OirCftNC LOI KINH TE VA MliC DICH CUA VIEC CHIEM DOAT, KHAI THAC MO CUA THUC DAN PHAP 6 VIET NAM''
TA THI THUY
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hi tie'n hanh xam Ifldc thupc dia, ngfldi Phap cd chu thuyet b i n hoi la bien cae vflng d i t chid'm dUdc thanh thi trfldng tieu thu hang hda ciia Phap va cung d p cho Phap nhflng ngudn nguydn lidu ma nd cin. Nam 1891, Etienne, mdt chinh khach cila Phap ndi; "... thupc dia phai dflpe dac biet danh rieng cho thi trfldng Phap"(1). Mdline, Giam dd'c Hpi Ky nghe va Canh ndng lue do cdn ndi rd hdn: "Trong mpt td ehflc thupc dia td't, nd'n san x u i t thudc dia ehi dfldc thu gon trong vide cung cap cho chinh qud'e nguyen lieu hay nhflng vat phim gi ta khdng cd. Ma neu di ra ngoai chflc trach dd, nd"n san xua't thudc dia cd the canh tranh tae hai eho ta thi nd se trd thanh mdt dich thii nguy hiem" (2).
Nam 1895, Toan quye'n Ddng Dfldng De Lanessan trdng cudn: Cong cuoc thitc ddn cUa ngitdi Phdp d Dong DitOng eung viet:
"Trong sd' nhflng nganh ky nghe hien ed 6 Dong Duong, thi nganh nay (tfle cdng nghiep khai khoang - TTT) eung elp cho nfldc Phap nhflng nguyen lieu ma Phap cin, nganh khac chi san xua't ra nhflng gi ma thudc dia cin nhUng khdng gay nen tinh trang canh tranh vdi nen edng nghiep ciia chinh qud'c..." (3).
Nam 1923, Albert Sarraut Toan quyen Ddng DUdng eung vie't trong cuo'n La Mise en valeur des colonies framnises rang: "D6l
vdi nudc Phap, cflng nhfl ddi vdi ta't ca cac nfldc ddng minh efl, trfl My, nhflng vaii de ve"
kinh te qud'c dan da hoan toan ddi khac. Cai ma ngUdi ta tim kie'm hien thdi - mac d i u nhflng ve ngoai Ifla ddi eua mdt cudc khung hoang tam thdi... khdng cdn ehi la nhflng thi trfldng, ddi tfldng lo au eua cac nha kinh te' hpc the ky vfla qua, ma la nguyen lieu.
Trung tam eiia ddi sd'ng kinh te' ciia cac dan tpc, theo mpt sfl tien hda nhanh chdng, di tfl san pham che' tao sang nguyen lieu" (4).
Ndi tdm lai, xam Ifldc thudc dia, trong dd cd Ddng Dfldng, ngfldi Phap khdng chii trfldng cdng nghiep hda cac vung dat chiem dfldc. Cai gpi la cdng nghiep d day chi la cdng nghiep che bie'n nhflng thfl khdng canh tranh vdi cdng nghiep Phap va la tang cfldng khai thac tai nguyen mo de cung cap nguyen lieu phuc vu eho cdng nghiep Phap hay de cac nha tu ban Phap xuat khau kiem ldi.
Va nhfl vay, chie'm va khai thac md n i m trong dfldng lol xam Ifldc thudc dia cung co nghia la tfl tfldng thupc dia ldn nhat cua Phap. Tfl tfldng nay cang luc cang td ra quyet liet hdn va ngay cang nhan dfldc sfl ling hd cuong nhiet khong chi la ciia cae quan chflc eao cap hay cae chinh khach d ehinh qud'c ma cdn la va nhat la gidi cdng nghiep va nhflng ngfldi boat ddng trong llnh vflc mo d thude dia.
•PCS.TS. Vien Sfl hoc
32 Rghien curu Ljch s&. so 8.20U Ddi vdi Ddng Dfldng ndi chung, Viet
Nam ndi rieng, trong Thfl de ngay 2-1-1896 giii Toan quye'n Ddng Dfldng, eac nha thfle dan ngfldi Phap khi yeu eau siia ddi nhflng quy dinh ve' quan ly md trong Sac lenh ngay 16-11-1888 cho r i n g : "... viec khai thac ngudn tai nguydn md la mdt trong nhiing yd'u to chinh, neu khdng mud'n noi la ed ban eua sU thinh vUdng trong tUdng lai eua Ddng DUdng eiia ehung ta" (5).
Rdi, ngay 18-6-1901, trong phien hpp toan the ciia Hdi Dia ly thfldng mai Paris, cd Toan quyen Paul Doumer tham du, ky sU md J.Marc Bel cd bai phat bieu neu eao vi tri eiia nganh cdng nghidp khai mo 3 Ddng Dudng, r i n g dd la "... mdt nganh edng nghiep... cd the gdp phan ra't ldn vao sfl giau cd eua nfldc nha (tflc nfldc Phap), ma cac dan tdc khae tren the gidi luon luon coi do la mpt trong nhflng ddng cd manh nha't ciia cac cudc di cfl cua ho hay ciia sfl nghiep thfle dan" (6).
Vien ky sfl nay keu gpi tie'n hanh khai thac md va xay dflng mpt nganh cdng nghiep khai khoang that sU ddi vdi "... cai ngudn tai nguyen giau cd mdi va manh me a'y, cai khdng phai mdt eanh bac ve" mo (une loterie miniere), ma that sU la mpt nganh cdng nghiep khai khoang (I'industrie rainerale)" (7).
Trong viec chie'm Viet Nam, ngUdi Phap chu y trUdc het de'n md ciia Bac Ky va cho r i n g "... chinh tUdng lai to't dep nha't la gianh cho Bac Ky, nhd vao sfl giau co ve" md cua nd... rang Ble Ky co nhflng tai nguyen rieng vao loai quan trpng nha't...." (8) va r i n g "cd the rut ra tfl da't dai va ldng da't ciia no mdt ngudn thu nhap ldn cho nfldc Phap"... (9). Dd la ldi ciia mdt vien ky sfl mo Charpentier vao dau the' ky XX trong mdt bai vie't dUde dupc tac gia Pham Dinh Tan dan ra trong cdng trinh ciia minh: Chu
nghia de quoc Phdp ud tinh hinh cdng nghiep d Viet Nam diidi thdi thuoc Phdp.
Cflng vdi tie'n trinh cua viec chie'm dit, cae n h a thUc dan da tien ehiem khdng phai chi md than eua B l e K:^' r^a ca eac loai mo kim loai eua nd va khdng chi Ble Ky ma ca d Trung Ky, Lao va tham ehi nhdm ngo ca ngudn khoang san eiia cac tinh phia Nam Trung Qud'c. Va, khdng ehi nhin tha'y gia tri ve kinh te' eiia nguon tai nguyen md, cac nha elm quyen, ngay tfl eudi the' ky XIX da nhin thay y nghia to ldn ve' chinh tri • xa hdi cua viec khai thac eac khu md, n h l t la cl nhflng vflng cdn bi eho la "roi logn". Ciing nhfl ddi vdi chinh sach nhupng dat lap don dien, chinh quyen thUe dan da hy vpng bien nhflng khu khai md thanh nhflng trung tam thUdng mai va thu h u t dan cfl ra khdi nhflng khu vfle qua dong due va nhd viec khai md ma giai quyd't nhie'u v i n de khac, ndi tdm lai "nhd't ci^' nhUng khdng phai la Hiidng tien" ma la "nhieu cdi tien".
Nam 1888, de thu phuc thii linh bang dang ngfldi Hoa da dau hang la A Coc Thfldng, ehinh phii bao hd chap nh^n nhfldng md vang Ha Hien d Cao Bang cho A (mo vang nay vd'n do A khai thac trUfic day). Khdng nhflng vay cdn ddng y elp cho A dung cu khai thac va gao an cho 80 nh^n cdng ngfldi Hoa trong 2 thang (10), mac dii theo quy dinh thi chi cdng dan, t h i n dan va dan bao hd Phap mdi dfldc cap nhfldng md 3 Ble Ky va Trung Ky.
Nam 1890, khi ngfldi Phap la Jeanning xin nhfldng cac md vang, bae, kem d dia hat Lang Giang, huyen Luc Nam, tinh B5c Giang, Kinh Iflpe Hoang Cao Khai da giii thif cho Thdng sfl Bic Ky (ngay 3-11-1890) de nghi: "Vay xin tinh sfle eho nhflng ndi co mo ay hd t h i y ngfldi Tay budn ay (tfle Jeanning) den khai md ma cd eIn cu li hay la dd dung, do an gi thi giup cho ngudi ay..." (11).
Birtmg ldi hinh t€ va myc dich ciJa viec chiem doat..
Ly do dUdc Hoang Cao Khai dua ra la:
"Tinh ky xdt nhU mdt day nui d i t l y la cay cd ram rap, quan giae nd hay I n len ma tu hop nhau nay ngudi Tay budn de'n khai mo dat ddn d dd, ma gifla nhflng quan giae d nfli ly thi dan sfl se dfldc ddng dao ddn ma lam thue budn ban, thue nha nfldc se dupe nhid"u hdn ra thiet la sfl cd ldi ieh lim..." (12).
Trong eae nam 90 the ky XIX, khi tie'n hanh "binh dinh" ndt eac tinh tren vflng thfldng du Ble Ky, ben canh viec danh chiem b i n g quan sfl, khai thac md dfldc chinh quyen thudc dia xem la mdt trong nhflng giai phap quan trpng hang d i u de duy tri sif "on dinh" va "dep yen" dflpe sfl
"noi logn" cua dan ehung. Trong la thfl giii Toan quye'n Ddng Dudng ngay 1-3-1890, Dai ta Gallieni, chi huy Dao quan binh thfl 2 (Lang Sdn) vid't: "Tdi gtii eho dng la thfl ciia vien ehi huy tieu khu phd' Binh Gia, lien quan dd'n nhflng thong tin ma dng ta dfldc hdi ve' cac md vang cua khu vflc nay.
Tdi r i t d6ng y vdi nhflng ke't ludn ciia vien SI quan cao cap nay. Dd la:
Nhiem vu d i u tien cua chflng ta la danh ngudn tai nguyen md ciia vflng Thupng du Bic Ky cho cac nha thflc dan. Nhflng, chung ta cung phai tinh dd'n tinh hinh chinh tri Men nay ciia xfl sd nay.
... Hien nay dan cac lang trd ve sau cudc ehinh phue (tfle vide pha nhflng bang dang ngfldi Hoa trdn vflng thfldng du - TTT) da yeu clu dflpe trd lai vdi cdng vide khai md trfldc day. Kd't qua ma hp tflng thu dupc va sd thu dfldc that it di do ky thuat qua sd ding, nhflng cflng du de cho phep hp tdn tai v& gin hp vdi d i t dai, tranh cho hp quay trd lai vdi cac bang cfldp ma hp da tflng phuc vu rfl't tan tuy do hp khdng the lam khac. Bdi trudc khi ngfldi Phap tdi Ble Ky, eac md vftng b day la do eac bang dang ngfldi Hoa tid'n hanh khai thae... Nay phai khdi phue
lai nhflng md dd de keo ngfldi ban xfl trd lai vdi cdng vide yen on va du de sinh ldi va tdi da edging he't sfle de lam dflpe viec dd.
Dd eung chinh la ddi vdi nhflng thd md cua md Td'ng Tinh, g i n Nguyen Binh, Cao Bing. Cung nhfl vay ve' phia Ngan Sdn...
Ndi tdm lai, viec trd lai vdi cdng viee khai md la mpt phan ciia ehfldng trinh binh dinh b Dao quan binh thfl hai. Ne'u ngflng cdng viec nay thi se tfldc mat eiia ngfldi dan phUdng tien song va cd the se nem hp trd lai vdi hang ngu cua cac bang cfldp" (13).
6 Trung Ky, nam 1890, Cotton xin nhfldng md than Nong Sdn vdi dfl dinh se lap van phdng d Ndng Sdn, xay dflng 1 dfldng day dien thoai keo tfl Da Nang vao va mdt dfldng xe liia ndi gifla Ndng Sdn va Da Ning... Ngay 30-5-1890, Brou Thanh tra, Chanh chu Sd Bflu dien b Trung K;^ giii Kham sfl ndi rd ldi ich eiia viec nhupng md Ndng Sdn la: "Lam nhU vay, Ndng Sdn se trd thanh 1 trung tam dan cfl va mot nguon thu ve buon ban cho chinh quyen..." (14) va td y mudn trd giup md vi "Chinh quyen cao cap cbo rang tfldng lai ciia xfl bao hd gin lie'n vdi ngudn tai nguyen md va mudn trp giup b mflc cd the" (15).
Nam 1889, trong Bao eao ngay 4-8-1889, Chi huy quan sfl Ngan Sdn gifi Chi huy quan sfl Cao Bing bao cao ve" viec khai thac mo bac Lucie d Cao Bang, cd doan; "... quan trpng hdn la viec khai md khdng chi vi ly do ldi nhuan ma cdn la vi de Ily lai eho vung nay nhflng boat ddng ma no cd tfl xfla kia...
Viec khai thae thue day thd md md rdng chd va md ra mdt thi trfldng mdi cho san xuat ndng nghiep ciia xfl nay tang gip ddi trong mdt thdi gian n g i n sil giau cd eiia khu vfle.
Cin tie'p tuc khai thac de Ily lai sfl thinh vfldng da mat tfl 30 nam nay, d i n dan trd lai
Rghien cihi Lich si^. so 8.2Q14 md (vi md nay trfldc day (1860) da dflpe
Amock khai thac nhflng sau bi bd)" (16).
Cung vd' md nay, ngay 29-1-1896, tfldng Duehemin, chi huy quan dpi Dong Dfldng giii Tong thfl ky Phu toan quyen Ddng Dfldng cdn viet: "Tdi nghi... khong phai chi la mpt va'n de kinh te' ma cdn ca ve quan sfl. Viec do - tflc viec khai thac md dem lai viec lam eho mgt so' ngfldi khdng cd ngudn sd'ng nao khae la lam giae cfldp. Bang cfldp Quay Cuo'c Ly San va Chung Qui Hoa, da chie'm vung Lung Ket vao nam 1889 ndi Dai iiy Ramadre bi gie't chet nam 1890, da dupc hinh thanh chinh la tfl cac cUu thd mo. Vide khai thac md se dfla chu md cu (tfle Amock) ve" trong vung...
Viec cap nhfldng tam thdi md nay cho ngfldi ban xfl se c6 hieu qua la keo trd lai vung nay mdt sd kha ldn cong nhan ngfldi Hoa" (17).
Nam 1898, khi ehuan bi xay dflng mo s i t Ban VUdc (Lao Cai) thanh mot khu cdng nghiep vdi viec khai thac md sat, xay dflng 16 cao, vdi nhan cdng ngUdi Viet, ngUcii Hoa va vdi than ciia Van Nam, ky sfl mo Belard cho r i n g : "Viec lap mpt trung tam cong nghiep tai thung lung song Hong chi CO thd la mot sU kien rat td't. Nd se la hat nhan thu hut dan cfl de'n cU tru tai vung nay, dan vflng cao se xud'ng it nhat la vao mfla ddng, dan tfl Van Nam cflng di cfl xuo^ng. Hdn nfla, khu cong nghiep nay se giiip cho viec budn ban tren tuyen dfldng sat dfldc dam bao va hap dan" (18).
Nam 1915, trong Thdng t u torn t i t ngay 24-3-1915 ciia Tdng Thanh tra Cdng chinh Dong Dudng cd doan: "Viec duy tri hoat ddng khai thac md co the bieu hien hai ldi ich ciia dia phfldng: chinh tri va kinh te.
Lpi ich ve chinh tri nam d cho trudc he't the hien trong viec ed' dinh mpt dan cfl cu li md, nhflng ngfldi bi tfldc doat mpi phfldng
tien sinh song, ed the tao t h a n h yd'u td cua rdi loan, nhat la khi nd bao gdm ca nhflng ngfldi Hoa, gan nhfl ludn la nhflng p h i n tii
"khdng mong mud'n" (indesivables). Ching ban nhfl sfl hien dien d Ke Bao, 3 nhan vien ngfldi Au va mpt dan efl tfldng dfldng vdi hdn 300 ngfldi Hoa.
Tdi b i n g long t n n h bay, sau day, mdt vai nhan xet ve tam quan trpng tren phUdng didn kinh td' cua mdt so' md xflng dang dfldc ke de'n d Bic va Trung Ky..." (19).
Tom lai, xam Ifldc thupc dia, mue tieu cua ngfldi Phap khdng phai chi ddn thuan la bie'n thupc dia thanh thi trfldng tieu thu hang hoa ma cdn bien thupc dia thanh ndi cung cap nhflng nguon nguyen lieu can cho cac nganh cdng nghiep va thfldng nghiep Phap.
Va, khong chi nhin tha'y gia tri ve kinh te cua nguon tai nguyen md, cac nha cam quyen Phap, ngay tfl cudi the ky XIX da nhin thay nhflng tac dung to ldn ve' chinh tri - xa hpi ciia nganh cdng nghiep khai thac nay. Nhd vao vide dfla nhflng ngUdi dan vd'n thupc ve cac bang dang vao khai thac cac khu md, chinh phii thflc dan hy vpng CO the binh dinh dfldc nhflng viing con bi cho la "roi loan". Rdi, mpt khi dflpe dfla vao khai thae, eac khu md se trd thanh nhflng trung tam do thi ldn phat trien ca ve cong nghiep, ndng nghiep va thfldng mai, dem lai nhieu ldi nhuan cho eho eac nha tU ban Phap. Ddng thdi nhd vao viec khai mo ma thu h u t dan ra khoi nhflng khu vflc dong bing, giam bdt sflc ep ve dan so va giai quye't dfldc nhie'u van de' khac. Ndi torn lai, khai thac mo khdng phai la mpt hanh dpng "nha't cit, liidng tien" ma la "nhiiu cdi tien" dd'i vdi ca ehinh quye'n va gidi tfl ban thflc dan.
Vi the, ngay tfl khi tie'n ehiem Viet Nam, thflc dan Phap da khdng cham t r i chie'm
Birimg loi hinh te va mue dich ciJa vice ehiem doat..
doat quyen quan ly doi vdi khoi cdng san md tfl tay ehinh phii Nam trieu va tid'n chie'm d i n cac khu mo d cac xfl Bic Ky va Trung Ky cua Viet Nam, rdi dfla cae khu md da ehiem dupe vko khai thae. Tren thflc te, cdng cupc nay cho den khi ke't thue chd' dp thudc dia b Ddng Dfldng ndi chung da dem lai cho chinh phii thflc dan eung nhfl gidi thflc dan ngfldi Phap nhflng ngudn ldi nhuan khdng Id cung nhflng ldi ich tren nhidu linh vflc.
Tuy nhien, cflng vdi sU phat trien eua nen kinh te thude dia ndi ehung, sU phat
CHU THICH
(*), Nghien cilu nay diroc tai trO bdi Quy phat triln khoa hpc va C5ng nghe Quo'c gia (Nafosted) trong d l tai ma so IVI.2-2011.16 (10/2012/IV/HD • KHXH).
(1). Dikn theo Charles Robequain: L'Evolution economique de I'lndochine fran(;aise, Paris, 1939, tr. 146.
(2). J. Harmand' Bomination et Colonisation, 1910, p. 311. D i n theo Charles Robequain:
I L'Evolution economique de I'lndochine francaise, Paris, 1939, tr. 146
(3). De Lanessan. La Colonisation francaise en Indochine, Paris 1895, tr. 250-251.
I (4). Albert Sarraut: La mise en valeur des colonies frant^aises, Paris. 1923, tr. 75.
(5). Trung tam Luu trfl Quoc gia (TTLTQG) IV Dh Lat. RSA/HC/IU Reaction des colons francais relative k ...
(6), (7). En Indochine - Du sous-sol. Conference de M. J. - Marc Bel. Paris 1901, tr. 6. 18. Dkn theo Pham Dinh Tan: Chu nghia dequd'c Phdp va tinh hinh cdng nghiep d Viit Nam dUdi thdi thudc Phdp.
Nxb. SiJ th^t, Hfl Noi, 1959, tr. 105.
(8), (9). Henri Charpentier: Le devellopement industriel et minier du Tonkin, tr. 4, 5. 6.
Din theo Pham Dinh Tan: ChU nghia de qud'c Phdp.. Sdd. tr. 36, 37.
tri^n cua nganh cdng nghiep md da keo theo nhflng thay doi quan trpng trong ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi eua xa hdi thude dia, tao cho phong trao d i u tranh giai phdng dan tdc cua nhan dan Viet Nam mdt Idi the' ngoai y muon cua Phap. Do chinh la sfl ldn manh ciia dpi ngii edng nhan mo ndi ridng, ciia giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam ndi ehung, lflc lfldng se lanh dao phong trao dan tde danh do chinh che' dp thudc dia de xay dflng nen Nha nfldc kieu mdi b Viet Nam vao ngay 2-9-1945.
(10), TTLTQG I-Ha Noi. RST. 76985. A/S de la mme d'or de Ha Hien a I'ancien Chef de soumissionnaire A Coc ThUdng 1888.
(11). TTLTQG I -Ha Noi. RST. 76763. Demande en concession de mines h Luc Nam (Bfic Giang) formulae par Jeanning fils 1890-1891.
(12). TTLTQG I - Ha Noi. RST. 76763.
(13), TTLTQG I Ha Noi. RST. 77064.
Demande d'exploitation des mines d'or a Pho Binh Gia. Lang Sdn, 1895.
(14). TTLTQG IV. Da Lat, RSA.-HC-126 RSA - HC-126 Mine Nong Sdn. Quang Nam
(15). TTLTQG IV Da Lat. RSA.-HC-126.
(16). TTLTQG I Ha Noi. RST, 76987, Mine d'Argent de "Lucie" a Compagie Bedat et Saint Marthurin
(17). TTLTQG I Ha Noi. RST. 76987-1, A/S concession de la mine d'Argent de Lucie a Cao Bang de Bedat 1888-1895, ky sil ngu tai Hai Phong 1896-1901
(18). TTLTQG I Ha Noi. GGI. 2471.
Renseignements sur les gisements de fer au Tonkin et miniere a 1900.
(19), TTLTQG l Ha Noi RST, 69.980. AS exploitation des concessions mineres dans les provinces au Tonkin 1913-1915
