Vl TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG THl/dNG MAI BIEN DONG T H 6 | CO TRUNG OAI
HOANG ANH TUAN*
H
ai s\i noi ehung va hai thUdng axi noi rieng khong phai la huf6ng nghien ciiu qua mdi me cl nxidc ta, du thanh tiiu tren linh viic nay chUa thUc sU ndi b^t (1). Trong khi do, nghien ciiu nhiing khia canh cu the cua lich sii dan toe nhin ivt phUdng dien bien lai chUa phai la phUdng phap tiep c^n phd bien. PhUdng phap nay CO nhiing ldi the nha't dinh, cho phip chiing ta CO cai nhin doi sanh va dinh vi lich s\l dan toe trong bdi canh rong ciia hai st( khu viic va qud^c te. Tuy nhien, no ddng thdi doi hoi sU than trong tiif ngiidi viet khi xac dinh pham vi nghien ciiu, die bi$t la viec phan lap mot so' khai ni^m cu the, nha't la nhiing khai niem lien quan den dan toe va toe nguoi (2).Trong mot so' bai viet trU6c day, khi diem qua vi tri cua Viet Nam trong he thdng hai thUdng khu viic thdi Co Trung dai, chiing toi da ra't can nhac khi phan lap va sii dung mot sd^ thuat ngii nhU "Vi^t Nam/Dai Viet", "ngiidi Vi^t"... nham tranh nhiing each hieu khong sat thiie v6i boi canh lich sii ehung ciia quoc gia Dai Viet va ca khu viic (3). Mot each khai quat, vriee phan lap cu the noi iidm mot sd khai niem se giiip nggdi viet tranh difd:; nhiing each hieu thai qua (hoac qua tich ciic, hoiic qua tieu ciic) ve vi tri ciia Viet Nam trong he
thdng hai thiidng kliu viic qua eae thdi ky lich sii. Tren quan diem do, bai viet nay tiep tuc thao luan ve vi tri eiia Viet Nam trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Dong thdi Co Trung dai, dac biet la vai tro ciia mot sd hai eang ehinh yeu eua quoc gia Dai Vi^t du6i thdi Ly - Trdn - Le sd - Mae, du6i tae dong eua qua trinh bien doi, chuyen dieh eua mang ludi hai thiidng khu vUc va quoc te'(4).
Giao Chi/Giao C h a u t r o n g he t h o n g h a i thiftfng V i n h Bac B9 d e n trifdc t h e k y X
Trai vdi cac quan diem sii hpc truyen thong von co xu hudng ha tha'p vi tri cua mien bde nU6c ta trong h^ thoang hai thiidng khu viic thdi ky cd vd trung dai, nhtitng nghien ciiu gdn day, nha't la nhiing nghien ciiu ciia cac nha Viet Nam hpe nUdc ngoai, sii dung tii lieu thanh van cua Trung Quo'c thdi ky sdm cho tha'y, trong thiic te, lanh Lhd ciia ngUdi Viet co vi tri quan trpng trong cac tuyen hai thUdng d Bien Dong hdn nhiing gi chiing ta tiing nghi.
Nhiing phat hien khao ed hpe tai cae di tich da mdi sau Hoa Binh (Soi Nhu, Cai Beo) va hau ky da mdi (Ngpc Viing, Ha Long) trong nhiing thap ky qua cho tha'y mat do cii tni kha cao va dn dinh eiia cae
• TS. Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng Dai hpc KHXH & NV - DHQGHN
Rghien cijii Lich 5i3r. s6 9+10.2008 nhom cil dan cd tai cac khu viic duyen hai
niidc ta (5). Khong chi tien hanh khai thac va canh tac tai cho, nhiing cii dan co c) day con tien h a n h giao liiu va trao ddi vdi cac nhom cii dan khae d phia nam Trung Qudc, Dai Loan, Philippines, Dong Nam A... tao nen mpt the iing xii tiidng ddi md va mpt truyen thong giao liiu sdm va manh vdi the gidi ben ngoai (6).
Sau khi nha Tan (Trung Qudc) binh dinh xong cac tpc ngiidi Viet phiidng Nam vao nam 214 Tr. CN, mien Bae niide ta trd thanh mpt bp phan cua qusln Tiidng, mpt trong bo'n quan (Man Chung, Nam Hai, Que Lam va Tiidng) do nha TSn lap ra. Sau mpt thdi gian ngan thoat khdi sii cai tri eua nha Tan (208-179 Tr. CN), nam 179 Tr. CN ngiidi Au Lac lai bi Nam Viet ciia Trieu Da xam lUdc va den nam 111 Tr. CN mien Bac nUde ta bi sat nhap vao sii quan ly cua nha Han (7). Nhiing tai lieu sdm eiia ngiidi Trung Quo'c cho tha'y mue tieu ehinh eua viee xam liidc phiidng Nam ciia cae trieu dai Trung Quo'c la nham ciidp boc cua cai eua cac tpc ngiidi Viet giau co, nha't la vdi nhiing san vat nhiet ddi nhU siing te, nga voi, long chim tra, ngpc trai... trao doi diidc vdi cac nhom c\i dan phiidng Nam (8).
Cac nguon sii lieu thanh van Trung Quo'c giai doan sdm ddng thdi cho tha'y, trong mpt so' the ky nha't dinh diidi thdi ky Bac thupe, Giao Chi dong vai tro nhii mpt trung tam dieu phoi ciia nen hai thiidng Trung Qud^c b khu viic Bien Dong; ly sd Long Bien tiing la trung tam cua cac hoat dpng giao liiu thiidng mai; ndi don tiep cac phai doan thiidng nhan niidc ngoai den buon ban vdi Trung Quo'c. Nhiing tai heu nay ddng thdi cung ca'p nhiing b i n g chiing CU the ve sii ton tai ciia mpt tuyen buon ban thiidng xuyen ket ndi Quang Chau vdi cac trung tam buon ban nam trong khu viic
Tay Bac Vinh Bac Bp (9). Vao khoang dSu Cong nguyen, hai eang Hdp Phd (Hepu) va Tii v a n (Xuwen) nam d siidn Bac Vinh Bac Bp - ndi nghe danh bat va buon ban ngpc trai da ra't p h a t trien - diidc ghi nhan la diem xua't p h a t cua ngiidi Trung Quo'c di buon ban ven bd xuong phia Nam. Khong lau sau do, hai thiidng eang nay danh ma't dan vi tri trung tam dieu pho'i cua minh va thiidng n h a n phiidng Nam thiidng xuyen gh6 vao vung ha chau tho song Hdng (10).
Mien Bac niidc ta da dong vai tro quan trpng nhii c^a ngo giao thiidng cua Trung Quo'c it nha't trong khoang ba the ky dau sau Cong nguyen. Tii giQa the ky HI sau Cong nguyen, cac cupc khdi nghia lien tiep cua ngiidi Viet chd'ng lai ach cai tri eua ngiidi Han lien tiep nd ra. Chinh sach cai tri khae nghiet va sii vd vet cua cac thai thii Trung Qudc d niidc ta khong chi tac dpng tieu ciic den tinh hinh trao doi buon ban npi tai ma con bi coi la mpt trong sdcac nguyen nhan dSn den eae cupc danh pha ciia ngiidi Cham ra phia Bac tii nv(a cuo'i the ky TV do anh hiidng den cac luong trao ddi truyen thdng ciia Champa qua Giao Chi len Trung Quo'c (11). Sau khi quan he vdi Champa d phia Nam diidc binh dn, hang loat cac cupc khdi nghia lai lien tiep nd ra cl mien Bac niidc ta, tae dpng xa'u den dieu kien buon ban. NhU mpt h$ qua, thiidng nhan niidc ngoai chuyen hiidng buon ban, dila thiidng thuyen cua hp xa hdn ve phia Bac den khu viic Quang Chau, ndi tinh liinh chinh tri dn dinh va dieu kien buon ban cung thuan ldi hdn (12). Mae du sau d6 tinh hinh mien Bac niidc ta trd lai on dinh va thiidng nhan ngoai qud^c doi khi gh6 vao trao ddi, diidng nhii khu viic chau thd Bac Bp da khong the la'y lai vi tri cua minh trong he thd^ng hai thUdng khu viic nhU d nhiing the ky triidc do. Cung thdi diem
Vi h-i ciia Viet Ram h-ong h^ thfl'ng...
tren, eang Quang Chau tiep tue hUng thinh va nhanh ehdng trd thanh eiia ngo chinh de thiidng nhan Trung Qudc buon ban xudng phUdng Nam. Tii trieu Tiiy (589-618), eang Quang Chau khong chi la diem khdi hanh cua p h i n ldn thiidng thuyen Trung Qudc di xuong buon ban vdi phiidng Nam ma thiidng nhan ngoai quo'c den Trung Qudc cung lUu trii va buon ban tai day (13). He tho'ng hai thiidng tich ciic cua trieu Diidng the ky Vll-X xudng Dong Nam A cung nhii viee thiidng nhan Tay, Nam, va Dong Nam A boat dpng nang dpng tai mien Nam Trung Quo'c gop p h i n kiem tda sii hUng thinh trd lai eua hai thiidng khu viic duyen hai mien Bac niide ta, mac dii hoat dpng buon ban van diidc duy tri nhiing d cap dp khong thiic sii cao (14),
T h e ky X - giiJa tho ky XV
Trong mpt thdi ky tUdng ddi dai eae nha nghien ciiu trong niidc c6 xu hiidng duy tri cai nhin tUdng doi thieu ti'eh eiie ve ngoai thiidng Dai Viet tii sau khi gianh diide dpc lap vao the ky X, Trai lai, cae nha s\i hpc niide ngoai cho r i n g sii thuyen chuyen vai tro dieu phdi thiidng mai bien tii Giao Chi sang cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Quo'c tii nxia. cuo'i thdi ky Bac thupc eiing nhU viee ngiidi Viet gianh dUde dpc lap vao the ky X khong ddng nghia vdi viec phii nhan vi tri ciia mien Bac niidc ta trong h$ tho'ng thUdng mai khu viic, nha't la trong tuyen hai thUdng noi Trung Quo'c vdi cac khu viie buon ban phia Nam (15), NhQng quan diem tren ngay eang diidc cung co'vQng chac tren cd sd nhiing nghien ciiu mdi, gdp p h i n khang dinh bien va kinh te bien da dong vai trd kha quan trpng trong sii phat trien ciia lich sii Vi^t Nam Cd Trung dai hdn nhieu l^n ngiidi ta tiing nghi (16).
Hang sd niide, hang sd bien va cac hoat dpng kinh td', van hda gin vdi cae h i n g sd
nay trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua lich sii Viet Nam da diidc cae nha nghien ciiu quan tam phan tich tii lau (17).
Nam 1986, tren cd sd phan tich sii hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac trung tam buon ban ven bien (Van Ddn va Nghe - Tinh) thdi Ly - Trin, nha sii hpc ngUdi My John Whitmore da de eao "vai trd thiidng mai nang dpng eiia ngiidi Viet trong nen thiidng mai qudc te ra't hUng tiiinh thdi ba'y gid", ddng thdi keu gpi eae nha nghien eifu tap trung lam sang td eae va'n de nhii "nen tang san xua't xa hoi phuc vu thUdng mai, phiidng thiie td chiic thUdng mai va sii nang dpng xa hoi diia den san pham dii thiia...". Ong ket luan "ngudn cua cai thu dUde tii thUdng mai chic chin da gdp phin dang ke vao vi^c thiet lap va ciing co' quyen liie ehinh tri, kich thieh nen kinh te ban dia" (17). Quan diem nay eua Whitmore sau dd dupe cac nha sii hpc ke can nhil Momoki Shiro, Li Tana, Charles Wheeler, Nola Cooke... tiep tue nghien ciiu va den nay da cd nhutng nhan thiie sang to (xin xem eu the d nhiing p h i n tiep theo),
Nhiing thong tin dii sd lUde trong cae bp sii con lai den ngay nay cho tha'y, sau khi gianh dUdc dpc lap vao the ky X, nha't la dudi viidng trieu Ly (the ky XI-XHI), trieu dinh khong hoan toan quay liing lai vdi thifdng mai noi ehung va ngoai thiidng ndi rieng. Tren cd sd eua nen thii eong nghiep tiidng doi phat trien, trieu Ly da eo nhiing dpng thai tiidng do'i tich ciic trong buon ban vdi niidc ngoai. Theo sach Tuc tU tri tiidng gidm triCcfng bien cua Ly Dao, chi hai nam
sau khi thanh lap, nam 1012 trieu Ly xin nha Tdng cho md tuyen buon ban den Ung Chau qua diidng bien; nha Tdng khUdc tii va chi cho ph6p thiidng nhan Dai Vi^t den trao ddi tai Quang Chau va mpt sd dia diem khae d khu viic bien gidi (19). Nam
Rghito cijru Lich siJr. s6 9+10.2008 1040, tren cd sd cua mpt nen thu cong
nghiep det lua da phat trien, vua Ly Thai Tong "day cung nii det ditdc ga'm vdc [nen]
xudng chieu phat het gam vdc cua niidc Tdng d trong kho ra de may ao ban cho cac quan [...] de td la vua khong diing ga'm vdc cua niidc Tdng nQa" (20). Nam 1149, dap lai viec thuyen buon cac niidc Trao Oa, Lp Lac, Xiem La den Hai Dong xin cii t n i buon ban, nha Ly "eho lap trang d ndi hai dao, gpi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy, dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (21). 6 khu viic phia Nam, cac trung tam trad ddi d vung Nghe - Tinh ciing ed dieu kien phat trien, thu hiit mpt lUdng ldn thiidng nhan tii Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A den buon ban (22). Viidt ra khoi y nghia quo'c gia ve chien liidc phat trien kinh te, tren phUdng dien hai thiidng khu viic va quo'c te, viec nha Ly lap trang Van Ddn cd y nghia het siic quan trpng, danh da'u sii dii nhap cua quo'c gia Dai Viet vao he tho'ng hai thUdng khu viic va quo'c te qua khu viic Bien Dong, the hien d mpt s d n 6 t ehinh sau day.
- Cho den triidc the ky XV, cac tuyen hai thiidng quo'c te no'i Trung Qudc vdi cae thi trUdng phiidng Nam chii yeu di qua khu viic vinh Bic Bp; vung duyen hai Dong Bie niide ta vi the cd vi tri het siie quan trpng.
Trong ghi eh6p eiia cac thUdng nhan va thuy thu d cac the ky X-XV, viing bien trai dai tii phia Nam Trung Quo'c qua Vinh Bic Bp xuo'ng viing bd bien Champa ndi tieng vdi ten gpi Giao Chi DUdng (Bien Giao Chi).
Trong khu viic buon ban soi dpng nay, cae thUdng pham chinh la no le, muo'i va ngiia da dUde trao ddi thudng xuyen va Dai Viet thdi Ly da tham dii mpt each tich ciic vao cac boat dpng buon ban d khu viic bien Giao Chi (23). Phan l i p cae tuyen thUdng mai, hpc gia Li Tana eho ring, trong bdi canh rpng cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc
te khoang cuoi trieu DUdng (the ky VII-X), Giao Chau ndi ehung va mien B i c nUdc ta ndi rieng cd Uu the trong viec trao ddi thiidng ph^m giQa hai khu viic la bien va eae vung npi dia trong khi Quang Chau va cac eang Nam Trung Qudc giQ vi the tien phong trong giao dich vdi cae thiidng thuyen den tQ Dong Nam A, Tay A va Nam A (24).
- Cung tQ thdi Diidng, thiidng nhan va thuy thu Hdi giao cd vai trd quan trpng trong he tho'ng hai thiidng b khu viic Dong A. VUdt qua cac trung tam trao ddi Dong Nam A truyen tho'ng, thiidng nhan Hdi da den dinh cii va buon ban tai nhieu thUdng eang d phia Nam Trung Qudc, khu viic dao Hai Nam va diidc ghi n h a n la cd vai tro nang dpng trong cac tuyen buon ban nhd cl khu viic Giao Chi Diidng (25). O mpt sd trung tam buon ban ldn nhii Quan Chau (Phiic Kien), cac ddng hp Hdi ldn nhU Pu Kai-zong (Bd Khai Tong) va Pu Shou-geng (Bd Thp Khang) cdn diidc nha Tdng phong lam quan giam thiidng tai eang Quan Chau (26). Trong khi dd, b dao Hai Nam, cong ddng Hdi giao dong den miic nhieu lang cua ngiidi Hui-hu (Hdi Ho) da diidc lap nen cl cac khu viic duyen hai thuoc dao Hai Nam (27). Khong ehi cd vi the thUdng mai vQng chic tai cac hai eang mien Nam Trung Qudc nhif cae quan diem truyen thdng triidc day thiidng ghi nhan, Hdi thiidng cdn tich ciic tham dii vao cac tuyen buon ban ndi lien bien vdi cae khu viic npi dia, gdp p h i n dang ke vao vi$c thiic d i y sii phat trien ciia mang ludi trao ddi d Bien Dong thdi ky nay (28). , •
- Vdi Dai Viet tQ cudi thdi T r i n va d i u thdi Le, vai trd ciia thUdng eang Van Don va viing eang bien Dong Bic trong h$ thdng hai thUdng khu vUc vk qudc te d Bien Dong dUdc biet den nhieu qua ehUc nflng trung
Vi hi ciia Vie^ Ram h-ong he thflng.
chuyen va xua't khau go'm sQ. Ben canh chUe nang trung chuyen gom sU Trung Qudc ra thi trUdng khu viic. Van Ddn cdn dupe biet den nhu ciia ngo dUa go'm sU Dai Viet (men nau thdi T r i n va men lam thdi Le sd) ra thi trudng qudc te (29). Trong mpt cai nhin phd quat, sii ndi len cua go'm sU Dai Viet tren thi trUdng qud'e te vao thdi diem nay da dap Ung mpt each kip thdi nhu ciu eao ve go'm sU thUdng mai ciia thi tnidng Tay A (Ba Tu, Ai Cap, Thd Nhi Ky...) cung nhU cac thi trUdng Hdi giao khu viic nhu tai Philippines, Sulawesi...(30).
Gdm sU Dai Viet cdn dUdc xua't khau ra thi trUdng khu vUe den nQa cuo'i the ky XVI trUde khi bi suy giam do ea nguyen nhan trong nUdc (bien dpng chinh tri tac dpng den kinh te) cung nhU nhQng tac dpng tQ ben ngoai (vipe nha Minh bai bd ehinh sach Hai Ca'm vao nam 1567 tao dieu kipn cho san p h i m gdm sQ Trung Quoe trd lai chiem linh thi trQdng qudc te) (31).
- Mpt trong nhQng nhan td tae dpng r i t ldn va gin nhU xuyen sud't "ky nguyen sdm cua thUdng mai Ddng Nam A (900-1300)", nhu Geoff Wade tQng de xua't, la nhQng chinh sach ve thUdng mai va kinh te het sQc tich eiie va chii dpng ciia cac vUdng trieu To'ng va Nguyen d Trung Qudc, Noi tiep chu trUdng coi trpng tien te de phat trien thUdng mai ciia cac ehU hau thdi ky Ngu Dai, dudi thdi Tdng, nhQng chinh sach cu the ve tien te, trao ddi, thue khda...
trong giao dich vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai da dUde thuc thi n h i m kich thieh sil md rpng cua ngoai thUdng (32). Tren cd sd ddi sanh vdi nhQng bien chuyen cua hai thUdng khu vUe, nha't la hai thUdng Trung Qudc, da ed nhieu quan diem cho r i n g vi?c nha Ly lap trang Van Ddn va bien khu viic Dong Bie thanh ciia ngd thong thUdng eua Dai Vipt la mpt phan Qng nhanh nhay va thUe thdi,
keo Dai Viet dU nhap mot each chii dpng va ed he thdng vao quy dao thUdng mai qud'e te d khu vUc Vinh Bic Bp vd'n da hiing thinh tQ nhieu the ky trUde, dae biet la sau nhQng ehinh sach ngoai thUdng tich ciic eua trieu Tong vao cuoi the ky X (33),
Giuta the ky XV - cuoi the ky XVI Dien mao ngoai thUdng Dai Viet noi ehung cung nhU thUdng eang Van Ddn va khu viic duyen hai Dong Bie ndi rieng tQ khoang ba thap nien cuo'i cua the ky XV den cuo'i the ky XVI da va dang la ehii de thu hut nhieu tranh luan giQa cac nha nghien cUu trong nhQng nam gin day, Sii thieu ving thong tin ve vung hai eang Dong Bie tQ sau nam 1467 trong cac bp chinh sQ Viet Nam khien cho viec nghien cQu gap khdng ft trd ngai, ddng thdi d i n den nhQng nhan dinh ve sU suy thoai cua ngoai thUdng va sii suy giam chQc nang ciia thUdng eang Van Don (34). Trong khi dd, thdng tin tQ nhQng ddt khao sat, dien da, khai quat khao cd hpc, ket qua nghien cQu go'm sU thUdng mai ket h<?p vdi phUdng phap sQ hpe so sanh lai cho ph6p suy luan ve thUdng eang Van Ddn ndi rieng va vung duyen hai Ddng Bic ndi ehung trong mang ludi hai thUdng khu viic dUdi mpt quan diem cd p h i n tich ciie hdn. Hpe gia John Whitmore da bay td sii ban khoan eiia minh ve "Sii bien ma't cua Van Ddn tQ cudi the ky XV' khi Ong cho ring, tren phUdng dien chinh sach quan phUdng cua trieu dinh Le sd, nha't la tQ trieu Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497), ro rang nha nQdc the hi^n nhQng dpng thai kha tieu ciic ddi vdi ngoai thUdng va sii tdn tai eua thUdng eang Van Ddn (35). 'Neu ehung ta danh ddng dong chay go'm sQ Ddng Nam A vdi h$ thdng Giao Chi DUdng va tin chic r i n g Van Ddn la m i u cho't quan trpng cua h^ thdng nay trong vai thap ky dd [cuo'i the ky XV den
Rghien cijru Lich sir. s6 9-t-10.2008 dau the ky XVI], vay thi dieu gi da dien ra?
R. Brown tQng gdi y ve "khoang trdng Mac"
cua s i n pham go'm sQ Viet Nam (va ciia cae qudc gia khae) trong the ky XVI. Dudng nhu "khoang tro'ng Mae" nay danh dau sii cha'm dUt cua he thd'ng Giao Chi DUdng, sii bien ma't eua Van Ddn, va sU qua dp sang mpt he thdng mdi dang nhU Hoi An. Lam sao de ehiing ta cd the ly giai dUde dieu nay?" (36)
Trdng thiic te, neu nhU ehinh sQ Dai Viet ham y ve sii suy giam chQc nang va xa hdn la sii suy tan eua Van Ddn, gdm sQ thUdng mai eua Dai Viet xuat khau ra thi trUdng qudc te giai doan cuo'i the ky XV - d i u the ky XVI khien ngUdi ta khdng khdi hoai nghi ve gia thuyet nay. Ban than Whitmore, mac du dUa ra quan diem ve sii suy tan cua Van Ddn cung nhU kha nang Dai Viet danh ma't vai trd ciia minh trong he thd'ng thUdng mai khu vUe va qudc te d Bien Dong tQ cuo'i the ky XV, v i n the hien sii do du nha't dinh khi so sanh vdi nhQng thong tin tQ ket qua nghien cQu go'm sQ thUdng mai khai quat cac cdn tau d i m trong nhQng nam g i n day. Ong ban khoan:
"DQng tren va'n de nay [ehinh sach phat trien kinh te dUdi trieu Le Thanh Tong], chiing ta cd the suy luSn r i n g nen hanh ehinh dn dinh va phat trien cua Dai Viet trong the ky XV chic c h i n da kich thich va hau thuan eho san xua't thu cdng nghiep va he thd'ng thUdng mai [tdn tai] nhU mpt bp phan ciia mang lUdi Giao Chi DUdng. Trdng thiic te, Van Ddn nhieu kha nang da trd thanh diem then ehdt trong mang ludi nay trong mpt p h i n tu cuo'i cua the ky XV cung nhu trong the ky XVI va thay the eho Thi Nai. Tdi tin r i n g chQng nao ciu true quan lieu [trieu Le] edn tiep tuc boat dpng tdt, chQng dd npi thUdng va ngoai thUdng cdn diln ra em dep" (37).
Cd the ndi, viec xac dinh vi tri cua thUdng mai Dai Viet trong h$ thdng hai thUdng khu vUe Bien Dong tQ sau nSm 1460 den cudi the ky XVI da va dang thiic sii thQ thach cac nha nghien cQu. Viec trieu Le sd, dac biet la tQ thdi Hdng DQc (1460- 1497) cd nhQng chinh sach thieu tinh tich cQc dd'i vdi va'n de ngoai thUdng va khu viic hai eang Van Ddn cung nhU toan bp vung Dong Bic la dieu cd that, the hi?n ro n6t trong bp Quo'c trieu hinh ludt dUdc bien soan vao thdi ky nay (38). Tuy nhien, b mpt khu vUc bien viin nhU khu viic Van Don, sii tdn tai ciia eae boat dpng thUdng mai phi quan phUdng la dieu khd cd the phii nhan; thUdng nhan Dai Vi^t va thUOng nhan nUdc ngoai chic c h i n v i n duy tri boat dpng trao ddi b mpt c i p dp nha't dinh.
Du sao mac long, chinh sach khdng ma'y edi md ciia trieu dinh Le sd chic c h i n da c6 nhQng tac dpng tieu cUc den sii phat trien cua Van Ddn ndi rieng va toan khu viic hai eang Dong Bic ndi ehung tQ sau thap nien 1460.
Su phat trien cua thii cong nghiep cung nhu thai dp edi md cua nha Mac (1527- 1592) dd'i vdi thUdng nghiep ed tac dpng dang ke den tinh hinh trao ddi trong nUdc thdi ky nay. Tuy nhien, ban t h a n va'n di ngoai thUdng Dai Viet dUdi trieu Mac lai tdn tai nhQng tranh luEln. Neu nhU trUdc day ngUdi ta v i n tin vao mot sii song hanh mang tinh ta't yeu giQa sU md rpng cua thii cong nghiep (va npi thUdng) vdi sii hUng thinh cua ngoai thUdng Dai Viet thdi Mac, mpt sd nha nghien cQu g i n day lai bay to nhQng ban khoan, eho r i n g ca'u tnic hai thUdng qudc te khu vUc Bien Ddng da thay ddi manh vao d i u the ky XVI, khien cho v\
tri ciia Dai Viet tren cac tuyen hai thUOng truyen thdng cua khu viic bi anh hudng rtft ldn. Trong ra't nhieu nhQng nhan td the
Vi M da Vi&i Ram hMng h^ thdng.
dpng den hai thUdng khu viic, tdi eho r i n g cd it nha't ba va'n de cd ban sau day can dUde lUu y khi nghien cQu ngoai thUdng Dai Vi^t the ky XVI, dac biet la khu vUc duyen hai Dong Bic.
Thii nhdt, sU tham nhap eua ngUdi Bd Dao Nha vao phUdng Ddng va qua trinh xac lap mang lUdi thUdng mai lien Dong A ciia Cong ty Hoang gia Bd Dao Nha {Estado da India) (39) da tQng bUde pha vd ca'u true thUdng mai Bic - Nam d khu viie Bien Ddng va Nam Hai (40). Dae biet, vdi sii tham nhap ciia ngUdi Bd vao mien Nam Trung Qudc va xac lap vi tri thUdng mai ciia hp tai Macao trong niia d i u the ky XVI, boat dpng buon ban tai cac khu vnic duyen hai Nam Trung Qudc va Dong Bic Vi?t Nam da bi tae dpng dang ke, neu khdng mudn ndi la bi suy giam bdi sQc hut manh tQ ngUdi Bd dinh cU buon ban d Macao (41).
Thii hai, viec thUdng nhan Trung Qudc, dac biet la thUdng nhan Phuc Kien, khai md va phat trien ngay eang manh me tuyen hai thUdng Nam Trung Qudc - Philippines - Ddng Nam A tQ cudi the ky XIV, d i u the ky XV (42) da tac dpng khong nho den vi tri ciia cae hai eang ven bien nUdc ta. Sau khi ngUdi Tay Ban Nha den dinh cU va buon ban tai Philippines, mang ddn day hang nSm mpt lUdng bac ldn tQ Tan The gidi, sd lUdng Hoa thUdng do ve day buon ban ngay eang tang. NhU mpt h?
qua, trong khi tuyen dUdng bien phia Ddng (flongyang hanglu) cua ngUdi Trung Qudc xudng Ddng Nam A ngay eang phat trien, tuyen dudng truyen thdng phia Tay dpc duygn hai Vipt Nam QCiyang hanglu) ngky ckng m i t di vi the (43). Trong bdi canh dd, vi$c vung Ddng Bie ndi rieng va p h i n ldn duyen hai Dai Vi6t m i t di v\ thd Uu vi?t
eiia minh trong he thdng buon ban ehung eiia khu vUe la dieu ed the ly giai dUde.
Thii ba, mang ludi mau dich gdm sQ qudc te da cd nhQng thay ddi manh tQ giQa the ky XVI va tac dpng khdng nho den Dai Viet. Neu nhU ehinh sach Hai Cim ciia nha Minh trong cac the ky XIV va XV da tao dieu kien ra't ldn eho gdm sQ Dong Nam A (gdm hoa nau va Chu Dau eua Dai Viet, go'm Gd Sanh eua Champa, gdm Sawankhalok cua Xiem...) phat trien va chi pho'i ludng gdm sQ thUdng mai khu viic va quo'c te, viee bai bo ehinh sach ddng evta eiia nha Minh vao n i m 1567 ddng thdi dat da'u cha'm het eho ky nguyen gdm sQ thUdng mai Dong Nam A sau khi go'm sQ Trung Qudc trd lai chiem linh thi trUdng (44). Trong bdi canh dd, viec gdm sQ Dai Vi$t d giai doan cuo'i cua trieu Mae, du vin phat trien, khong cdn chiem linh dUdc thi trUdng ben ngoai, tao nen mpt "khoang trdng Mae" (Mac gap) trong thUdng mai go'm sQ qudc te nhU Roxanna M. Brown (45) tQng ban khoan la dieu ed the ly giai dUde tQ binh dipn thUdng mai gdm sQ khu vUe va qudc te.
Ben canh ba nhan td mang ti'nh ngoai canh trinh bay tren day, sU thay ddi trieu ehinh lien tue d Dai Viet tU nhQng thap ky d i u eiia the ky XVI ed the dUdc coi la nhan td npi tai va tac dpng tnic tiep den vi tri eua Dai Viet, nha't la cac hai eang khu viie Ddng Bic, trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Ddng thdi ky nay. Sau khi len ngdi nam 1527, Mac Dang Dung (va cac vua tiep theo ciia trieu Mac) luon ehii trUdng phat trien que hUdng DUdng Kinh (Hai Phong) thanh trung tam chinh tri thQ hai sau Thang Long, ddng thdi bien ndi day thanh ciia ngo thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet ra ben ngoai (46). Chien lUde nay eiia hp Mae rd rang da la'y di mpt p h i n ra't ldn Uu the thUdng mai
10 Rghien cuu Lich siSr. s6 9+10.2008 ciia Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic,
mSc eho nha Mac duy tri mpt tam nhin kha edi md ve thUdng mai. TQ cuo'i the ky XVI d i u the ky XVH, vdi sU chuyen giao quyen liic tQ trieu Mac sang trieu dinh Le-Trinh, cQa ngo thdng thUdng cua Dai Viet lai tiep tuc ed nhQng hoan doi: tQ DUdng Kinh chuyen dich xudng vung cQa song Thai Binh. Nhu vay la, ehi trong vdng khoang mpt tram nam dUdi trieu Mac va trieu Le- Trinh, cQa ngo thUdng mai chinh yeu ciia qudc gia Dai Viet da lien tue chuyen dich xuo'ng phia Nam: tQ Van Ddn (the ky XII - XVI) qua DUdng Kinh (the ky XVI) xudng vung cQa song Thai Binh (the ky XVII - khoang the ky XIX).
Dieu dang noi la, neu nhU giai doan DUdng Kinh van n i m trong giai doan qua dp cua hai thUdng khu vUc (the ky XVI, ngUdi phUdng Tay b i t d i u tham nhap), sU ndi len ciia vung ciia song Thai Binh gin vdi mpt ky nguyen mdi cua hai thUdng khu vUc Ddng A. TQ the ky XVII, cac tuyen hai thUdng truyen thd'ng d khu vUc Bien Dong va Nam Hai vd'n dUde dieu hanh bdi thUdng nhan chau A (Trung Quo'c, Dong Nam A, Nam A va Tay A) trUdc day da dan dan bi ngUdi phUdng Tay (Ha Lan, Anh, Phap, Bd Dao Nha...) chiem linh. Khong clii cau tnic hai thUdng khu vUc ma ngay ca npi dung (hay ban eha't) cua cac ludng hai thUdng cung bi bien ddi de phu hdp vdi do'i canh mdi (47). Trong ky nguyen mdi ciia thUdng mai khu viic Dong A, quo'c gia Dai Viet (ca Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) deu cd vi tri quan trpng va trong nhQng thdi ky nha't dinh trd thanh nhQng m i t xich khdng the thay the (48). Rieng tai Dang Ngoai, mpt thUc te khdng the phii nhan la trong the ky XVII va mpt p h i n cua the ky XVIII, dai da so cac thUdng thuyen ngoai quo'c den buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai deu vao ciia song Thai
Binh va lUu t n i tai Domea (Tien Lang) trong khi boat dpng xua't nhap khau dien ra chii yeu tai Kinh dd Thang Long (49).
Viec dai da so' thUdng nhan va thUdng thuyen ngoai quo'c tap trung ve Tien Lang the ky XVII-XVIII cung nhU trUdng hdp ndi len ciia DUdng Kinh the ky XVI, nhU mpt he qua, da lam suy giam dang ke, tren phUdng dien quan phUdng, vi tri va vai tro eua Van Ddn ndi rieng va khu viic eang bien vung Ddng Bic ndi ehung.
Mac du vay, cung c i n ndi them ring, sii chuyen dich cQa ngo buon ban xudng vung Dudng Kinh (the ky XVI) va cQa sdng Thai Binh (the ky XVII - XVIII) khdng ddng nghia vdi sii 'hien ma't" hay "suy tan hoan toan" eua Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic nhu mpt so' nha nghien cQu tQng quan niem. Vdi vi tri tiep giap vdi khu viic thUdng mai soi dpng d Ddng Nam Trung Qud'e, Van Ddn va khu viic duyen hai Ddng Bic - du khong edn la cQa ngd thUdng mai ehinh eua Dai Viet nhU d giai doan Ly, T r i n - v i n cd vai trd thUdng mai dang ke.
NhQng no liic eua ngUdi Ha Lan va ngUdi Anh trong chien lUdc xay diing trung tam buon ban b vung bien gidi Ddng Bic trong nQa cuo'i the ky XVII cho tha'y khu viie nay van ed vi tri quan trpng trong trao ddi vdi Trung Quo'c qua cac trung tam trao ddi ldn (bac dich trUdng) d dpc bien gidi (50). Tuy nhien, trd lUc ldn nha't cho sii phat trien cua vung Ddng Bic tQ niia cudi the ky XVII la va'n de hai t i c va sii ba't dn ehinh tri b vung Nam va Dong Nam Trung Qudc sau sU bien Minh - Thanh nam 1644. Sau khi nha Minh sup dd, nhieu nhdm hai tac cung nhu cac the liic "phan Thanh phuc Minh"
thudng chpn vung Nam Trung Qudc, mpt p h i n giap vdi bien gidi Vipt - Trung, de tni chan va tien hanh cUdp bde cac thUdng thuyen ngoai qudc den buon ban vdi Dang
Vi M ciia Vi^t Ram h-ong h& thfing. 11 Ngoai qua khu viic phia Bic Vinh Bic Bd
va ban dao Ldi Chau (51). Trieu dinh Le- Trinh vi the t h i t chat quan ly vQng Ddng Bie trong p h i n ldn the ky XVII, khien eho vi tri thUdng mai ciia khu vUe nay khdng cd dieu kien phat huy nhU d cac the ky trUdc.
Mot so n h a n x e t
La mpt trong sd eae khu viic hai thUdng nang dpng bac nha't the gidi thdi Cd, Trung va Can dai sd ky, Vinh Bie Bp ndi rieng va khu viie Bien Ddng ndi ehung la diem den ciia nhieu thUdng nhan va thUdng thuyen ngoai qudc. Vao thdi Cd Trung dai, thUdng nhan chau A (Trung Qudc, Ddng Nam A, Nam A, Tay A) da hoi tu ve day buon ban, bien ndi day thanh mpt khu viic hai thUdng soi dpng. Cac hai eang thupc duyen hai nude ta (Van Ddn cl Ddng Bic; Thanh- Nghe-Tinh d Bie Trung Bp; Vijaya eua ngudi Cham d Nam Trung Bp...) cung nhd do ma phat trien theo. Vdi sii tham nhap cua ngUdi chau Au vao Ddng A d i u the ky XVI, ciu true hai thUdng truyen thd'ng d khu viic Bien Ddng d i n d i n bi pha vd, thay the bdi mot c i u true mdi mang dam da'u a'n eiia cdc the liic thUdng mai va hang hai phUdng Tay.
Tudng Qng vdi cac giai doan phat trien ehinh cua thUdng mai khu viic va qudc te qua Bien Ddng, Dai Vipt, thdng qua eae hai eang va trung tam buon ban duyen hai, da the hien cac ca'p dp dU nhap va ddng nhQng vai trd khae nhau. Trong cai nhin lich sii va he thd'ng, sU dii nhap va dieu ehinh ciia Dai Vipt trong hp thd'ng thUdng mai Bien Ddng dupe the hipn ro qua qua trinh tii dieu ehinh cQa ngd thdng thUdng: qua trinh chuyen dich d i n d i n xuo'ng phia Nam de hdi nhap vdi nhQng bien chuyen eua hai thUdng khu viic. Neu nhU dudi thdi ky Ly, T r i n va d i u Le sd (the ky XI - cuo'i the ky
XV), Van Ddn va vung duyen hai Dong Bic la cQa ngd chinh cua quo'c gia Dai Viet, trong the ky XVI Dudng Kinh (Hai Phdng) trd thanh d i u mdi giao thUdng trpng yeu cua trieu Mae. Sii thien dich con tiep diln trong the ky XVII vdi sii ndi len ciia vung eiia sdng Thai Binh (Tien Lang, Hai Phdng) nhu cQa ngd giao thUdng chinh eiia Dai Viet thdi Le - Trinh.
Neu nhu tii than sii thien dieh tren chi mdi phan anh thiic te lich sQ, luan giai ve npi dung eua nhQng bien thien lich sii, nha't la phan tich cae v i n de npi va ngoai canh tae dpng den sii thien dich, se cung ca'p nhQng kien giai sau sic ve sii thay ddi ban eha't va cau true ciia cae hien tUdng lich sii tren. NhU da phan tich, den niia d i u the ky XVI go'm sU dUdc coi la thUdng pham chinh eiia Dai Viet xua't khau ra ben ngoai nen Van Ddn va vung Ddng Bic • kha gin trung tam go'm sQ Chu Dau (Hai DUdng) - cd vi tri thuan ldi cho hoat dpng chuyen ehd va xua't khiu. Ben canh dd la viec Van Ddn an ngQ vung cQa ngo Vinh Bie Bp - trung tam eiia cdc boat dpng trao ddi nd le, mudi, ngiia... ciia the gidi hai thUdng Giao Chi DUdng, ndi cd sU tham gia ciia ddng dao thUdng nhan den tQ Ddng Nam A, Nam A va Tay A... TQ the ky XVI, khdng chi thUdng nhan chau A mat d i n vi tri d Bien Ddng vao tay ngudi phUdng Tay ma cd ciu thUdng pham cung thay ddi tQ go'm sQ sang td lua - san pham phd bien eiia vung chau thd sdng Hdng, nhat la cac lang lua ndi tieng dpc sdng Hdng, khu vUc kinh thanh va cac vung phu can Thang Long... Ngay ca khi gdm sQ Dang Ngoai dUdc ngUdi nude ngoai xua't khau ra Dong Nam A vdi so' lUdng ldn vao cudi the ky XVII, thUdng p h i m nay cung khong cdn mang ngudn gd'e Chu Dau nQa ma dUde san x u i t ehu yeu tai Bat Trang, mpt trung tam
12 Rghien cuu Lich siir. sg 9+10.2008 go'm sQ g i n Kinh thanh Thang Long va
n i m ngay tren tuyen dUdng thuy ndi kinh do ra bien (52). NhQng thay ddi tren cho tha'y, tren phUdng dien ban chit, vi tri cua Dang Ngoai trong he thdng thUdng mai Bien Ddng da cd nhQng thay ddi ldn trong the ky XVII.
Ngoai ra, viec trieu Mac va Le-Trinh tQng bude ndi long chinh sach dd'i vdi ngoai thUdng, ddng thdi eho phep thUdng nhan nUde ngoai lUu t n i va buon ban tai cac khu viic npi dia (Phd'Hien, Thang Long...)
ddng nghia vdi sii suy giam vai trd cua mdt so' trung tam buon ban ven bien. Trong bdi canh dd, he thd'ng sdng tQ cxia Thai Binh (Tien Lang) qua sdng Lupe len HUng Yen de theo sdng Hdng len Ha Npi (hay tuyen song "Dang Ngoai" trong cac ghi cL4p ciia ngUdi phUdng Tay) trd thanh tuyen dUdng n g i n nha't va t h u a n ldi nha't. Vung ciia sdng Thai Binh edn giQ vai trd la c i a ngo giao thUdng chinh eua Dang Ngoai den khi thiic dan Phap cho khao sat va xay diing do thi eang Hai Phdng vao cuo'i the ky XIX.
CHU THICH
(1). Tong q u a n ve th&nh tUu nghien ciiu hai sii v& hai thiidng sxl trong nhiJng n i m g i n day, xin xem: Nguyen VSn Kim, N g u y i n M a n h Diing, T r u y e n tho'ng va h o a t dpng thUOng mai cua ngUdi Viet: ThUc te lich sU vk n h a n thiic" vk P h a m Dtic Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Phiic, "Nghien ciiu ngoai thUdng Viet N a m triidc t h e ky XVIII: V^i n6t nhin lai", in trong Viet Nam trong he thong thucmg mai ch&u a, the ky XVI-XVII, Nxb, The Giai, Hk Noi, 2007, tr, 311-350 & 417-432,
(2), Ve phUdng p h a p tiep c^n nay, Giao sU Roderich P t a k (Dai hoc Munchen, Diic) k h a i q u a t n h u sau: "Cac sU gia chuyen ve de che' khi nghien Cliu bien hoSc cac viing cftn duyen c6 xu h u d n g nhin doi tUdng nghien ciiu til dS't lien, cho r i n g vVing can duyen vk bien nen dUdc doi xif n h u mot b? p h a n true thuoc luc dia, Bdi the' chiing thUdng bi coi la yeu to ngoai vi va t r e n phuong dien chiic nang, phu thuoc vko cac t r u n g t a m chinh tri va vfin h6a trong luc dia, Cac nha sii hoc nghien ciiu ve biSn sii dung phUdng p h a p tiep can rieng cua minh, Mpt each an dy ma noi, sii gia chuyen ve hai sii dat minh giiia bien khdi de nhin n h a n cac k h u viic can duyen; ho nhin tif bien vao bd, chii khong phai tir bd ra bien", Xin xem tir: Roderich P t a k , ' T h e Gulf of T o n g k i n : A M e d i t e r r a n e a n ? " , in
"A Mini Mediterranean Sea?: Gulf of Tongking
through History, A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l University/
Guangxi Academy of Social Sciences, Nanning, China, 3/2008, p, 30,
(3), H o a n g A n h Tua'n, "Hai eang mien Dong Bfic va h^ t h o n g thiidng m a i D a n g N g o i i the' ky XVII qua cac nguon tU lieu phUdng Tay", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sii, 1/2007, tr, 54-64 va 2/2007, tr.
54-63; H o a n g A n h Tua'n, Silk for Silver: Dutch- Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 (Leiden-Boston:
B n l l , 2007), pp. 12-15.
(4), Bai viet xin dupe gidi h a n npi dung thao l u a n vao vi t r i cila mien B i c nUdc ta trong hf thong thUdng mai Bien Dong tit k h o a n g Cong nguyen den cuoi t h e ky XVI, T h e ky XVII (gdm ca D a n g Trong va D a n g Ngoai) se du<?c t r i n h bay rieng t r o n g chuyen l u a n "Dai Vi$t trong h§ thong thudng mai Npi A ciia Cong ty Dong An H a L a n t h e ky XVH" (sap in),
(5), H a Vfin Ta'n (Chu bien), Khao cd hgc ViH Nam (Tap 1: Thdi dai da Vi?t N a m ) , Nxb, Khoa hpc xa hpi, H a Npi, 1998, tr. 199-237 & 264-275.
Xem t h e m tii Do V a n Ninh, Thuang cdng V&n Ddn, Nxb. T h a n h Nien, H a Npi, 2004, tr. 21-76.
(6). Vi^n N g h i e n ciiu Dong Nam A, Bien vdi ngudi Viet cd, Nxb, Vfin hda Thong tin, Hfi Npi, 1996, tr, 64-95, Xin xem t h e m tii: N g u y i n Khftc Sii, "Giao lUu van hoa thdi tien su d vUng duyen
Vi hi ciia Vief Ram h-ong M thgng. 13
hai Dong B i c Viet N a m qua t u li^u khao co' hpc"
va Trinh N a n g Chung, "Nhiing di tich vfin hda t i l n Bii h Vfin Don, Q u a n g Ninh: Tu lieu vfi nhfin thiic", ky yeu khoa hpc Thuang cdng Vdn Don: Lich sCl, tiim ndng kinh te, vd cdc mdi giao lUu vdn hod, 7/2008, tr, 461-474 va 475-489,
(7), Nguyen Q u a n g Ngpc, Tien trinh lich sii Viet Nam, Nxb, Giao Due, H a Npi, 2000, tr, 30-34, Xem them tii Keith W, Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam:
Sino-Vietnamese Relations to the Tenth Century and the Origins of Vietnamese Nationhood (Ph,D Diss,, The University of Michigan, 1976),
(8), D i n lai tir W a n g Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, The Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1998), pp, 1-14,
(9), Dan lai tii W a n g Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp, 1-14,
(10), Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, p. 7;
Liang Bingmeng, "The Hepu Port - the Most Ancient D e p a r t u r e Port and the Maritime Silk Route" in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, pp, 142-151,
(11). Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp.
31-35. Xem t h e m tii N g u y i n Q u a n g Ngpc, Tien trinh lich sii Viet Nam, sdd, tr. 41-43,
(12), Wang Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp, 37-38,
(13), W a n g Gungwu, The Nanhai Trade, pp, 17, 25, 31, 35, 38, 44, 45, Xem them tir Jenifer Holmgran, Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography and Political Developments in the Tanking Delta, First to Sixth Century AD (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1980), p, 175; K e n n e t h R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 1985), pp, 194-197,
(14), K e n n e t h R, Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia, pp,
178-181,
(15), Nhiing q u a n diem t r e n cd the dUdc xem tir: J o h n K, Whitmore, "Elephant can Actually Swim"; Contemporary Chinese View of Late Ly Dai Viet", in David M a r r and A,C, Milner (eds).
Southeast Asia in the 9"" to 14'^ Centuries, Singapore: I n s t i t u t e of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986, pp, 117-138; Momoki Shiro, "Dai Viet and the South China Sea Trade from the 10"" to the IS"" Century", Crossroads, 12/1 (1998), pp, 1-34; Li Tana, "A View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnam Coast", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37/1 (2006), pp, 83-102;
J o h n K, Whitmore, "The Rise of the Coast: Trade, State and Culture in Early Dai Vigt", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37/1 (2006), pp, 103-122,
(16), G i n day da cd mpt so nha nghien ciiu trong nUdc khao ciiu ve truyen thong thUdng mai vfi thUdng mai bien ciia ngUdi Viet trong lich sii diidi each nhin mdi, edi md hdn, Xin xem: Nguyin Vfin Kim, N g u y i n M a n h Diing, ' T r u y e n thong va hoat dpng thUdng mai cua ngUdi Viet", add, tr, 311-350,
(17), Chfing h^n, tii niia cuoi thfip nien nhfi ail hpc ngUdi My Keith W,Taylor (The Birth of Vietnam) da phfin tich va'n d l nfiy khfi sinh dpng trong lufin an Tien si ciia minh bao v? tai Dai hpc Michigan (My), Nfim 1993, Giao sU T r i n Quoc Vupng ciing da cong bo chuyen ludn "Ma'y n6t khai quat lich sir cd' xUa ve cai nhin ve Bien cua Vift Nam", Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A, 1/1993, tr. 1-17 .
(18). J o h n K, Whitmore, '"Elephant can Actually Swim"', pp, 117-138. Vfi'n de nay g i n day lai dUdc Whitmore lam sang to them trong cfic chuyen luan "The Rise of the Coast", pp. 103-122.
(19). D i n lai theo: TrUdng Hiiu Quynh (Chu bien), Dai cuang lich sii Viet Nam, tfip 1, Nxb.
Giao dye, Ha Npi, 1999, tr. 149. Cd th^ t h a m khao them tii N g u y i n Vfin Kim vfi N g u y i n M a n h Diing, ' T r u y e n thong va hoat dpng thUdng mai cua ngUdi Vi?t", sdd, tr. 311-350.
(20). Ngd Si Lien va cac sii t h i n trieu Le, Dai Viet sii ky todn thU, T a p I, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 261.
14 Rghien cuu Lich sJr. sg 9+10.2008
(21). Dai Viet siC ky todn thU, sdd, tr. 317.
(22). Momoki Shiro, "Dai Viet and t h e South China Sea T r a d e from the lO"" to t h e 15*^
Century", pp. 1-34. Xem t h e m tii: Nguyen Thi PhUdng Chi, N g u y i n Tien Diing, "Ve cac moi giao thUdng cua quo'c gia Dai Viet thdi Ly, T r i n (the ky XI-XIV)", T a p chi Nghien cUu Lich siC, so" 7/2007, tr. 23-37; Ho T r u n g Diing, Vi tri cua Nghe - Tinh trong he thong thiiOng mai khu vUc thdi Ly • Trdn, Khda l u a n tot nghiep dai hpc, Khoa Lich sii, Trvidng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va N h a n v i n , DHQG HN, 2008.
(23). Li T a n a , "A View from the Sea", pp. 86-90, (24), Li T a n a , "A View from the Sea", p, 90. Ve nhiing tuyen buon ban giiia Dai Viet vdi mien N a m T r u n g Hoa, xin xem tir: Nguyen M a n h Diing,
"Viing Dong Bfic Viet N a m trong tuyen hai thUdng Ddng A t h e ky VIII-XVIII (Qua khao ciiu mdt so' t u lieu Bo Dao N h a va Phap)" va Dudng Vfin Huy,
"Quan he giao thUdng giOa vung Ddng B i c Viet Nam vdi cac eang mien N a m T r u n g Hoa the' ky X- XIV", ky yeu khoa hpc Thuang cdng Vdn D6n, sdd, tr. 296-326 va 350-367,
(25), Geoff Wade, "An Earlier Age of Commerce in S o u t h e a s t Asia: 900-1300 C,E,?", Workshop on Dynamic Rimlands and Open Heartlands:
Maritime Asia as a Site of Interactions (Conference Proceeding), Osaka University a n d National University of Singapore, 2006, pp, 27-81, Cd t h e xem them tii P a u l K, Benedict, "A Cham Colony on the Island of Hainan", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol, 6, No, 2, 1941, pp, 129-134; Li T a n a ,
"A View from the Sea", pp, 90-95,
(26), Geoff Wade, "An Earlier Age of Commerce in S o u t h e a s t Asia", p, 45,
(27), P a u l K, Benedict, "A Cham Colony on the Island of Hainan", pp, 90-95,
(28), Ll T a n a , "A View from the Sea", p, 90, (29), Ket qua nghien ciiu khao cd' hpc vung q u i n dao Van Don cho tha'y gom sii men ngpc Long Tuyen thdi Tdng dUdc tim tha'y vdi mAt dp cao tai nhieu dia diem J Van Don m i n h chiing cho chile nfing t r u n g chuyen cua khu vile nfiy trong he
t h o n g mfiu dich gom sii k h u viic ndi rieng vfi hf thoiig h a i thUdng k h u viic ndi ehung, Ben c^inh dd, gom sii m e n n a u thdi T r a n vfi gom sii Chu Dfiu thdi Le ciing dUdc tim tha'y vdi m a t dp k h a cao, Xin xem: Nguyen Van Kim, "H? t h o n g thUdng eang V a n Don qua cac nguon tU li?u lich sii, dien da vfi k h a o co' hpc", Khao cd hoc, 4/2006, tr. 46-65;
Nguyen Van Kim, "Tinh h? t h o n g va quy md ciia Van Don: Vai trd va vi t h e cila mpt thUdng eang", Ky yeu khoa hpc Thuang cdng V&n Don, sdd, tr.
276-295. Cd t h e xem t h e m nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu khao cd' hpc tai he thorig dao Van Don trong Dd v a n Ninh, ThUOng cdng Vdn Don, Nxb. T h a n h Nien, Ha Npi, 2004.
(30). R o x a n n a M. Brown, The Ceramics of South-East Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp, 28-29; J o h n Guy, "Vietnamese Ceramics in I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade", in J o h n Stevenson a n d J o h n Guy (eds,), Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition (Michigan: Art Media Resources, 1994), pp, 47-61,
(31). B e n n e t Bronson, "Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: T h e A s i a n Ceramic Trade in the 17'^ Century", in C h u m e i Ho (ed.). Ancient Ceramic Kiln Technology in Asia (Hong Kdng:
University of H o n g Kong, 1990), pp. 126-150. Xem them tii: Hoang A n h Tufi'n, "Gom sii D a n g Ngofii xua't k h a u ra Ddng N a m A t h e ky XVII: Tu lif u vfi n h a n thilc". T a p chi Nghien ciiu Lich sH, 11/2007, tr. 28-39.
(32). Geoff W a d e , "An E a r l i e r Age of Commerce in S o u t h e a s t Asia", p p . 28-36.
(33). Cd t h e t h a m k h a o nhiing l u a n giai thii vi ve va'n de nay tir: Momoki Shiro, "Dai Viet and the South China Sea Trade"; Li T a n a , "A View from the Sea"; J o h n K. W h i t m o r e , "The Rise of the Coast"; Geoff Wade, "An E a r l i e r Age of Commerce in S o u t h e a s t Asia",
(34). J o h n K. W h i t m o r e , "The D i s a p p e a r a n c e of Van-don: T r a d e a n d S t a t e in Fifteenth Century Dai Viet: A C h a n g i n g Regime?" in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, pp. 167-180.
Vi hi ciia Viet Ram h^ang he thdng. 15 (35). Dai Viet sii ky toan thU (Tap II, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hpi. H a Npi, 1998, tr. 427) ch6p, nfim 1467
"thuyen di bien cila nUdc Xiem La den t r a n g Van Don dang bieu vfin k h i c t r e n la vfing va dang san vfit dia phudng, vua khUdc tir khdng nhan".
Whitmore cho r i n g t h a i dp nay cua Le T h a n h Tdng ket hdp vdi nhiing chil trUdng chinh sach cua trieu dinh ve van de kinh te trong dd chu trUdng trpng ndng ire thUdng da t h e hien ra't ro... la cd sd de tin r i n g ngoai thUdng Dai Viet di xudng tii khoang thfip nien 1460, Xem J o h n K, Whitmore, ' T h e Disappearance of Van-don", pp, 167-180,
(36), J o h n K, W h i t m o r e , "The Disappearance of Van-don", p, 178, Theo PGS.TS, N g u y i n Vfin Kim, sii hi$n dien cua cac h i e n vfit go^m sil m a n g nien dai the ky XVII-XVIII tai cac di tich a cac dao thupc Van Ddn la mdt trong nhiing bfing chiing thuyet phuc ve sii tdn tai h e n tuc cua thUdng eang Van Ddn den k h o a n g t h e ky XVIIl, Xin xem:
Nguyen Vfin Kim, ' T i n h he thong vfi quy md cua Van Ddn: Vai trd vfi vi t h e cua mdt thUdng eang", sdd, tr, 276-295,
(37), J o h n K, W h i t m o r e , "The Disappearance of Van-don", p, 178, Ciing c i n phai lUu y r i n g quan diem cua Whitmore trong bfii viet nay ve vi$c Van Ddn bj thay the bdi P h d ' H i e n dUdng nlivi chUa t h a t sii thuyet phuc va cSp n h a t bdi trong the ky XVII Pho Hien khdng phai la t r u n g tam thUdng mai thiic ,sii cua D a n g Ngoai ma chi la mot trong ba dia diem thupc m a n g lu6i thUdng mai lien hoan dpc
"sdng Dfing Ngoai" la T h a n g Long, Phd Hien, Domea, Xin xem them ve vfi'n de nay tif: Hoang Anh Tufi'n, "Hai eang mien Ddng B i c va he thdng thUdng mai D a n g Ngoai t h e ky XVH", sdd,
(38). D i l u 61-64 (chUdng Tap ludt) cua bd Qudc triiu hinh luat ro r a n g t h e hien sii k b i t khe cua nha nUdc doi vdi thUdng eang Van Ddn, Ben canh dd, cac dieu 25-28 (chuong Cdm ve) vk dieu 125 (chUdng Vi che) ciing quy dinh cu the va khfit khe ddi vdi ngoai thUdng va tbUdng n h a n nUdc ngoai.
Xin xem tir: Vidn Nghien cUu H a n Ndm, Mot sd vdn bdn dien che vd phdp lugt Viet Nam (Tfip 1:
TU th§' ky XV dS'n XVIII), Nxb, Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 2006, tr, 66-67, 96, 183-185,
(39). Ve qua trinh xac lap mang ludi thUdng mai cua ngUdi Bd Dao Nha d khu vUc Ddng a trong niia d i u the ky XVI, xin xem: Dfing Thi Yen, Qud trinh xdc lap mang lUdi thuang mgi cua Bo Ddo Nha a Dong A, the ky XVI-nHa ddu the ky XVH, Khda luan tdt nghiep Dai hpc, Khoa Lich sU, TrUdng Dai hpc Khca hpc Xa hpi vfi Nhan vfin, DHQGHN, 2007. Xem them: Om Prakash,
"European and Asian M e r c h a n t s in Asian Maritime Trade, 1500-1800: Some Issues of Methodology and Evidence", in J. M. Flores, (ed.), Revista de Cultura 13/14: The Asian Seas 1500- 1800, Local Societies, European Expansion and the Portuguese (Macao, 1991). (Reprinted in Om P r a k a s h , Precious Metals and Commerce, Variorum 1994),
(40), Tren phUdng dien thUdng mai quo'c te giai doan Can dai sd ky, khai mem "Nam Hai/the South Sea" thUdng dUdc hieu theo nghia rpng, chi viing bien trai dfii tir Nhfit Ban den sUdn phia Ddng cua chau Phi,
(41), Ve thUdng mai cua ngUdi Bd Dfio Nha 6 Macao t h e ky XVI-XVII, xin xem tir: T i e n Tse Chang: Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources (Leiden: Brill, 1933); George B, Souza, The Survival of Empire: Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
(42). Geoff Wade, "On the Possible Cham Origin of t h e Philippine Scripts", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 24/1, 1993, pp. 44-87.
(43). J a m e s K, Chin, "Bridging East Ocean and West Ocean: Hokkien M e r c h a n t s in Maritime Asia Prior to 1683, with a Special Reference to the Ports of E a s t Asia", in Workshop on Northeast Asia in Maritime Perspective: A Dialogue with Southeast Asia (conference proceeding), National University of Singapore and Osaka University, 2004, pp, 121-159, Xem them tir: Kenneth R, Hall,
"Multi-Dimensional Networking: 15"" Century Indian Ocean M a r i t i m e Diaspora in Southeast Asian Ago of Commerce", Journal of Economic and
16 Rghien cuu Lich sir, stf 9+10.2008
Social History of the Orient, 49/ 4, 2006, pp, 454- 481,
(44), R o x a n n a M. Brown, "Ming Gap? D a t a from Shipwreck Cargoes". P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e AR7 Workshop on Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century and the Ming Factor, Singapore, July, 2003. Ve gom sif Dai Viet xua't k h i u r a thi t n i d n g k h u viic, xin xem: Aoyagi Yoji, "Vietnamese Ceramics Discovered on S o u t h e a s t Asian Islands", in Ancient Town of Hgi An (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1993).
(45). R o x a n n a M, Brown, 'T)ii lieu tir vu d i m t a u cl Hpi AnJCu Lao C h a m va mdt sd viing bien khae cua Ddng N a m A", T h a m lufin t r i n h bay tai Hgi thao Qudc te ve Viet Nam hgc ldn H, Thfinh pho' Hd Chi Minh, t h a n g 7 nfim 2004, Cd t h e liiu y t h e m la viec mot so' ngiidi chau Au d Ddng Nam A, c h i n g h a n nhif Tom6 Pires, ghi ch^p ve sil yeu k6m cua Dai Viet trong thifdng mai khu viic t h e ky XVI la cd nhiing cd sd lich sif, Xem t h e m til: Tom6 Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, From the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 (London: H a k l u y t Society, 1944), p, 114,
(46), Ve sii p h a t trien cua Dudng Kinh thdi Mac, xin xem: Dd Thi Thiiy Lan, "VUng cila sdng D a n g Ngoai t h e ky XVII-XVIII: B a t s h a va mdi lien he vdi que hiidng nha Mac", T a p chi Nghien cUu Lich Si?, 1/2008, tr, 21-32 & 2/2008, tr, 42-48; Vii Diidng Luan, "Da'u tich eang ben thUdng mai va dfic diem kinh te, tin ngildng vung ha luu sdng Thai Binh the ky XVII-XVIII (Qua cac khao sat thiic dia va tu li?u van bia)". T a p chi Nghien ciiu Lich sie, 5/2008, tr. 25-34. Cd t h e xem t h e m til:
T r i n Qud'e VUdng, ' T r a n g Trinh N g u y i n Binh Khiem trong bdi c a n h van hoa Viet Nam the ky XVI", in trong T r i n Thi Bfing T h a n h va Vii T h a n h (Chu bien), Nguyen Binh Khiem: ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb, Giao Due, Ha Npi, 2001, tr, 70-83;
N g u y i n Q u a n g Ngpc, "Domea trong hp thdng thiidng mai D a n g Ngofii t h e ky XVII-XVHI", T a p chi Nghien ciiu Lich sii, 10/2007, tr, 3-19,
(47), P, W. Klein, "The China Seas and the World Economy between the 16th and 19th Centuries: T h e Changing Structure of Trade", in Davids, C, A,, Fritschy, W. and Valk, L. A. van der (eds.), Kapitaal, Ondernemerschap en Beleid: Studie over economie en politiek in Nederland, Europa en Azi van 1500 tot heden: afscheidsbundel voor prof, dr. P. W. Klein (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1996). Xem them tif: Leonard Blu8s6, "No Boats to China: the Dutch E a s t India Company and the Changing P a t t e r n of t h e China Sea Trade, 1635-1690", Modern Asian Studies, 30/1 (1996), pp. 51-70.
(48). H o a n g A n h Tufi'n, Silk for Silver: Dutch- Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 (Leiden: Brill, 2007). Xem t h e m chuyen lufin k h a i q u a t v l v\ tri cua Viet N a m t r o n g k h u viic Ddng A: Momoki Shiro and H a s u d a T a k a s h i , "Vietnam in the Early Modern East- a n d S o u t h e a s t Asia", in trong: in trong: Viet Nam trong he tho'ng thUOng mgi ch&u A, theky XVI-XVII, Nxb. T h e Gidi, Hfi Ndi, 2007, tr. 351-386.
(49). Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Hai eang m i l n Ddng B i c vfi he tho'ng thiidng mai Dfing Ngoai thi? ky XVH", sdd, tr. 54-64 & 2/2007, tr. 54-63.
(50). V I chi§'n liipc thiidng mai cila ngiidi Hfi L a n va Anh doi vdi viing Ddng Bfic t r o n g th§' ky XVII, xin xem tif H o a n g A n h T u a n , "One Encounter, Two F r o n t i e r s : E u r o p e a n s ' Commercial Perspectives on t h e N o r t h - W e s t e r n P a r t of the Gulf of Tonkin in t h e S e v e n t e e n t h Century" in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, sdd, pp. 181-193. Ciing xem thdm tir Hoang Anh T u a n , "From J a p a n to Manila and Back to Europe: T h e English Abortive T r a d e with Tonkin in the 1670s", Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction, Vol. XXIX, no. 3/2005, pp. 73- 92.
(51). va'n de hai tfic d k h u viic Ddng Bfic diiijc p h a n a n h kha thifdng xuyen t r o n g cac ghi ch6p cila ngudi Hfi Lan, chfing b a n : Dagh-register gehouden
(Xem ti/p trang 38)
28 Rghign cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008
(29). Dgt viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 354. Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hie'n chU- cfng logi chi, Khoa mue chf, tfip III, sdd, tr. 6.
(30). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 354.
(31). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 355. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 425. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa m\ic chf, tfip III, sdd, tr. 6.
(32). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tfip III, sdd, tr. 36.
(33). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln II, sdd, tr. 273. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 332 .
(34). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen III, sdd, tr. 297. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 364.
(35). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV, sdd, tr. 345. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 412. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hien chUctng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II, sdd, tr. 98.
(36). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^ip I, quyln IV, sdd, tr. 350. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr.419. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, tfip II, sdd, tr. 98.
(37). Dgi viet sd ky toan thU, t^ip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 354.
(38), (39, (40), (41), (42). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II, sdd, tr. 98, 98, 7, 71, 71.
(42). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^p I, quyen II, add, tr. 271.
VI TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG
• • • (Tiep theo trang 16)
int Casteel Batavia vant passerende doer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India (The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1887-1931), 1661, pp. 49-55. Xem them nhQng nghien ciiu ve vfi'n de nfiy til: Hoang Anh Tuan, 'Tonkin Rear for China Front: The VOC's Ebcploration for the Southern China Trade in the 16608". Paper presented at the international workshop Ports, Pirates and Hinterlands in the East and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Shanghai, China, November 2005;
Niu Junkai, "Pirates, Merchants and Mandarins:
Chinese and Vietnamese Pirates in Tongking Gulf during 17"" century period" in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, sdd, tr. 201-209.
(52). Nguyen Long Kerry, "Bat Trang and the Ceramic Trade in Southeast Asian Archipelagos", in Phan Huy Le et aL, Bat Trang Ceramic, 14"^- 19^ Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi PubUahers, 1994), pp. 84-90; Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Gom sil Dfing Ngofii xufi't kh^u ra Ddng Nam A th^ ky XVII: Tu li$u vfi nhfin thilc", sdd, tr. 28-39.
