tri tue d mirc cao va rot cugc la cac thanh vien deu khang dinh rSng ca chS
S(} 200 thdng 02/2014
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BINH BOI TflC KINH T€ CHI6N LUOC XUVCN THAI BINH DUONGW l
bao hg sd hiru tri tue phai phue vu phat trien kinh t§, xa hgi bang each hau thuan va dap umg nhu cau cua cac doanh nghiep minh.
Thir hdy. phong ve thuang mgi vd vdn de nen kinh te phi thf tru&ng (NMEJ.
Mgt so nuac thanh vien muon cam ket theo hudng tranh lam dung sir dung cdng cu phong ve thuang mai de bao ho san xukt trong nudc.
Thd ldm, thoa thudn hod vd hgp tdc hdi quan.
Nhimg van de dam phan trong Hiep dinh TPP la:
(1) Hgp tac ho trg lan nhau vt van de hai quan; (2) Dcm gian hoa va hai hoa thu tuc hai quan; (3) Cac bien phap thuan lgi cho thuong mai; (4) Co che tham vSn lln nhau; (5) Tri gia Hai quan; (6) Quy tic xac dinh trudc (xuat xii, tri gia, phan laai hang hoa);
(7) Thucrng mai phi giiy td; (8) Thii tuc Hai quan mgt eiia; (9) Thong quan trudc khi hang den; (10) Quan ly riii ro; (11) Giai phong hang hoa; (12) Hang chuyen phat nhanh,... Ve nguyen tac, mot khi da la thanh vien ciia TPP, Viet Nam phai chap nhan cac cam ket d miic dp cao nhat giong nhu cam ket ciia cac thanh vien TPP khac.
3. Nhu'ng ky vong ve tan dung tac dgng tich cue va han che tac d^ng tieu circ do tham gia TPP
Can phai thira nhan va nhan thiic dung rang co hgi va thach thirc la hai van de doi lap nhung ludn chuyen hoa cho nhau. Ca hgi neu dugc tan dung tot thi se CO nhieu tac dgng tich cue den phat tnen.
Ngugc lai, neu khdng tan dung tot thi sc chuyen thanh thach thire va se cd nhieu tae dgng tieu cue hem. Ddng thdi, thaeh thiic neu co nhieu cai each hiiu hi?u thi se tao ra co hpi mdi cho su phat trien va do dd cang giam thieu tac dgng tieu cue trong thuc tiln.
3.1. .\hiing tdc dgng lich circ ciia Hiep dinh TPPdoivdd Vift \am
Co hgi Idn trong vice tiep can va md rgng thi trudng ciia 11 qude gia trong TPP. Viet Nam sau khi chinh thirc tham gia Hiep dinh nay hoan toan cd ca hgi rat Idn trong vi?c tiep can va mo rgng XNK hang hoa doi vdi cac quoc gia thanh vien TPP, hin vi 100% ddng thue se dua \ e 0" o ngay khi Hi?p dinh TPP cd hiC'u lyc. Day la co hgi Idn de t3ng kim nggch xuat khau ciia Vi?l Nam. TTieo TS V6 Tri Thanh, phd vi?n truong Vi^n nghien ciiu quan ly kinh tc Trung uang, xuat khau ciia Viet Nam cd the tang them 68 l\ USD (28.4".)) va GDP cd th^ tang
them 36 ty USD (10,5%) vao nam 2025 so vdi kich ban khdng tham gia TPP.
Cac cam ket d miic do cao trong TPP se vira tao dieu kien, vira la siic ep bugc Viet Nam phai day nhanh hon qua trinh cai each the che kinh te thi trudng, tir do gdp phan phan bd va su dung ngudn luc mgt each hieu qua hon, thiic day qua trinh tai co cau nen kinh te theo hudng chat lugng va hieu qua Hiep dinh TPP se tao co hdi tich cue cho Viet Nam nhap khau cong nghe cd chat lugng cao tii nhirng nudc phat trien trong TPP va nguyen nhien vat lieu tir cac quoc gia thanh vien TPP. Dong thdi, Viet Nam co dieu kien thuan lgi trong thu hut dau tu ciia cac nudc trong TPP.
Hiep dinh TPP se tao ra ca hgi cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tham gia sau hem. toan dien han vao mang san xuat, chudi cung img va chuoi gia tn toan cau. Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam se dugc hudng lgi tir mgt moi trudng kinh doanh thong thoang, minh bach va de du doan (tien lieu truoc).
Tham gia TPP. ddng hang hoa, dich vu dau tu, thdng tin, lao dgng,... giiia cac nudc tham gia TPP dugc tang cudng. Dac biet la viec ky ket giiip ngudi dan liep can dugc tot hon vai cac nha cung cap dich vu.
Tham gia TPP, Viet Nam cd dieu kien tien hanh cai each ve co che, thii tuc hanh ehinh ciing nhu nhan luc, tir d6 sc nang cao tinh canh tranh ciia nen kinh te, hpi nhap tot hon vdi cpng dong quoc te; Tao dieu kien cho Viet Nam day manh tai co cau kinh te va doi mdi md hinh lang inrdng, thuc hien cong khai, minh bach ve mua sam Chinh phii.
Tham gia TPP se giiip Viet Nam cd co hdi phat trien nhanh hon ma khdng bi kim che bdi cac nudc khdng ciing muc tieu de c6 the thoat ra khdi cac dinh che han hep mang tinh khu vuc.
Ngoai nhiing Igi ich kinh le nhu tren, khi tham gia TPP Viet Nam cdn cd nhung Igi ich ve chinh tri, vi du nhu nhiing dinh kien ve lich sir, ve che do chinh tri se dan duac xoa bd va tang vi the ciia Viet Nam vdi eae nudc trong khu vuc va the gidi.
3.2. Mgt so tdc dgng tieu cue chii yiu Cac cam kel vdi miic eao c6 the tao ra nhimg rao can han che xuat khau ciia Viet Nam, Chang hgn nhu quy tac xuat xii, cac quy dinh ky thuat, quy dinh ve lao dgng, moi trudng.
Ca cau hang xuat khau cua Vi?t Nam chii yeu la nong san chua ehe bien, khoang san va mpt so san
So 200 Ihang 02/2014
kinltliJIiallrii'ii
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P DINH DOI TfiC KINH Te CHieN LUOC XUV€N THAI SlNH DUONG - TPPph4m cong nghiep nhung chi la gia cong, lip rap trong nhirng nguyen nhan din den tinh trang nay la nen gia tri gia tang rit thip, gia ca khong on dinh, do nhimg cai each ben trong theo hudng phat tnen khd ben vimg va khd tang trudng nhanh. Dieu nay kinh t^ thi trudng va hgi nhap quoc te chua dii ddi hdi phai day nhanh tai co ciu va doi mdi mo manh, cdn nhidu can trd gay ra khong it bat cap. De hinh tang hudng thuang mai. t^gp ^^ ^gy manh hgi nhap qude te noi chung, tham Nen kinh te chuyen ddi nhung vln d trinh dp gia Hiep dinh TPP noi rieng mgt each ben viing va thap, siic ep Idn doi vdi cai each the che, luat phap p,jgu qua (mac du cho d§n 1/2014, dam phan chua va chinh sach cho thich img vdi cam ket khi tham j^|j ^^^^^ nhung cac thanh vien tham gia dang ky vgng den giiia nam 2014 se k6t thiic dam phan), ddi hdi Viet Nam phai ti8p hic tich cue cai each manh me va quyet liet hon chinh minh ca ve phia Dang, Nha nudc, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan. Theo do, phai diy nhanh hoan thien the che kinh te ke ca khung kho phap ly va che tai thuc thi de bugc cac co quan hanh phap phai thuc thi diing nhung van ban phap quy da ban hanh. Neu thieu cac chinh sach vi mo bai ban, khoa hgc va nhung cai each ben trong, khdng cd su tra gia cho cai each, dieu ehinh, tai co cau, khong ton trgng tu do hoa trong nen kinh te thi trudng,... thi khdng the tan dung dugc nhiing tac dgng tich cue, ca hoi ciang nhu giam thieu thach thirc, deu cue do TPP mang lai.G
gia TPP,
Mgt so nganh san xuat va dich vu cua Viet Nam se phai ddi dien vdi sir canh tranh vugt trdi tir cac nudc TPP khi md cua thi trudng chan nuoi, trong bong, cong nghiep che tao, dudng,... Md cira thi trudng Imh vuc ngan hang, bao hiem, vien thdng,...
Mgt loat van de nhay cam va khd khan khac doi vdi Viet Nam nhu mua sam Chinh phu, van de lao dgng va cdng doan, quy tac xuat xii,,., bdi le, cac van de nay Viet Nam chua tham gia cam ket vdi bat ky nudc nao,
Tdm lai, thuc te, qua hon 7 nam chinh thiic la thanh vien WTO da chi ra rang Viet Nam chua tan dung tdt ca hgi do WTO dua lai va do do nhieu co hgi da chuyen thanh thach thirc khong he nhd. Mgt Tai lieu tham khao:
Uy ban Quoc gia ve hgp tac kinh le quoc te (2010), Ddnh gid linh khd tin cita viec iham gia cua Viet Nam, kien nghi chu truang vd gidi phdp iham gia TPP, Ha Ngi.
Viet Nam vai TPP: Ca hoi vd thach ihiic, Thoi bao kinh te Viet Nam, trang 2, ngay 9/01/2014
Transpacific Partnership Agreement (TPP): Expectations and potential impacts on Vietnam Abstract
TPP is a high-standared trade agreement covering all domains, such as goods and services commerce, investment, intellectual properly, labour, environment, government procurement, etc. Members of TPP expect that, with the high-quality model (the same as WTO+), the agreement would bring sustainable ben- efit lo member countries including Vietnam and at the same lime help accelerating global liberalization.
The articles cites out the main levels of commitment in the TPP. the expectations and chances, and the impacts -positive and negative — when Vietnam becomes a member of the TPP.
Thong tin tac gia:
* Do Buv Binh, gido sir, tien sT.
- Nai cong tdc: Vien Thuong mgi vd Kinh doanh quoc le, Tru&ng Dgi hoc Kinh te quoc ddn - LTnh vuc nghien cihi chinh: Thuang mgi vd kinh te quoc te.
- Mot so tap chi da ddng tdi cong trinh nghien ciru: Tgp chi Nghien ciru kinh te. Tgp chi Kinh te vd Phdt tnen, ..
**\guyin Tiin Long, lien si
- Nai cong idc: Hoc vien Chinh tri - hdnh chinh khu vuc I
*** Ho Trung Thdnh, lien sT
- Nai cong tdc. Vien Nghien ciru Thuang mgi
So 200 Ihdng 02/2014
