NHAN V A T - s u KIEN
V E T R i THUU N U n i : T A HOI s A u THIE K V X X
GS DINH XUAN LAM
V
iet Nam la mot nuae van hiln tir rit sdm. Binh Ngd dai cdo do Nguyen Trai viel theo lenh eua Binh Dinh vuong Le Lgi sau khi chien thang quan Minh (nam 1428), ngay rtr nhflng ddng dau da khang dinh day ty hao:"Nhu nudc Viet ta tic trudc.
Von xung nen vdn hien dd Idu"
Mdt nuac van hien, tire la mot nuac eo thi thu, le nghTa va co nen giao due qu6c gia thi tat phai da ed tang lap sT phu, van than, tire tang lap Ui thirc dan tdc, da gdp phan ddng gdp xung dang vao sy nghiep dyng nuac va giu nuae.
Vao giai doan ljch sir dang phat trien ciia ehe do phong kien, tang lap tri thirc dan tdc nay cd dieu kien phat trien ve sd lugng va chat lugng, lao thanh mdt sire manh, mdt vdn quy ciia dan tdc. trd thanh "nguyen klii ciia qudc gia". Nhirng budc vao thdi ky suy vong cua ehe do phong kien - ddi chieu vdi lich sii Viet Nam, do la khoang the ky XVIII vai sy biing nd manh liet cua phong trao ndng dan khai ngliTa, dinh cao la phong trao ndng dan Tay San (1771), thi cd sy phan hda ngiiy cang sau sac. Nhan ca hdi Nguydi Anh xiiy dyng lyc lugng ben trong, ket hgp vdi tranh ihii vien irg cua tu ban phuong Tiiy dang irdi dirimg san lung thude dia, de danh bai uieu lay San, len ngdi hoang de vai nien
Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi
hieu la Gia Long, lap ra nha Nguyen (1802).
Tuy nhien, cho den giua thi ky XIX, trong han nira the ky t6n tai eiia trieu Nguyen, xa hgi Viet Nam hau nhu kh6ng phat Uien len dugc theo chieu hudng tien bd cua thai dai, mau thuan xa hdi ngay cang them sau sac lam biing nd hang loat cudc khai nghTa Idn cua ndng dan tren pham vi ea nuac, de cudi cung Viet Nam tra thanh ddi tugng xam luge ciia chii nghTa thye dan phuong Tay, trye tiep la thye dan Phap.
De ed ea phat ddng chidi tranh xam luge Viet Nam, thye dan Phap da v icn dan nhieu ly do, nhu de tra thii viec trieu dinh Hue khdng tiep nhan qudc thu cua Phap, cho rang nhu viiy la lam nhuc qudc the Phap, de benh vyc cac giao sT va giao dan bj uieu dinh tan sat, de truyen ba "van minh"
khdng ngoai myc dich tranh thu sy ddng tinh iing hg ciia du luan cong giao d Phap v;i Viet Nam,...
Nhung eae ly do dd deu khdng the ehe day dugc nguyen nhan sau xa ben trong ciia chii nghTa tu ban Phap dang chuyen manh len de qudc chii nghTa la san lung thi trudng va can cir d Vien Ddng nhat la d phia Nam Trung Qude ddng dan, giau nguyen lieu. De cudi ciing vao sang mdng l- 9-1858 tau chiln Phap nd sung tan cdng cua bien Da Ning, rdi thu'a thang cho quan dd bd chiem ddng ban dao Son Tra, md man eudc chien tranh xam luge Viet Nam keo dai tdi 38 nam (1858 -
1896) mai hoan tat.
TAP CHI UCHSU BANG-SO 11/2008 69
NHAN V A T - s u KIEN
Sau khi hoan thanh cong cudc chiem ddng va binh dinh ve quan sy, tir dau nam 1897 thye dan Phap da cd dieu kien thuan lgi de bat tay vao khai thac, bde lde Viet Nam mot each cd he thdng tren quy m6 ngay cang ma rpng. Cudc khai thac tren quy md Idn tir dau the ky XX, xuyen qua hai dgt, thu' nhit (1897-1914) va thir hai (sau nam 1919), xen vao giira la 4 nam chien tranh the gidi thii nhat (1914-1918), da lam cho ca cau kinh te, eung nhu ca cau xa hdi Viet Nam cd nhflng bien chuyen quan trgng va rd ret. Dang chu y la sy xay dyng va phat trien nen giao dye Phap - Viet phyc vy cho cdng cude khai thac, bde lot kinh te cung nhu cho bg may cai tri thye dan, da tao dieu kien cho ting Idp tieu tu san tri thirc - ke ca mot sd it "thugng luu tri thirc". Sy xuat hien tang ldp fri thire ndi len hang dau d ca ba ky cd the neu ten Truong VTnh Ky.
Huynh Tjnh dia. Tran Chanh Chieu a mien Nam;
Luong Van Can. Pham Quynh, Nguyen Van VTnh, IVan Trgng Kim, Phan Ke Binh a mien Bac;
Tiin Quy Cap, Huynh Tliiie Khang, Nguyen Ba Trac, Phan Khdi... a mien Trung, hinh thanh hai phai tri thire tan hgc va cyu hgc.
Dieu dang chii y la tri thirc thude phai cim hgc, trong nhimg dieu kien lich sir mai cua "gid A mua Au", hg cung da bat dau tiep thu tu Urdng mai va deu hang hai mang het kha nang va sa truang eua minh ddng gdp vao buac tien ciia xa hdi, ciia dat nuac trong thai dai mai, ve chinh tri cung nhu ve kinh te, van hda, xa hdi. Danh rang trong sy kiem soat, han ehe ciia de qudc Phap, hg khdng the phat huy het klia nang cua minh nhung khi thdi ca each mang tai. hg san sang va hang hai ra ddng gdp tai sire cho each mang. Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 thanh cdng, chinh quyen each mang da chii y thu hut nhflng tri Ihire lieu bieu. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh dae biet quan lam tap hgp. dao lao, tim kiem. thu hut va
trgng dung nguai tai. Ngay 20-11-1946, ehi han mot nam sau Cach mang thang Tam thanh e6ng, Nguai da dang tin "Tim ngudi tdi dice" de lam viee ed lgi eho dan, cho nuac. Cho nen lue dd, mdt hien tugng vd eiing phan khai la trong bd may ehinh quyen each mang hi nhflng ngay dau xay dyng, da cd mat ddng dao nhung tri thiic tieu bieu, nhu Nguyen Van Td, Phan Anh, Ta Quang Bim, Nguyen Van Huyen, Vu Dinh Hoe, Nguyen Manh Tudng, Ngyy Nhu Kon Tum,v.v... Rdi nhflng tri thiic Idn tix nuae ngoai ve nuae dam nhiem nhflng trgng trach ciia each mang nhu Tran Dai NghTa, Tran Him Tuac, Tran Due Thao, Hoang Xuan Nhi, Pham Huy Thdng...
Di san tu tudng quy bau cua Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da dupc Dang Cong san Viet Nam tiep ndi va ra sue phat huy, phat trien manh me trong thdi ky mai. Dai hdi X eiia Dang khang dinh va lam rd quan diem: "Dai doan ket loan dan toe tren nen tang lien minh giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va doi ngu tri thiic, duoi sy lanh dao cua Dang, la ngudn siic manh, dong lyc chii yeu va la nhan 16 ed y nghTa quyet dinh bao dam thang Igi ben viJng cua sy nghiep xay dyng va bao veTd qude"'.
Ngay 6-8-2008, Hgi nghi Trung uong 7 (Khda X) ra Nghi quyet 27-NQ/TW, Vi xdy dung dpi ngii tri thirc trong thdi ky ddy manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda ddt nudc. Ro rang la yeu cau ddi vai ddi ngu tri thirc - mdt bp phan quan trgng trong lye lugng lao dpng ma ngudn dong nhit la ndng dan va cdng nhan- can dupe xay dyng manh de ed kha nang dam nhiem mdt each xiing dang cac nhiem vy trgng dai trong thai ky mdi cua lich sir dan tdc.
1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: I 'dn kien Dai Mi dqi bieu todn qudc Idn thicX, CTQG, H, 2006. tr. 116.
70 TAP CHl UCHSU BANG-SO 11/2008
