\1VAN DE CHUAN Bj NGUON NHAN LL/C TRINH DO DAI HOC THAM GIA CONG DONG
ASEAN CUA VIET NAM
TRINH THI DINH*
C
dng dong ASEAN 2015 la muc tidu hffdng t d cua tdt ca cac qud'c gia ASEAN hidn nay. Ben canh nhffr^ etf hdi, Cpng d&ng ASEAN eiing tao ra nhflhg thdch thffc ldn dd'i v d ede qudc gia thdnh vien. Mdt trong nhiJttig thffc dd'i v d Viet Nam Id ndng life canh tranh cua lffe Iffdng lao ddng trong thi trffdng lao ddng ASEAN khi Cdng d i n g Kinh td' ASEAN (ASEAN Economic Community - AEC) thuc hidn tff do Iffu chuyln ngudn nhan lffe ky ndng eao.1. N h u eSu vS n g u o n nh&n Itfc c u a t h i trtfcfng l a o d $ n g C p n g d o n g ASEAN
Theo kl' hoach, d l hinh thanh mdt thi trffdng, mdt cff sd san xuit vd phdn phdi chung, AEC se thffc hidn tff do ludn chuyen ndm ye'u to can ban Id vdn Ueng, h a i ^ hda, dieh vu, dau tff va lao ddng lanh nghi (skiUed labor). Trong bd'i eanh dd, nhu ciu v l lao ddng lanh nghe khdng ebn la ciia tffng qud'c gia ridng bi$t md trd thanh nhu ciu todn khu vffc. Tflhg qude gia ASEAN se hffdng lgi tff qud trinh nay, k l ea Vipt Nam. Dd'i v d cd nhdn ngffd lao ddng thi ddy eiing Id ctf hdi cho nhiihg lao ddng Vidt Nam ed trinh dd, ed 1^ ndng tay nghi eao,
ed khd ndng ngdn ngff tdt di chuyen sang edc nffde nhff Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan ldm vide de cd thu nhdp cao htfn. Khi dffgc tu do dich chuyln, lao dpng ldnh n ^ dfl ldm vide d qud'c gia nao thudc C ^ ddng deu dUffc doi xff binh dang, difOc hudng cde chinh sach v l lao ddng va xa hfli gidng nhau. Khi dd lao ddng ldnh nghe ciia mdi qudc gia khdng nhffng phai t h i hidn kha ndng eanh tranh d thi trUdng lao dong ngodi nude md cbn gdp phai sff canh tranh ngay tai thi trffdng lao dpng trong nffdc. Do dd, vi|c tff do life chuyen lao ddng I&nh nghi eflng se Id mdt thdeh thffc ldn dd'i vdi cdc nffdc trong khd'i ASEAN cd nguon nhan lffe khdng dfftfc ddnh gid cao vl trinh dp chuydn nghidp va liy nang nghe, trong dd cd ^^pt Nam.
Theo phdn tich cua Ngan hdng phat t r i l n chdu A (ADB) va To chffc Lao dong Qudc t^ (ILO) trong bdo cdo "ASEAN Community 2015: Managing for Better Jobs and Shared Prosperity" cdng b l nam 2014 cho t h i y nhu ciu v l ngudn nhan li*
dffpe ddo tao chuydn mdn vd cd 1^ nfing tay n g h i d thi trffdng lao ddng ASEAN se ngdy mdt Idn htfn, Udc tinh se tdng khoang
* PGS.TS. Trinh Thi Dinh, Trudng BH Khoa hoc - DH Hul
Trinh Thi Dinh - Vdn de chudn bi nguon nhdn lite trinh do dgi hoc. 49 41% vdo ndm 2025 so v d nam 2010. Trong
khi dd vide tdng sd lugng lao ddng thudc nhdm thid'u ky ndng (chUa qua ddo tao nghi, thid'u ky ndng nghe nghiep) vdn dang ehid'm uu the' d mdt so' nude ASEAN.
Bdo cao cung dU tinh htfn mot nffa vide lam dbi hdi ky ndng d mdt sd nUdc ASEAN trong dd ed Vi^t Nam se dffffc dam nhdn b d lao ddng khdng du ehuan v l ddo tao*^*.
Vdi tinh trang dd, Bao cdo eung khuyd'n cdo khi lao ddng ldnh n g h i trong Cdng ddng ASEAN dffgc tff do di chuyln, dugc ldm vi$e, dUffc dinh cU va dfftfc dd'i xff binh dang tai t a t ca cac nffdc t h a n h vidn thi sffc ep canh t r a n h dd'i vdi lao ddng ciia nffde sd tai se Id rd't ldn.
2. Thtfc t r a n g c h a t Itfcfng n g u 6 n n h a n Itfc d Vi^t N a m v a nhufng v a n d l dat ra khi t h a m gia Cpng d 6 n g ASEAN
Theo ke't qua dilu tra Lao ddng vide ldm do Tong cue Thd'ng ke thudc Bd K l hoach va Diu tff thffc hien*^', tinh dd'n t h d diem ngdy 31 thdng 7 ndm 2014 Viet Nam cd 70,06 tridu ngffd tff 15 tuoi trd len, trong dd nhffng ngffd trong dp tuli iao ddng (nam tff 15 dd'n 60, nff tff 15 dd'n 55) Id 53,44 tridu ngffd; tren 70% lao ddng d khu vffc ndng thdn.
Ve so Iffpng vd v l ctf cau dp tuli lao ddng, tiem ndng lao ddng cua "S^dt Nam rat
\ ldn. V d Iffc Iffgng lao ddng trdn 53,44 tridu ngffd, trong dd 6 dp tuli dffd 40 Id 49%, dp tuoi vdng (tff 20 dd'n 39 tuli) chiem 44,7%.
Ty le tham gia lam vide cua lffe Iffpng Iao
! ddng Vidt Nam cung kha cao, chid'm 78%.
' Cd t h i ndi, Vipt Nam dang ed lgi the ve lffe Iffgng lao d d i ^ b d so v d cdc nffdc thanh vidn khdc thudc ASEAN, v l sd Iffgng, lffe
lugng lao ddng cua Vidt Nam chi xe'p sau Indonesia (khoang trdn 150 tridu ngffd) va PMUipines (khoang trdn 60 tridu ngffdi).
VI trinh dp chuydn mdn va ky nang n g h i nghiep, Bdo cdo thd'ng kd eho thay trong tong sd' trdn 53,44 tripu ngffd ed vide lam, lao ddng khdng cd trinh dp chuygn mdn ky thuat Id 43,64 tridu ngffd (ehid'm xa'p xi 81,67%); lao ddng da qua cdc ldp ddo tao nghe Id 2,66 tridu, lao ddng cd b i n g trung ca'p chuydn nghidp la 1,93 tridu, cd bang eao d i n g chuydn nghidp la 1,1 trieu, ed trinh dp dai hpe trd ldn la 3,93 trieu vd khdng xdc dinh Id 0,16 tridu. Nhff vay, nhan Iffc pho thdng Men tai vdn chie'm sd ddng, trong khi dd, ty le nhan lffe chat Iffgng cao lai ehid'm ty Id rat thap, cM ed 9,8 tridu ngffdi (tong cdng cua tat ca cae loai hinh va trinh dp ddo tao), cMd'm tren 18,33% (ty le ndy d Malaysia la khoang 25%)'^'.
Nd'u xet v l life Iffgng lao ddng da kinh qua dao tao, lao ddng dugc ddo tao nghe (cd vdn bang, c h d i g chi) chi cd 2,66 tridu ngffdi. Ddy Id lffe Iffgng lao ddng dffgc day vd ren ky ndng n g h i . Cdn lai khoang 7,34 trieu ngUdi dUtfc ddo tao chuyen nghidp, tflc la dugc trang bi thidn v l kid'n thffc ly thuylt. Dac biet, vdi 3,93 trieu ngffd (chilm khoang 7,35%) Iao ddng cd trinh dd tff dai hpc trd Idn, mpt mat cho thay trinh dp hpc va'n eua Iffc Iffgng lao dpng Viet Nam khdng thd'p, nhffhg ty le giffa lao ddng dffpc ddo tao nghe va lao ddng trinh dp dai hpc lai b i t hgp ly, chl cd 2,66 tridu ngffdi dffgc dao tao rdn nghe so vdi 7,34 tridu ngffdi dffgc ddo tao d eac trffdng chuyen nghidp. So lugng sinh vien theo hpc cdc cap ddo tao chuyen nghidp d Viet Nam nam 2013 nhU sau: trung hpc chuydn
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 12/2015
ngMep 555,7 ngan sinh vien, cao dang chuygn ngMep: 724,24 ngdn va dai hpc Id 1454 ngan(''> (ty le 1-1,3-2,61); trong khi i trdn t h i gidi, ty Id nay Id 10-4-1*^'. Cd t h i coi day la mdt tinh trang "thffa t h i y thie'u thp" ma edng ludn bao ehi da d l cdp lau nay. Theo danh gia cua Ngan hdng The g i d (WB), Viet Nam dang rat tMeu lao dpng cd trinh dp tay nghi, cdng nhan ky thudt bdc cao va chat lUtfng ngudn nhan lUc Viet Nam eung tha'p htfn so v d nMlu nUde khdc. Day cung Id md'i quan ngai cua nhuhg ngUdi ed traeh nhidm trong vide dao tao nghe d Viet Nam. Khi nhin nhdn dilm yd'u eua lao ddng Viet Nam la thie'u ky ndng m i m nhU edeh ldm vide nhdm, giao tid'p, kha nang ngoai ngff, ky ndng tuan thu quy trinh lao ddng. V d thUc trang dd, sU lo ngai v l ty le that ngMdp cua Vidt Nam khi hdi nhdp cd t h i tdng Idn. "Sff canh tranh ve •vide Idm se rat khd'c Iiet kM chung ta gia nhap Cdng ddng Kinh te ASEAN. Nd'u ngffd lao ddng khdng nang cao 1 ^ ndng cd t h i mat vide ngay tai 'sdn nhd"'®'.
Trgn day Id bffc tranh chung ve chat Iupng lao ddng Vidt Nam, trong dd lao ddng dffgc ddo tao va trang bi kie'n thffc chuydn mdn va ky ndng nghi nghiep cMem mdt ty Id cdn kMdm ton. Trong tong sd lao ddng dfftfc dao tao, ty le qua dao tao nghi la thd'p nhat. Xud't phat tfl truyin thdng Mgu hpc, edc bdc eha me mudn va eung ddn toan tam todn sffe de con eai dfftfc hpe den n d dgn chon. Vdi quan mem pho big'n Men nay eua xa hdi Viet Nam thi eon dudng lap ngMep danh gid nha't Id phai vao dugc dai hpc, phai cd tam bang dai hpc (cff nhdn hoac ky sU). Nhdm ddp ffng nhu cau hpc ciia xd hdi, cung vdi chu tnfemg
phat t r i l n hd thdiig gido due dai hpe, troi^
khoang htfn mffd n a m qua, so' Iffpng cac trffdng dai hpc, cao dang cdng ldp eflng nhif ddn ldp dffgc md r a nhff "na'm sau mua", Tuy nMdn, vide tuyen sinh chay theo thi Md'u cua thi trffdng v d cde nganh dfftfc coi Id t h d thugng d titog thdi dilm ma khdng ed dinh hUdng tuyen sinh trdn ctf sd dUbao khoa hpc v l nhu cau thi tnfdng da ldm mat can dd'i cff cd'u nganh nghe, ddn dd'n tinh trang vffa thffa vfla tMeu n ^ d n nhdn life trinh dp dai hpc. "Rnh trang hang tiam ngan eff n h a n t h a t ngMep*'' va vide cae c^
nhdn phai giau thdn phdn "cff nhan" cua minh de xin vide d cde khu cdng nghidp dang la v i n d l nhffc nhdi dffgc cdng Iuan quan tam'^'. NMn vao bffc tranh trgn, dudng nhu Viet Nam dang ddi dU lUc lutfng lao ddng cd trinh dd dai hpc. T\iy nhien, theo cac chuydn gia, "ThUc trang thi trUdng Iao dpng nUde ta the Men nghich ly Id thffa lao ddng nhUng lai tMeu nhan life ed trinh dd eao cho nhO&ig nganh nghe n i m trong dinh hUdng phdt triln"*^*.
Nhu vay, vdh d l ddt r a ddi v d lao dpng Viet Nam khdng cM Id ed t h i sang iam vide tai cac nude ASEAN khac hay khdng, cd dli ndng life eanh tranh v l ky ndng tay nghi, v l ndng suat lao ddng kM ldm vide tai thi trUdng ngoai nUdc hay khdng, m^
ngay tai trong nude, lao dpng Viet Nam cung se phai ehiu sffe dp canh tranh rat ldn. Cung v d tff do life ehuyen dbng von, dau tff tfl eac nffdc ASEAN vdo Viet Nam ehic ehan se gia tang. KM dd, ne'u Viet Nam khdng ed dffgc mdt dinh hffdng va chid'n lugc phdt trien ngudn nhan lUe htfp ly, thi p h i n lao ddng danh cho lao ddng 1^
ndng d ngay tai Viet Nam eung cd the rdi vdo tay lao ddng dd'n tff nffdc ASEAN khac,
Trjnh Thf Djnh - Vdn de chudn hi ngudn nhdn lUc trinh dg dgi hoc. 51 n h i t Id nhCfhg cdng vide dbi hdi lao dpng
chuyen gia (experts) nhff d cdc chffc danh quan Iy tai cdc nhd mdy xi ngMep (ca trudng, chuyen trffdng de'n quan ddc xffdng..), tai cdc nhd hang khdch san, tai cde eff sd gido due, cdc vdn phdng luat sU, cdc etf sd khdm chfla benh v.v. Chinh vi vay, ciing v d vide ddo tao n g h i cho lao ddng thanh mdn tff ndng thdn de'n cde khu rang ngMep lam viee, 'vide ndng eao ehd't lUffng ddo tao life lugng lao ddng chuydn gia cung ddt r a vd cung cdp bach 6 Viet Nam Mpn nay.
3. N a n g c a o chift Itfcfng d a o tao i ^ u o n n h S n Itfc c h u y e n g i a c h u a n hi t h a m gia thi trtfoTi^ l a o d $ n g ciia C0ng d o n g ASEAN
Trong hem 10 ndm qua, d Viet Nam nMlu etf sd dao tao dai hpe duge md ra hodc ndng cap tff trffdng cao dang len dai hoc n h i m ddp ffng nhu cau cua xd hdi, dffa so Iffgng trffdng dai hoe tfl 94 (71 trffdng edng lap va 22 trffdng dan Idp/tff thuc) vao nam hpe 2004-2005 len 207 trffdng (153 trffdng cdng l|ip, 54 trudng dan lap/tu thuc) vao ndm hpe 2012-2013*1"*. Trong sd nhffng trffdng m d md hodc m d ndng edp van edn nMeu CO sd gido due thffc td' chua du cdc dilu kidn dam bao chat Iffgng nhff ctf sd trffdng ldp, ddi ngu gidng vidn tMeu da ddn den tinh trang hgc cud'n cMd'u, hpe ly thuylt la chij ylij, qud trinh dao tao chfla g i n k i t v d cdc doanh ngMep. 'Vide ddo tao chay theo so Iffpng d mdt sd' dcm vi dao tao trong kM eff sd t r a i ^ tMet bi phdng tM n ^ e m , thff vien chife dffgc ndng cdp tUtfng flhg; sff tMdu gan k i t giffa cdc ctf sd ddo tao v d cdc ctf quan xi ngMdp, lam cho phan ldn kie'n thffc dffffc ddo tao trong nhd trffdng
khdng dugc gan v d hoat ddng thife tien.
Hatu qua Id e h i t Iffgng diu ra (sinh vidn td't ngM§p - SVTN) khdng dam bao. Chfnh vt the, van cdn mdt so' Iffgng khdng nhd ngffd cd trinh dd dai hpe nhffhg ngodi tam b i n g dai hpc, ky ndng thffc hdnh nghi ngMdp va cac 1 ^ nang m i m khdc khdng dffpc trang hi; tham cM vdn ebn mpt bd phdn SNTV tMd'u hut ca kid'n thffc ctf sd ngdnh vd kid'n thffc chuydn nganh. Da cd nMlu eanh bao ve thffc trang chat Iffgng eua SVTN cflng b d sd Iffgng ngffd ed bing cap tM Idn nhung sd' Ifftfng ngffd cd kha ndng thffc sff de ldm vide theo diing ngdnh nghe va chffc danh dffgc dao tao tM cMd'm ty l^ tfftfng dd'i thap. Sd Id khdng qua nd'u ndi chung ta khdng cM "thffa t h i y tMeu thg" md thffc te' la ehiing ta vdn tMdu
"thay" mde du hang nam ed hdng trdm ngdn sinh vidn tdt ngMep dai hpe. Tai thi trffdng lao ddng TP Hd CM Minh - thi trffdng lao dpng ldn nha't ea nffdc. Men cd xu hffdng rat thtfe lao dpng trinh dp dai hpe do td't ngMdp cac nganh khdng phu hgp v d nhflhg nganh nghi ndm trong dinh hffdng phdt trien, nhffng lai rat tMd'u nhan life ehd't lugng cao d nhuhg ngdnh ein tMdt eho sff phdt trien. Cd htfn 70% sinh vien td't ngMdp ra trUdng nhUhg chife dUtfc trang bi td't v l chuyen mdn eiing nhU ky ndng mim, trinh dp ngoai ngff de tie'p can cdr^ vide. Cd t h i thay, b i n g cap cao khdng quyet dinh vide xin -viec khd hay de ma ngudn nhdn life dd ed ddp ffng dfftfc yeu ciu ciia nhd tuyln dung hay khdng. NMlu sinh vien td't ngMdp dugc tuyen dung nhUhg cdng ty phai giii di ddo tao lai m d ed t h i dam nhdn dUtfc cdng vide ciia imnh*^-^'.
K i t qua khao sdt ve c h i t lUtfng ciia sinh vidn tdt ngMdp mdt sd ngdnh trpng dilm
52 Nghien cihi Ddng Nam A, sd 12/2015 thude mdt dai hpe vflng md ehung tdi tnfc
tid'p khao sdt cflng minh hpa cho nhan dinh tren.
KM tham gia ChUtfng trinh TRIG thude Du dn Gido due dai hpc 2 (2007-2012), Dai hpe Hue da tid'n hdnh khao sat ve chat Iffpng vd nhu ciu v l chat lUtfng ciia nha tuyln dung do'i v d 7 nganh tham gia DU an cua Dai hpe Hue la: Bdc si da khoa thudc Trffdng DH Y Dupe, Sff pham Toan thudc Trffdng DH Sff pham, Sinh hpc thudc Trffdng DH Khoa hpc, Sff pham tieng Anh thudc Trffdng DH Ngoai ngff, Kinh td' phat triln thudc Trffdng DH Kinh t l , Chan nudi thudc TrUdng DH Ndng Lam va Hdi hpa thudc Trffdng DH Nghd thuat'i^). Ddy la nhflng nganh trong diem cua Dai hpc Hud', cd b l day kinh nghiem dao tao, cd dpi ngfl giang •vddn manh va van dffgc danh gia la nhffng ngdnh ddo tao cd chat Iffgng*^^'.
Khao sdt dfftfc tid'n hanh v d 3 nhdm ddi tffgng la sinh vien cud'i khda (trUdc khi sinh vidn nhan bang tdt ngMdp), ciia eife sinh vidn (gpi la SVTN) va nhd tuyln dung vl chfftfng trinh dao tao b i n g phutfng phap ngMen effu xa hdi hpe.
Qua phdn tieh va tong htfp y kie'n danh gia cua 3 nhdm ddi tfftfng cho thay, cd sff ddng thudn trong vide danh gid eao v l khd'i kid'n thffc chuydn mdn md cde ngdnh trang bi eho sinh vidn. Cu the la ed dd'n 94,9%
SVTN dupe khao sat eho r i n g hp dap itog dffffc yeu ciu nay. Dilu nay phfl hgp vdi danh gia cua nha tuyen dung (ca kM tra I d phdng van cd'u true eflng nhff tra I d phdng van ban eiu true hoac trao ddi, thao ludn nhdm) ve mffc dp ddp ffng kie'n thffc va hilu bie't chuyen nganh ciia cffu sinh vidn.
Ben eanh kid'n thffc chuyen mdn, ky ndng nghiep vu dffpc ea SVTN (93% sd ngffdi
dffffc hdi) vd nhd tuyen dung (99,9% ngudi dfftfc hdi) cho Id r a t can de ed the hoin thanh td't edng vide dam nhan, ddc bidt dol v d nhflhg nganh dbi hdi ky ndng thuc hdnh. Nhffng trdi v d ddnh gid ve kien thffc chuydn mdn, chi cd 34,2% nha tuyen dung dfftfc hdi cho rdng SVTN da ddp ilng td't ydu cau tren. Theo ddnh gid eua nha tuyln dung, sinh vidn m d td't nghigp con nMeu bd ngd, lung tflng kM t i l p xuc v6i cae trang thie't bi, dung cu Men dai, gap khd khdn trong vdn hdnh va dieu hanh cdng viec, ddc bidt xa la v d ddy chuyen edng nghd san xua't hidn dai. D l ldm viec dfftfc, p h i n ldn phai md't khd nMeu thM gian de tim Mlu va tham chi phai dffgc dao tao lai.
Mdt mang kid'n thflc khde Id kha nang ngoai ngff va ky nang tin hpc ciia SVTN cflng khdng dffpe ddnh gia cao, mac du hai kha nang nay dffgc cho Id rat can thiet trong edng vide. Qua khao sat cho thay, so nha tuyen dung va SVTN eho r i n g SVTN dap flhg td't ydu eau ndy cMd'm ty Id rat thd'p, cd dd'n 46,4% nhd tuyen dung difdc khao sdt eho rdng SVTN khdng dap (tng yeu cau v l ngoai ngff trong cdng viec'^^'.
Bdn canh sff yd'u kem v l kha ndng ngoai ngff vd ky nang tin hpc, cae yd'u td dfftfc cho la khdng dap flhg cdn bao gdm cdm giac tU tin, tit chu trgng moi triidng qudc t^, nang lUc nghien cdu ud dua ra quy^t dinh, khd n&ng plidn tich vd xd ly cdc tinh hudng, va khd ndng tiep can vd xd ly cdc vdn de philc tgp^'^^\ Vdi kha ndng ngpai ngfl han che cua SVTN cdc ngdnh chuyen mdn tM cam giac tMeu tin trong mdi trffdng giao tiep qudc t^
la mdt dilu de Mlu. Nhuhg dilu ddng n6i Id ke ea SVTN ngdnh Sff pham Anh, mac du dffffc ddnh gid la ed kid'n thffc va hieu
Trjnh Thi Dinh - Vdn di chudn bf ngudn nhdn lUc trinh dg dgi hoc... 53
bid't ehiyen nganh tdt, tie'ng Anh Id edng cu giao tiep trong moi trffdng qud'e td' va la sd trffdng cua nhdm SVTN nay, nhffhg v d cdu hdi v l Kha ndng sff dung ngoai ngff trong cdng vide va TV tin vd tff chii trong giao tiep v d ngffd nffdc ngodi tM lai cd ty Id (%) tra I d d mffe dp Khdng ddp ffng la cao nhdt trong ede ndi dung khao sdt (21,4%) nhdm SVTN nganh Sff pham tie'ng Anh'^^'. Vide v i n cdn 21,9% SVTN nganh SP tieng Anh tMd'u cam gidc tff tin trong giao tid'p qude te' cho thay trong qud trinh hpe tap hp ft cd ctf hpi thffc hanh tid'ng v d ngffd nffdc ngodi, ndn eho dii van pham, ngff phdp va von tff vffng kha vitog nhffhg kha ndng van dung vdo thffc tidn cdng vide van cdn han che.
Nhu vay, kd't qua mot khao sat ddc ldp dffgc thffe Men d l ddnh gid ehdt lutfng ddo tao mdt so' nganh dfftfc danh gid thupc loai manh cua Dai hgc Hud' p h i n nao cho thay bffe tranh chung ve chat Iffgng ddo tao todn qud'c. Du dugc dao tao d nhflng ctf sd gido due dai hpe ed be day kinh ngMdm, cd ddi ngu giang vien gidi, cd exf sd vdt e h i t tUffng dd'i dam bao, SVTN van cdn nhitog khoang tMd'u hut nha't dinh v l ky ndng thUe hanh chuyen mdn vd cde by ndng m i m can thid't khde. De cd t h i bat nhip vd tham gia tieh cue, ddng t h d du nang lUc canh tranh trong thi trUdng lao ddng cua Cdng ddng ASEAN, tMe't ngM cdng tde dao tao dai hpc c i n cd nhitog chuyen bien ldn m d dap itog dugc nhu cau eua thi trffdng lao ddng.
4. M g t s o k i e n n g h i
Tff thffc trang cha't Iffffng ngudn nhan life tdt n ^ p p dai hpc trong nffde vd tren etf sd ket qua khao sat y kien cua nha tuyen dung trong nffdc v l ydu ciu ehd't
Ifftfng dd'i v d SVTN cac ngdnh dffpe khao sdt cua Dai hpc Hud', chung tdi thay edng tde dao tao dai hpc dang cd nMlu vaii d l can cai tid'n. Chung tdi manh dan dife ra mdt so suy nM nhff sau:
Thd nhdt Id v l chfftfng trinh ddo tao. (i) C i n t a n g dinh hffdng nghe nghidp (Professional Orientation) trong chfftfng trinh dao tao. Nhuhg de lam dffgc dilu nay trong kM thffc hien giam tai gid ldn ldp cho sinh vidn, ngodi vide tdng t h d Iffgng tff hpc tM vide bd' tri sdp xd'p lai cdc hpc p h i n thudc khd'i kid'n thffc dai efftfng trong chfftfng trinh Id dilu can tMet; (ii) T h d lugng danh cho cdc hpc phan dai effemg b i t bude tuy da giam van ebn tffcfng ddi ldn;
ddc bidt la nhflhg hpc phan giao due t h i chit, cde mdn thudc khd'i Ly Iudn ehinh tri.
Do dd nd'u ed the, ndn giam hem nfla t h d Iffgng ede hpc phan dai efftfng, cac hpc phan chung thudc khd'i kie'n thffc Ly luan ehinh tri d l tdng sd' lugng vd t h d lugng cdc hpc phan chuydn nganh, tang t h d Iugng vd Meu qua cde hpe phan thUc hanh, cac dtft thUe tap, thifc te, chu y hem den hpc phan Ngoai ngff chuydn ngdnh*^'".
Thd hai Id e i n tuan thu quy trtnh dam bao chat lugng trong day - hpc. Tff quan sat thffc te' cho thay, •vide dam bao chat Iffphg qud trinh day-hpc dang cdn nMlu bd't cap.
Thffdng giang •vidn vd ea edc bd phan chffc ndng trong trffdng quan tdm nMeu htfn dd'n ehd't Iffgng ede gid hpe ly thuyet; vide Idem tra. Idem sodt chat Ifftfng cdc hoc p h i n ly thuydt dffpe chu trpng htfn. Trong kM dd, cac hpc phan thffe hanh lai chUa ed mdt quy trinh giam sdt tMch hpp, phan tU hpe eua sinh vidn ehffa ed quy trinh danh gia mdt each khoa hpc va khaeh quan. Hem nffa, etf sd vat chat nhff phdng thi ngMem,
54 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 12/2015 cdc etf sd thffc h a n h n g h i ddnh cho sinh
•vidn edn thidu do dau tff xdy m d hoac ndng cap khdng theo kip v d vide md rdng quy md ddo tao. Cud'i citog la vide ke't htfp giffa hpc v d hanh cdn ehffa dffffc ehu y dung mffe, vide ddnh gia va rut kinh ngMem eua vide thifc Men nhflhg hpc p h i n nay dffdng nhff citog ehffa dffpc quan tdm.
Thanh ra Mdu qua cua vide thffc tdp khdng cao. Vl vdy, e i n ehfl y ndng cao hffn nffa Mdu qua eua quy trinh dam bao chd't Iffffng day-hoc ddi v d titog nganh nghi ddo tao.
ThU ba, •vide xay dffng quan he giffa eff sd giao due vdi cac ctf quan, doanh ngMep, cde hdi nghe ngMdp c i n dffpc chfl trpng htfh nffa. Md'i Udn hd nay ndn dffgc md rdng htfn v d vide ldi cud'n cdc nhd chuyen mdn, cde dognh nhdn tham gia trffc tid'p vdo qua trinh ddo tao thdng qua ede hoat ddng thlfc t$p, thlfc te', tU van va dinh hudng n g h i ngMdp.
ThU tu, vide chuin bi ngoai ngfl cho dpi ngfl lao ddng 1^ nang vd chuydn gia tham gia vdo thi trUdng Iao ddng eua Cdng ddng cin dugc dat r a ditog t i m cua nd. Tuy nMdn, van d l la di vdo thUc chat cua viec ndng cao nang lUc ngoai ngff. Dilu nay cM mdt p h i n phu thudc vao vao cac ctf sd gido due, cdc chfftfng trinh ddo tao vd dpi ngu gido vien. Phan cdn lai phu thude vao etf che, chinh sdch c^a nhd nffdc cd khuyd'n kMch dffgc viec hpc ngoai ngfl hay khdng.
Vide ddnh gia ndng lffe ngoai ngff kM tuyln dung hoae bd tri edng vide phai dffa vdo thffe lffe kha ndng sff dung, ehff khong cM trdn bang ca'p; vi thffc td' cd r i t nMlu ngffd cd bang cff nhan ngoai ngfl (bang 2) hoac bang B2 chdu Au nhuhg thUc t l khdng sff dung dffpc ngoai ngff.
Thd ndm, viec dao tao cde ky nang m i m eho sinh vidn dffdng nhff ehffa dffgc ca nhd trffdng vd sinh vidn quan tdm diing mffc. Sinh vien dffdng nhff quan tam nhieu hffn dilm so' tdt ngMdp de cd mdt tiin bang vd mdt bang diem "dep" de dl xin vide sau kM ra tnfdng. Do dd, vipc tham gia hpc cde ky ndng m i m nMlu kM mang tfnh Mnh thffe, chife dffpc d i u tff diing mffc.
Vd cudi cung, mdt dilu kien thuan Id md ra cho vide ddo tao ngudn nhan life lanh nghi la cd ASCC vd AEC diu d l cap den giao due, ddc b i l t la gido due dai hpc, coi gido due Id tuyeh hoat ddng cd't ldi nham thflc day hdi nhap thdng qua vide ddo tao ngudn nhdn Iffc cha't Ifftfng cao aia toan khd'i. Vide phdt trien khung nang life qu5'c gia phfl hgp v d khung ky ndng ehui^ dtfdc edng nhdn trong ASEAN, tdng cffdng xiic tien gido due dai hpe va dao tao ehiQren ngMep, nang cao kha nang di chuyln cua luc lugng lao ddng lanh n g h i va phdt trien khung tidu ehuan n g h i n^iidp difa trdn ndng lUc ciia ASEAN lam ctf sd de tham cMeu trong viec cdng nhdn bang cip Iln nhau, da dugc de cap t r o i ^ Tam nhin ve gido due cua AEC. Khung tham cMd'u Nang life ASEAN (ASEAN QuaUfications Reference Framework - AQRF) se cho phep so sdnh ndng life, giup cho •viee edng nMn t y nang giffa cde qud'c gia, citog nhff phat triln ngudn nhdn Iffc cho cac linh vffc dich vu khde nhau. Vide xdy duhg chuan dau ra cho ngudn nhdn lffe dffa vdo AQRF dbi hoi edc trffdng dai hgc, e^o dang va day i^he
\^dt Nam phai thffe sff eoi trpng edng tac dam bao chat Ifftfng giao due, edi tid'n ehit Iffgng dao tao hffdng t d dat chuan khu vffc.
Cd t h i coi day la etf hdi de giflp Viet Nam chuin bi duge nguon nhdn lUc ehit lUtfng
Trjnh Thj Dinh - Vdn de chudn bi nguSn nhdn lite trinh dd dgi hoc... 55 cao du ndng life canh t r a n h t r o r ^ thi t r u d i ^
lao ddng Cdng dong A S E A N /
C H U THIGH
1. Asian Development Bank & Intemational Labor Organization (2014), ASEAN Community 2015: Managing for Better Jobs and Shared Prosperity, tr xu.
2. Bp Ke hoach vd Dau tff. Ting cue Thdng kd (2014), Bdo cdo Diiu tra lao ddng viSc l&m, Quy 2 nam 2014, Hd Ngi.
3. "Structural PoUcy Country Note: Malaysia"
tr. 3, http://wivw.oecd.org/dev/asiapacif- ic /Malaysiapdf
4. Bd Gido due & Ddo tao, "Tho'ng ke gido due
nam 2013"
http:/ / www.tnoet.gov.vn/?page=11.10&vie w=5251
5. "Ngudn nhdn lUc Vigt Nam: Thuc trang vd
giai phdp", http://fad.danang.gov.vti/defiadt.aspxfid_
NgonNgu=VN&idjrhucDon_Sub=200& Ti nChink=0&id_TinTuc=1959&TrangThai=
BanTin
6. Theo d i ^ Cao Quang Dai, Vu tnfdng Ky nfing n ^ l . Ting cue Day nghe (Bp Lao dgng Thuang bmh vd Xd hdi. Xem: "Mgt ngudi Singapore ldm vigc bdng 15 ngUJji Vigt Nam", http://vnexpress.net/tin- tuc / thoi-su / mot-nguoi-singapore-lam-viec- bang-15-tiguoi-viet-tiam-3074614.html 7. Tinh din h i t quy 3^014 ca nUdc cd 174
ngdn cfl nhdn th^t ngMgp. Xem "174 ngdn cff nhan t h i t nghigp", http:/ / vneconomy. vn/ thoi-su /174-ngan- cu-nhan-dang-that-nghiep-
20141116071044639. htm
8. Xem: "Bi hai" cff nhdn giaii bing, xin iam...
cong nhan: tay khdng bi chai, mW vl, http://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/hi-hai- cu-nhan-giau-bang-xin-lam-cong-nhan-tay-
khotig-bi-chai-moi-ve-932753.htm 9. Theo dng Trin Anh Tuah, quyln Gidm ddc
Trung tdm Du bdo nhu eiu nhdn Iffc vd thdng tin thi tnfdng Iao dgng TP.HCM, Xem: "Khdt" lao dong chit lUtfng cao", http://baotintuc.vn/viec-lam/khat-lao- dong-chat-luong-cao-
20140627224153507. htm
10. Bg GD & DT, "Thdi^ kg giao due ndm 201S", http: / /ivwiv.rru)et.gov.vn/?page=ll.
10&view=5251
11. Theo 6ng Nguygn Xuan Thfly, TrU&ng phbng Qudn 1^ Cdng ty MTEX Vigt Nam (KCX Tan Thuan), Xem: "Khdt" lao ddng chat lUtfng cao", http:/ /baotintuc.vn/viec- lam / khat-lao-dong-chat-luong-cao- 20140627224153507.htm
12. Xem; Bdnh gid hien trgng ckdt lUgng dao tgo v& khdo sdt nhu cdu cua thi trUdng lao ddng vi ki^n thUc vd ky n&ng cda sinh vi&n tot nghidp 7 ng&nh trgng diim cua Dai hgc Hui, Bdo cdo dl tdi Khoa hpe vd Cdng nghg , Ma sd KH07-DAGD2 do TS. Le Thanh Son chu tri. Hue, 2012.
13. Vdo t h d dilm tiln hdnh khdo sdt (2010), ty lg GV ed trtnh dp tff tien si trd lgn ciia 7 ngdnh trgn Id 34,1%, trong dd cd nganh ty lg tren dat 53,57 % (nganh Sinh hoc, Trudng DH Khoa hoc) vd 54,9% (ngdnh ChSn nudi - Thu y, TrUdng Dai hpc Ndng LSm).
14. PGS.TS. Ld Thanh Stfn - TS. Trin Thi Tfl Anh (2012), "Mflc dg ddp ffng cfla sinh vign tdt nghigp vl kiln thflc vd ky nang: Mgt tieu chi ddnh gla chat lutfng ddo tao dai hpc", 7'ap chi Nghien cihi Gido due, sd 3/2012.
15. Tnfong Vign,Phan Quynh Nhff, Phan D6 Quynh Tram (2011), "Phan tich nhu cau tuyen dung - dl xuit dli m d chutfng trinh ddo tao vd giao trtnh ngdnh cfl nhdn Su pham tiing Anh", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Hui, s& 68, 2011.
16. SDD.
17. Nhflhg dl xuit dife ra tren eo sd ting hgp ys kien eua SVTN. Xem: Bdo cdo ting hop Dl tdi KH-CN...
