NGHIEN CQU TRAO DO!
DQNG LI/C TANG N A N G SUAT LAO DQNG 6 VigT NAM:
THiiC TRANG VA GlAl PHAP
D^ng Thi Thu HoM*, Ng6 Minh T\i4n**, Nguyin M^nh H§i***
T6mtat:
Nhdn dinh cua mdt sd nghien cihi gdn ddy vi ndng sudt lao dgng ciia Viet Nam thdp so v&i cdc nu&c tmng khu virc, chi bang hon m0t nica so vdi mice ndng sudt lao ddng binh qudn trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), da ggi ra mdi lo nggi vi chdt lugng tdng trudng vd phdt triin cua VietNam, dgc bi$t la nguy ea tut hau so v&i cdc quoc gia trong khu vtfc. De dgt dugc tdc d0 tdng trudng cao nhu nhiing ndm trude day, Viet Nam khdng edn con dudng ndo khac Id phdi tgp trung ndng cao ndng sudt lao dgng. Bdi viit ndy tap trung phdn tich cdc ddng luc tdng ndng sudt lao dgng ciia Viet Nam thdi gian qua vd di xudt mdt sd dinh hu&ng trong viic tgo dgng luc di Viet Nam gia tdng mgnh me hon ndng sudt lao dgng trong thdi gian tdi.
Tu khoa: Nang suat lao dong, dpng luc, tiiS chi, chit lugng tang truong
1. Mgt so v^n dk ly lu^n ve dgng luc tang nang suat lao d$ng
Nang suat lao dong la mOt trong nhihig khai niem dugc su dung rong rai de danh gia, do
thoi k^ (co the tinh theo so ngudi hoac so gib lao dong trong 1 nam) (OECD, 2008). Bii voi moi qu6c gia, v^ ca bdn, b§n canh vi?c gia tang muc do sii d\mg lao d6ng (labor utilization), gia tang nang suat lao dong la each c6n lai d6 tang GDP.
Trong qud trinh phdt triin, khi gia lao dpng tang din, dan so dSn gia hoa thi gia tang nang suit lao dpng Id cdch duy nhit dl ^iiip mOt qu6c gia duy tri tang tnrdng mpt each ben vihig.
Ddng luc tang nang suit lao dpng dupc xac dinh d\ra vao cdc hpc thuylt phat triln va ly thuyet tang truong kinh tl. Cdc hpc thuylt phdt triln cho thiy tang nang suit lao dpng ciia mQt qu6c gia dugc thiic day bed s\r chuyen dich lao dpng tflr khu virc c6 nang suit lao dOng thap (nhu nong nghiep) sang nhung ngdnh co nang suit lao dpng cao hon (nhu cong nghiSp). Theo cac ly thuyet tang trucmg, tang nang suat lao dOng ph\i thuOc vao cac yeu to nhu: cucmg dO von trSn lao d6ng, chat lugng lao dpng, miic dp iing diing khoa hpc c6ng ngh$ va doi mdi cong ngh$, hieu qud sii d\mg ngu6n lire va miic dp tan dyng lpi ich theo quy m6 theo quan tii trong nen kinh te, v.v.^
Nhu vay, d\ra vao cac Iy thuyet neu tren, cdc ludng ndng suat'. Khdi ni6m nang suat lao dpng nghiSn cthi phdn tich dpng lire tang nang suat CO the dugc s^ dung d cdp d6 vT mo, toan nen
kinh tl (hay con gpi Id nang suat lao dpng xa hpi) hodc cung co thi dugc su dimg d cap dp vi m6 (trong doanh nghiep). Bdi viet nay tdp trung vdo nang suat lao dpng 6 cip dd vT md, dugc sit dung khi xem x6t tang nang suit lao dpng trong mdi tuong qum vdi tang tnrdng kinh ti va gia tang phiic Igi ciia ngudi dan. NSng suit lao dong dugc dj"b ng^a la san pham ddu ra (thudng sii dung la tdng san phdm qu6c npi-GDP) dugc tao ra tr6n mpt don vi lao dpng lam vi?c trong m5t
lao dSng CO the tiep can theo hai each. Thii nhat Id tilp CEin theo chuyen dich co can kinh te, Iheo do gia tang nang suat lao dpng dugc phan ra thdnh gia tang do chuySn djch co cau nganh vd gia tang nang suat ciia ndi bO nganh. Tiep theo dd, dudi goc dd nganh cd thi tiSp tuc phdn ra gia tang nang sudt lao dOng cua nOi bQ ngdnh theo each tilp cdn cua 1^ thuylt tdng trudng, nhu cudng dp vdn tren lao dpng vd nang suat cdc yen td tdng hpp. Thii hai Id tiep can theo cac yeu to tang trudng, theo do gia tang nang suit lao dOng
*D$ng Thj Thu HoM - Tien Sy, Vi?n nghi#ac6u CJuin ly kinh t l Trunguong
**Ng6 Minh Tuin - Tb?c sy, Vi$n nghien ciiu QuSn 1^ kinh t l Tnmg uong
***NguylnMpihHai-TiSnSy,Vi|Enghien cihi QuSniy kinh tiTrungucmg
' Nang suit co the do lu:£nig bSing hai lo^i chi so: chi s6 nSng suit tCmg phan (moi quan he gifta dau ra voi mpt yeu to dau vko nhu nang suat lao dOng, nSng suit von) vk chi s6 nSng suit t o ^ phan (mpi quan h | giQa diu ra voi t6ng hgp cac yeu t6 diu v^o hay c6n goi lk i^ngsuatyeutotfinghgrpCTFP).
^ Stiroh, Kevin J"., 2001, What drives productivity growth.
Stf 66 (3+4/2015) QUAN L^ KINH Tf Q
I W i l MCHiiHCftinttOBtl BOWB LI/C TANG NiiNG SUJiT LAO DpNG fl VigT NAM:..
cua quoc gia c6 the dugfc phan ra theo cdc yeu t6 dupc xac dinh bing ly thuySt tang trudng, thudng bao gdm miic d6 tich tu (cuong dO) v6n/lao ddng v4 dong gop cua nang suat cdc ySu td tdng h(}rp (TFP).
2. Thyc trang t&ng nang suat lao dong (f ViftNam
Trong thdi gian c^ua, nang suit lao ddng d Viet Nam trai qua nhidu giai doan tang trudng khac nhau. Giai doan trudc khdng hoang tdi chinh the gidi di&l ra vao nam 2007, NSLD tang cao, trung binh khodng 4,37%, dat tdc dd cao nhdt vdo nam 2005 d miic 4,59%. Sau 2007, NSLD tang chdm lai vdi mdc tang binh quan giai doan 2007-2012 Id 3,08%, nam thdp nhat chi dat 2,66%. Tit 2013, tdc dp tang NSLD da cd ddu hieu phuc hdi trd lai, nam 2014 t6c dd tang
NSLD da gdn dat miic tang trung btah trudc nam 2007 (Hinh 1). Nhta chung, xu hudng tang gidm cua NSLD trong thdd gian qua ddng xu hudng vdi tang trudng GDP la dilu dS hidu. Tuy nhien, mdt diem dang Itru y la tdc dd tang nang suat lao ddng ciia hai nam gan day, 2013 vd 2014 da gdn nhu phuc hoi so vdi toe dO tang NSLD thdi fcj' trudc nam 2007 nhung tdc do tang trudng kinh tl cdn thip hon khd xa so vdi cimg thdi ky. Dilu ndy cd thi do khd nang huy ddng them nguon lao ddng mdi cho tang trudng kinh tl cua Vift Nam khdng cdn nhilu du dia nhu thdi ky trudc ddng thdi cung cho thdy ham y Vidt Nam cdn phdi n5 Ivtc nhilu hon niia trong thiic ddy tang NSLD trong thdi gian tdi nlu mu6n phyc hoi da tang tnidng cao nhu thdi ^ trudc ddy.
Hinh 1. Tang nang su4t lao ddng cda nin kinh tl Viet Nam
TScdOtangNSLB
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 T6c do tang GDP
Ngu^n: TInh toantitsdli^u aia Tong eye thong ke.
So vdi cdc nudc tren the gidi, mac du giai doan 2005, NSLD cua Viet Nam nam 2013 dat 5,44 2001-2010, tic dd tang NSLD hang nam ciia nghta USD, bdng 8,3% mile NSLD ciia Nhdt Vi$t Nam la 4,5%, cao hon so voi cac nudc chau Bdn, 15,2% cua Malaysia, 5,5% ciia Singapore, A trong Bdng 1, chl thdp hem Tnmg Qudc 9,3% ciia Hdn Quic, 36,5% cua Trung Qudc, (10,6%) nhung cho din nay, NSLD cua Vl$t 36,9% cua Thdi Lan va 54,2% cua Philippines.
Nam van cdn thap. Tinh theo gia do la My nam
QUAN LY KINH T I S£ 66(3+4/2015)
(iflNG LIJC TANB N A N G SUAT LAO D Q N G fl VIET NAM:. M6HieMClillTP«n''''i B H ^ Bang 1. Nang suat lao d^ng mpt s6 nudc Chdu A theo gia so sanh 1990 (USD)
Nffftc
Trung Qudc Nhat Ban Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Han Qudc Thai Lan Viet Nam
Nang suat lao dfing (USD) 2001
5.100 40.383 7.780 19.171 6.715 37.739 33.881 12.585 3.970
2006 8.620 44.266 9.491 23.173 7.603 47.473 39.787 14.936 5.054
2010 12.641 44.512 10.474 25.175 8.408 48.952 44.251 15.883 5.877
2013*
14.985 65.511 9.848 35.751 10.026 98.072 58.298 14.754 5.440
Toe dd tang 2001-2005
10.9 1.9 4.1 4.0 2.2 6.4 3.1 3.4 4.9
binh quan/
2006- 2010 10.0 0.1 2.5 2.1 2.5 0.8 2.7 1.5 3.8
nam (%) 2001- 2010 10.6 1.1 3.4 3.1 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.6 4.5
Nguon: So liSu n5m 2013 ISy tit ILO vk ADB (2014) va theo gia PPP 2005; cac nam khac tft Conference Board (2011).
Tuy nhien, dien bien chuyen dich NSLD trong thoi gian 2007 -2013 cho thSy mac du NSLD ciia Vi$t Nam vin c6n Ihdp nhxmg da co mOt s6 bucfc cai thien. NSu nhu nam 2007, miic NSLD lao dong cua cac nu6c ASEAN la 9173 USS gip 2,12 lEn so voi NSLD cua Viet Nam thi den nam
2013 ty le nay da giam xuong con 1,98 l&i.
Tuong tir so sanh voi cac nuoc Singapore, Thai Lan va Philippnies ty 1$ nay giam tirong Img tu 21,35 1^ (Singapore); 3,0 ISn (Thai Lan); 2,04 1 ^ (Philippnies) xu6ng c6n 18,03,2,71 va 1,84 l^(hhih2).
Hinh 2: Khoang each ve NSLD gifta ^^^t Nam va mfit s6 nirfrc trong khu VIJTC (l^n)
—•— A S E A N —•— B r u n e i
—•— M a J a y s a • i •••• M i ^ £ > i ^ -JII— T r a n g Q u 6 o A n E)$
C a n i ^ u c h i a Phfl^jpines
^ < — N b ^ t B i t t
—«— Indonesia S m g a p o t e - « — H a n Q u 6 o
^ . ^ L 4 o - . - T h a i L a n
i6n; Ti'iih t o ^ tit s6 lieu ciia ILO va ADB (2014).
S f 66 (3+4/2015) QUAN LY KINH TE Q
i r o n MiiHllMCmiTMOBdl BQNG LUC TANG NANC SUXT LAO BONG fl «I6T NAM:.
3. B8ng lyc tSng nSng suit lao fifing & VlSt Nam thM gian qua. Thnc tr^ng tang nang suit lao danger VietNam
3.1. Bong fyc tang NSLB tit cdch tiip can chuyen tljch cff cau kinh tS
Tang nang suit lao dong cr ViSt Nam trong thoi gian qua la kSt qua cua su kSt h(jip gitta gia tang nang suit noi fa6 nganh va chuyen dich co cau kinh t6. Xu huong dong gop ciia hai qud trinh nay thi hiSn kha ro net trong so h6u Bang
dito cho chujt& dich ca ciu Mnh tS) co xu huong gidm din tii 3,6% trong tfing s6 6,48%
tang nang suit giai d o ^ 2001-2007 xu6n^ con 1,49% trong tBng s6 3,17% tSng nSng simt lao dong giai do?n 2008-2012. Ngugc lai, dong gop do thay doi nang suat npi bo nganh co xu hu6ng gia tang trong cimg giai doan trdn. Dac trung nay tihin chung jphii hpp vdi qua trinh tang truong vk phat trien chung ctJa cac nudc trSn thS gidi.
2. Dong gop do chuyen dich co cdu lao dpng (dai
Bdng 2. Dong gop cAa cac ngdnh vd chuyin dich ctf ciu lao dfing vdo tang trudng NSLB, giai do jn 2001-2013 (gid so sdnh 1994)
S 6 n g g6p vao toe AQ tSng N S L B (dilm %) Thoik^
2001-2007 2007-2008 2008-2012 2013
Toe do tSng NSLD (%)
6,48 1,07 3,17 3,84
Thay doi NSLD trotig noi bo Dgai]h
2,97 -0,51 3,02 3,99
ChuySn dieh CO e^u LD
3,6 2,35 1,49 -0,10
Tucmg tae giSa NSLD viCDCCLD
-0,08 -0,77 -1,35 -0,06 Ngudn: S6 li?u n5m 2013 theo gia so sanh 2010, tii Nguyen Thi Tu| Anh va c^ng sii (2015);
Ckc so khde t i Vien Khoa hgc lao d^ng va xa h§i (2013).
6 ViSt Nam, chuyen dich lao dong diln ra giua ngjlnh n6ng nghidp vdi cdc nganh cong nghiep va dich vu va giiia npi hd cac nganh nay. Trong thai gian qua, n^jinh c6ng nghiep ch^ biin da co buac phat trien §n tirgng, gop phkn Ion nhit vao tang NSLD cua toki n^n kinh tl. Theo tinh toan
nganh thucmg nghiep, sua chua xe may, 6 to dong g6p 19,6%. Dong gop ciia nganh cong nghiep che bien chii yiu la cua nhimg nganh thSm dung nhiSu lao dfing, phat triln nho su k^t hop giua nhi6u y6u t6, bao g6m tgn dung Igi th§
lao dOng r^, chinh sach khuyin khich diu tu dirge trinh bay trong Bang 3, cong nghiSp chl kmh doanh va hgi nh|ip,m6f rgng hgp tac kinh tl biln da d6ng g6p ty trgng rit Ion, 35,76 % vao quSctlciiaVietNamtiiori gian qua.
tang NSLD giai doan 2001-2012, tilp do la
B5ng 3. D6ng gop cua c5c nginh vao NSLD, giai doan 2001 - 2012 (%, gia so s^nh 1994)
T6ng
Nong, lam n g h i ^ va thuy san Cdng nghiep khai thac ni6 Cong nghidp c h l bi6n
S i n xult v^ phSn phoi di^n. khi d6t vk nudc XSy d^mg
Thuong nghigp,siia chaa,ct6 dung Khdch s^n va nhd hang v a n tai. kho bai vk thong tin lien lac Tai chinh. tin dyng
Hoat dOng k h i c
Thay doi NSLD 4,37 0,25 -0,06 1,56 0,24 0,42 0,86 0,21 0,25 0,12 0,51
Dong gdp ciia cac ng^Dh v^o mih: thay d6i NSLD
100 5,68 1,38 35,76 5,58 9,63 19,61 4,91 5,8 2,81 11,59 NguSn: Vi$ii Khoa hgc lao d§ng vi xa hgi (2013).
D aU&NLyKINHTl ${66(3+4/2015)
DQNG LI/C T A N G NANG SUAT LAO BQNG fl VigT NAM:. HeHieHcflmpanBtfi r O n J
Diem d ^ g luu y la sau thoi gian dai tang trudng, mcr rgng phat triln, gop phin vdo gia tang NSLD xa hgi, cho din nay, NSLD cua nhiing nganh nay co khoang each ch§nh l$ch so vod nang suat lao dgng cua toan xa hgi ngdy cdng thu hgp. Vi du, trong nam 2012, nang suat !ao dgng toan xa hgi theo gid hien hanh khodng 62,8 trifu d6ng/lao dfing, trong khi nang sudt lao d^ng ciia ngdnh cong nghiep cM tao Id 79 triSu vd ngdnh thuong nghi$p vd sita chiia Id 66,8 tri$u d6ng (Hhih 3). Neu nhu trong nam 2001, ndng sudt lao dgng cua ngdnh cong nghi$p chl tgo gip khoang 2,75 lan nang sudt lao d6ng ciia todn xa
hfii, khodng each ndy chi con khoang 1,25 lan vao nam 2012. Do co the la dauhigu tdi han ciia Igi thi lao dgng gia re cr Viet Nam ciing voi th\rc te gia tang tien c6ng thuc tl. HiSn nay, tien cong lao dgng 6 Viet Nam cao hon nhieu nu6c trong khu v^rc. Nhu vdy, gid cd lao d^ng thdp, m^t trong nhung Igi th6 gop phSn thiic day tang nang lao dOng thdi gian qua dd gidm ro r?t. Trong thdi gian toi, Vi?t Nam sS khdng c6 cdch ndo khde la phdi gia tang chdt lugng lao dgng vd thiic dly su phat trien nhiing ngdnh c6 ndng suit lao dgng cao, thiic ddy iing dung tiln bO cdng nghS hon niia trong san xuat, kinh doanh.
Hinh 3. Nang suat lao dgng xa hgi v^ cua m$t sd ngdnh kinh ti, 2001-2012 (tri^u ddng/lao d$ng, gi^ hi^n hanh)
• 2005
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• 2010
• 20U
• 2012
Nguon: Tinh t o ^ tii so li$u Tong eye Thong ke.
Tuy nhien, so voi cac nudc chdu A khde, ddng gdp cua ngdnh cdng nghiep chl bien chl tgo vao tang nang suat lao dgng cua ViSt Nam vdn con kha thdp. Theo s6 li6u tinh todn trong Hinh 4, niu giai doan 1990-2012, ngdnh cdng nghiSp chl biln che tao ciia Viet Nam ddng gdp khodng dudi 30% vdo tang nang suit lao ddng thi t^
trgng nay ciia cac nudc chdu A khde Id 40%- 50%, dac biet d Thai Lan vd Malaysia cd miic
tang In tugng tii tren, dudi 30% len din 48% vd 66% giai doan 2000-2012. Cac nudc phdt triln nhu Hdn qudc, Nhdt bdn cd miic ddng gdp rat Idn 64 den 80%. Dieu ndy cho thay, ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien ciia Viet Nam cd the se cd khd nang ddng gdp nhieu hon niia cho viec tang nang suat lao ddng xa hgi neu cd su gia tang mEinh me trong NSLD ngi bg nganh trong thdi gian tdi.
' Ket qui tinh to4n n^y khde so v6i kit qud 6 Bdng 3 c6 the Id do phuong phap vd s vdi cdc chl sd tuong ling khde n€n khong dnh hudng din nh§n dinh n^tra.
Stf 66 (3+4/2015)
lifu dau vdo, Tuy nhiSn, d dSy sii dyng de so sdnh
QUANLfKINHT^
l E S M H6HlgHCliU TRAP BOI BQNG l\fC TANG NANG SUJTT LAD DQNG fl V | £ T NAM:.
Hinh 4. Dong gdp ciia cdng nghif p che biin vko tSng NSLD eua mflt s6 nmtc ch§u A (%)
I 1999-2000 I 2000-2012
Nguon: APO (2014).
3.2. Bong luc tang NSLB tit cdch tiip cStn cdc yeu to tang tru&ng
Cdc ly thuyet tang trudng cho thiy tang nang sudt lao dgng trong nen kinh te ph\i thudc vdo nhilu yeu to, trong do cd thi chiara thdnh cudng dd vdn/lao dgng vd nang suit cac ylu td tdng hgp. Ddng gdp ciia cdc ylu td ndy din ^ng NSLD cua Viet Nam trong Ihdi gian vCra qua dugc trinh bdy trong Bdng 4. Dilm ndi bat Id gia tang cudng do vdn trSn mdt ngudi lao dgng ddng vai tro chinh trong thiic dly tang nang suit
lao dOng d Viet nam ttidi gian qua. Tf 16 ddng gdp ciia cudng dg vdn/lao dgng ddi vdi tang nang suit ciia Vi$t Nam ludn d miic cao tut 44%
(bao gdm ca vdn cdng nghS thdng tin (QSfTT) vd vdn ngodi CNTT) giai doan 2000-2005 din 76% giai doan 2010-2012 tham chi len din 125% giai doan 2005-2010. Ddng gdp cua nang suat cac yen td tdng hop (TFP) cd su dao ddng manh tii 56% giai doan 2000-2005 xudng cdn 23% giai doan 2010-2012, thdm chi ddng gdp am giai dogn 2005-2010 (Bdng 4).
Bdng 4. Dong gdp cua cac ylu to vao tang NSLD d ViSt Nam giai doan 2000-2005.
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2012 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2012
%Tang NSLB 6,7 2,4 4,3 100 100 100
Cudng dp von CNTT/lao dgng
Cuong d$ v6n ngo^
CNTT/lao dgng Bdng gdp theo Sim % 0,3
0,4 0,4
2.7 2,6 2.9
TFP 3,8 -0,7 I Bong gop tlieo diem % 4
17 9
40 108 67
56 -25 23 Nguon: APO (2014).
Vai trd quan trgng cua cudng do vdn/ngudi lao ddng ddi vdi tang ndng suit d Viet Nam hodn todn phi hgp vdi quy ludt tang trudng phat triln ciia mOt nen kinh te di 16n ttr ndng nghiSp vd cd xuat phdt dilm thdp. Viec gia tang vdn tien mdt ngudi lao dgng cho phep cac doanh nghiep su dung may mdc thiet bi, cdng cu lao ddng tdt hon, hien dai hon tii dd ddn din thiic dly nang
D QUJiNLfKINHT^
sudt. Phat triln cac ngdnh kinh tl phi ndng nghiep, cd nang suat lao ddng cao hon ciing ddi hdi ngudn vdn tren lao ddng cao hon so vdi cdc ngdnh ndng nghiep vd theo dd cung gia tang nang suit lao dgng. 0 Vi$t Nam, giai doan nhung nam 2001-2010, vdn diu tir trong ndn kinh te tang manh, tnmg binh d miic 38- 39%/GDP, cd nam tang hon 40% da gia tang
Stf 66 (3+4/2015)
flpNG LIJC TANG N A N G S U X T LAO D Q N G fl VIgT NAM:. NGHIEN cum TRAO DOi
I W l
dang kS miic dd tich tii vdn trdn lao ddng trong nen kinh tS. Tu^^ nhien, nhiing nam gan day, toe dg tang vdn dau tu da gidm ro r$t, chi cdn khoang 30%GDP tii nam 2011 din nay. Tuong iing vdi dd, cudng dd v6n/lao dgng trung bhih trong nin kinh tl tang tii 39,6 tridu dong/lao ddngnam2001 (gidcddinh2010)16ndln 106,5 trieu ddng/lao ddng, vdi tdc do tang binh qudn 7,9% (Vi6nNang suit Vi$tNam. 2015). Tdc do tang cudng dd vdn gidm tii 9,8% nam 2002 xu&igcdn5,2%nam2014.
Cudng dd v6n/lao dgng cang Idn tM kha nang vdn dung tien bg khoa hgc cdng nghe dl ttiiic day mmg suat lao ddng cao cang cao. Tich t\i vdn d mdt mdc nhdt dinh khdng nhung gia tang nang sudt lao dgng md cdn tao dilu kien tiln dl, thiic day gia tang hon nu:a nang suat lao dgng.
Tuy nhiSn, d Viet N^n vdi dac tnmg quy md nhd han che rat Idn khd nang ndng cao NSLD.
Quuy md nhd le thi hi6n trudc hit d ngdnh ndng ngliiep, dudi dang dit dai manh mun, quy md sdn xult nhd le khiln cho Idid nang iing dung khoa hgc cdng nghe vd tan dung Igi ich theo quy md de ndng cao nang sudt lao ddng rat ban che, dac biet trong ngdnh trdng trgt, ke cd nhung nganh cd the manh xuat khau Idn nhu cd phe.
Doanh nghiep cd quy md viia vd nhd chiem da s6 trong nen kinh tl. Doanh nghiep cd quy md siSu nhd, khu vp:c kinh tl phi chinh thiic rat phd biln, thu hut khodng 60% l\rc lugng lao ddng phi ndng nghidp. Vdi quy md nhd le nhu vay, gia tang ndng suit lao ddng Id viec rdt khd tni khi gia tang quy md hon nua. Trong khi dd, tdc do chinh thiic hda (d6ng nghia vdi gia tang
quy md) hien nay cdn rat thap, thdm chi cd xu hudng gidm dan nhutig nam gan day. He qud rd nhit cua quy md nhd le the hiSn mdt phan d nang suit lao ddng rit thip ciia khu vuc ldnh ti ngodi nhd nudc, khu vvrc thu hiit 86,4% lao dgng cd vi|c lam trong toan nen kinh te nhung cd nang suit lao ddng chi bing hon mdt mia so vdi nang suit lao ddng xd hdi, chi bdng khoang 11 % so vdi NSLD khu v\rc cd vdn dau tu nudc ngodi nam 2013.
BSn canh cudng dO vdn, nang suat cdc yeu td t6ng hgp Id mdt ylu ti quan trgng tdc ddng den tang NSLD. Tdc do tang NSLD ttilp giai doan 2005-2010 (Bdng 4) cd thi thiy chii ylu la do sir sut gidm nghiem trgng trong ddng gdp ciia TFP.
Ddng gdp ciia TFP Id ddng gdp tdng hgp ciia nhieu yeu td trong dd cd sii dung hign qud cdc ngu6n lire, gia tang iing dgng tiSn bg khoa hgc vd cdng ngh§, gia tdng chat lugng lao dgng.
Ddng gdp Idn cua TFP giai doan 2000-2005 cho tdng NSLD phin Idn Id do hi§u qud sd d\mg cac ngudn luc, co chl chinh sdch khuyin khich ddu tu tu nhdn, ddu tu nudc ngodi, md cua thj trudng thi ^di cua^^etNam. Ddng gdp cua chdt lugng ngudn nhan luc vd ling dung tiln bd khoa hgc vd cdng nghe ddi vdi tang nang suit lao dgng ddng vai trd cdn khiSm tdn. Dilm ddng chii y, so vdi cdc nudc trong khu v\cc. Id ty 1$ ddng gdp ciia TFP vao tang truong nang suit ciia "V^^t Nam vdn cdn rit thip. Sd lieu Hinh 5 cho thiy, giai doan 2010-2012, TFP ciia Viet Nam ddng gdp khodng 23% vdo tang nang suit lao dOng thi ty trgng ndy ciia Malaysia dat 86%, Thai Lan Id 754%.
Hinh 5. Ddng gdp cua TFP vdo toe do tdng nang suit cua m$t so nirdc Chdu A (%)
irw TWT I n ^tr ^ £ - ^
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2012
-^
Nguon: Bdo cao N3ng luc canh tnrnh t o ^ cau 2014-2015.
soeso+vzois) QUAN IV KINH TE Q
I f f l i i NBHl£HC0lnmOBOI BQNG H / C TANG NANG SUAT LAO DQNG fl VIJT NAM:.
4. Mdt $6 dinh hirdng cliinh sach tao d$ng luc tdng ndng suit lao ddng cua Vift Nam trong thdi gian tdi
Gia tan^ nang suat lao ddng Id myc tieu phdt triln cua bat ky qudc gia ndo. Viet Nam da dat dugc nhiing tiSn bd nhat dinh tron^ thdi gian qua nhung so vdi cdc nudc, nang suit lao dOng cua Viet Nam van cdn d mdc qua thap. Ddng chii f Id dOng luc tang nang suat Ihdi gi^i qua da bit ddu tdi han nhu chuyin dich co cdu kinh te tii ndng nghiep sang cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep tan dung ngudn lao ddng ddi dao vd gid re, ddng luc til nang suat cac yen td tdng hgp chua dugc phdt huy t6t. Trong Idii do, cac dilu kiSn b6n ngoai ngay cang trd len khd khan, canh tranh giua cdc qudc gia ngdy cdng gay gat. Trong didu kiSn
^^et Nam hgi nhdp kinb te qudc te ngdy cdng sdu rdng, vide tao ra nhung dgng luc mdi trong vi6c thuc dly tang nang sudt la het sue cdn thiet trong thdi gian tdi. Dudi day la mgt sd dinh hudng chinh sachndi bat.
Thic nhdt, t^ ddng Ivc tang nang suat lao ddng tir hai ngudn kit hgp thiic dly manh me chuyin dich co clu lao ddng tii ndng nghiep sang cdc ngdnh phi ndng nghi6p ddng thdi thiic dly tang nang suit lao dgng ndi bd ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien vd ngdnh ndng nghiep. Phdn tich thuc trang d tren cho thdy, hien nay chenh lech ve nang suat lao ddng gifta nganh ndng nghiep vd cdc ngdnh khac cdn kha Idn. Nguyen nhan chii yen la lire lugng lao dgng trong ngdnh ndy cdn nhieu, tinh trang lam viec vdi cdng suat Ihap cdn phd bien. Trong thdi gian tdi, viec thuc hien cac cam ket hgi nhap sau rgng hon cua Viet Nam md ra nhieu ca hgi md rgng thi trudng sang nhieu nudc vd do ciing la ca hdi dl Vi6t Nam tan dung dgng luc tang nang suat nhd chuyen dich co cau lao dgng thdng qua ihdc dly chuyen dich lao ddng ndng nghiep sang cdc ngdnh khde. Nhu vdy, cdi thien tdt han mdi trudng kinh doanh, ndng cao khd nang thu hiit ddu tu nudc ngoai se giiip Vi^t Nam tao ra dugc ddng luc nay irong thdi gian tdi.
Ndng cao nang suit ndi bO ngdnh, dac biet nganh cdng nghiep chl biln cdn dugc khuyin khich theo hudng chuyen dich sang nhftng phan khiic sdn phdm cd gid tri gia tang cao ban thdng qua ddi mdi cdng nghe va nang cao chat lugng Q ] QUANLyjUNHTf
ngu^n nhan luc. Doi vdi ngdnh ndnp nghiSp, mdt m^t cdn diiic dly tich tu rudng ddt vd ddm bdo tinh Idu ddi trong sft dyng dat ciia ndng dan, mat khde cin thay ddi chiln luge tft sdn xuat hdn hgp sang sdn xult chuyen mdn hoa vd tap trung vdo nhftng san phim ndng n ^ e p tao gid tri kinh tl cao (chan nudi, trdng cdy canh va cdc loai rau, qud sach trong nhd kinh...) di ddi voi khuyin khich phat triln manh cdng nghiSp chl biln sdn phim ndng nghiep vd phat triln he ttidng dich vy sdn xuat. Ddi vdi cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep chl biln chl t^o, viec chuyen dich ndc ttiang gia tri Id cdn thilt trong dilu kidn Igi ttil vl lao ddng gid re dang din mit di vd chenh Ifch gifta ndng suit lao ddng ngdnh chl bien che t^o so vdi miic nang suit lao ddng chung dmig ddn thu hep.
Thu^ hai, ddi mdi manh me chinh sach ddo t^o nghd nh&n gia tang chdt lugng lao ddng, tao dilu kiSn cin cho qud trinh chuyen dich co cdu vd ndng cao nang sudt ndi bd ngdnh ndi trdn.
Hi6n nay, ty trgng lyc lugng lao ddng chua dugc ddo tao cdn cao, chilm 58% tdng sd lao ddng.
Ty trgng luc lugng lao ddng chua d^t trinh do tieu hgc cdn khd Idn, vdo khodng 16,4% nam 2011, van Id mgt trong nhung nut thit hidn nay.
Ddng quan tdm Id mgt bg phan khdng nhd luc lugng lao ddng da qua dao tao nhung kien thuc chuySn mdn vd kj^ nang nghi nghi6p ciia hg chua dap dng dugc y6u cdu cua cac nhd tuyin dyng. Bao cdo phat triln Vi6t Nam 2014 cua Ngdn hMig the gidi cho ttiay, lao ddng Viet Nam thieu nhieu ky nang md ngudi tuyen dyng can nhu ky nang gidi quyet vin dd, phdn bi6n, k?
nang ldm viee theo nhdm va ky nang giao tilp.
Ddy Id ndt ttilt ca ban cho qud trinh ndng cao nang sudt lao ddng cua ^^et Nam hi?n nay va cdn dugc gidi quyet trong thdi gian tdi. Ndng cao trinh dd lao ddng can chii trgng din (i) nang cao ty trgng lao ddng dugc dao tao; (ii) chu trgng cdng tdc giao due dinh hudng n ^ l nghidp cho ngudi lao dOng de mgi thdnh vi6n xa hgi thdy dugc su can thidt vd loi ich ciia viec lya chgn con dudng hgc tap cho phu hgp vdi bdn thdn vd xa hdi; (iii) xdy dung cdc chinh sdch khuyin khich doaidi nghiep ddo tao nghd cho ngudi lao ddng (vfta hgc, vfta lam); (iv) chu trgng dao t£io "ky nang mim" cho lao dOng.
Stf 66 (3+4/2015)
B Q N G LI/C TANG NANG SUAT LAO PQNG fl VIET NAM:. HBHiEHCflUlpannni [ 1 3 ^
Thic ba, cin cd chinh sdch khuyen khich manh me hon nfta doanh nghiep ddu tu vao khoa hgc cdng nghd do hdm lugng khoa hgc cdng nghe trong gia trj sdn phdm ciia Vidt Nam cdn d mftc kha ttilp. Cdc cdng nghe mdi, cdng nghe s^ch va cdng ngh? xanh cdn dugc khuyin khich phat trien vd dp dyng thdng qua cdc cdng cu tdi chinh de khdng chi tdng nang suit lao dgng md ddng ttidi cdn hudng tdi phdt trien vung ciia nin kinh te. O khia canh nay, tang nang sudt lao ddng di kem vdi cdc chi tieu vl mdi tnrdng va phdt tridn ben vftng mdi gitip nin kinh te cd thi tang nang suit lao d^ng trong dai hgn. Cac chinh sdch khuyen khich cac lo^ cdng ngh$ ndy cung ddng thdi vdi vi$c han chl cac loai cdng nghe khdng thdn thien vdi mdi'*trudng, cdng nghe Ididng sach, khdng xanh v.v... phdt tridn trong nen ldnh tl do cac cdng nghe ndy se khd canh tranh hon vdi cdc cdng nghe dugc khuyen khich phdt trien. Cdc chinh sdch nay cung se khuyen khich cdc nhd ddu tu nudc ngodi diu tu vao nhiing ITnb vyc giiip phdt triln bin vung d Viet Nam.
Thu tu, cdn cd cdc bien phap d€ ndng cao hidu qud su dyng cdc ngudn luc bao gdm cd ngudn lyc tu nhien vd ngudn lyc xa hdi, con ngudi. O
^^et Nam, hi$u qud sft dyng ngudn lyc cdn thdp do the ehl kinh tl thi trudng chua dugc phdt triln dly du. Gid cd cua nhieu ngudn lyc, trong do cac gid cd cua cdc diu vao chinh cda sdn xudt nhu ddt dai, tai nguyen va vdn cdn bi bdp meo ddn din nhiing thi trudng khdng ttil phdt huy dugc viec phanbd ngudn lyc mdt cdch hi$u qud.
Cdc nguyen tic ttii trudng nhu nguySn tie canh tranh trong nhieu ttudng hgp chua dugc tuan thu. Cdc dilu ki?n tten lam cho hieu qud su dyng ngudn lyc trong nen kinh te thdp. TInh toan tft sd lieu dilu tta doanh nghiep cho thdy cdc doanh nghiep hien nay dang hoat dgng d miic tnmg binh khoang 60% so vdi hieu qud ciia doanh nghiep tdt nhit ttSn thi trudng (Bang Thi Thu Hodi,2012).
Thundm, nang cao hieu qud hoat d0ng (hay ed the ggi Id ndng suat lao ddng) cua khu vyc cdng sS cd vai ttd quyet dinh den ndng suit lao dOng cua todn nin kmh tl. Vi$c hien thyc hda bdn dinh hudng chinh sdch neu tten nham tao ddng luc thuc dly nang suit lao dgng se phy Stf 66 (3+4/2015)
thudc rat Idn vdo hi?u qud hoat ddng cfta khu vyc cdng. Cdc dinh hudng chinh sdch tft cdi thien mdi trudng kinh doanh, t^o mdi trudng kinh doanh canh ttanh lanh manh, tao dieu kien thu hut dau tu den dinh hudng sft dung hieu qua ngudn lyc, thuc dly ftng dyng tien bd khoa hgc cdng nghd ndi tten diu phy thugc vdo khung phdp lu|t va chinh sdch do cac ca quan nhd nudc ban hdnh vd triln khai thyc hien. Chinh vi v$y, ca che dd ddm bdo cdc ca quan ttong khu vyc cdng thuc hien tdt vai ttd, chftc nang vd nhi$m vy ddt ra theo ySu cdu phdt trien cua nen kinh tl se ddng vai ttd het sftc quan ttgng. Gidng nhu khu vyc doanh nghiSp, khi Igi nhu|in vd canh ttanh se tao ra sftc ep bu§c hg phdi ludn ndng cao hieu qud, nang suat cua minh, cdc ca quan ttong khu vyc cdng ciing cdn cd nhiing sue ep tuang tu dl ddm bdo ludn ban hdnh khung phdp lu|it vd chinh sdch hudng tdi myc tiSu chung Id ttuic ddy nang sudt lao ddng xahgi./.
TMli^uthamkh&o Tilng Anh
• APO (Asian Productivity Organization) (2014), APO Productivity Databook2014. Keio University Press Inc., Tokyo.
• Conference Board (2011), Total Economy Database h t t p : / / w w w . c o n f e r e n c e - board.org/data/economydatabase.
• ILO va ADB (2014), ASEAN Commumity 2015 - Managing Intergration for Better Jobs and Shared Prosperity.
• NgSn hang thS gi6i (2013), Bdo cao phat triln \^$t Nam 2014: Phat trien ky nang, xay d^ng luc luong lao dpng cho mpt nen kinh te thi trudng bif n dai o^ Viet Nam, Bdo cdo tong quan.
• OECD(2008), Labor Productivity Indicators.
• Stiroh, Kevin J. (2001), What Drives Productivity Growth.
Tilng Vift
• D3ng Thi Thu Hoai (2012), Tac dong ciia hpi nhap kinh te quoc te den nang suat lao dpng va hieu qua boat dpng cua doanh nghiep sau 5 ndm gia nhap WTO. Bdo cdo nghien CIJTU.
• Nguyen Thj Tu? Anh vd cpng s^ (2015), Chuydn dich CO cau nganh va dong gop ciia chuyen dich ccr cau ngdnh vdo chdt Iupng tang trudng kinh tS ciia Viet Nam. DS tdi cdpBpnam2014.
• Tong c\ic Thong ke, Niem gidm thong ke hdng ndm, Nhd xuat ban Thong ke.
• Tnmg tfim nang suat Vift Nam (2015), Bdo cdo nang suat ViftNam 2014.
• Vifn Khoahpc lao dpng vdxahOi (2013), Xu hudmg lao dOngvdxShOi VietNam 2013, Nhd xudtbdnlao dpng.
QUAN Lf KINH Tf I D
