VIET NAM - NGA Tl/ CAC TOC NGUlOn VA CAC NEN V A N MINH
OLOV JANSfi NGUYfiN MANH DCNG*
(Dich vd gidi thieu)
Ldi ddn: GS. Olov R.T. Janse (1895-1985) nguyfin la Hdi vien danh dir cua Tni&ng \\hn DOng Bac c6 Phap, Giao su Dai hoc Louvre, Tni&ng Cao hoc thirc hanh (EPHE Sorbone, Phip)... L^ mOt nhii khao c6 hoc c6 ti^ng ngu&i Thuy Di^n, GS. O. Janse da c6 th6i gian gdn 5 nam (1934-1939) duc>c mdi sang lam viec tai D6ng Ducmg vdi tu cich Giam d6c cdc cuOc thdm sdt khao cd hoc b Ddng Duong. Cilng th^ hS vdi cac nha Viet Nam hoc n6i ti^ng ngu&i Phdp tiJ nhirng thap nifin ddu th^ ky XX, cdc tac pham cua dng dugc nhidu cdc hoc gia, nghifin clhi Viet Nam, Phdp vd qude t^ khdc chia se vd danh gia cao. Ciing voi ba tap d6 sd Khao c6 hoc Ddng Duong (xudt ban vdo cdc nam 1947, 1951-1952, 1958), chuyen khao v6 ngu6n gdc van minh Viet Nam..., chuyen luan "Vietnam - Au carrefour de peuples et de civilisations - Viet Nam - Nga tu cdc tdc ngudri vd cdc n6n van minh" dang tren Tap chi France-Asie sd 165, nam 1961 (ndm trong mdt seri cdc bdi nghien cihi trinh bdy tai Dai hoc Sdi Gdn, hay trong Tap san Dai hoc \\\i6 nhirng nam 1958-1960) Id mdt chuyen khao dugc nhidu the' he cdc nhd nghien cihi thudc nhidu Iinh vuc nghien curu nhu sir hgc, nhan hgc tdn gido, dan tdc hgc, khao cd hgc... quan tam vd trich ddn. Da gdn 50 nam qua, nhidu quan didm cua GS. O.Jans^ da dugcSphai danh gid va nhan thu'c lai, nhung cung khdng it cdc phdt hien sau d6 da c6 C0 hdi chiing minh, cung nhu nhidu vdn dd ggi md rdt ddng kd, ghi nhan nhirng tim tdi, phdt hien ddu tien.
Tren phuong dien nghien ciru ly thuydt, ddi vdi khdng gian rdng vd xu hudng phdt tridn ciia cdc ndn van minh cilng su xudt hien lodi ngudi, nghien cUu da ngdnh ciia GS. O.Jansd c6 thd coi Id mdt trong nhung quan didm kinh didn, khdng dinh xu thd chuydn dich da chidu, mdt qud trinh giao thoa, khuc xa, tie'p bidn, tuong tdc van hda tu nhien cua van minh nhan loai vd ddng thidn di, khdng c6 tinh chat dp dat don tuydn. Thd gidi Ddng Nam A, vdn Id mdt thuc thd dde lap, edi ngudn cua van minh nhan loai, "Dia dang phucmg Ddng"... hay khdng vdn Id vdn dd bao trilm cua gidi nghien cxm. Bdng nhirng tidn bd ciia khoa hgc cdng nghe ngudn gdc van minh da cd sir ddnh gid lai, cd quan niem phu nhan, tham chi dao ngugc, nhung cung khdng it cdc nhd nghien cihi tidp tuc iing hd quan didm trdn ciia O.Jansd vd nhCfng ngudi theo khuynh hudng ndy.
B
i i n g h i e n cUu dUdi d a y la kdt q u a h i n h , n g u d n gdc dd cdn chUa dUdc biet ddn tU mot n h i e m v u cdng t a c thiic h i p n n h i e u . N h i n c h u n g cac y k i d n ddu cho r i n g tii n i m 1934 d e n 1939. M u c dich chu yeu v i n m i n h Vipt N a m l i m o t d a n g t h d c k h u cua l u i n v i n n a y la q u a cac hd' k h a i q u i t vUc c u a v i n m i n h T r u n g H o a . C h i n h qua k h a o cd d i dUdc h e thd'ng hda, n g h i e n cUu n h i i n g t h i n h tUu c d a cac p h a t h i p n k h a o cd cac t i i lieu n h i m l a m s a n g td n g u d n gdc hoc lien q u a n ddn vi'n de d d a y da cho thi'y cua n e n v i n m i n h Viet N a m . Cach day 55 l i cac p h a t h i e n dd da chi r a s a i l l m cua n i m , k h i cdng vipc cua chiing tdi dUdc t i e n n h i n thiic p h i e n dipn t r e n . Hipn n a y , ngUdi 'ThS. Vipn Sd hocVi&i Ram - Rga hi che tOc ngu£ri... 11 ta cd the k h i n g dinh r i n g v i n minh Viet
Nam cd ngudn gdc rieng biet. That viy, ngUdi ta khdng the phu n h i n anh hudng manh me nhi't l i qua cac thdi ky lich sd bdi nhQng con chau ngUdi Han d nhiing ndi m i trong Siic ky goi l i "nhiing viing di't phUdng Nam". Se l i sai l i m khi nghien ciiu tac ddng dd nhUng khdng da ddng den nhiing anh hudng khac bdi vi chiing ciing manh me khdng he thua k6m ma lai khdng dUdc bidt den. ThUc td la, t^ khoang dau thd ky XX, sd nhiing b i n g chUng vun v i t da gdp p h I n l i m sang td v i n minh Viet Nam ve dipn mao die thii cua nd, mot m i t mang dang d i p cua Dd quoc thien trieu, ciing nhu dien mao khac b i t ngudn tii An Do.
Hay ciing cd khi nd den tii nhiing ndi xa xdi hdn ri't nhieu, td bien gidi cua the gidi Hy- La c h i n g han.
Mot anh hudng khac m i chung tdi se ndi sau day ciing ddng vai trd trong sU hinh t h i n h cda nen v i n minh Vipt Nam, dd chinh l i thuyet t h i n bi mang tinh chi't tdn giao - nd die trUng cho nhiing cU dan d viing n i y .
Nghien ciiu cac vi'n de lien quan den ngudn gd'c v i n minh Viet Nam se cd dip neu ra nhiing cau hdi m i chiing ta v i n chua cd t h i dUa ra nhiing ldi giai thda dang. Cac vi'n de n i y lien quan tdi nhiing ddi tUdng nghien ciiu cUc ky phUc tap, nd bao q u i t mot llnh vUc vd cung rong Idn ve ca khdng gian v i thdi gian, m i de giai quydt nd cIn phai khdng chi cd mdt sU cdng t i e chuyen sau va cd phUdng phap cua nhieu chuyen gia da n g i n h , m i ciing cIn cd sii hdp t i e cda cac n h i Ddng phUdng hoc cda ca hai thd gidi [phUdng Ddng v i phUdng Tay-A^Z)].
Mot lUu y m i o d i u sau ciing cIn thidt dupe neu ra. Trong khi m i chung ta de cip ddn v i n minh Vipt Nam, chung ta nen lUu
f ddn nen v i n minh dd phat trien dUdi anh hudng Nho giao trong trieu dinh, quan lai ben tren hay d cac trung tam thanh thi it hdn l i nen v i n minh dd dUdc phd bien d vung thdn que, l i n g xa - nhan t d c i n ban cd ket cda Viet Nam tii ri't xa xUa.
Cach day khdng lau l i m va dUdc phd bidn ri't rdng rai, mdt quan diem cho r i n g v i n minh Viet Nam dUdc tich hdp lai khdi nguyen tii lUu vUc sdng DUdng Td the ky rV TCN. Nhiing cU dan di cU dd, sau khi thiet l i p tai khu vUc tUdng iing vdi mien Bic Viet Nam, da mang theo mot nen vin minh da dUdc Han hda, theo thdi gian, nen v i n minh dd hinh t h i n h nen dang thdc khu vUc cda nd. Phai ri't lau sau ngUdi ta cho r i n g ly thuyet n i y it dUdc ddng thuin.
Nd khdng dUdc dua tren bi't cU cd sd khoa hoc nio, ching dUdc xae minh, ciing khdng diia tren tU lipu khao cd hgc, v i khdng cd cd sU phan tich gid'ng ndi. Nhiing phat hipn khao CO hoc tien hanh tU khoang 30 n i m qua da dUa ra quan diem ngUdc lai r i n g v i n minh Vipt Nam dUdc phat trien mdt each d i n d i n d mien Bic v i mien Trung qua sU hdn dung tdc ngUdi v i sil tham gdp v i n hda, m i ve ngudn gd'c nhU chiing tdi da chi ra d tren, cIn phai dUdc nghien cdu khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d bien gidi phia Ddng ciia luc dia A chau.
Neu ngudi ta nghien cdu thdi gian hinh t h i n h cda sU thdng nhi't v i n hda Vipt Nam, ngUdi ta phan bipt ba giai doan m i moi mot giai do^n dUdc die trUng bdi mdt ky nghe nha't dinh.
Giai doan ddu tien m i ngay nay ngUdi ta v i n ggi la v i n minh Ddng Sdn. Nd dien ra trong mdt thdi ky td giiia thien nien ky TCN den d i u cdng nguyen. Ve m i t dia ly.
12 H g h i ^ CUU Lich sd. stf 6.2009 nen ky nghe die trUng cho thdi ky n i y la
mdt vung rdng Idn bao gdm phia Tay Nam Trung Qud'c, d dd dan cU sinh sd'ng khdng phai la ngUdi Han, h l u hdt ban dao Ddng DUdng, va it nha't mot phan nhd eua viing ngoai An.
Lien quan den Viet Nam, v i n minh Ddng Sdn cd ve nhu dai bo p h i n la v i n minh cua pgUdi proto-malaise [Ma Lai cd sd hay nguyen Ma Lai - ND]. Ciing cd the l i chiing ta cIn phai t i p trung nghien cdu vd mot ydu td Lolo m i td tien cda tdc ngudi n i y da dinh hinh ban sic qua cac nghien ciiu cda nhieu n h i dan tdc hoe ve ngUdi Tdkha (1) - cU dan thudc ngii he An - Au.
Giai doan thd hai dUdc die trUng bdi ky nghe goi l i Lach TrUdng va tren dai thekio d i i trong 3 thd ky trUdc v i sau Cdng nguyen. Khdng gian cua nd la mdt vung ri't khd dinh bien nhUng ciing cd t h i tinh dUdc l i mot khu vUc bao gdm mot p h I n cda Tay Nam Trung Qud'c v i Bic Viet Nam va mdt vii tinh d mien Trung. Chd nhan v i n minh thdi k^ n i y l i nhiing nhdm tdc ngudi chidm da sd'cd ngudn gd'c l i Thai (t'ai).
Chd nhan cda hai giai doan phat trien v i n minh tren cd anh hudng quydt dinh den khdng chi v i n minh Viet Nam m i eon tdi ca cU dan mien thUdng, nhiing ngUdi hien nay dang sdng d phia Tay Bic Trung Qud'c v i d phan Idn Ddng Nam chau A.
Giai dog,n thii ba l i v i n minh 6 c Eo.
Die trUng vd m i t ky nghe thudc vio thdi ky td d i u the ky II den khoang n i m 500 (2). Nd n i m tren mdt khu viing cdn chUa dUdc bidt den d Nam Viet Nam, nhUng nd ciing da cd mot vai anh hudng n i o dd ddi vdi cU dan liic dd sdng d vung duyen hai p h I n phia Bic, cd le len den t i n ddng b i n g Thanh Hda. Chu nhan cua v i n minh 6 c Eo chu ydu l i ngUdi An hay Indo-scythes (3) cd
ve nhu giiia nhiing ngUdi n i y cd quan h§
budn ban tnic tidp hay gian tiep vdi viing C i n Ddng hay Ddng Hy-La. Them niia l i v i n minh 6 c Eo n i m d mot vung di't xUa kia cua Phu Nam, cd le da trao ddi qua lai mot p h I n vdi Ban dao V i n g (4) cda ngudi Hy Lap.
*
Ca ba thdi ky v i n minh tren deu se dUdc chung tdi nghien cdu mdt each l l n lUOt.
V i n minh Ddng Sdn la giai doan d i u tien dUde biet tdi sdm nhi't tii nhiing hipn v i t dUdc tim tha'y trong cac hd' khai q u i t tien h i n h g i n l i n g Ddng Sdn hipn nay, d hiiu ngan sdng Ma, tinh Thanh Hda. NgUdi ta bidt ddn hai dia diem khac nhau cd nhiing die trUng tUdng tii: dia diem d i u tien chinh l i n i m d tinh Thanh Hda, cdn dia diem thU hai d g i n Lao Cai, viing giap ranh vdi Trung Quoc. NgUdi ta ciing phat Ip n g i u nhien cac hipn v i t loai hinh Ddng Sdn d viing Van Nam va d nhieu ndi khac cda Ddng Nam A. Cac p h a t hipn n i y phai dUdc nhin n h i n nhU nhiing b i n g ehdng cd the cho thi'y sU tdn tai cda nhiing dia diem k h i e niia v i n cdn dang chd doi n h i t xeng cda n h i khao cd. Hipn nay cac manh hipn v i t phat hipn dUdc bao gdm vii khi v i cdng cu vdi nhiing hinh dang ri't phong phu, binh v i xd ddng, v i n h i t l i nhiing chide trdng Cling chi't lieu, thi thoang cd chide kich cd Idn v i trang tri clu ky.
Khdng may la nhiing hipn v i t n i y lai dUdc tim thi'y nhidu nhi't sau eae cudc dio bdi Idn lut v i trong trUdng hdp tUdng tU ngUdi ta c h i n g biet gi hien trang khi nd da bi xdi tung len. Khi nhiing dd v i t n i y danh m i t nhiing thd d l chung ta cd t h i gpi dich danh cda nd, v i luc i'y ciing da mi't di p h I n Idn gia tri tU lipu cda chiing. De cdu chiia hipn trang nhiing dd v i t niy, dng Geoi-ge Coedes, Giam doc Trudng Viin Ddng b i c cd
Via Ram - Rgn hf cAc fOc ngudri... 13 Phap, da dy thac cho chung tdi thiic hipn
nhQng dot khai q u i t mot each cd he thdng.
Ngay khi doin chiing tdi den, ngay l i p tdc chung tdi d i n h i n ra r i n g nhiing ke di tim kho bau da l i m xao trdn mdt p h I n Idn nhiing di tich cii. Trong dd nhiing ngUdi n i y de lai nguyen mdt p h I n di't du de ly giai cho n h i n dinh cua chung tdi. V i tren ed sd nhiing cdng vipc da dUdc trien khai, cd the dUa ra dUde nhiing n h i n x6t sau day:
Tai khu vUc tien hanh khai q u i t khao cd, vio nda d i u thien nien ky TCN, day tdng l i dia b i n cU trii cua ngUdi proto- malaise, td tien cua ngUdi mien niii ma vdi nhiing ngUdi n i y ngudi ta da cd thdi quen dang tide goi hp l i "Moi"' (Mpi); hp cd hp h i n g vdi td tien ngUdi Dayak d Borneo. Cu dan niy, vio mdt thdi ky nhi't dinh, da khdng trai qua thdi ky dd da. NgUdi dan diing len nhiing chide n h i s i n , dgc theo cic bd sdng. Kinh td diia tren s i n b i t , danh b i t c i v i mot ndn ndng nghipp cdn ri't thd sd, con ngUdi liic dd la nhiing ngUdi theo v i t linh v i ngUdi s i n d i u ngUdi. Dd gd'm ciia ho, ri't l i ddn sd, dUdc l i m t h i n h nhiing chide vai, chum dUdc gpi l i "sot", thd sd, nung ri't vung v i c h i n g cd bi't cU hoa v i n n i o .
Khoang ddn n i m 500 TCN, tinh hinh d i bi't ngd thay ddi do sU du n h i p cua nhiing yeu td v i n minh mdi. CU dan Ddng Sdn hoc dUdc each diing kim loai v i biet chd tao dd trang sdc va diem sinh tren loai da ban quy gpi l i ngpc thach. Dd gd'm trd nen cd gia tri cao v i b i t d i u cd trang tri hoa v i n hinh hoe. Ciing thdi ky niy, nhiing chide trd'ng Idn b i n g ddng da x u l t hipn, chung dUdc l i m ndi b i n g nhiing md tip bieu trUng hinh hoc v i hinh ngUdi, canh tUdng cda cae budi le tdn giao. Trang tri cua nhiing chide trdng ddng n i y minh chUng ve nhQng y nipm tdn giao da kha thinh h i n h , bieu dat each Ung
xd vdi nhQng nghi le thd m i t trdi (soleil) v i bau trdi (ciel).
Nhiing thay ddi dot ngdt n i y da diin ra nhu the nio? Su giai thich sau day cd t h i l i m chiing ta chap n h i n dUdc la: theo tU lieu Trung Qude ghi ehep r i n g td thd ky VIII TCN vQng phia Tay cua Thien trieu da bi sU xam chidm cua nhQng ngUdi m i t sang, tdc nau gpi l i Nguypt Chi (5). Cic n h i ngQ v i n hoc cung d i xic dinh nhQng ngUdi Nguypt Chi n i y thudc tdc ngUdi Tdkha, cU dan ndi tieng An - Au v i cIn phai tim kidm cU dan nguyen thuy d vung Pont-Euxin, cd nghla l i gin Biin Den (6).
N i m 771, nhQng ngUdi nay da chinh phuc thu phd cua N h i nUdc T i y Chu. Chi It lau sau hp tidn ve phia Nam v i theo GS R.von Heine-Geldern (7) cua Dai hgc Vien (Ao), dpi quan tien phong cua hp t h i m chi da xam n h i p vao Viet Nam hipn nay, den t i n Ddng Sdn. Ri't cd kha n i n g l i , nhQng cU d i n gdc khac d Pont-Euxin v i Cin Ddng da lien ket vdi ngUdi Tdkha. Ra't nhieu ngUdi Ddng Sdn xUa da the hipn dang thUc v i md tip trang tri khdng cd xui't xQ tQ Trung Qud'c, cung nhu vdi mdt vai md thUc Trung Qud'c hoin toan khdng cd trong dd m i t r i i lai chiing lai xui't hipn thudng xuyen trong nghe t h u i t cd eda C i n Ddng v i Trung Au.
NgUdi ta cd t h i cho r i n g nhQng cugc xam lUdc cua ngUdi Tdkha v i chU h l u cda hg, cd nghla la cac cugc di cU cua ngUdi pontique (8), l i nguyen nhan cua mot dao Idn sau sic khdng chi d Trung Quoc m i d
"nhQng viing di't phUdng Nam". Ra't cd kha n i n g nhQng ngUdi di cU nay da mang theo, tnic tiep hay gian tiep, vio cic nUdc Ddng Nam chau A nhQng ydu td v i n hda, v i chung gdp phan Idn vio vipc tao dUng vin minh Ddng Sdn.
Vio khoang giQa the ky I, v i n minh Ddng Sdn da phai chiu mdt sU dd md manh
14 Rghien ciiu Lich sd. sg 6.2009 do cudc xam lUdc cua Trung Qud'c. Theo Sd
ky, nhieu ngUdi Trung Qud'c (dung ra l i khdng nhieu) ngay td the ky IV TCN da bat d i u tham nhap vao phia Bic Viet Nam.
D i u tien la cac lai budn v i thp thu cdng, h i n la hp da dUdc ddn tidp niem nd. Sau dd, khoang dau cdng nguyen, chinh quyen Trung Quoc da trieu hdi ra't ddng n h i d m quyen - nhQng ngUdi am mUu dd hd xd sd nay. Dan chiing d dd ndi day. Dudi sU chi huy cua Hai Ba TrUng, ngudi ta biet r i n g dan chiing da viing d i y dudi khdi bien gidi nhQng than dan cua nha Han. D l dap tra that bai nay, khoang n i m 43, Hoing de n h i Han da cd dpi quan Idn dUdi sU chi huy cua tudng Ma Vien vdi sd menh chinh phuc xQ nay. Mot trong nhQng dpi quan niy, theo Sir ky, da dd bd xud'ng phia Thanh Hoa, dgc theo thung lung Sdng Ma l i ndi sinh sd'ng cua l i n g cd Ddng Sdn. Viy nen chic chin ngdi lang da bi pha huy va cudp pha. Cudc tan sat that la kinh hoang. H i n g ngan ngudi da bi giet hay bi b i t lam nd Ip.
Mdt v i i thd llnh vdi dam ddng dang cda hp tuy vay da thoat khdi cudc tan sat hang loat v i lan trd'n thanh cdng.
Thiic sU la, cudc ndi day l i mot cii va manh den v i n minh Ddng Sdn d mien Bic Viet Nam. Chiing ta phai lUu y den sil kipn nay, vi r i n g ngUdi ta da phat hien ra tii 50 n i m nay d vung da bi quan Ma Vien xam lUdc, nhQng chide trd'ng va dd vat b i n g ddng, dUdng nhU chiing dUdc dung de ci't gia'u va nhQng ngUdi dan cd le da chon ky n h i m n g i n cho nhQng ten Iinh ngUdi Han cUdp chiing di.
Cudc chinh phuc cua ngUdi Trung Quoc da pha huy hay lam suy tan di ra't nhieu d mien Bic Viet Nam, nhUng v i n minh Ddng Sdn v i n sd'ng sdt tai nhQng vung khac cua Ddng Nam chau A nhi't l i d nhQng ngUdi mien ndi. Chung tdi se chi ndi ra't ngin ve
nhQng t i n du nay, nd da han che chung ta chi ra mdt v i i vi du dUdc lUa chpn trong sd nhieu thd khac nhU n h i s i n phong each Ddng Sdn. Va lai nen lUu y r i n g each thdc ci't diing nay phii hdp nhi't vdi dieu kipn dia phUdng, d i e biet l i thdi tidt se vdi nhQng ngdi n h i dUdc dUng mdt each tnic tiep xud'ng s i n di't.
NgUdi ta cd the cho r i n g cung nhU ngUdi mien niii, nhQng cU dan khac gpi l i ngUdi
"Anhddnegieng", vi du nhU ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, cung da bao lUu phong tuc, t i p quan va tin ngUdng cua hp, nhQng yeu td dinh vi d thdi ky Ddng Sdn. Mdt vii nghi le tdn giao n g i y nay cdn dUdc nhQng cU dan n i y cd h i n h , da lam ndi rd canh tUdng dUdc k h i c hpa tren trd'ng Ddng Sdn. Cung tUdng tu nhu viy, vipc che t i c nhQng chide trd'ng da dUdc duy tri cho tdi hipn nay, ngUdi ta cd the ngac nhien tim thi'y, trong cac vung biet l i p hipn nay, nhQng y nipm tdn giao v i nhQng tU tUdng g i n lien vdi trd'ng. NgUdi ta cung cd t h i tU hdi lipu cd phai ky Uc nao dd cua nhQng le hdi tdn giio Ddng Sdn khdng cdn tdn tai d mien Bic Viet Nam trong nhQng le hdi mua, hay cung c h i n g thi'y cd m i t trong le hdi quan trgng bic nhi't cua nd l i Tdt, m i Tdt vin thudng dUdc md d i u b i n g am thanh cda chieng trdng (tam-tam).
Thdi ky thQ hai l i thdi ky cda v i n minh Lach TrUdng. Xin n h i c lai l i , giai doan thd hai n i y l i mot thdi ky kdo d i i tQ d i u the ky III TCN den cudi the ky III SCN. Nen v i n minh n i y chiu anh hudng n i n g nd cua v i n hda v i t chi't va tinh t h i n cda Cin Ddng va Ddng Hy-La. Cac ngudn tU lipu chinh de nghien cdu v i n minh n i y l i nhQng md tang va nhQng ban kilm ke. 6 day, chiing tdi se tU khudn khd xem x6t
Via Ram - Rgn hi c6c fQc ngu£ri. 15
kidn tnic cua cac ngdi md v i quan nipm xay diing chiing.
Chung tdi da ndi la chung tdi dUdc giao nhipm vu, khdi d i u cdng vipc, chung tdi d i de nghi Giam dde TrUdng Vien Ddng bac cd Phap cho tidn hanh khai q u i t mdt cich he thdng d tinh B i c Ninh, each H i Ndi khoang chuc km ve phia Ddng. Muc tieu chinh cda chuyen di n i y tidn h i n h nghien cUu mdt loat cie ngdi md gach, thudng v i n dUdc hieu l i cie cdng trinh cda ngUdi Han. Ngdi md d i u tien bde tach, g i n Chd Lim, l i mdt ket c l u rdng Idn khdng dUdi 5 gian dang h i m md. Sau dd, cac cdng trinh gidng nhau dUdc thao dd cung tren mdt khu vUc, nhU nhQng ngdi md chi cd 1 dUdng h i m duy nhi't, nhin chung qua cac canh cung dUdc chia ra t h i n h 3 d (ngin). V i t lieu sd dung v i ci'u true cda nhQng cdng trinh dung cho tang le n i y be ngoii mang nhQng ndt k h i khd h i i u v i minh chQng cho sU each tan quan trpng, thi thoang cung ri't ky di d each thdc kham nipm.
Md p h I n truyen thd'ng d Trung Qude, cung ri't gidng d Viet Nam, vi nhU d Ddng Sdn hoan t o i n dUdc ci't b i n g gd cd dang mdt hdm Idn day hinh chQ n h i t v i mai dpt.
Dd l i kdt c l u ddn gian v i tiet kiem, phu hdp vdi tin ngUdng theo nguyen ly Am v i Duong. Theo nguyen ly n i y , cd ngudn gdc td Dao giao, tU nhien tdn tai 2 nguyen ly hoic nhQng chi't long phan cUc, nhQng Thai DUdng, Thieu Am (9). SU hai hda cua tu nhien, sU sung tuc cua ngUdi sdng v i hanh phuc cda ngUdi qua ed tudng tUdng ra sU thiet l i p cua mdt sU v i n hanh m i b i t budc phai cd m i t cua hai ydu td tren, theo each thdc v i n h i n h tUdng tU nhU nap vio binh i c quy nhd vio hai nguyen td d i dupc phan cue. Nguyen td DUOng tUdng hdp vdi chi't lipu kim loai, go, anh sang va Ida; cdn Am cdng hudng vdi di't, nUdc, bdng tdi,
gdm. D I dam bao cho ngUdi qua cd mdt cudc sdng vinh h i n g khdng phai lo ling, nen theo tin ngUdng nay cin phai lUa chgn nhQng md phan v i vipc sd dung nhQng ban kilm ke thudc ve mdt cai nguyen ly niy hay cai kia cda hai nguyen ly ddi lip. Di't thudc yeu io nd can phai can b i n g tac ddng qua lai b i n g mdt yeu td da dUdc bao hda cua ydu td' nam. Td vipc lUa chpn go, chi't lieu ly tudng trong dd chQa diing thUc the i n h sang v i Ida.
Su thay the go b i n g gach di't nung tich tu trong mdt ngdi md tang nhQng nguyen td Am v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i hy vpng cd dUdc sU v i n h i n h tdt lanh nhU mong mudn.
Su thay thd nay, cung vdi nhQng each thQc mai tang, dudng nhU chi ra r i n g ngUdi ta khdng cdn tin mdt each nghiem tiic vio tie dung tdt cua sU ket hdp cac nguyen ly Am v i Duong, v i r i n g ngUdi ta chUng td mdt sU phiem dinh n i o dd ve nhQng tin ngUdng cd sd, cho tdi liic dUdc bam re mdt each sau sic vao trong tam thUc (esprit). Vi viy nhQng y nipm tdn giao mdi sdm thay the nhQng y nipm cd xUa hay hda tan vao nd.
Va chinh d phUdng Tay, theo quan diem cua chung tdi, cin nghien cQu cac ngudn tU lipu v i n k h i c ve nhQng y niem mdi niy.
Nen nghi r i n g nhQng sU di tni cua ngUdi pontiques khdng chi tQ ben ngoii vio.
NhQng l u i n thuyet mdi, sau khi da trai nghipm d nhQng cU dan khac nhau cua Tay Nam Trung Qud'c, d i d i n t h i m thi'u vio Vipt Nam, cd le qua k h i u trung gian l i ngUdi Thai. Cung nhU ngUdi ta da tQng de cip den dieu dd td trUdc day, chung tdi cd b i n g chUng khi cho r i n g ri't nhieu ngdi md bing gach nay khdng phai cua ngUdi Han m i l i nhQng ngUdi thudc cU dan dia phUdng, ra't cd t h i dd l i ngUdi Tien Vipt.
NhQng ngdi md d i u tien trong ddt khao sat tai Bic Ninh dUdc xay d i p tren nhQng
16 Rghiai oJFU Ljch silir. stf S.2009 ddi tu nhien v i cd di'u I n cua hang nhan
tao. Dieu n i y khdng li'y gi lam ngac nhien.
Va lai thuc te la da tdng tdn tai, vi du nhU d Td Xuyen, mien Nam Trung Qude, nhdng md tang dUpc tim thi'y tren sUdn cda nhQng ngpn ndi. NhQng md - hang cd nien dai khoang thdi ky nha Han. M i t khac, ngUdi ta phai lUu y r i n g phdc hdp hang ddng sieu nhien (grotte surnaturelle) ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng trong tin ngUdng Dao giao. Vdi nhQng hang niy, d tam mdt ngpn ndi Idn r i t cd t h i da tim thi'y nhiing hang m i m i i vdm (voutes) cda nd tUdng trUng cho b l u trdi v i day tUdng dng vdi di't. Ldi vio hang n i y l i cho danh d i u mdc gidi giQa hai the gidi: the gidi v i t c h i t va the gidi sieu hinh.
Tin ngudng n i y da tdng phd bien vio thdi ky n h i Han, vl nhU ri't nhieu lU hUdng b i n g ddng hay b i n g di't nung d i l i minh ehdng, va tren nhQng dd v i t dd, ngpn ndi dUdc md ta vdi cac hang ddng sieu nhien.
NhQng manh hipn v i t n i y d i n h di'u thdi ky m i luc dd ngudi ta b i t d i u n h i p vio Trung Qude go thom tvf Viet Nam hay xd Ba Tu. Ngpn niii tUdng trUng eho canh Thien cung trong Dao giao, l i ndi cU ngu cda nhQng vi t h i n bi't td. Cd nhieu b i n g ehdng cho thi'y cac nghp nhan mudn k h i c ta tren lu hUdng mdt hinh m l u v i mdt sii trang tri mang tinh bilu-tUdng, chung gdi len coi cUc lac dUde am thi bdi hUdng thdm cua nhiia hUdng.
NhQng tin dd Dao giao dudng nhu h i i u s i u sic hai quan nipm dde dao, trong dd mdt trong hai quan niem cd ngudn gdc td phUdng Tay. De tim ldi giai, chung tdi phai md ngoic d day v i chiing ta hay trd lai vdi Hy Lap xUa kia thdi cda Alexandre Dai de.
NgUdi ta biet r i n g huyen thoai co xUa da ban cho cac vi t h i n (dieux) cho cU ng\i d tren mdt dinh ndi - dinh Olympia. NhUng
vao thdi cda Alexandre, ngUdi Hy Lap cdn tin v i o nhiing vi t h i n cua hp. Hp cho r4ng nhdng vi t h i n n i y dam bao cho cudc sdng cda hp tren dinh Olympia, d dd ching c6 bi't cd di'u vet n i o . Cho nen c i n phai xae dinh cho cU ngu cua nhdng vi t h i n md hd nay va nhieu vi trong sd dd da kdt h(?p vdi cac hipn tUdng thien gidi (thien tUi^ng - ph^nomenes celestes), ngay sau dd, chfnh Id gich da dUa den gia thuydt r i n g nhdng vi n i y e i n phai sdng trong mdt dinh ndi cao hdn dinh Olympia, cd le l i d phUdng Ddng, td dd ngUdi ta cd t h i nhin t h i y vi tinh td dpp tuypt t r i n mpc len v i o moi ban mai. Hay d phia Ddng, mot ngpn ndi cao hdn het thay mpi ngpn khac v i nhdng dinh ndi d dd chUa tdng dUdc ai biet tdi: dinh Hymalaya. L i m sao nhQng ngUdi Hy Lap lai cd dupe nhQng h i i u biet ve sU tdn tai cda d i y niii niy? Cd the l i vio thdi k^ dd khi m i Alexandre da den Tapdla, d vung Pun-giap, vi Hoing de n i y da ddng quan tai day v i nhin thi'y nhiing dinh ndi tuydt phu vdng Ka-sd-mia v i ciing thiic sii ng^c nhien khi mdn dd cda Aristote da khdng the g i n ten minh v i o phat hi^n phi thudng niy: dUdc coi l i ndi cU ngy cda cac vj t h i n . Ngudi ta ed t h i tu hdi li$u cac Dao si, ddn lUdt hp da khdng vay mUpn y tudng n i y vd ngpn ndi cao, ndi sinh sdng eua nhdng v\
T h i n bi't td.
Cung c i n phai nghien cdu ngudn gdc eda nhQng hang ddng sieu nhien d phia Tay v i ngUdi ta khdng t h i giai thich B\}
trdng hdp duy nhi't m i thUc td r i n g y ni$m ve thien ddng [ddng trdi - grotte-eiel] da truyen ba di k h i p phia Tay Trung Qude v i Vipt Nam thdi ky xam lUdc cda ngUdi Pontiques. Thiic td l i , hang ddng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong tin ngUdng dan gian d Tay phUdng td thdi xa xUa, luc dd hang ddng cpng hudng vdi f tudng v l ngudn gdc
V i ^ Ram - Rga hi cAc tQc ngu£ri... 17 cua su sdng. Tuc thd hang ddng die bipt
dupc truyen ba trong dan chiing d C i n Ddng v i luu vUc phi'a Ddng Dia Trung Hai.
Chung ta chi eIn luu y r i n g dao Mithra (Mithras), t h i n M i t Trdi cda ngUdi Ba Tu, l i sii tich hop eda hang ddng linh thieng giQ vi tri trung tam. T h i n dupe sinh ra tQ mot "tang da" (roehe) v i vipc thd cung vi n i y dupe tien h i n h trong chinh dipn dudi long di't. Dao n i y cho cac tin dd ldi hda hpn ve mdt cudc sdng vinh h i n g . Tuc thd Mithra d i n h cho d i n dng, v i linh d i n h thue ngudi Ba Tu da lan truyen tyc Ip n i y nen k h i p ndi" tren the gidi deu bidt den.
Chic c h i n dd khdng phai l i tinh cd m i n g l u nhien each day v i i chuc n i m , nhQng phat hipn md Han d i u tien dang thdc thien ddng bao gdm p h I n Idn l i vu khi. Rd r i n g dd l i ngdi md cda nhQng chidn binh.
Lien quan ddn Trung Quoc v i Vipt Nam, dl nhien khdng lien quan ddn sU chuyen hoan d i y die ddi vdi thuyet t h i n bi Mithra. NhUng cd t h i chi cin sU hoan ddi cua mpt v i i thu llnh phong kidn d l cho nhQng t h i n dan cda hp phai t u i n theo t l m gUdng cda be tren cho du chd y dd tdt hay xi'u. Va lai, cac y nipm tdn giio mdi t h i m t h I u d i n d i n vio trong Dao giao, cung b i n g con dUdng dd nen vipc thd Mithra da len ldi v i o trong dao Thien chua thd ky III v i rV. Chdng ta ddng quen r i n g nhQng thd ky d i u tien sau cdng nguyen l i thdi ky hoing kim cda chd nghla hda ddng, luc dd sU hon tap cda t h i n linh v i nQ t h i n cda nhQng tdn giao khac nhau h l u nhU xui't hipn nhu l i mdt loai ly tudng cao sieu.
NhQng thQ m i ngUdi ta cd the ddi chidu giQa Trung Quoc v i Vipt Nam tren binh di$n v i n hda, se khdng t h i suy ra r i n g ngudi anh ludn l i ngUdi ban ting, cd luc ngudi n i y chi ddng trung gian, ngay chinh d Vi$t Nam, ddn lUdt nd, lai thi thoang
ddng vai trd tUdng tU khi n i m giQa C i n Ddng v i Trung Qude. Vi'n de li, rd r i n g nhQng y niem tdn giio thudng xuyen xui't hipn d C i n Ddng v i bd phia Ddng cda Dia Trung Hai, nen eIn phai nghien cdu cac ngudn tu lipu v i n khic. Chung tdi coi dd nhu chdng cd trong cac ban kiem ke ve tang nghi cua md p h I n phong each thien ddng, m i day v i n l i cau hdi ngd.
De n h i n thQc cac thiic td khao cd hpc, ngUdi ta khdng t h i tu giam minh trong nhQng d dia ly kin mit. Cac vi'n de cin phai dupe nhin n h i n trong mdt vien canh toin clu v i trong moi quan hp dai dUdng v i luc dia, didu dd budc chung ta phai nhin n h i n v i suy ngSm.
n
Nghien cQu kien true cda nhQng ngdi mp kieu thien ddng tai dd chung tdi da tim thi'y b i n g chdng ve y nipm tdn giio d i dupe truyen b i vio Vipt Nam vio cac the ky d i u trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen. Chung tdi cdn phai khao sat cac dd dung tang le trong nhQng cdng trinh niy.
Tuy nhien, trUdc hdt chdng tdi tin ring cin phai dd cip den mdt chi tidt lien quan ddn qua trinh xiy diing. Tai nhQng hd khai quit, chung tdi d i tiing lUu y r i n g nhin chung deu cd, doi vdi mdt hay nhQng nip md niy, mdt lUdng gach chit ddng hay it ra cdn bQc tudng bao, thi thoang cd kich thUdc nhd.
Ddng gach d day khdng cd bi't cd chdc ning sd dung quan trpng nio, trUdc tien chiing tdi d i cho r i n g ddn gian dd cd the de cip den vii vien gach nio dd chua dupe diing ddn v i chung v i n d i t nguyen tai cho. Trong khi dd, each giai thich n i y dudng nhU lai it cd cd sd vi nhQng vien gach ddi khi lai dUdc thay bing mdt khoi da vi, trong nhiing trUdng hdp khic, bde tudng phu lai dUdc xay diing mdt each cin t h i n nhi't.
18 Rghien cdu Lich sd, s6 6.2009 Chung tdi cung da dUa ra each ly giai
theo trinh tU tdn giao. Ra't thUdng thi'y nhQng cdng trinh ra't t l m thudng v i d i bi hu hai nhUng v i n dUdc sung bai b i c n h i t . Viy nen chung tdi da nhd lai r i n g Than Hecm6t [mdt trong mUdi hai vi t h i n tren dinh Olympia - ND] cua ngUdi Hy Lap - tUdng tii nhu t h i n Mecquya (Mercure) cda ngudi La Ma, dUde bieu tUdng hda b i n g ddng da hay b i n g mpt tarn bia. M i t khac, chung ta bidt r i n g mpt thien t h i n hay t h i n ban menh vdi nhQng tinh each gidng nhau cua than Hy-La cdn dUdc siing kinh d Viet Nam. 6 mien Bic, ngUdi ta thi'y r i n g trUdc cudc chidn tranh cudi cung, gan cac chd hay d mdt vai nga tU nao dd, nhQng hdn da dung de kinh dang len mpt vi t h i n m i vi nay, nhu than Hecmd, la than hd menh cda thUdng nhan v i IQ khach phUdng xa. NgUdi di chd mang theo tQ que hp mdt hdn da, rdi hp d i t tren gd ddng da cd s i n . Sau dd, hg thinh clu len "Ong Ddng" (Monsieur le Tas), clu xin sU che chd cua Ong. Neu budn ban t h u i n ldi, thi dd la nhd xin an hup cda than, va de bao dap hg hda se dang len ri't nhieu do ciing te nhU mat ong, banh trai hay nhUa hUdng khi hg trd ve. Thii vi l i , nhQng dd'ng di't nay hien nay d Viet Nam cdn dUdc gpi b i n g ten "Dd'ng da" (Tas de pierre). Them nQa, ket qua tQ nhQng hd khai q u i t m i Louis Malleret da cho dao d Oc Eo, Ddng Co Lac [Plaine des Jones hay Dong Thap Mudi - ND], (chiing tdi se ndi sau hdn), da phat hien ra nhQng Dd'ng da, diing de chd t i c dd vat vdi cung mdt n h i n thQc gid'ng nhau.
Cudi cung, chung tdi xin lUu y r i n g than H6cmdt cung l i than canh cda. Cho nen ngUdi ta cd the tu hdi l i lieu cd phai nhQng dd'ng gach hay dd'ng da d mpt d i u ngdi md cd dUdc dung nhu tUdng trUng cho mdt canh cda ddng kin khdng?. Diia tren l u i n
diem nay, hay chu y den vi t h i n Hy-La ddi khi dupe the hien b i n g mpt t l m bia diing d vat tudng, trong mdt v i i trUdng hdp nd thay cho nhQng ddng da. TUdng tU nhU viy, nhQng ddng di't, cdn dUdc gpi l i "nhQng ddng da", hay cdn nguyen cho tdi t i n hdm nay, vat tUdng tim lai dUdc dUdi dang m i n xay bit ldi v i o ben trong - nd bao quanh ri't nhidu den dipn d Vipt Nam. Mien Nam Vipt Nam, ngUdi ta thUdng thi'y nhQng Ddng da dUdc d i t trUdc Id'i vao den.
NhQng vien gach trong cac h i m md dUpc l i m b i n g di't dd nung. Nhiing khi khao sat mdt v i i vien n i o dd ma chung tdi tim t h i y d Lim, chiing tdi da quan sat thi'y bd ria cd nhQng di'u vdt cda mdt Idp t r a t t r i n g t r i n g cd le l i mdt loai sdn. Thiic te d i xae minh truyen thdng Han, theo dd, nhQng ngdi mp xUa kia phai dUdc qudt t o i n mau t r i n g ben trong. Cd le truyen thdng n i y die bipt dUpc ap dung cho nhQng ngdi md kilu thien ddng, bdi vi ngUdi ta da phat hipn d phia Nam Trung Qude cic cdng trinh loai niy, trong dd nhQng bQc tudng ben trong dUpc phd kin b i n g di't sdt, cd le dUdc trdn vdi caolanh (kaolin). NhUng ndu nhQng ngdi md dupe qu6t m i u t r i n g , thi dd chi la mpt trudng hdp ngoai Ip, vi hipn tai ngUdi ta cd t h i trdng chd cd t h i tim thi'y dUdc nhQng di'u vet cua nd, cdn c h i t sdn da bi hdy hoai nhanh chdng rdi.
Ngudi ta cd the dUa ra hai cich ly giai, khdng bd qua each nay hay each kia ve each giai thich cua m i u t r i n g d phia ben trong cua nhQng cdng trinh loai dd. Chdng tdi da thi'y trUdc day phdc hdp cda phong each md n i y lien quan m i t thidt vdi thuydt t h i n bl cua vung C i n Ddng v i Ddng Hy- La. Tai dd, m i u t r i n g mang gii tri cin ban l i bieu tUdng cua anh sang, sU sdng v i nhi't l i sU t h u l n khidt. Va lai, quan nipm ve thuyet t h i n bi theo td nguyen Hy L^p
Via Ram - Rga hf cbc tge ngugi.. 19 bao h i m khai nipm khdng nhu ngudi ta
v i n thUdng tin nd nhU dieu bl In, khdng he cd chiit di'u vdt n i o . Mpi tdn giao dUdc die trUng b i n g nhQng nghi le t i y t r i n . Khai nipm t h u l n khidt n i y m i nhQng canh hoa sen hay hoa hue tay tUdng trUng cho nd, v i n cdn duy tdn cho ddn ngiy nay v i thi'y chiing trong vipc mic quIn ao mau t r i n g vio luc luan chuyen tQ cudc ddi n i y sang cudc ddi khac. Khdng chi d Trung Qude m i ngay ca d Vipt Nam, m i u t r i n g dUdc dung de ghi di'u sU di qua cua cudc sdng ndi t r i n the sang mdt sU tdn tai sau khi qua ddi.
Cach thQc gidng nhau n i y cd d Hy Lap cho den t i n thdi ky lich sd. Chung ta lUu y r i n g d phUdng Tay, m i u t r i n g cung l i m i u eda Le rda tdi, cda Le ban thanh the khdi nguyen, cda hdn n h i n v i sau hdt l i cua cii ehdt. TrUde khi den trUde Chua trdi v i cd t h i v i o trong le ban thanh t h i vdi Chua trdi, mdt trong nhQng n6t die sic nhi't cua thuydt t h i n bi la ngUdi q u i cd cin thidt phai dUdc thau rda sach ve t h i n the v i ve m i t tinh t h i n .
Day la mdt ly giai d i u tien vd vipc dung Idp qu6t m i u t r i n g ben trong md phln.
Chung tdi d i tQng ndi cd mdt sU ly giai khac. Chung tdi da cho r i n g sU thay gd b i n g gach cd t h i n h i n thdc dd nhU l i mdt khoang ldi cda tin ngUdng ddi vdi nguyen ly Am v i DUOng. ThUc td l i , vipc sd dung gach di't nung n h i m tich nguyen tdAm v i giai phdng cai nguyen td DUOng kia cua chdng. Tdi pham thUdng n i y gay khd chiu cho nhQng ngUdi tren thiic td h i y cdn trung t h i n h vdi niem tin td't Iinh cua nhQng sQc manh ddi nghich ke nhau. Cd t h i viy nen ngudi ta da tim each trung hda cac tac ddng tieu cue cua c h i t ket hdp vdi yeu tdAm. Vdi vipc dung nhQng chide trUdng m i u tring, phdt len di't sdt t r i n g hay mdt bde tranh t r i n g ddn gian cd t h i mang lai t i e dung
cho nd. Va lai, chung tdi cd chQng cQ khac chi ra r i n g ngUdi ta da tim each tranh trUdng hdp lUdng nan Ge dilemme) cua nhQng y niem tdn giao trai ngUdc nhau b i n g mdt sU thda hiep n h i m muc dich trung hda, trong nhQng ngdi md bing gach, yeu td Am b i n g each d i n vio mdt vai yeu td Duong bd trd. Viy cd phai ngUdi ta d i nghi ra quan niem gin cho ngdi md nhQng dang thQc trung gian giQa dang thdc cu, chi chuyen sd dung go nhU loai vat lieu xay dung, vdi dang thQc mdi die trUng bing each dung gach hay khdng.
Qua cac hd khai q u i t m i chung tdi d i tien h i n h da cho thi'y nhQng nhan thQc tdn giio mdi phai dUdc t h i m thi'u dan din, It ra cdn d i n den cic thda hipp khac trong sd nhQng khai nipm trai ngUdc. Dieu niy ching cd gi dang ngac nhien neu ngUdi ta thiic sU mudn nhd lai r i n g nhQng the ky trUdc v i sau cdng nguyen, nhU chung tdi d i ndi, l i thdi ky dung hdp tdn giao, v i hipn tUpng niy, cung nhU mgi thQ dat tdi niem tin vio nd, cin phai dUdc phd bien mdt each ddng thdi d ca hai ciic [phUdng Ddng v i phUdng Tay - ND] cua the gidi cd xUa.
Bing nghien cUu so sanh, chiing tdi lUu y r i n g Cdngtingtin dai de, quy theo dao Thien chiia, khdng phai la khdng tiep tuc dang dd hien sinh len cac ta t h i n . Va, nhQng bQc tranh dUdc phat hien d nhQng h i m mp cua ngUdi La M i cung d i chi ra sU pha trdn k h i ngac nhien cua nhQng md thQc dao Thien chiia v i t i dao.
P h l n Idn nhQng ngdi mp dang thQc thien ddng m i chung tdi da chi ra cd dUdng h i m duy nhi't, ben trong phd bien nhi't dUdc chia t h i n h 3 ngin (d), dUdc each ly bing cac vdm b i n g gach. 0 giQa cd gian td dung d l quan t i i b i n g da va mdt vii do tuy
20 Rghien ciiru Lich sd. sg 6.2009 tang. Gian n i y l i gian Idn nhi't, d hai ben
cua nd, moi ben l i mpt n g i n . Ndu ngUdi ta khdng sd bi't kinh, mdt n g i n cd t h i gpi l i
"gac-ming-gie" (garde-manger), trong dd, ngUdi ta d i t nhQng binh diing thdc i n v i dd udng m i ngUdi chet cd t h i dung ddn, cdn n g i n cdn lai viec sd dung cda nd lai chUa rd r i n g . H i m mp nay nhin chung cd kich thdc gidng nhau, d dd cdn l i ndi tich trQ dd i n thdc udng, nhUng ddi khi hdi cao ei'p hdn, dupe xay b i n g mdt sU c h i m chut rieng v i p h l n Idn de trdng. Hdn het la thi thoang chdng tdi tim thi'y mpt hay hai chide vd v i cdn nhieu vd nhd b i n g di't nung. Chung tdi gia dinh r i n g nhQng dd v i t de trong gian n i y dupe lam b i n g chi't lipu hQu cd nhU go v i dl nhien nd khdng the chdng chpi dUdc vdi thdi gian v i duy tdn cho den t i n ngiy nay. Tuy nhien, vi'n de khdng dang d l chung tdi phai suy nghi, vi hipn nay, mdt sU tinh cd da cho chung tdi mdt sU giai thich Id gleh khi phat Id mdt md tang hay cdn nguyen trang td khi nd dUdc diy n i p kin d i g i n 20 t h e k y qua.
Dudi h i m md n i y (Lach TrUdng, Thanh Hda), trong mdt khdng gian nhd dang hinh vudng, di vio ben trong cda gian thd ba, chung tdi d i phat hipn ra nhQng hipn v i t sau: ddn Idng b i n g ddng v i vd b i n g di't nung m i u t r i n g , cac gian cdn lai da tim thi'y hai vd b i n g di't nung m i u t r i n g tUdng tu. Hai binh thidu n i p hdi nghieng ve nhau. Chiing cd ve dUdc d i t tren mdt be hinh vudng, ddng tren 4 c h i n . Cung vdi thdi gian, be, da bi bien dang, cd le d i bi s i p v i ngUdi ta ly giai r i n g tU the da bi nghieng d vi tri dd d i tiing cd cac hipn v i t khi chdng tdi p h i t hipn ra chiing.
Hai chide vd n i y cd dang hinh tru, cung kieu m i nhQng chide binh ngUdi ta thudng n g i y v i n de tren b i n thd va dUpc sd dung nhu bat hUdng, nhQng cii m i hipn nay
ngUdi ta ddi khi v i n l i m b i n g go qu6t sdn.
Thiic te l i , nhQng chide binh nay thidu nip day, va lai ed ve nhU nd cdng cd cho gia thuyet cda chdng tdi r i n g vi'n de l i d bat hUdng. Duong nhien ngUdi ta mudn thay the b i n g go, nguyen to DUOng, nhUng chit lipu n i y d l bi pha huy, nen vipc dung gdm cd cdng hdn nhUng lai mang yeu td Am.
TrUdng hdp n i y khdng phai l i duy nhit, nd da chi rd r i n g ngUdi ta khdng cdn thiic sii tin tudng ve cdng dung td't cda hai nguyen td trai ngUde nhau nay nQa. Trong khi dd, phat hipn nay cdn cho chung tdi nghi ring nhQng gian gid'ng nhau ddng vai trd nhU gian thd hay chinh dien v i ngUdi ta de d dd nhQng dd v i t thd cung b i n g go. Tuc thd cdng dl nhien hUdng vpng ddn t h i n linh (esprit) v i linh hdn (ame) eda ngUdi qua cd.
Dieu chung tdi mudn ndi la: esprit v i dme, tuy theo nhQng quan niem Han - Vipt, trong eon ngUdi cd ca hai tU nhien phi vit t h i (nature immat^rielle): mdt l i t h i n - khi {esprit-souffle) (10) v i mdt linh hdn dUpc gpi l i cda mau (une ame dite de sang) (11).
Sau khi ehdt, theo quan nipm niy, t h i n - khi trd t h i n h t h i n thanh, mdt ban the cao sieu, se phu hd cho cac con chau cda nd v i bao vp cdng vipc cda hp. Day l i ngudn gdc cda thd cdng td tien. Cdn doi vdi linh hdn cda m i u , sau mdt thdi gian se tai sinh dUdi dang cua mdt cudc sdng Id md v i tam thdi, rd't cudc t i t lim.
Y nipm nay da chi cho ehdng tdi ngUpc ve cac thdi ky sd khdi, cd t h i xui't hipn d quan nipm d i u tien kha la lung. Ndu ngUdi ta suy nghi ddn thi nd khdng khdi lim chung tdi sdng sdt vi ngUdi ta tim thi'y d phUdng Tay nhQng y nipm kha tUdng ddng.
ThUc td l i , tieng An - Au sd dung hai khai niem khac h i n nhau d l k h i c hpa tii nhien phi v i t t h i . Tieng Phap cd td: esprit v i dme; La Tinh l i : spiritus v i anima,}iy
V i a R a m - R g a hr c a c tqc ngirdi... 21 L a p : pneuma va psyche. Dd k h d n g p h a i la
n h Q n g k h a i n i e m d o n g n g h i a v i do dd ngudi t a p h a i t h d a n h a n It r a ve m i t khdi t h u y chiing da didn ta cac k h a i l u a n c h u y e n biet. V a y n e n c h a n g cd t h e ndi r i n g t h i n l i n h (esprit) Qng vdi t h a n - k h i (esprit- souffle) va l i n h h d n (ame) tUdng Qng vdi h u y e t l i n h {dme de sang) nhU c h u n g tdi da ndi d t r e n ? T r o n g mpi trUdng hdp, sU v a t d e u hQu t h i .
D u a vao tQ n g u y e n , chiing tdi biet t a i sao tQ esprit de ndi den p h a n cdt yeu va h i u n h u b i t d i e t ve b a n chi't ( n a t u r e ) sieu h i n h eda con ngUdi. Spriritus cd n g h i a la hdi thd (souffle) h a y hd h a p (respiration), ngUdi xUa coi dd n h u n g u y e n k h i (principe vital). K h i sil hd h a p ngQng, con ngUdi se ehdt. N h U n g hdi t h d cdn duy tri mdt sii tdn t a i doc l a p va t r d t h a n h t h a n l i n h ( e s p r i t ) h a y b a n - t h a n , t d - t h i n . NhU c h u n g tdi da ndi, y t u d n g n i y diia t r e n cd sd
CHU THICH
Trong khuon kho cua mot bai dich, cac tranh, ban do minh hoa se khong gi6i thieu trong b^i nay;
nhan day, ngiJOi dich xin chan thanh cam dn PGS.TS. Nguyin Thira Hy (Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi) da giiip hieu chinh mot so'thuSt ngii.
(1). Trong cac hoc gia DUc, Ao thuoc nhom Vien nen ke t6i Heine Geldern ngUdi co nhieu c6ng trinh nghien cUu dan toe hoc va khao co ve Dong Nam A. Ten VSn hoa Dong Sdn la do ong de nghi.
Nhung ong lai chu trUdng nguon goc tro'ng dong la do Au Tay qua trung gian giong Nguyet Chi.
Tochardens hay Tocharian, Tokharian, Tokharoi - tam goi la Tokha. ND chu.
(2). C6 le nen van minh nay co tii xa xUa nha't trong thcfi co dai: chi bdng nhQng cuoc khai quSt khao CO hoc m6i c6 the giiip chiing ta van giai chu de nay.
(3). Indo-scythes la mot nhanh Saces (Scythes,
thd c u n g ddng hp va thd c u n g td tien, ca h a i deu cd m i t d t h a n h phd' cd xUa cua Hy Lap cung n h u c h i n h t r o n g L i n g - Nudc cua Viet N a m .
Neu t h i n linh (esprit) cd the dUOc nhin n h a n nhU phdi p h i n h to ra, thi h n h hon (ame) n h u la sU rdi loan cua bg dc: giac md, bdng dem, hinh a n h p h a n chieu qua ddng nUdc trong v i t hay qua t a m gUOng. Ddi vdi ngUdi Hy Lap, dd chi la nhQng t a m m a n g da bi vQt bo. Con ngUdi cd t h e sd'ng m i khdng cd p h a n tu nhien cua nd. C h a n g cd nguyen khi nao lai khdng chiu t h d thach. Cung nhU dme, ddi vdi cugc sd'ng sau khi chet (vie posthume), phai chang nd thiic sU khdng quan trgng nhU esprit. TUdng tii nhU d Viet Nam, linh hdn (ame) "chap chdn" (voltige) trong thdi gian nao dd xung q u a n h ngUdi q u i cd' rdi rd't cugc tu t a n bien. Psyche trong tieng Hy Lap tUdng Qng vdi tQ tieng P h a p la dme, cung cd nghla n h u 'papillon'.
(Cdn nUa)
Sakas) An - Au di cU til Nam Siberi den Bactriane (Bactrian), Sogdiane (Sodian), KasOmia, Arasosi va An Do tCt giiia the ky II TCN de'n I TCN. ND.
(4). La Chersonese d'Or dUOc ghi trong Geographie cua Protdmde (90-168 SCN), ngay nay mpt so nha nghien ciiu cho ring co le tUdng Ung vdi ban dao Ma Lai va Sumatra (Indonexia). TU Chersone bat nguon tiJ tieng Hy Lap co dai (Khersonesos: ghdp tir Khcrsos: dat lien, nesos:
dao). TU Chersonese d'or co nhieu thay doi: vi nhu Suvarnadvipa - dao vang trong tieng Sanskit (dUdc ghi trong Ramayana) viet khoang the ky III TCN de'n III SCN, co le de mo ta Sumatra.
Suvarnabhumi - da't vang, dugc biet de'n trong Kinh Phat trong khoang the ky III TCN va VI SCN, CO le de chi Dong Nam A hai dao; Km trong Kinlin (chi Dong Nam A) hay kim • ^ . vang. ND.
(Xem tiO'p trang 74)
74 Rghi&n cmi Lich sd. stf 6.2009
CHU THtCH
(1). Paul Doumer. NgUdi Phdp vd nhiing cdy cdu bang thep d Ddng DiiOng (NguySn Vfin TrUctng dich).
T^p chl Vdn ngh4 qudn d^i, sd 4 - 2008; Paul Doumer. C^du Long Bien qua hdi ky Todn quyin Ddng Diicfng Paul Doumer (Nguyin V&n TrUcmg dich). T?p cUXiia&Nay. so 313-2008.
(2). L'Indo-Chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352 -359.
(3). L'Indo-chine Francaise (Souvenirs), Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352-359.
(4). L'Indxxhine Francaise (Souvenirs). Paul Doumer, Paris, Vuibert & Nony, 1903, pp. 352-359.
(5). Sii ki^n tranh chifp giiJa Anh v4 Phap, t ^ chau Phi, ngJiy 4-11-1898 Anh trao toi hftu thu bupc Phfip
phai nit khoi Fachoda (ng&y nay U Kodok d Soudan).
(6). Alfred Dreyfus - ngUdi Do thai, dai iiy tinh bao Phap bj vu cdo l&m gifin di$p cho nU6c ngoii, bi ke't an chung thfin cim co (1894). Nfim 1898, Lidn doin Nhfin quyin ducjc thinh lip dl diing ra benh vi^c cho Dreyfus, yeu cfiu xil lai ban 6n. Nftm 1899, toi an xii phiic th^m, giam xuong con 10 nim. Nim 1906, toi da tuyen bo tring an. Dreyfus dU(Jc tha bong, sau dU(Jc phi^c h6i danh di^, thing quan him thi^u td v i fin thUcing hufin chuong Bic d^u b9i tinh (hang nim). Vyi an k6o dii tir chung thfin d^n vo t6i da n6i len sU y^u k6m, thifi^u minh bach cua nin tu phdp, bpc I9 sii khiing hoang n^i bp ciia chfnh gidi Phdp.
VIET NAM - NGA Tlf CAC TOC NGUOl.
(Tiep theo trang 21) (5). Yue-zhi hay Yue-tche, thu$c ngii h^ An - Au
(?), ph6 biin trong cdc vin ban Trung Qu6c. ND.
(6). Pont-Euxin hay Pontes Euxinos: Biin Den.
Tii diu t h i ky XIII din giOa XV phin Wn ngudi Pontiques da din djnh cii cl trung tSm d l chl Hy Lap Tr6bizone, h^u du$ ciia D l chl Byzantin. ND.
(7). Das Tochererproblem und die Pontische Wanderung, trong Sacculum, Vol 2.2, Vien, 1951.
(8). NgUdi Pontique (Vudng quoc Pont) h i u du§ ciia hell6nophones, song dpc Biin Den (Pont-
Euxin) xUa kia. ND.
(9). Lien quan dl^n Am DUdng, Tii tUiJng, Bdt qudi: H fl: dUdng nam (Thdi Duong); PS B : dm nam (Thilu Dudng); j^g ic: dUdng nO (Thilu Am);
Pt ic: dm niJ (Thdi Am). ND.
(10). L'esprit ( # : thin); le souffle (H: khO;
I'essence (ffl: tinh). ND.
(11). Dan gian thUdng n6i din hdn (khi) - phdch (huyi't): hon sieu - phdch l^c. ND.
