62 - Khoa hQC Chfnh tr! gido iuc - 'Bio li
KHAI THAC VA Sif DUNG THONG TIN PHUC VU CONG TAC GIANG DAY
LY LUAN CHINH TRI
TS. Doan Tri^u Long''
C
dng tdc nghien edu va gilng dpy ly luan chinh tn la mdt nhidm vp hd't sde khd khan. Nhidm vu ndy ddi hdi ngudi giao vien phli ren luydn, ket hpp ddpc nhidu yeu td: nang khidu sU phpm, nghe thuat thuydt giang, kien thdc chuydn mdn, su khai quat, phdi hpp giQa tri thdc ly ludn va vdn sdng thyc tien... Ngudi gilng vien phli hdi ty dupe nhQng phlm chdt vd yeu edu cilia mdt nhd su phpm, mot nha khoa hpc va cua c l mdt nha ehfnh trj De ed dupe didu dd, ngudi gilng vien ludn phli no luc hdt minh hpc hdi, tich luy kinh nghiem trdn nhidu phuong dien.Thdi gian qua, cung vdi nhidu mdn hpc khac - ddc biet I I nhdng mdn hpc thudc chuyen nganh khoa hpc xa hdi, vide gilng dpy nhQng mdn hpc ly luan chlnh tn dang gdp phli mdt thyc td dang quan tdm ve phUdng
" Hoc vien Chfnh tn - Hanh chfnh khu vpc III, Hoc vien CT-HCQG Ho Chf Mmh
phap gilng dpy. Dd la vide sd dung hinh thdc thuydt trinh qua nhidu, khien qua trinh gilng dpy trd thanh nhOng quy trinh xdciJng, khd khan vdi viec "giang vidn ndi, dpe, hpc vien ldng nghe, ghi chep". Dieu nay khien hieu q u i cua q u i trinh gilng day khdng cao, chua phlt huy dupe tinh tich cpc, chCi dong cua ngUdi hpc va thpc sp chua lam di/i?c mdt viec het sde quan trpng la Idy ngilfl' hpc lam trung tam eua qua trinh giang dgy Td thpc td trdn, vide thpc hidn qua trinh d l i mdi phaong phap giang day Id dilutat ydu, khlch quan va cdn thidt. Tuy nhifin, d l qua trinh n l y dapc thpc hien tdt, can cd sp chu trpng ddu tu hdn nQa ve nhi^u mat, trong dd, viec x l y dpng mdt dpi ngO gilng vidn cd du tri tue, k h i nang d l thilc hidn nhidm vy tren I I vd cung cap thilt va ddng vai trd quydt djnh. Trong phpm vibai vidt nly, chung tdi chi trinh bay van de l<lia' thlc va s\i dyng eac nguon thdng tin, tU lie"
khoa hoc phyc vy cho vide ndng cao th thiJc eua ngddi gilng vidn d l lam td't cdngtat^
Khoa hoc chinh trj - Sd 3/2012
gido due - Bdo tao 63 - Khoa hpc Chfnh trj Ung dung phUdng phip gilng dpy tfch cpc.
Trong cdng t i c nghien edu, gilng dpy ndi chung va nghien edu gilng dpy ly ludn ehinh trj ndi rieng, thdng tm, tU lidu khoa hpc ddng mdt vai trd hdt sQc quan trpng, Ddy cd thi vi nhu la nhQng vien gach va nhdng chd't lidu can thiet d l ngudi gilng vidn eung vdi cdc hpc vien xdy ndn lau dai cua tri tud. Ddi vdi ngUdi gilng vien, ed t h i khang djnh ring, nlu khdng ed qui trinh tich luy, thu thap thdng tin tu lieu thi khdng the cd dupe mdt tU duy khoa hpc, mdt von lidng kiln thQc ndn ting, hd trp vide nghidn cQu v l gilng day.
Thpc te cho thdy, cdn mdt sd gilng vidn, nhdt la c l c gilng vien trd v l n php thude nhidu vdo giao trinh (h^n nhidn la quan trpng nhung khdng phli la tat el!); qua trinh gilng day bj bd hep trong lUpng kidn thdc nhat dmh (khdng md rdng hdn do khdng du khi nang tri thdc hay ly do khac). Trong khi do, gilng day theo phuong phip tfch cpc Ipi khdng cho phep sp truydn thy mdt chieu va thidu sp thIo ludn, dao sau. Dieu nay dong nghTa vdi boat ddng day - hpc se khdng dat hieu qui cao, c l c b l i gilng ehi ddng lai d mdc dd nhac lai va khang dinh mdt luln diem, mdt van dd nao dd, nang ve ly thuyet edu chQ, eon phan thpc tien thudng bj han che. Day Id mdt trd ngai Idn, tao nen sp lung tung, thidu tU tin ddi vdi khdng ft gilo vidn - nhdt la gilo vidn tre khi ddng tren bpe giang.
Khdng nhQng thd, trong xu hudng gilng day tfch eye hien nay, cdc phuong phap nhU: Hdi dip, Chuyen gia. Be ci ving. Lay y kien ghi len bang. Phong van nhanh. Lim viec nhdm...
dupe daa vao hd trp cung phaong phip thuydt trinh. NhQng phUdng phap nPy ludn ydu edu ngudi giang vidn phai tdng cadng doi thopi, phat huy tfnh tfch eye cua hpc vidn d l dao sdu nhan thdc, md rdng tdm nhin.
Viec ngudi giang vidn khdng cd phdng kidn thdc dCi rdng va trinh dd chuydn mdn sau ddi khi da dan den nhdng thpc te het sde trd treu, "dd khdc, dd cUdi", nhU: khi
gilng vidn ndu Idn edu hdi, cae hpc vien t r i Idi theo nhieu hudng khIc nhau, thdm chf trli ngupc nhau nhung gilng vidn khdng bidt phli xd ly nhu^thd nlo, bdi thdy phUdng I n nao eung... ed ly, hoac phUdng an dd ndm ngoai dy kidn v l sy hilu bidt cua minh.
ChUa k l nhQng trudng hpp hpc vidn neu Idn nhdng edu hdi md rdng vd ehinh trj - xa hdi m l hp thu thdp dupe td bao chi, sich vd hay ehinh td thyc tien cudc sdng ma giao vidn ehua trli nghidm hodc cap nhdt.
Nhu vay, vide thu thap va xQ ly thdng tin la mdt ydu edu bdc thidt ddi vdi giao vidn gilng dpy ly ludn chlnh trj VSy, lupng thdng tin, kidn thQc md ngudi gilng vidn can khai thae Id gl, ngudn eua nd d dau?
Trudc hdt, phai ke den nguon thdng tin td internet. Mang thdng tin toan cau xudt hidn vd dan trd nen p h i bie'n td nam 1989 da giup cho qua trinh khai thae thdng tin didn ra mdt each nhanh chdng. Mang internet vdi kha nang thdng tin da phUdng tidn (ehd, hinh Inh, dm thanh) da rut ngan ddn mdc tdi da c l vd khdng gian Idn thdi gian trong chuyin t l i va tiep nhan thdng tin.
Trong xu the md rpng thdng tin da chieu, da phUdng tidn d nude ta hien nay, ngudn thdng tin eung dUdc md rdng va nang cao rd ret e l vd sd lUdng idn chat lUpng. Ddn nay, c l nudc dd ed 517 cd quan bao chi, cung cap cho ban dpe gan 700 an pham vdi hang tram trieu b i n mdi nam. Cd2dai phatthanh va truydn hinh qudc gia, hdn chue d l i phat thanh va truydn hinh khu vpc, 64 ddi phat thanh, truyen hinh d cae tinh, thanh phd.
Viet Nam cung dang chdng kidn sp hien didn eua hon 50 td bdo didn td, 2.500 trang tin dien td (Website) dupe cap phep hoat ddng. Hidn nay, sd lupng ngudi iam bao eua nudc ta cd hdn 13 nghin hdi vien. Ddi ngu bao chi didn td, bao chi trUc tuydn phat trien mpnh me cung vdi c l c n h l eung cdp djch vu internet tpo ndn mdt mang thdng tin bao chf didn tCf sdi ddng, cd sde thu hut hIng Khoa hpc chfnh trj - So 3/2012
64 - Khoa hpc Chinh trj gido due • Bdo too trieu lupt ngUdi truy cap hdng ngay. Trong
xu hudng hidn dpi hda, tin hoc hda hidn nay, sd lupng cdc td bao, cac ed quan truydn thdng SLf dpng nhdng phuong ti$n hidn dpi trdn de p h i bidn ngudn thdng tin, kid'n thdc ngay cdng nhidu va da dpng.
Sy tidn bd cilia khoa hpc - ky thudt thpc Sp trd thanh cInh tay ndi d l i , giup d l ddng cap nhat cac thdng tin mdi nhdt v l mpi mdt cua ddi sing trdn pham vi toln edu. Uu dilm cua thu vien thdng tin trdn mpng id tfnh cdp nhdt va da dpng thdng tin, tai lidu. Hidn nay, nhdng thU vidn didn td dd cd khd ddy du c l c bd sdeh phpc vy cho cdng t i c gilng dpy vd nghidn edu nhU: H6 Chi Minh toin tip, D^i Vidt SQ ky toin thU. eac bd td diln bach khoa vd van hda, khoa hpc, chfnh tn
Cung vdi su md rdng cac ngudn, cae loai thdng tin, cae nhd xuat ban cung da an hanh xuat ban tai lieu, sach tham khIo phong phu c l ve sd lupng, chung lopi va chat lupng. Nhidu cudn t l i lieu quy hidm trUde day, nay dang dan dupe hieu dinh, tai b i n vdi sd lupng khdng nhd nhdm kjp thdi phuc vy nhu cau hieu bidt cua ddc gia.
Mdt ngudn thdng tin can dUde khai thlc triet d l nda la thdng qua cdng tac nghidn edu thpc td. Cdng tac nay id didu khdng t h i thieu ddi vdi vide nghien edu vd gilng day eua bat cd mdt nganh khoa hoc nlo. Bdi le, sde sdng cua If luan dupe kiem nghidm tQ thuc tidn. Thyc tiln la manh ddt d l hpt mam ly luan n l y nd; 11 CO sd, ddng Ipe va myc dfch eua mpi qua trinh nhan thQc eung nhu tidu chuan cao nhd't d l ddnh g i l chin If. Ddi vdi vide nghien edu va giang day ly luan chinh tn thi viec nghien edu thpc tidn trd ndn vd cung quan trqng. Bdi vi, dd Id mdt ITnh vpc hdt sQc phong phu, da dpng vd phdc tap. d nude ta hien nay, edng cudc doi mdi da't nude theo djnh hudng XHCN dang dat ra nhieu van de mdi me va cdn ed edu t r i ldi xac ddng, ddi hdi chdng ta p h l i di sau nghien edu, bam sat va kjp thdi khai quat
thpc tiln mdi cd t h i nhdn thQc mdt clch ddy du v l cd nhdng g i l i phap phu hpp.
Nhu vdy, ngudn thdng tin, tU lidu de Chung ta khai thlc 11 khdng thidu. Vdn de cdn Ipi Id c l c h khai thpc nhu thd nao d l dat hidu q u i cao nhdt, phpc vy thiet thpc nhdt cho cdng t i e cua minh. 6 ddy, chdng tdi xin ndu m^t vii did xu^f dd'i vdi chu the cua qua trinh tidp nhdn thdng tin nhU sau:
ThU nhi't, phli cd tfnh mpe dich khi tidp nhdn thdng tin. TrUdc thdi dpi m l ngu6n thdng tin dupe chuyin t l i b i n g nhidu dadng, lupng thdng tin qua ddi dPo, vide tidp nhdn thdng tin nhU thd ndo khdng p h l i la didu d§
dang. Chf ridng thao tdc dpe cQng da ddi hdi Chung ta phai "bidt dpe". "Bidt dpe" d ddy mud'n chi sp dpe, hpc, tidp nhan thdng tin ed lya chpn theo chu dd, ed chu dfch dupe chuan bj trudc. Ngudi tiep nhan thdng tin phli ludn y thdc minh dpe de lam gi? dung vao muc dich nlo? Ndu khdng x l c djnh myc dich ngay td dau se d i n den sp dm ddm, lupng thdng tin nhieu md khdng tinh, thdm chi lan man, ngudi thu nhdn thdng tin se lung tdng khdng biet nen xoay xd, sdp xep nhii the nao vdi nhQng thdng tin ma minh ed.
ThU hai, xud't phdt td mpe dich eua vide tidp nhdn thdng tin, chung ta ndn cd thao tac phdn lopi. phan cap dd Uu tien cho cac topi thdng tin. Khi tidp nhan thdng tin, nen ed sy ghi chu, ghi chep ddi vdi nhQng thdng tin can thidt, quan trqng cho b l i gilng, bai nghien edu m l ehung ta dang chuan bj. Ddy id lopi thdng tin dUpc Uu tidn hang ddu, phai cd su ghi chep, iam thanh "phfch tU lieu" cu t h i vd nhdt thiet phai lUu vao bd nhd.
Ddi vdi nhQng thdng tin ft lien quan trpe tidp den b l i gilng, b l i nghien cQu ma ta dang dau tu chuIn bj, chung ta cht can danh ddu, ghi chu vao so, khi can se tra edu, khdng nhat thidt phai nhd (bdi le, sQe nhd cua bd nao la cd hpn, sp cd gdng luu glQ mpi thdng tin se lam chung ta cpn kidt k h i nang tU duy khIc, hoac d i n ddn mot hdu qua la nhd cac Khoa hoc chinh trj - S5 3/2012
gido due - Bdo tao 65 - Khoa hpc Chinh trj thdng tin mdt each loang thoang, md ho,
tham chf sai Ipc, khien nguon thdng tin mat hdt gia trj, thdm ehi phan gia trj).
ThQ ba, b i n ITnh cCia ngUdi tid'p nhan thdng tin. Dd'i vdi nhieu ngudn thdng tin, dac biet II thdng tin tQ mpng, khdng phai khi n l o cOng chinh xlc, hodn thien. Tiep nhdn vd XLf ly thdng tin ddi hdi chdng ta khdng chi c6 dau dc nhanh nhpy, sp sang suit, thdng minh, dac biet phai ed b i n iinh, IPp trudng vCfng vang. NgUdi ed dili b i n ITnh chinh tri mdi ed khi nang nhin nhdn, ddnh gia tinh chan that cCia thdng tin, tQ dd cd t h i lam chu va cd thai do dung d i n ddi vdi cdc thdng tin, kidn thdc mdi. Ddy la dieu khdng t h i xem nhe ddi vdi vide khai thdc thdng tin, kien thdc tren mang thdng tin thdi dpi ngpy nay. Bdi le, mdt trai eua viec thdng tin tren mang la dieu rat d l nhan thay. Viec tung cac thdng tin hda md trdn mang dupe xem nhu mdt loai vu khi hidn dpi va tinh vi ma cac the luc dp dyng trong nhdng chien lUdc
"ban tay nhung" nhlm tat d l nhQng chinh the ddi djch.
6 Viet Nam thdi gian qua, khdng ft to ChQc nudc ngoPi da Ipi dpng mang thdng tin dien td d l day manh chdng pha nUde ta.
Nhieu thdng tin khdng ddng vdi sU that da dupe cle the tpc n l y tung len mpng internet vdi muc dfch vu khdng chinh quyen Viet Nam, iPm meo md hinh I n h dat nQdc. Hidn nay, cd tren 50 dai phlt thanh bdng tidng Viet, 82 nha xuat ban va kholng 400 td bao va tap chf d nude ngodi. Bang cac con dudng khac nhau, nhidu thdng tin tQ nhQng ngudn ndy da thdm nhap vao trong nude.
NhQng thdng tin sai lech ma cae dai bao va mang dien td dua ra ve nhQng vy vide d Tay Nguyen, tinh hinh ddn chu, nhdn quydn, tdn gilo d Tam Tda, Con Dau... hay nhQng bai Viet nhdn danh "dan chu", "khoa hpc" d l nhin nhan lai cudc chien tranh thong nhdt T l qudc, td dd phan xet lai Ijch sQ, xuyen tpc cudc chidn tranh ve qudc vTdai cua ddn Khoa hpc chinh trj - So 3/2012
tdc. Dd la mdt trong sd rdt nhidu nhQng vl dp cd the ddn ra d ddy. Chfnh vi vay, ngudi tid'p nhan thdng tin phai cd b i n ITnh va tri thdc d l nhan bidt tinh chdn thpc cCia thdng tin.
ThU tu, vdi sp phat triln cua khoa hpc - ky thudt ngay nay, thdng tin dupe chuyin t l i dudi nhieu hinh thdc hidn dai; qua trinh trao doi thdng tin quIe td dang phdt triln Vi vdy, ddi ngu gilng vidn gilng dpy ly ludn chfnh tri phli ludn cd y thdc ndng cao trinh dd ngoai ngd va tin hpc. Dieu nay khdng cd gi mdi me neu khdng mudn ndi ia da dupe cac sich bao dd cdp den rat nhieu. Chung tdi chi xin mdt lan nda nhlc ipi nhan djnh cija cdc nha khoa hpc ring, bUdc vao the ky XXI, neu khdng cd ngoai ngd va tin hoc chung ta se trd thanh ngUdi md di vao rdng.
Chung taeung khdng the khdng de cap ddn vai trd eua cae nha trudng trong viec tao dieu kien cho viec thu thap, cap nhat thdng tin eua giang vien. Cac trung tam thdng tin - tu lieu - thu vien la don vi trpe tidp chju trach nhiem cung phdi hpp thu thap va eung cap nguon tai lieu, thdng tin cho giang vien va hpc vien thdng qua nhilu nguon, nhU: sdeh bao, cac sach tham khIo chuydn sau, cac tQ diln chuyen ngdnh va e l ngudn thdng tin tQ mang internet. Cdng t i e nay trong thdi gian qua da dupe thUc hien kha tdt, nhung vdn cdn nhidu dilm bdt cap. Cac dau sdeh chua nhieu va thieu cap nhdt... Kinh phi dau tu l i n CO sd vat chat, phdng dpe... chUa cd day du nhOng trang thidt bj can thiet; ddy eung la mdt thuc te rat dang quan ngai.
Nhu vay, d l lam giau von kien thdc cCia ban than, ngudi giang vien phai tU ren luydn eho minh mdt t i e phong nghiem tue trong nghien cQu, thu thap va xQ ly tU lidu Dae biet, dd'i vdi nhQng gilng vien tre, hp phli dua minh vao mdt khudn k h i ky luat lao ddng vdi mot kd hopch tfch luy kien thdc rd rdng. Phli tap cho minh mdt thdi quen, mdt quan tfnh, mdt phln xa khi tidp xuc vdi cac nguon thdng tin, kien thQc.a
